Grammar Chart

Focus on Grammar 2
Grammar Chart Transparencies

The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some of
the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology.The Focus on Grammar
(FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a new
grammar point together.
Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.
Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, for a
review of the simple past (Unit 29, page 281), read the statement, “I stayed home” and ask the class to name
the verb. (Stayed.) Ask students what form it is. (The simple past form.) Ask students if the form is regular or
irregular. (Regular.)
Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the When, What + Noun unit (Unit
11, page 103), you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and change some of the ele-
ments. (When is Independence Day in the United States? → When is Election Day in the United States?).
Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examples
that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts to
label items in Grammar in Context.
Compare charts. For example, in Unit 8, page 71, compare affirmative and negative statements in the sim-
ple present. Ask, “Which kind of statement uses do/does (not)?” (Negative statement.) Ask, “Do you use the
base form for the affirmative or the negative?” (You use it for the negative, and with I, you, we, and they in
the affirmative.)
Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All Focus on Grammar
charts are clearly labeled. (Affirmative/Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form,
Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the labels
mean.
Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in Unit 38, page 387, students could practice the
modals by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. Instead of “I would like some help,”they
could say, “I would like some water,” “You should wear a coat,” or “I ought to plan a trip.”
● Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, in Unit 28, page 275, students could say a few
things using gerunds and infinitives, “I enjoy singing,” “I want to teach,” and “I hope to teach music.”
Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg
Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Grammar Presentation
THE PRESENT OF BE: STATEMENTS

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
Singular Plural
Subject Be Subject Be
I am Masami and I
We
You are
You and Josh
David students.
You
He popular. are
Ivona and Juan
Victoria
is They
She
Seoul and London
Soccer cities.
They
It
Contractions
I am ➞ I’m we are ➞ we’re
you are ➞ you’re you are ➞ you’re
he is ➞ he’s they are ➞ they’re
she is ➞ she’s David is ➞ David’s
it is ➞ it’s
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 2, Third Edition, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS AND CONTRACTIONS (SHORT FORMS)
Singular Plural
Subject + Be/Not Subject + Be/Not
I am not We are not
I’m not We’re not
We aren’t
You are not
You’re not You are not
You aren’t You’re not in London.
You aren’t
His is not from London.
He’s not They are not
He isn’t They’re not
They aren’t
She is not
She’s not
She isn’t
It is not
It’s not new.
It isn’t
THE PRESENT OF BE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Singular Singular
Be Subject Yes No
you’re not.
Am I you are.
you aren’t.
Are you I am. I’m not.
he’s not.
he in room 2? he is.
Yes, No, he isn’t.
she’s not.
Is she she is.
she isn’t.
it’s not.
it it is.
it isn’t.
Plural Plural
Be Subject Yes No
you’re not.
we you are.
you aren’t.
Yes, No, we’re not.
Are you on time? we are.
we aren’t.
they’re not.
they they are.
they aren’t.
OTHER SHORT ANSWERS

Yes. Yes, I think so.
No. No, I don’t think so.
I don’t know.
THE PAST OF BE; PAST TIME MARKERS
Singular Plural
Subject Be Time Marker Subject Be Time Marker
I was We
You were in Toronto two weeks
You were
They ago.
He in Kyoto last year.
She was
It
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Singular Plural
Subject Be/Not Time Marker Subject Be/Not Time Marker
I was not We
were not
wasn’t You at the party last night.
weren’t
They
You were not
weren’t at the party last night.
He
was not
She
wasn’t
It
(continued)
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Singular Plural
Be Subject Time Marker Be Subject Time Marker
Was I we
two weeks
Were you at the party
Were you ago?
at the party last night? they
he
Was she
it
PAST TIME MARKERS

yesterday
the day before yesterday
last _____ (night, week, year)
(a week, two weeks, a month, two months) _____ ago
SINGULAR AND PLURAL COUNT NOUNS; PROPER NOUNS
Singular Nouns (one) Plural Nouns (more than one)
He is a photographer. They are photographers.
He is an artist. They are artists.
Irregular Plural Nouns Nouns That Are Always Plural

