DEDUCTIVE

REASONING

 WHAT IS
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING?

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Deductive reasoning is Deductive reasoning is Deductive reasoning is a type of

a logical approach also called deductive deduction used in science and in life.
where you progress logic or top-down It is when you take two true
from general ideas to reasoning. statements, or premises, to form a
specific conclusions. conclusion. For example, A is equal to
B. B is also equal to C. Given those
two statements, you can conclude A is
equal to C using deductive reasoning.
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on
the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be
true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic.
ARISTOTLE The Greek philosopher Aristotle, who is
considered the father of deductive

AND reasoning, wrote the following classic

example:

DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
P1. All men are mortal.

P2. Socrates is a man.

1. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Aristotle’s example is called a syllogism. A syllogism uses deductive reasoning to arrive
at a conclusion that is based on two or more propositions that are assumed to be true.
This is also called a premise premise conclusion argument. The premises of Aristotle's
logical argument -- that all men are mortal and that Socrates is a man -- are self-
evidently true. Because the premises establish that Socrates is an individual in a group
whose members are all mortal, the inescapable conclusion is that Socrates must
likewise be mortal. To correctly counter the conclusion of this argument, one must be
able to disprove one of the premises.
Austen Tech

EXAMPLES
PREMISE-PREMISE CONCLUSION
In a simple deductive logic argument, you’ll
often begin with a premise, and add
another premise. Then, you form a
conclusion based on these two premises.
This format is called “premise-premise-
conclusion.”
VALIDITY AND
SOUNDNESS
 Validity and soundness are two
criteria for assessing deductive
reasoning arguments. Validity is
about the way the premises relate
to each other and the conclusion.
An argument is sound only if it’s
valid and the premises are true.
All invalid arguments are
unsound.
 EXAMPLES OF
VALID
ARGUMENTS
1.) If there’s a rainbow, flights get canceled.
There is a rainbow now.
Therefore, flights are canceled.

 EXAMPLES OF
VALID
ARGUMENTS
2.) All chili peppers are spicy.
Tomatoes are a chili pepper.
Therefore, tomatoes are spicy.

EXAMPLES OF
VALID
ARGUMENTS
3.) Only crows are black.
John is black.
So, John is a crow.
 EXAMPLES OF
INVALID
ARGUMENTS
1.) All leopards have spots.
My pet gecko has spots.
Therefore, my pet gecko is a leopard.

EXAMPLES OF
INVALID
ARGUMENTS
2.) All crows are black.
John is black.
Therefore, John is a crow.
 EXAMPLES OF
INVALID
ARGUMENTS
3.) Anyone who lives in the city of Honolulu, also lives on the island of Oahu.
Kanoe lives on the island of Oahu.
Therefore, Kanoe lives in the city of Honolulu.
 EXAMPLES OF
SOUND
ARGUMENTS
1.) All tigers are mammals.
No mammals are creatures with scales.
Therefore, no tigers are creatures with scales.
 EXAMPLES OF
SOUND
ARGUMENTS
All PnC students are called "Dangal ng Bayan".
Kenneth is a PnC student.
Therefore, Kenneth is called "Dangal ng Bayan".