Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

IV. Animal Production Interventions Credit: 1 (0+1)

Information of Livestock

Particulars Strength of Name of the Breed

livestock
Cow class
1. Adult cows
a) Milking
b) Dry
2. Heifers
3. Breeding bulls
4. Bullocks
Buffalo class
1. Adult Buffaloes
a) Milking
b) Dry
3. Heifers
4. Bulls
Sheep
1. Young stock
2. Adult stock
3. Adult rams
4. Adult ewe
Goat
1. Young stock
2. Adult stock
3. Adult bucks
4. Adult doe
Poultry/ Pig/ Fish
1. No. of chicks/piglets/fingerlings
2. No. of layers/broilers/boar/sow
Cost Structure Amount (Rs.) Remarks
1. Cost of animals (if purchased)
2. Cost of dairy structure and paddocks
3. Total cost of dairy structures
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

Daily maintenance and feeding expenses

Particulars Cow Buffaloes Sheep/Goats Poultry

Qty. Amt Qty. Amt Qty. Amt Qty. Amt
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
1. Labour male/female
requirement
2. Concentrates (kg)
3. Green roughages (kg)
4. Dry roughages (kg)
5. Mineral mixtures (kg)
6. Veterinary aids including
breeding
7. Total expenses per day

Daily Milk Production and Disposal Record

(A) Milk Production

Date No. of animals in milk Milk Produced (L) Total Milk

Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Produced
(L)

(B) Milk Disposal (L)

Date Home consumption Utilized for making Sale Name of Income (Rs.)
(Cow/Buffalo/ Products (Raw milk) agency Rate of Dairy
Sheep/Goat) (Cow/Buffalo/ (Cow/Buffalo/ to which Milk/Unions/
Whole milk /Milk Sheep/Goat) Sheep/Goat) sold Milk Vendors
products Ghee/ butter/Khoa/
Curd/Others
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

Daily Production and Disposal Record

(A) Dairy Products
Date Name of the Quantity of Quantity sold Name of Income
dairy dairy (Kg) agency to (Rs.) Rate/kg.
products products (Kg) which sold

(B) Eggs and Birds

Date Breed/strains Home Name of Income

of Birds and Production of consumption Disposal of agency (Rs.)
system of to
keeping Eggs Birds/ Eggs Birds/ Eggs Birds which
/Rearing Chicks Meat sold

(C) Pig

Date Breed & system Production of Disposal of Name of Income

of Animals/Piglets Animals agency to (Rs.)
keeping/rearing which sold

(D) Any Other Animals / Birds

Date Species/Breed Home Name of Income
& system of Production of consumption Disposal of agency (Rs.)
keeping to
/Rearing Eggs Birds/ Eggs Birds/ Eggs Birds which
Chicks Meat sold
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

Yearly Production and Disposal Record

Particulars Amount (Rs.)
A) Total production of –
1. Animals
2. Milk and milk product
3. Dung/F.Y.M.
4. Eggs
5. Poultry Birds/Chicks
6. Wool
7. Meat
B) Disposal of –
1. Animals
2. Milk and milk product
3. Dung/F.Y.M.
4. Eggs
5. Poultry Birds
6. Wool
C) Yearly income from the sale of
1. Animals
2. Milk and milk product
3. Cow dung / F.Y.M.
4. Eggs
5. Poultry Birds
6. Wool
Total income (Rs.)

Yearly Receipt and Expenditure Statement

Particulars Amount (Rs.)
A) Receipt - *
Total income obtained from the sale.
B) Expenditure-
1. Cost of feeds and fodder
2. Labour cost
3. Expenditure on land revenue,
energy charges etc.
4. Medicines & Vaccines (Veterinary
Aids)
Total expenditure
C) Net profit (per year)
* Crop production record should be used from Agronomy Proforma.
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

FINAL REPORT:

1. Brief note on work done on specific practices suggested by the students-

Cow/buffalo/ others/crossbred cow
(a) Sanitation of sheds and Design & house/Pattern adopted e.g.,
Cage housing in layers.
(b) Balanced ration
i. Concentrate mixture
ii. Green roughage
iii. Dry roughage
(c) Full hand milking practice
(d) First aid given
(e) Vaccination to R.P., H.S., B.Q. and F.M.D. & Poultry vaccination
(f) Care of pregnant animal
(g) Care of calves
(h) Care of buffalo, if any
(i) Care of bullocks
(j) Some important management practices
like grooming, clipping, stoppage of bad habits/vices
like sucking of own milk, licking of own calf.
(k) Visit of cattle show if any