Singular Plural pants
man men scissors
woman women clothes
child children glasses
foot feet
tooth teeth
person people
Proper Nouns
Harlem is in New York City.
Maya Angelou has a home in Harlem.
DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
Noun Be Adjective Adjective Noun
The room is It is a room.
small. small
The rooms are They are rooms.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
The glasses are between The glasses are

the book and the watch. next to the newspaper.
The glasses are The glasses are

behind the box. under the table.
The glasses are The glasses are on the table

in his pocket. near the window.
The man is The man is in front of

in back of the woman. the woman.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHY

Questions Answers
Question
Word Be Short Answers Long Answers
Who are René Magritte and Artists. They’re artists.
Salvador Dali?
What is The Son of Man? A painting. It’s a painting.
Where are Magritte and Dali from? Belgium and Spain. Magritte is from Belgium
and Dali is from Spain.
Why is the museum closed? It’s Monday. The museum is closed
because it’s Monday.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT: AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Affirmative Statements Negative Statements
Subject Verb Subject Do not /Does not Base Form of Verb
I I
You* You* do not
work. work.
We We don’t
They They
He He
does not
She works. She work.
doesn’t
It It
*You is both singular and plural.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Yes/No Questions Short Answers
Do/Does Subject Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
you* I/we I/we
Do do. don’t.
we you you
they work? Yes, they No, they
he he he
Does she she does. she doesn’t.
it it it
*You is both singular and plural.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT: WH- QUESTIONS; SHORT AND LONG ANSWERS

Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Do/Does Subject Base Form of Verb
When do I sleep?
Where do you sleep?
What do we need?
Why does he get up late?
Who(m) does she dream about?
How does it feel?
Short Answers Long Answers

From 10:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M. You sleep from 10:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M.
On the futon. I sleep on the futon.
Two pillows. We need two pillows.
He goes to bed late. He gets up late because he goes to bed late.
A movie star. She dreams about a movie star.
Good. The blanket feels good.
Wh- Questions About the Subject Answers

Wh- Word Verb
Who dreams? Everyone does.
What happens during REM sleep? People dream.
QUESTIONS WITH WHEN AND WHAT + NOUN; PREPOSITIONS OF TIME;
ORDINAL NUMBERS
When Answers
When Verb
It’s on July 4th.
When is Independence Day in the United States? On July 4th.
July 4th.
What + Noun Answers

What Noun
It’s on Monday.
What day is his graduation? On Monday.
Monday.
It’s at 2:00.
What time does it start? At 2:00.
2:00.
(continued)
Prepositions of Time
in December.
in (the) winter.
in 2007.
Her graduation is
in the morning.
in the afternoon.
in the evening.
on Wednesday?
Is your birthday
on December 25th?
at 7:30.
The party is
at night.
Ordinal Numbers
1st = first 12th = twelfth 32nd = thirty-second
2nd = second 13th = thirteenth 40th = fortieth
3rd = third 14th = fourteenth 43rd = forty-third
4th = fourth 15th = fifteenth 50th = fiftieth
5th = fifth 16th = sixteenth 60th = sixtieth
6th = sixth 17th = seventeenth 70th = seventieth
7th = seventh 18th = eighteenth 80th = eightieth
8th = eighth 19th = nineteenth 90th = ninetieth
9th = ninth 20th = twentieth 100th = hundredth
10th = tenth 21st = twenty-first 101st = one hundred and first
11th = eleventh 30th = thirtieth
POSSESSIVE NOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES; QUESTIONS WITH WHOSE

Possessive Nouns
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
John’s last name is Tamez. The girls’ gym is on this floor.
Russ’s last name is Stram.
My mother’s name is Rita. My parents’ car is in the garage.
The woman’s name is Carmen. The women’s restroom is on the first floor.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive
Subject Pronouns Adjectives Example Sentences
I My I am a student. My name is Antonio.
You Your You are next to me. Your seat is here.
He His He is a professor. His subject is computers.
She Her She’s my boss. Her name is Ms. Alvarado.
It Its It’s my sister’s dog. Its name is Lucky.
We Our We are businessmen. Our business is in the United States and Asia.
You Your You are students. Your class is in room 405.
They Their They are musicians. Their band is great.
Questions with Whose

