GEC 9 and 2

FINALS
-Life, Works and Writings
of Jose Rizal
-Readings in Phil. History
Intructor Frances Ivy Valdez, MST
PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
1. Nationalism is a sentiment of devotion of a person to his own culture,
history and aspiration to his homeland. It binds people towards a
common goal for the benefit of all.

2. In the Philippines nationalism could be attributed in various events that

the awaken the minds of people to fight against the cruelty of Spanish
colonizer.

3. It is the time of awakening that led early fighters and writers to start the
revolution.
WORLD COMMERCE IN 1834
1. Between 1834 and 1873, several ports were opened in the Philippines.
The opening of modern methods of agriculture and the improved
means of transportation and communication promoted economic
progress.
2. As a result, the Filipino Middle Class emerged. These were the Filipinos
who participated when country was opened to world trade. They did
not only acquire material wealth but also improved their social
influence and standings. With this prosperity, they clamored for social
and political equality with their colonial masters.
THE INFLUX OF LIBERAL IDEAS
● In 1868, a liberal democratic revolution ousted Queen Isabela II from Spanish
throne. The revolutionist established Spanish Republic replacing monarchial
system. The victory of liberals and democrats in Spain brought significant
changes in the landscape of politics in the Philippines.
● The liberal regime in Spain sent to colony Carlos Ma. De la Torre, the most
liberal Spanish Governor-General the Philippines had. He put into practice his
liberal and democratic ways by encouraging freedom of speech and avoiding
luxury.
● The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 further stimulated the Philippine
progress. It shortens the distance of travel between Europe and Asia
● The Illustrados or educated Filipino who had imbibed liberality during their stint
abroad directly brought liberal ideas of Europe and America into the country.
Furthermore, books containing American and French Revolution and reading
materials with political theme entered the country.
 SPANISH AND
REFORMS
The attempt of Spanish Colony to Initiate
reforms in the country..
Governor General
Maria Carlos Dela Torre
● Torre was sent to the Philippines by the
liberal government established after the
successful revolution of 1868.

● Dela Torre proved to be true liberal. He

implemented liberal reforms: abolished
censorship of the press, encouraged
freedom of speech, and allowed the native
priest to campaign for the Filipinization of
the parishes and other democratic
reforms.
Liberal Young Students
Felipe Buencamino
● The youth were not spared from the
increase of nationalistic passion. Daring
students at the University of Santo Tomas
organized Juventud Escolar Liberal (Liberal
Young Students)

● Through anonymous leaflets scattered

within the campus, the students asked for
the appointment of better professor, and
the expansion of education as in Spain,
and the secularization of higher education.
General
Rafael de Izquierdo
● His first act was to disapproved the
founding of a school of arts and trade.
Which Filipinos wanted so much.

● With support of the friars, he restored the

censorship of the press and the
curtailment of speech. However, what
made Izquierdo's administration a
negative standout was the tragic effect of
his abolition of certain privileges long
enjoyed by the Filipino workers in the
Cavite arsenals.
The Martyrdom of
GOMBURZA
● At the sunrise of 17 February 1872, the three
priests GOMBURZA were executed. The
Filipinos were stunned by the execution
because they knew that they were
innocent and that they were killed
because they championed the rights of
the Filipino. Thus, they regard the executed
priest as true martyrs of the fatherland.
Thus, secularization was born.
 THE
SECULARIZATION
CONTROVERSY
Regular Priest and Secular Priest
 REGULAR PRIEST
Regular priests belonged to religious
orders. Their main task was to spread
Christianity. The examples were the
Franciscans, Recollects, Spanish church in
Cavite circa 1899 Dominicans, and
Augustinians.
SECULAR PRIEST
Secular priests did not belong to any
religious order. They were trained
specifically to run the parishes and
were under the supervision or the
bishops.
 ARCHBISHOP BASILIO
SANTA JUSTA
Accpeted the resignation of the regular
priest and assigned secular priest.