(1) Maintenance of Pedigree records

(2) Analysis of work and receptivity of the farmer for improved dairy
practices

(3) Remarks by farmer

Signature of Student

Signature of Officer In-charge

Signature of the Evaluator

Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

Assignment of Animal Production Interventions

1. List five Farmer's friendly insects.
Five insects that are a farmer’s friend are:

 LADYBIRD
A ladybird beetle is known as the farmer’s friend. This is because it is believed in
farmers’ theory that once the European farmers prayed to the virgin Mary to help
them out as the pest started eating their crops and destroying all their crops. Virgin
Mary helped them by sending beetles on their crops, which ate the pests and saved
the crops. From that belief, the ladybird beetle is the farmer’s friend. Ladybird beetles
are male and female, both genders. They eat all pests completely and helps in
saving the crops. They control the spread of pest who generally destroys the crops.

 EARTHWORM
Earthworms are known as the best friend of farmers. It is one of the insects that live
in land areas. It provides a multitude of major services and offers to develop soil
quality, makes the soil healthy, and makes the plant healthy. The soil is the habitat
for crops, and it also nurtures many organisms. An organism that may cause an
adverse effect and cause devastating diseases to plants. Earthworms, by remaining
in the soil, offer many benefits like increasing the nutrients available in the soil, which
is very useful for the growth of the crops, better drainage, more stable soil structure,
and all other benefits boom to the agriculture and farming.

Earthworms feed on plant debris, dead roots, leaves, grasses, manure, and soil.
Nitrogen in the casts is already available to plants. They improve moisture in the soil,
nutrients, soil structure, water movement, and plant growth. These are the indicators
of a healthy soil system as well as a healthy agriculture system as a whole. Many
farmers gather earthworms from different places and place them in their agricultural
lands.

 ASSASSIN BUG
The presence of an Assassin bug in your garden is very useful. Assassin bug is the
wonderful beneficial insects that will hunt down and eat many of the harmful bugs
frequently found in the gardens or fields, which reduces the need for manual or
chemical pest control.

 DAMSEL BUG
Damsel bugs are beneficial insects for the farm and the farmers. They increase soil
quality to grow more crops and eat aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs, thrips, and small
caterpillars that can destroy the plants from their actual growth. Damsel bug causes
no damage to plants and crops but beneficial in all respects. You can also attract
Damsel bug in your garden by planting dill, fennel, lavender, coriander, or chamomile
for shelter and food. Adult Damsel bug lay eggs on meadows grasses.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 EARWIG
Earwig is a kind of insect that eats the eggs and larvae of other insects. Earwig is a
scavenger insect. That means that they eat damaging plant pests like the notorious
aphid. They are also great to have around if the farmers and agriculturists want to get
rid of soft-bodied creatures like slugs. They are beneficial in compost piles and as
predators because they eat nuisances like aphids, mites, undesirable nematodes, as
well, as other insect larvae. These insects are very beneficial insects to the farmers
and are omnivorous, and primarily feed on decaying organic matter as well
as pest insects.

2. List five Harmful insects for farmers.

Five insects that are harmful for farmers

 Stem borer

How it Kills: Stem borers are caterpillars that eventually turn into yellow or brown
moths.
Larva feeds inside the stem causing drying of the central shoot called dead heart in
young plant or drying of the panicle called 'white ear' in older plants.
Crops Affected: Rice, sorghum, finger-millet, maize, pearl-millet, sugarcane, mango,
fig, rubber, jackfruit, eucalyptus, mulberry
Yield Loss: 10-48%

 Bollworm

How it Kills: Larva causes drooping and drying of the shoot by boring into it.
Later buds, flowers and bolls are damaged and a larva may migrate and attack fresh
parts.
Heavy shedding of early-formed flower buds due to the pest is common in cotton
fields.
Crops Affected: Cotton, chickpea, pigeon pea, sunflower, tomato
Yield Loss: 20-90%

 Thrips

How it Kills: Eggs are laid on or just under the leaf tissues.