Questions Answers
Carmen’s.
Whose hair is long? Carmen’s is.
Carmen’s hair is long.
Svetlana’s.
Whose eyes are green? Svetlana’s are.
Svetlana’s eyes are green.
Yoko’s.
Whose homework is this? It’s Yoko’s.
It’s Yoko’s homework.
Ken’s.
Whose books are these? They’re Ken’s.
They’re Ken’s books.
THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE

Singular Plural
This / That Verb These / Those Verb
This is a good photo. These are new photos.
That was in Bryce. Those are from my last trip.
Singular Plural
This / That Noun Verb These / Those Noun Verb
This photo is clear. These horses are tired.
That photo has nice colors. Those horses are rested.
QUESTIONS WITH OR AND ANSWERS

Questions with or Answers
Are you hungry or thirsty? I’m thirsty.
Do you usually walk or drive? I usually drive.
ONE
Singular Count Noun

A / An or Noun Phrase
a pen.
I don’t need I have one.
an original copy.
Singular
Adjective Count Noun
I need a gray shirt. He needs a blue one.
This / That One

This is my book.
one
That is Marco’s.
ONES
Plural Count
Adjective Noun
The gray sweatshirts are twenty dollars. The gray ones are twenty dollars.
IT
The Noun It
Where’s the CD? It’s on the table.
Possessive Adjective Noun It

Where’s your watch? It’s in the drawer.
This/That Noun It
Where’s that book? It’s on my desk.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Subject Be Base Form of Subject Be Not Base Form of
Verb + -ing Verb + -ing
I am I am
You are You are
He He
She is eating. She is not flying.
It It
We We
You are You are
They They
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND WH- QUESTIONS
Yes/No Questions Short Answers

Base Form of
Be Subject Verb + -ing Affirmative Negative
Am I you are. you’re
Are you I am. I’m
he he he’s
Is she working? Yes, she is. No, she’s not.
it it it’s
we you you’re
Are you we are. we’re
they they they’re
Wh- Questions Answers

Wh- Word Be Subject Base Form of Verb + -ing
Why are you staying home? I’m sick.
What are you watching? The I Love Lucy show.
His teacher.
Who is he meeting?
He’s meeting his teacher.
To the movies.
Where are they going?
They’re going to the movies.
Wh- Questions about the Subject Answers

Wh- Word Be Base Form of Verb + ing
Who is reading? My friend (is).
What is happening? They’re making candy.
THE IMPERATIVE
Affirmative Negative
Base Form Base Form
of Verb Don’t of Verb
Write to the magazine. Don’t send money.
CAN/CAN’T FOR ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY;

COULD FOR PAST ABILITY
Affirmative and Negative Statements
Subject Can / Could Base Form of Verb
I
You
He can
She can’t
speak Spanish.
It could
We couldn’t
You
They
Yes/No Questions
Can/Could Subject Base Form of Verb Answers
Yes, we can understand.
Can No, we can’t understand.
you understand?
Could Yes, we could understand.
No, we couldn’t understand.
SUGGESTIONS
Affirmative Negative
Base Form Base Form
Let’s of Verb Let’s Not of Verb
Let’s go to the beach. Let’s not go to the beach.
Suggestions for a Group Suggestions for Another Person

Base Form Base Form
Why Don’t We of Verb Why Don’t You of Verb
Why don’t we go on a bike tour? Why don’t you get the cameras?
RESPONSES
Agree Disagree
OK. No, I don’t feel like it.
That’s a good idea. (Good idea.) Why don’t we . . . instead.
That sounds good to me. (Sounds good to me.) Sorry, not today.
Sounds like a plan. I can’t. I . . .
THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS—AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Subject Base Form of Verb Subject Did Not Base Form of Verb
I I
You You
He He
walked. walk.
She She did not
arrived. arrive.
It It didn’t
studied. study.
We We
You You
They They
Common Past Time Markers