--- Filipino’s brown skin, lack of education

and inadequate experience.
Monsignor
Pedro Pelaez
ecclesiastical governor of the Church,
sided with the Filipinos. Unfortunately,
he died in an earthquake that
destroyed the Manila Cathedral in
1863. After his death, other priests took
his place in fighting for the
secularization movement. Among
them were Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.
THE CAVITY
MUTINY
Cavity Arsenal, Fiipino Soldiers and
Spanish Soldiers
 01 Rafael de Izquierdo
Ordered for tax and polo y servicio

02 Fernando La Madrid
Led the uprising and killed 11 spanish

Cavity Mutiny 03 Feast of Our Lady of Loreto

Wrong signal

Revolution 04 Filipino Soldiers

Exile and executed

05 GOMBURZA
Executed by garrote in Bagumbayan

06 Philippine Revolution
Groups were creted outside the country
 THE
PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
Reforms
 THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
REFORMS
Prominent members included José Rizal, author of Noli Me Tangere (novel) and El
Filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad, the movement's
principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary and Marcelo H. del
Pilar.
GOAL
The aim of the Propaganda Movement was peaceful assimilation, referring to
the transition of the Philippines from being a colony to a province of Spain.
The propagandists believed that it would be enjoying the same rights and
privileges or the latter. Its adherents did not seek independence from Spain
but reforms.
 These reforms were as follows:
1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards.
2. Restoration of the Philippine representation in the
Spanish Courts.
3. Secularization of the Philippine Parishes and the
expulsion of the friars.
4. Human rights for Filipinos: freedom of speech, freedom
of the press and freedom to meet and petition for
redress of grievances.
5. Creation of a public-school system independent of
Catholic friars.
6. Abolition of polo y servicios (labor service) and the
bandala (forced sale of local products to the
government) guarantee of basic freedoms and equal
opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service.
”
La Solidaridad
 LA SOLIDARIDAD
La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization
created in Spain on December 13, 1888. Composed of
1st. Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending
Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase
Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the
Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship
between the colony and Spain.

2nd. Headed by Jose Rizal's cousin, Galicano Apacible, it also

issued a newspaper of the same name which was
published in Barcelona, Spain on rebruary 15, 1889. It was
edited by Graciano López Jaena and later on by Marcelo
H. del Pilar. The social, cultural, and economic conditions
of the colonial Philippines was published in La
Solidaridad. Speeches of the Spanish liberals about the
Philippines was also featured in the newspaper.
 LA SOLIDARIDAD
La Liga Filipina (lit. The Philippine League) was a
3rd progressive organization created by Dr. José Rizal in the
Philippines in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya
. Street, Tondo, Manila in 1892.

The organization derived from La Solidaridad and the

4th. Propaganda movement. The purpose of La Liga Filipina
is to build a new group sought to involve the people
directly in the reform movement. The aim of La Liga is to
unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and
homogenous organization; Mutual protection in every
want and necessity; Defense against all violence and
injustice, Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and
commerce and study the application of reforms.
 LA SOLIDARIDAD
During the exile of Rizal, the organization became
inactive, through the efforts of Domingo Franco and
5th. Andres Bonifacio, it was reorganized. The organization
decided to declare its support for La Solidaridad and the
reforms it advocated, raise funds for the paper, and
defray the expenses of deputies advocating reforms for
the country before the Spanish Cortes. Eventually after
some disarray in the leadership of the group, the
Supreme Council of the League dissolved the society.

The Liga membership split into two groups when it is

about to be revealed: the conservatives formed the
6th Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to continue
supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by
Bonifacio who devoted themselves to a new and secret
society, the Katipunan (KKK).
 La Solidaridad
Prime Member
Successor: Cuerpo de Compromisarios Katipunan
Formation: 1892; 126 years ago
Founder: José Rizal
Founded at: Ondo, Manila, Captaincy General of the
Philippines
President: Ambrosio Salvador
Affiliations: Propaganda Movement
The Philippine
Revolution
 The Philippine Revolution
1. After Rizal's deportation to Dapitan, the conservative members
of the Liga like Apolinario Mabini, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
Domingo Franco organized themselves into a group called Los
Compromisarios. They pledged to give financial support to
Marcelo H. del Pilar in Madrid for the continuous publication of
the La Solidaridad. Ultimately, the members of this group
stopped sending funds to the reformists in Spain. The campaign
for reforms ended in failure.