Both nymphs and adults cut leaf tissues and suck the oozing sap; sometimes even
the buds and flowers are attacked. Infested leaves start curling and crumbling.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

Crops Affected: Groundnut, cotton, chillies, roses, grapes, citrus, pomegranate, tea,

grapevine, castor, cotton
Yield Loss: 25-50%

 Pod sucking bugs

How it Kills: Female lays 15 eggs into spongy stem. Larvae feed on leaves and bore
into pods.
As the internal contents of pods are devoured the yield of pulses is considerably
reduced.
Crops Affected: Pulses, safflower, chillies, sorghum, groundnut, tomato, cotton
Yield Loss: 14-100%

 Weevil

How it Kills: Adult beetles feed on leaves or tree trunks and the grubs feed on roots
and lead to the wilting and death of plants.
Crops Affected: Coconut, jute, cotton, sorghum, pearl millet, maize
Yield Loss: 10-48%

3. List five cow breeds of India.

Five cows breeds that are found in Bihar

 Gir

 This breed is otherwise called as Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and
Surati.
 Originated in Gir forests of South Kathiawar in Gujarat also found in Maharashtra and
adjacent Rajasthan.
 Basic colours of skin are white with dark red or chocolate-brown patches or
sometimes black or purely red.
 Horns are peculiarly curved, giving a ‘half-moon’ appearance.
 Milk yield ranges from 1200-1800 kgs per lactation.
 This bread is known for its hardiness and disease resistance
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 Red Sindhi

 This breed is otherwise called as Red Karachi and Sindhi and Mahi.
 Originated in Karachi and Hyderabad (Pakistan) regions of undivided India and also
reared in certain organized farms in our country.
 Colour is red with shades varying from dark red to light, strips of white.
 Milk yield ranges from 1250 to 1800 kgs per lactation.
 Bullocks despite lethargic and slow can be used for road and field work.

 Sahiwal
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 Originated in Montgomery region of undivided India.

 This breed otherwise known as Lola (loose skin), Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani,
Teli.
 Best indigenous dairy breed.
 Reddish dun or pale red in colour, sometimes flashed with white patches.
 Heavy breed with symmetrical body having loose skin.
 The average milk yield of this breed is between 1400 and 2500 kgs per lactation.

 Hallikar

 Originated from the former princely state of Vijayanagarm, presently part of

Karnataka.
 The colour is grey or dark grey.
 Compact, muscular and medium size animal with prominent forehead, long horns
and strong legs.
 The breed is best known for its draught capacity and especially for its trotting ability.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 Amritmahal

 Originated in Hassan, Chikmagalur and Chitradurga district of Karnataka.

 Amiritmahals are grey cattle but their shade varies from almost white to near black.
 The muzzle, feat and tail are usually black.
 Horns are long and end in sharp black points.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

4. List five Buffalo breed of India.

 Murrah

 Most important breed of buffaloes whose home is Rohtak, Hisar and Sind of
Haryana, Nabha and Patiala districts of Punjab and southern parts of Delhi state.
 Otherwise called as Delhi, Kundi and Kali.
 The colour is usually jet black with white markings on tail and face and extremities
sometimes found.
 Tightly curved horn is an important character of this breed.
 Most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India.
 Butter fat content is 7.83%. Average lactation yield is varying from 1500 to 2500 kgs
per lactation.
 Also used for the grading up of inferior local buffaloes.

 Surti

 Also known as Deccani, Gujarati, Talabda, Charator and Nadiadi.

 The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat.
 Coat colour varies from rusty brown to silver-grey.
 The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long and flat.
 The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one round the jaw and the other at
the brisket region
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 The milk yield ranges from 1000 to 1300 kgs per lactation.
 The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat percentage in milk (8-12per cent).

 Jaffrabadi

 The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests, Kutch and Jamnagar districts of
Gujarat.
 This is the heaviest Indian breed of buffalo.
 The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at each side of the neck and then turning up
at point (drooping horns).
 The udder is well developed with funnel shaped teats.
 The average milk yield is 1000 to 1200 kgs per lactation.
 The bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and carting.
 These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders called Maldharis, who
are nomads.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 Bhadawari

 Home tract of this breed is Agra and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior
district of Madhya Pradesh.
 Medium sized buffalo.
 The body is usually light or copper coloured is a peculiarity of this breed. Eye lids are
generally copper or light brown colour.
 Two white lines ‘Chevron’ are present at the lower side of the neck similar to that of
Surti buffaloes.
 The average milk yield is 800 to 1000 kgs per lactation.
 The bullocks are good draught animal with high heat tolerance.
 The fat content of milk varies from 6 to 12.5 per cent. This breed is an efficient
converter of coarse feed into butterfat and is known for its high butter fat content.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 Nili Ravi

 originated around the river Ravi.