Yesterday Ago Last
yesterday two days ago last night
yesterday morning a week ago last Monday
yesterday afternoon a month ago last week
yesterday evening a year ago last summer
a couple of days ago last year
THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS—AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Subject Verb Subject Did not / Didn’t Base Form of Verb
I I
You You
He He
bought buy
She She did not
rode the horses. ride the horses.
It It didn’t
saw see
We We
You You
They They
Affirmative of Be Negative of Be
Subject Was / Were Subject Was / Were
He was lucky. I wasn’t home.
They were unlucky. We weren’t at the library.
THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO AND WH- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Yes/No Questions Affirmative Short Negative Short

Did Subject Base Form of Verb
Answers Answers
I you you
you I I
he he he
she she she
Did start? Yes, did. No, didn’t.
it it it
we you you
you we we
they they they
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb Answers
What I ask? You asked about his name.
Where you go? I went to the library. (To the library.)
When he write? He wrote at night, after work. (At night, after work.)
did
Why we leave? We went someplace else.
Who(m) you call? I called my friend. (My friend.)
How long they stay? They stayed for an hour. (For an hour.) (An hour.)
Wh- Questions about the Subject

Wh- Word Past Form of Verb Answers
Who wrote The Hobbit? J. R. R.Tolkien wrote it. (J. R. R.Tolkien.)
What happened? It became a big success.
THERE IS / THERE ARE; IS THERE . . . ? / ARE THERE . . . ?
Affirmative
There Be Subject Place/Time
a restaurant on this level.
There is
a movie at 6:30.
two restaurants near the entrance.
There are
shows at 7:00 and 9:00.
Negative
There Be Subject Place/Time
There isn’t a restaurant on the second level.
There aren’t any movies at 8:00.
Contractions
there is there’s
there is not there isn’t
there are not there aren’t
Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Be There Subject Place Affirmative Negative
Is there a pizza place on Second Street? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
Are there any banks nearby? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

Singular Plural
Subject Subject
Pronoun Object Pronoun Object
and Verb Pronoun and Verb Pronoun
I’m me. We’re us.
You’re you. You’re happy. He likes you.
happy. He likes
He’s him. They’re them.
She’s her.
It’s wonderful. it.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
Subject Verb Direct Object To Indirect Object

a tape
She sent to me.
it
Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

She sent me a tape.
To Before the Indirect Object

e-mail owe show throw
give pass teach write
hand read tell
lend sell
COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS; ARTICLES

Singular Count Nouns Plural Count Nouns
Article or Singular Number or Plural
One Noun Quantifier Noun
a banana. seven
an apple. a few
She wants
friends.
banana. He has some
one books.
apple.
a lot of
many
Non-count Nouns
Non-count
Quantifier Noun
a little
Carol needs some help.
a lot of
(continued)
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
Singular Count Nouns Plural Count Nouns
Article or Singular Number or Plural
One Noun Quantifier Noun
a pear. two
an apple. any
I didn’t buy I didn’t buy pears.
pear. many
one
apple.
a lot of
The Definite Article The

Count Noun Non-Count Noun Plural Count Noun
I need the menu. He has the butter. She has the napkins.
Non-count Nouns
Non-count
Quantifier Noun
any
I didn’t buy
much milk.
a lot of
THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE; HOW OFTEN . . . ?
The Simple Present The Present Progressive

I eat at eight o’clock. I’m eating now.
He eats at eight too. He’s eating now.
She doesn’t eat with me. She isn’t eating with him.
They don’t eat with us. They aren’t eating with us.
Does he eat meat? Is he eating chicken?
Do you eat in the cafeteria? Are you eating chicken?
How Often Answers

I Three times (a day).
you
do take medicine? Once (a week).
we
they Every (Sunday).
How often
he Rarely.
clean?
does she Once in a while.
it snow? Never.
(continued)
ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Frequency with Be