2. Andres Bonifacio of plebeian roots and a member of the radical

wing of the Liga did not join the conservative intellectuals that
composed the compromisarios. He firmly believed that social and
political changes could not be achieved by peaceful means but by
the use of force or violent revolution.
 "Kataas-taasang,
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (KKK)
(Highest and Most Respected
Society, the Sons of the
Country)
 POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF
THE KATIPUNAN
The Katipunan had also a Supreme Council
(Kataastaasang Sanggunian) composed of
the President or Supremo, a Fiscal, a
Secretary, and a Treasurer. The Supreme
Council was the Central Organ of the
Katipunan. A Provincial Council
(Sangguniang Bayan) in each province and
a Popular Council (Sangguniang Balangay)
in each town were also established as
provided by the constitution of the society.
 POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF
THE KATIPUNAN
Deodato Arellano, the brother-in-law of
Marcelo H. del Pilar became the first President
or Supremo of the Katipunan. But in a meeting
in February 1893, Andres Bonifacio disgusted
over Arellarno's weak leadership, deposed him
and put Roman Basa in his place as President
or Supremo. It was only 1895, when Andres
Bonifacio himself assumed the position of
Supremo, when he also deposed Basa due to
the latter's ineffective leadership.
Katipunan or KKK Membership
KKK Membership
The first members of the society were recruited by means of
the "triangle system". Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and
Ladislaw Diwa formed the first triangle. The initiator of the
triangle knew the two new recruits, but the latter did not know
each other. The recruitment through the triangle system
proved to be slow and complicated, thus, it was replaced by a
faster and simpler system: the use of secret rites copied from
Masonry. A successful beginner who passed the test on his
courage and love for country swore to guard and defend the
secrets of the Katipunan, and be then signed his name in the
society's roster in his own blood (Sanduguan). The new
members then adopted a Katipunan name.
KKK Membership
The list of the Supreme Council Officers was chosen
during the first election.

President: Deodato Arelleano

Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio
Fisccal: Ladislao Diwa
Secertary: Teodoro Plata
Treasurer: Valentin Diaz

To ensure the secrecy of the association, trusted women

secured the secrets documents of the KKK. Some women
members of the KKK who participated were the wives,
daughters, or sisters of the KKK male members. Some of the
women members were Gregoria de Jesus (wife of Andres
Bonifacio), the Lakambini of the KKK; Benita Rodriguez (wife
of Katipunero Restituto Javier); and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal
(sisters of Jose P. Rizal).
 ANDRES BONIFACIO
Andres Bonifacio, the "Great Plebeian"
(working class) was born in Tondo,
Manila on November 30, 1863. His formal
education was limited, he supplemented
this by self-study. His own library
included books on the two novels of Dr.
Jose P. Rizal: Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, the lives of United States
Presidents, the History of the French
Revolution, Victor Hugo's Les Miserables,
Eugene Sue's Wandering Jew, and the
Penal and Civil Codes and various
collection of La Solidaridad.
EMILIO JACINTO
The "Brain of the Katipunan" was born in
Tondo on December 15, 1875. His parents
were Mariano Jacinto, a bookkeeper and
Josefa Dizon, a midwife. He studied law
in University of Sto. Tomas (UST) and
when the revolution broke out, he was
one of those who were first initiated into
the Katipunan. He was the youngest
member of the revolutionary society at
the age of eighteen.
APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini was born of poor parents,
Inocencio Mabini and Dionisia Maranan, in
Barrio Talaga, Tanauan, and Batangas in
1864. He finished his law degree at UST in
1894. The "Sublime Paralytic” joined Rizal's
civic organization the La Liga Filipina where
he worked for reforms in the administration
of government. In 1898, Aguinaldo recruited
him as his private counselor for the
Revolutionary Government. His detractors
called him "The Black Chamber of
Aguinaldo" while his admirers called him
the "Brains of the Revolution".
 Gec 9
Jose Rizal –
National Symbol
Rizal’s Concept of Nation Building
● Dr. Jose P. Rizal cautioned his countrymen about the responsibility that comes
with liberty.
● He put special emphasis on the importance of education as a tool to acquire
national identity of a people who deserve freedom to govern themselves.
● Rizal's dream of a modern education system did not materialized, however, as
bloody revolution broke out and the Filipinos effectively kicked out the Spanish
colonizers.
 The poor training and
01 education of the people
2 factors considered
by Rizal
Absence of National
02 Consciousness