 This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur district of Punjab and in the Sahiwal
(Pakistan) of undivided India.
 The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes.
 Head is small, elongated, bulging at top and depressed between eyes.
 Horns are very small and tightly coiled.
 Bullocks are good for heavy trotting work.
 The milk yield is 1500-1850 kgs per lactation.

5. Write about goat farming.

 Goat farming is the raising and breeding of all domestic goats (Capra aegagrus
hircus). This farming is a branch of animal husbandry. Goats are raised or formed
mainly for their meat, milk, fiber, and skin. Goats are developed by feeding kitchen
leftovers and herbs in the front yard. They were grown for getting household
consumption of milk and for making ayurvedic medicine from goat milk. There are
many types of goat varieties. Some are good for milk remaining goats for meat and
also there are breeds exclusively for the hide. Goat farming is the most profitable and
it attracts many farmers to these ventures.
 Goat farming can be suited to production with other livestock such as sheep and
cattle on low-quality grazing land. Goats efficiently convert sub-quality grazing matter
that is less desirable for other livestock into quality meat. Furthermore, goats can be
farmed with a moderately small area of pasture and limited resources.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 India possesses the second-largest goat population in the world. In the prevailing
socio-economic conditions in the country where per capita land holding is hardly
0.2 Ha, goat rearing becomes an inseparable component of mixed farming system.
Goat farming has been recommended as the best choice for the rural people in
developing countries because of the low investment, wide adaptability, high fertility
and fecundity, low feed and management needs, high feed conversion efficiency,
quick pay-off and low risk involved. Goats play an important role in income
generation, capital storage, employment generation and improving household
nutrition.
 Goat rearing is the backbone of the economy of small and landless farmers in
India. It is an insurance against crop failure and provides alternate source of
livelihood to the farmers all year round. Goats provide dependable source of
income to 40% of the rural population who are below the poverty line.
 The controversy over goats is on damage it causes to the environment,
predominantly due to its browsing nature. On one hand, the goat is accused as the
major cause of deforestation and soil erosion, and on the other hand, it is claimed
as a useful animal for poor people and is responsible for clearing the bushes and
making the land worthy of cultivation. The goat’s bad reputation arises mainly from
its mismanagement by man rather than any inherent fault. Nevertheless, the trend
is slowly changing, and several states are now encouraging goat husbandry.

 Production Systems

In our country, goats are reared by men and women with diverse working and
professional background. The production systems are as numerous as the socio-
economic and varied agricultural situations in the country. However, they can be
broadly classified into the following: -

Tethering: This is common in the sub-humid and humid zones, where probably
because of intensive cropping, it is a convenient means of rearing goats from the
stand point of control, minimum labour input and utilization of feed in situ. It is thus
a sedentary system. A variation of this method is combining tethering with grazing
up to 5 goats at a time, led by ropes held by women and children.

Extensive production: This involves low carrying capacity in situations where

land is marginal and is plentiful. It is characterized by low rainfall and various
browse plants. The system is used by nomadic people, usually in very low rainfall
areas or during winter months when crop resides are available.

Intensive production: The goats are fed in confinement with limited access to
land. It involves high labour and cash inputs. Cultivated grasses and agro-
industrial by products are fed in situ. This system also has the advantage of
allowing control over the animals.

Semi-intensive production: This system is practiced to some degree in most of

the situations, but the nature and extent of integration depend on the type of crops
grown and their suitability to goats. The advantages of this system are increased
fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth,
reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and
greater economic returns.

 Status of Goat industry

Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 The goat industry in India has yet to be firmly laid down on scientific lines. Goat
keepers are maintaining goats in all kinds of situations depending upon the
ecology and their circumstances. The minimum goat unit could consist of one goat
and the maximum could go to a few hundred under range management. Goat
farming in the country is mainly based on ‘zero input’. The fear of mortality has
perhaps been largely responsible for not starting many large-scale goat farms.
However, large-scale goat farms have successfully running since over last 30
years at the CSWRI Avikanagar, MPKVV Rahuri, and at Leh.