Adverbs of Adverbs of
Subject Frequency Verb Subject Be Frequency
I always I am always
work
You almost always You are almost always
frequently He frequently
He
on Tuesdays. She is usually/often
She usually/often works busy.
sometimes It sometimes
It
rarely/seldom We rarely/seldom
We You are almost never
almost never
You work They never
never
They
Adverbs of Frequency Expressions of Frequency

always 100% every (day).
almost always twice (a day).
frequently Emiko shops three times (a month).
usually/often several times (a year).
sometimes 50% once in a while.
rarely/seldom
almost never
never 0%
NON-ACTION (STATIVE) VERBS
State Sense / Need /

of Being Emotion Appearance Preference Mental State Possession Measurement
be love hear want agree have cost
hate see need disagree own weigh
like feel prefer guess belong owe
dislike taste understand
smell know
sound remember
look believe
think
mean
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerund Verbs +
Subject Verb (Verb + -ing) Verbs + Verbs + Infinitive or
Gerund Infinitive Gerund
I enjoy dancing.
avoid agree refuse hate
Subject Verb Infinitive enjoy decide want like
finish expect love
I want to sing.
keep hope prefer
keep on intend
Infinitive regret need
Subject Verb or Gerund think about plan
painting.
I like
to paint.
THE SIMPLE PAST
Affirmative (All Verbs Except Be) Affirmative of Be

Subject Verb Subject Verb
I stayed I was
home. home.
We went We were
Negative (All Verbs Except Be) Negative of Be

Base Form Subject Verb
Subject Did Not (Didn’t) of Verb
I was not
I stay (wasn’t)
did not (didn’t) with them. at work.
We go We were not
(weren’t)
Yes / No Questions (All Verbs Except Be) Yes / No Questions with Be

Did Subject Base Form of Verb Was / Were Subject
she Was he
Did leave? home last night?
they Were they
Wh- Questions Wh- Questions with Be

Base Form
Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb Wh- Word Past Form Subject
When they arrive? When were you there?
Where he work? Where was he from?
How did it begin? How was his test?
Why he leave? Why were they late?
Who(m) you help? Who(m) were they with?
Wh- Questions About the Subject Wh- Questions About the Subject with Be
Wh- Word Past Form Wh- Word Past Form
Who invented the game? Who was his friend?
What happened to him? What was his last name?
How many How many
people watched the show? people were there?
BE GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE
Affirmative / Negative Statements

Subject + Be (Not) Going to Base Form of Verb
I’m
You’re
He’s (not) going to study tomorrow.
We’re
You’re
They’re
It’s (not) going to rain tomorrow.

Be Subject Going to Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
Am I Yes, you are. No, you’re not.
Are you going to drive tomorrow? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he Yes, he is. No, he’s not.
Wh- Questions Short Answers

Wh- Word Be Subject Going to Base Form of Verb
What is she do? Meet her friend.
Where are they going to go? To the library.
How am I get there? By plane.
WILL FOR THE FUTURE

Subject Will Base Form of Verb Time Marker Subject Will Not Base Form of Verb Time Marker
I I
You You
He He
She She
will leave tomorrow. will not leave tonight.
It It
We We
You You
They They
Contractions
Affirmative Negative
I’ll I
you ’ll you
he ’ll he
she’ll she won’t
it’ll it
we’ll we
you’ll you
they’ll they
(continued)
Will Subject Base Form of Verb Time Marker Affirmative Negative
I Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
you Yes, I will. No, I won’t.
he Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
she Yes, she will. No, she won’t.
Will arrive tomorrow?
it Yes, it will. No, it won’t.
we Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
you Yes, we will. No, we won’t.
they Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
Will it rain tonight? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.
Future Time Markers

today
tonight
tomorrow
morning
this afternoon
evening
morning
afternoon
tomorrow
evening
night
week
month
next year
Monday
weekend
2010
the 22nd century
in twenty years
two weeks
a few days
MAY OR MIGHT FOR POSSIBILITY
Affirmative / Negative Statements

Subject May / Might (Not) Base Form of Verb
I
You
He
may
She (not) play soccer.
might
We
You
They
may
It (not) rain this afternoon.
might
QUESTIONS WITH ANY / SOME / HOW MUCH / HOW MANY; QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS
Articles and Numbers Some and Any

Quantity Singular Quantity Plural Count Noun
Expressions Count Noun Expressions or Non-count Noun
a pear? apples.
I want some
water.
Do you want an apple?
pears.
one banana? I don’t want any
tea.
any apples?
Do you want
some water?
Questions with How Much Answers

How Much Non-count Noun Quantity Expressions
do you need? A lot. ( A lot of milk.)
How much milk
did she buy? Two quarts. (Two quarts of milk.)
A carton. (A carton of milk.)
A glass. (A glass of milk.)
A little. (A little milk.)
Questions with How Many Answers

How Many Plural Count Noun Quantity Expressions
do we need? A lot. (A lot of apples.)
How many apples
did he buy? One bag. (One bag of apples.)
Two pounds. (Two pounds of apples.)
One or two. (One or two apples.)
A few. (A few apples.)
Enough + Nouns
Enough Noun (Plural Count or Non-count)
have vegetables.
We enough
don’t have meat.
TOO MUCH / TOO MANY / TOO + ADJECTIVE
Too Many / Too Few Plural Count Noun

too many cars.
There are
too few parking spaces.
Too Much / Too Little Non-count Noun Too Adjective

too much noise. hot.
There is It’s too
too little light. cold.
POSSESSIVES
Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

This is my bike. Mine is red.
That is your bike. Yours is green.
Is that his pen? No. His is black.
Is that her book? No. Hers is at home.
This isn’t our classroom. Ours is on the second floor.
That’s not their car. Theirs is in a garage.
Its name is Goldy.
Review of Pronouns and Adjectives

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun
I me my mine
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its
we us our ours
you you your yours
they them their theirs
CAN or MAY FOR PERMISSION
Statements
Can / May
Subject Can’t / May Not Base Form of Verb
can
You start today.
may
can’t
He eat nuts.
may not
Yes / No Questions Answers

Can / May Subject Base Form of Verb
Yes, you can.
Yes, you may.
Can
I have the day off? Sure.
May
Of course.
I’m sorry. We’re too busy.
Can Yes, thanks.
I help you?
May No, thanks. I’m just looking.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Can Subject Base Form of Verb
When can I borrow the car?
Where can we park?
REQUESTS, DESIRES, AND OFFERS
Polite Requests Short Answers

Would You / Could You /
Can You (Please) Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
Would you Sure. Sorry, I can’t. I have to work.
Could you help me? Of course. I’d like to, but I can’t. I have a
Can you OK. class.
I’d be glad to.
Desires Contractions
Subject Would Like
I I would = I’d
You you would = you’d
He he would = he’d
some help.
She would like she would = she’d
to move.
We we would = we’d
You you would = you’d
They they would = they’d
Offers Short Answers

Would Subject Like Affirmative Negative
some blueberries? Yes, thank you.
Would you like No, thanks.
to join us? Yes, I would.
MODALS
SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, AND OUGHT TO

Subject Should/Ought to Base Form of Verb
I
You
He should
She should not shake hands.
We (shouldn’t)
You ought to
They
It be a surprise.

Should Subject Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
we you you
Should he wear a suit? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.
they they they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Should Subject Base Form of Verb
What I do?
should
When we go?
(continued)
HAD BETTER AND HAD BETTER NOT

Subject Had Better Base Form of Verb
had better
We take an umbrella.
(’d better)
had better not
You wear jeans.
(’d better not)
Contractions
I had better → I’d better we had better → we’d better
you had better → you’d better you had better → you’d better
he had better → he’d better they had better → they’d better
she had better → she’d better
MODALS
HAVE TO AND DON’T HAVE TO
Affirmative Statements
Subject Have to / Has to Base Form of Verb
I
have to
You
He
has to
She take a history class.
We
You have to
They
It has to be a three-credit class.
Negative Statements
Subject Do Not / Does Not Have to Base Form of Verb
I
don’t
You
He
doesn’t
She have to take a math class.
We
You don’t
They
It
doesn’t have to be 10 pages long.
The report
(continued)
Do / Does Subject Have to Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
I Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Do
You Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
he Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Does
she have to read the whole book? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
you Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
Do we Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
they Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
Does It be a five-page report? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
MUST AND MUSTN’T
Affirmative and Negative Statements Past of Have to and Must

Subject Must Base Form of Verb Subject Had to Base Form of Verb
I I
You You
He He
must
She She had to leave early.
must not arrive early.
It It
(mustn’t)
We We
You You
They They
COMPARATIVES
ADJECTIVES
Comparative Forms of Adjectives