 Constraints of the Goat industry

The following could be considered as the technical constraints for securing a thriving
goat industry in the country: -

 Non-availability of high-yielding breeding stock.

 Low level of nutrition and managerial efficiency.
 Lack of definition of the production objectives.
 Limited attention to application of the modern techniques for improving the
reproductive efficiency, e.g., AI, synchronization of estrous, semen freezing etc.
 Limited use of outstanding exotic breeds for improvement.
 Inadequate control of diseases and parasites due to non-availability of prophylactic
vaccines against important contagious diseases.
 Lack of knowledge on successful rearing of kids. Kid mortality is very high when
weaning is practiced at a very young age.
 Lack of knowledge on silvi-pastoral system.
 Housing for goats in different eco-zones requires a very elaborate and systematic
study.
 Organized marketing is very limited. This has resulted in unscrupulous exploitation
by the middle-man who is often seen moving with the goats along the migratory
routes.

Building units

 Lamb or kid shed

 Weaner shed (3 months)
 Young stock shed (6 months -1 year)
 Ewe or Doe shed
 Ram or buck shed
 Shearing shed
 Storehouse for wool
 Lambing or kidding shed
 Dipping tank
 Milking shed
 Feed godown for Concentrate feed and dry fodder
 Store house for milk
 Shepherd house (grazers)
 Isolation shed.
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Floor space requirements

Recommended floor space requirements for Indian conditions

Age groups Covered space(sq.m) Open space (sq.m)
Up to 3 months 0.2-0.25 0.4-0.5
3 months to 6 months 0.5-0.75 1.0-1.5
6 months to 12 months 0.75-1.0 1.5-2.0
Adult animal 1.5 3.0
Male, Pregnant or lactating ewe/ 1.5-2.0 3.0- 4.0
doe

Floor space requirement per animal (BIS standard)

                 Types of animals Minimum floor space per animal (59.m)
Ram or buck in groups 1.8
Ram or buck - individual 3.2
Lambs or kids - in group 0.4
Weaner in groups 0.8
yearling or goatlings 0.9
 Ewe or doe in groups 1.0
Ewe with lamb 1.5

Feeding and watering space requirement

Type of Space per Width of Depth of manger/ Height of inner

animal animal (cm) manger/ water trough (cm) wall of manger/
water water trough (cm)
trough(cm)
Sheep and 40 - 50 50 30 35
goat
Kid/lamb 30 - 35 50 20 25

Sheds

Different sheds in an organized sheep and goat farm

The sheds of the following types are required for housing the animals,

 General flock shed (Ewe / Doe shed) 

 Ram or buck shed 
 Lambing or kidding shed 
 Lamb or kid shed
 Sick animal shed
 Shearing and storeroom
 Attendant's room

 
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

General flock shed (Ewe / Doe shed)

 The flock shed shall be used for housing ewes or does kept for breeding purpose.
 The shed shall be 15m (l) x 4m (w) x 3 m (h) and can accommodate not more than 60
ewes or does.
 The shed should be three metre high and should have brick-on-edge floor.
 In low lying and heavy rainfall areas, the floors should preferably be elevated and in
temperate regions they may be made of strong wood.

Ram / buck shed

 Rams or bucks kept for breeding purpose are housed individually in these sheds.
Alternatively, wooden partitions can be raised in bigger shed to partition in to stalls.
 The dimension is of 4m (l) ×2.5m (w) ×3m (h) and can accommodate about 3 rams/
bucks.
 The shed shall be partitioned lengthwise to form three equal compartments.
 The partition between each shed should not exceed one metre.
 The partitions may be either of wooden planks or half-cut ballis.
 The partition shall be not more than one metre high from the floor.

Lambing / kidding shed

 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 These sheds shall be used as maternity rooms for pregnant ewe or doe and are
housed individually in these sheds.
 The shed shall be 1.5m(l)×1.2m(w)×3.0m(h), a manager for holding feed and hay and
a bucket for keeping water shall be provided in the shed.
 These sheds shall be made draught free.
 In cold climates some warming device, like a room heater shall be fixed in maternity
pens, so that new borns are protected from cold during winter.

 Lamb/ kid shed

 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 Lambs or kids from weaning up to attaining maturity are housed in these sheds at the
rate of about 25 animals per shed.
 By making suitable partitions in a larger shed, unweaned, weaned but immature and
nearby maturity lambs can be housed separately.
 On larger farms however, three separate sheds may be constructed to house three
categories of kids or lambs.
 The shed shall be with a dimension of 7.5m (l) ×4m (w) ×3m (h) to accommodate not
more than 75 animals.
 The shed shall be partitioned breadth wise dividing into two compartments. The
compartments having dimension of 5m (l) ×4m (w) ×3m (h) shall be used to keep the
unweaned animals and other compartment with dimension of 2.5m(l)×4m(w) x3m(h)
shall be used for keeping the weaned animals.

Sick animal shed

 There shall be a sick animal shed for segregating ailing and disabled animals.
 Away from the other sheds one or more sick animal sheds may be constructed with a
dimension of 3m (l) ×2m (w) × 3 m (h).
 The lower half of the door may be made of wooden planks and the upper half of wire-
netting.
 There may also be a window of 0.7 m broad and 1.2 m high with a wire net covering.

Shearing and storeroom

 The shearing and storeroom consist of two compartments with a dividing wall.
 One room may be exclusively meant for storing wool and shearing equipment and the
other for keeping feed and medicines.
 The other room used for shearing may be 6m (l) x 2.5m (w) x 3m (h).
 There shall be a door one metre wide and two metres high in front side of the room.
 The door leaf may be made of wooden battens. It may also have two windows, one on
each side of the long sides of the room.
 This room should have clean smooth floors and walls lined with glazed tiles up to a
height of one and half metre.
 The room should be made damp and dust proof.
 There shall be three windows on three sides.

Attendant's room

 The shepherd's house meant for caretaker shall be located at a convenient place in
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

the yard.
 The house may be 6m (l) X 4m (w) X 3 m (h). There shall be a door of one metre wide
and two metres high on the long side of the shed facing the passage of the yard.
 The door leaf may be of wooden planks. There may be four windows; one of these
facing the passage of the yard and the other three facing outside.
 Each window may be 0.7 m broad and 1.2 m high and covered with wire netting.

Floor

 The flooring may be either of moorum or of strong wooden battens and, where the
rainfall is quite heavy; the latter type of flooring may be preferred.
 In the case of wooden-batten flooring, the width of each plank shall vary from 7.5 to
10.0 cm and the thickness between 2.5 cm and 4.0 cm.
 The sides of the planks shall be well rounded and the clearance between two planks
shall range between 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm to facilitate the disposal of dung and urine.
 The wooden-batten flooring shall be constructed at a height of at least one metre
above the ground level.
 In this case, a suitable ramp or steps of wooden planks shall be provided.
 In the case of moorum flooring, a plinth wall between 15 cm and 30 cm in height shall
be provided.
 For the shearing and store room and shepherd's house, the flooring may be of
moorum or brick in cement mortar, and the floor shall be levelled properly.

Roof

 The roof may be made gabled.

 The roofing material may be either plain or corrugated galvanized steel sheets or
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

asbestos cement sheets and where the rainfall is not heavy, it may be of thatch.

Gate

 Each shed may be provided with one or more gates either on the long or broad sides
of the sheds depending upon the dimensions of the shed.
 The dimensions of each gate may be 0.8 m broad and one metre high. The gate leaf
and frame may be made of wooden battens. It shall fit the entrance closely.

Manger

Mange Mange
r and r and
water water
trough trough

Manag Manag
er and er and
Water Water
trough trough
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

 The manger may be either of cement concrete or of wood with two compartments for
providing feed and hay.
 A separate hay rack may also be provided by fixing at level or slightly below the heads
of the animals.
 With the help of clamps, the manger may be raised within the height ranging between
450 and 600 mm from the ground.
 The water trough may be of cement concrete or galvanized steel pails or buckets and
may be fixed or hung from a hook fixed to the walls.
 The manger may also be of portable type. The number of mangers and water troughs
in each shed may vary according to the number of animals.