Comparative
Adjective Than
bigger
Portland, Oregon is busier than Portland, Maine.
more crowded
Comparative Forms of Irregular Adjectives

Irregular Comparative
Adjective Than
better
My map is yours.
worse than
My new office is farther my old one.
QUESTIONS WITH WHICH
Which + Noun Which

Which Noun Verb Comparative Adjective Which Verb Comparative Adjective
Which city is bigger? Which is bigger?
Which restaurant is more expensive? Which is more expensive?
ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adjective + -ly Same Adjective

Adjective Adverb and Adverb Form
Adjective Adverb
accurate accurately
early early
bad badly
fast fast
careful carefully
hard hard
clear clearly
late late
fluent fluently
long long
free freely
loud loudly
neat neatly Irregular
Adverb Form
nervous nervously
Adjective Adverb
quick quickly
good well
quiet quietly
sarcastic sarcastically
serious seriously
slow slowly
ENOUGH; TOO / VERY; AS + ADJECTIVE + AS; SAME / DIFFERENT
Adjective + Enough
Adjective Enough (Infinitive)
The melon is ripe (to eat).
enough
It wasn’t dark (to see the stars).
Very + Adjective Too + Adjective

Very Adjective Too Adjective (Infinitive)
It’s very expensive. That job was too difficult (to do).
As + Adjective + As
As Adjective As
This melon is small an orange.
as as
This melon isn’t tasty the other one.
The Same As Different From

My first name is yours. The new edition is the old one.
the same as different from
My initials are his. These books are those.
The Same + Noun (Noun Phrase) + As

The Same Noun As
My bag is size yours.
My hair is length his.
My eyes are color my brother’s.
My suitcase was the same weight as theirs.
My brother is height my father.
Irene Stone has initials Inez Sanchez.
Jim likes kind of movies I do.
SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
Superlative Forms of Adjectives

Superlative Adjective
The emperor penguin the biggest of all the penguins.
That photo is the funniest of all.
That program the most interesting one on TV.
Superlative Forms of Irregular Adjectives

Superlative Adjective
This is the best photo of all.
We had the worst weather on Saturday.
Her home is the farthest of all.

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Focus on Grammar 2

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Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

THE PRESENT OF BE: STATEMENTS

THE PRESENT OF BE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

OTHER SHORT ANSWERS

PAST TIME MARKERS

Irregular Plural Nouns Nouns That Are Always Plural

The glasses are between The glasses are

The glasses are The glasses are

The glasses are The glasses are on the table

The man is The man is in front of

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHY

*You is both singular and plural.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

*You is both singular and plural.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: WH- QUESTIONS; SHORT AND LONG ANSWERS

Short Answers Long Answers

Wh- Questions About the Subject Answers

What + Noun Answers

POSSESSIVE NOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES; QUESTIONS WITH WHOSE

Questions with Whose

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE

QUESTIONS WITH OR AND ANSWERS

Singular Count Noun

This / That One

Possessive Adjective Noun It

Affirmative Statements Negative Statements

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND WH- QUESTIONS

Yes/No Questions Short Answers

Wh- Questions Answers

Wh- Questions about the Subject Answers

CAN/CAN’T FOR ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY;

Let’s go to the beach. Let’s not go to the beach.

Suggestions for a Group Suggestions for Another Person

THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS—AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Affirmative Statements Negative Statements

Common Past Time Markers

THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS—AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Affirmative Statements Negative Statements

THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO AND WH- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Yes/No Questions Affirmative Short Negative Short

Wh- Questions about the Subject

THERE IS / THERE ARE; IS THERE . . . ? / ARE THERE . . . ?

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

Subject Verb Direct Object To Indirect Object

Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

To Before the Indirect Object

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS; ARTICLES

The Definite Article The

THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE; HOW OFTEN . . . ?

The Simple Present The Present Progressive

How Often Answers

Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Frequency with Be

Adverbs of Frequency Expressions of Frequency

NON-ACTION (STATIVE) VERBS

State Sense / Need /

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

THE SIMPLE PAST

Affirmative (All Verbs Except Be) Affirmative of Be