Dipping Tank

Dipping tank
 

 To protect the animals from infection a dipping tank may be made either of galvanized
steel sheets or constructed of stone or brick in cement mortar, whichever is likely to
prove economical, according to local conditions.
 If a galvanized steel tank is used, it shall be well bedded down and the soil rammed
tight against it to prevent the sides of the bath from bulging when it is filled.
 If the base of the soil is unstable, the tank may be bedded in cement concrete.
 The dipping tank may be at one side of the yard.

 
Footbath
 A footbath made of galvanized steel sheets or brick in cement mortar shall be provided
at the entrance to the yard to protect the animals from foot-rot disease.
 These baths may be embedded in the soil suitably.

Rearing

Different systems of Sheep and Goat rearing

1. Extensive System
 Grazing the sheep and goat in the entire pasture and leaving them there for the whole
season is the extensive system of rearing.
 In this method feed cost is very much reduced.
 It is not conducive to make the best use of the whole grasses. So, we can preferably
 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

practice the rotational grazing method.

Rotational grazing method

 Rotational grazing should be practiced under which the pasture land should be divided
by temporary fences into several sections.
 The animals are then moved from one section to another section. By the time the
entire pasture is grazed, the first section will have sufficient grass cover to provide
second grazing.
 Parasitic infestations can be controlled to a great extent.
 Further, it helps to provide quality fodder for most part of the year.
 Under this system, it is advisable to graze the lambs first on a section and then bring in
ewes to finish up the feed left by the lambs.

2. Semi-intensive system

 Semi-intensive system of sheep / goat production is an intermediate compromise

between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited
grazing.
 It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced
pasture.
 It consists of provision of stall feeding, shelter at night under shed and 3-to-5-hour
daily grazing and browsing on pasture and range.
 In this method, the feed cost is somewhat increased.

This system has the advantage of

 Meeting the nutrient requirement both from grazing and stall feeding.
 Managing medium to large flock of 50 to 350 heads and above.
 Utilizing cultivated forage during lean period.
 Harvesting good crop of kids both for meat and milk.
 Making a profitable gain due to less labour input.

3. Intensive system- (zero grazing-system)

 It is a system in which sheep goats are continuously kept under housing in

confinement with limited access in which they are stall fed.
 It implies a system where goats are not left to fend for themselves with only minimum
care.
 Intensive operation of medium sized herd of 50 to 250 heads or more oriented towards
commercial milk production goes well with this system particularly of dairy goats.
 It merits exploitation of the system of feeding agro-industrial by products as on fodder
grass with carrying capacity of 37 to 45 goats per hectare.
 This system of management requires more labour and high cash input.
 However, this has the advantage of close supervision and control over the animals.
 In this method, the dung is collected in one place and used as a good fertilizer.
 Less space is sufficient for a greater number of animals.

Rearing in mud floor

 Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

Mud Mud
Floor Floor
 

 In this method, once in a year 1-2 inches of mud surface should be removed.
 Application of lime powder once in a month will reduce the disease occurrence in the
shed.
 The shed should be constructed in elevated area to prevent water stagnation.

Deep litter shed

 In this method, the litter materials like ground nut husk, sugarcane tops etc. are spread
on the floor for a depth of ½ feet and animals are reared in it.
 The urine and dung mixed with the litter materials are used as fertilizer.
 The litter materials should be removed once in six months.
 In heavy rain seasons, the litter materials should not be over wet to prevent which
would cause ammonia gas production.

Elevated floor shed

Elevated Floor
 

 Its initial investment is high.

 In the wooden floor sheds, in a distance of 3m from the floor, the animals are reared.
 This requires less labour and more irrigation land for the fodder production.
 The elevated sheds will be clean and urine and dung will be collected in the floor and
periodical removing is required once in six months.
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

6. What are the diseases caused by calcium deficiency in plants.

Calcium deficiency symptoms appear initially as localized tissue necrosis leading to
stunted plant growth, necrotic leaf margins on young leaves or curling of the leaves,
and eventual death of terminal buds and root tips. Generally, the new growth and
rapidly growing tissues of the plant are affected first. The mature leaves are rarely if
ever affected because calcium accumulates to high concentrations in older
leaves. Calcium deficiencies in plants are associated with reduced height, fewer
nodes, and less leaf area.
Crop-specific symptoms include:
 Apple
'Bitter pit' – fruit skins develop pits; brown spots appear on skin and/or in flesh and
taste of those areas is bitter. This usually occurs when fruit is in storage, and Bramley
apples are particularly susceptible. Related to boron deficiency, "water cored" apples
seldom display bitter pit effects.
 Cabbage, lettuce and brussels sprouts
There is some evidence that plants like lettuce are more likely to experience tip burn
(burned edges of leaves) if they're experiencing a deficiency of calcium.
 Carrot
'Cavity spot' – oval spots develop into craters which may be invaded by other disease-
causing organisms.
 Celery
Stunted growth, central leaves stunted.
 Tomatoes and peppers
'Blossom end rot' – Symptoms start as sunken, dry decaying areas at the blossom
end of the fruit, furthest away from the stem, not all fruit on a truss is necessarily
affected. Sometimes rapid growth from high-nitrogen fertilizers may exacerbate
blossom end rot. Water management and preventing water stress is key to minimizing
its occurrence. Although it was once common knowledge that blossom end rot was
caused by calcium deficiencies, there are also other proposed causes.

7. List of pesticides banned in India

Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use.
1. Alachlor (Vide S.O. 3951 (E), dated 08.08.2018)
2. Aldicarb (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
3. Aldrin
4. Benzene Hexachloride
5. Benomyl (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
6. Calcium Cyanide
7. Carbaryl (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
8. Chlorbenzilate (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
9. Chlordane
10. Chlorofenvinphos
11. Copper Acetoarsenite
12. Diazinon (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
13. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989)
14. Dichlorovos (Vide S.O. 3951 (E), dated 08.08.2018)
15. Dieldrin (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
16. Endosulfron (vide ad-Interim order of the Supreme Court of India in the Writ
Petition (Civil) No. 213 of 2011 dated 13th May, 2011 and finally disposed of dated
10th January, 2017)
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

17. Endrin
18. Ethyl Mercury Chloride
19. Ethyl Parathion
20. Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
21. Fenarimol (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
22. Fenthion (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
23. Heptachlor
24. Lindane (Gamma-HCH)
25. Linuron (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
26. Maleic Hydrazide (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
27. Menazon
28. Methoxy Ethyl Mercury Chloride (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
29. Methyl Parathion (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
30. Metoxuron
31. Nitrofen
32. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate
33. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene (PCNB) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989)
34. Pentachlorophenol
35. Phenyl Mercury Acetate
36. Phorate (Vide S.O. 3951 (E), dated 08.08.2018)
37 Phosphamidon (Vide S.O. 3951 (E), dated 08.08.2018)
38. Sodium Cyanide (banned for Insecticidal purpose only vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th
August, 2018) *
39. Sodium Methane Arsonate
40. Tetradifon
41. Thiometon (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
42. Toxaphene (Camphechlor) (vide S.O. 569 (E) dated 25th July 1989)
43. Triazophos (Vide S.O. 3951 (E), dated 08.08.2018)
44. Tridemorph (vide S.O 3951(E) dated 8th August, 2018)
45. Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) (vide S.O. 682 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
46. Trichlorfon (Vide S.O. 3951 (E), dated 08.08.2018)

B. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use

1. Carbofuron 50% SP (vide S.O. 678 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
2. Methomyl 12.5% L
3. Methomyl 24% formulation
4. Phosphamidon 85% SL

C. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but continued to manufacture for
export
1. Captafol 80% Powder (vide S.O. 679 (E) dated 17th July 2001)
2. Dichlorvos (vide S.O. 1196 (E) dated 20th March 2020)
3. Nicotin Sulfate (vide S.O. 325 (E) dated 11th May 1992)
4. Phorate (vide S.O. 1196 (E) dated 20th March 2020)
5. Triazophos (vide S.O. 1196 (E) dated 20th March 2020)

D. Pesticides Withdrawn (Withdrawal may become inoperative as soon as required

complete data as per the guidelines is generated and submitted by the Pesticides
Industry to the Government and accepted by the Registration Committee. (S.O 915(E)
dated 15th Jun,2006)
Manual For RAWE & AIA CGC, Jhanjeri

1. Dalapon
2. Ferbam
3. Formothion
4. Nickel Chloride
5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB)
6. Simazine
7. Sirmate (S.O. 2485 (E) dated 24th September 2014)
8. Warfarin (vide S.O. 915 (E) dated 15th June 2006)