04
Rizal's political conviction and concept of
nationalism matured between 1882 and 1887.
From a distance he gained a better perspective of
his country's problems. He saw his country
abused, maligned by vices of the Spaniards and
the Filipinos alike, helpless with their oppressed
unhappy people. The country inspired in him not
inky sympathy but an enduring love.
Rizal’s Blueprint in Nation Building
01
his blueprint for nation building includes the
importance of education, instilling racial pride
and dignity among the people, the promotion of
national consciousness, the re-orientation of
values and attitudes, and the willingness to
sacrifice for the country.
02 Rizal looked upon education as a prerequisite to the
realization of a people's freedom. It is through
education that people obtain knowledge of
themselves as individuals and as members of a
nation. He insisted on educating his people so that
they may successfully eradicate the vices of their
society. He wanted them to develop a national
awareness of their rights and pride in their country's
heritage and culture.
03
The long period of colonial domination and the constant
humiliations and discrimination experienced by the Filipino
people from their colonial masters produced a feeling of
inferiority and a lack of racial pride and dignity. This attitude
must give way to a restoration or the people's sense of pride
in them as a nation. Rizal wanted to inculcate into his
people an understanding of history, from which, he believed
sprang the roots of genuine nationalism.
04
He wanted his people to dedicate their thoughts,
words and actions not solely to themselves as
individuals but to themselves as citizens of a
nation. National consciousness is a key to the
attainment of a better society. The people
must reorient their values and attitudes in order
to contribute to the task of nation building.
05
Rizal emphasized that the task of nation
building is accompanied by hardships and
sufferings which the people must inevitably
experience to bolster their courage. The
sacrifices experienced by a people strengthen
their bonds of unity and their sense of
independence.
06
Rizal envisioned a nation of individuals who
would make responsible and independent
judgment and who would think in terms the
welfare of the whole community. Hence, a
national community would be created where
the fruits of Filipino labour would benefit the
people and not a foreign master.
Rizal’s Program of Actions
His program of action consisted of a plan to:
● Organize a group of Filipino students in Madrid and to form the nucleus
group that in the future would use their varied talents to work for solutions to
the Philippine problems.
● Proposed to them the writing of a book similar to Harriet Beecher Stowe's
Uncle Tom's Cabin and Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jew which would deal
with the various aspects of Filipino life. The book would be the project of the
Circulo Hispano-Filipino with each member contributing a chapter. (This book
was entitled Noli me Tangere, 1887)
● From the records in the vast Filipiniana collection of the British Museum, Rizal
had pieced together the past history of the Philippines which revealed that
even before the coming of the Spaniards; the Filipinos already had a
developed culture. And of these records, he chose to annotate Morga's
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. (Excerpt from his dedicatory remarks "It is
necessary to first lay bare the past in order to better judge the present and to
survey the road trodden during three centuries."
His program of action consisted of a plan to:
● He wrote "The Indolence of the Filipinos" which came out as a series of
articles in La Solidaridad from 15 July to 15 September, 1899.
● Feared the possibility of the Filipinos resort to arms as a desperate means to
fight, he wrote El Filibusterismo to show his countrymen the price they
should be willing to pay and the problems they would have solve first before
plunging the country to revolution. He warned his countrymen to consider
seriously its decision to revolt against Spain if no reforms were granted.
● He thought of showing the people how to organize themselves into a
compact homogeneous body in the Philippines. Rizal's major plan of
organization was the establishment of La Liga Filipina (Philippine League).
● When he was deported to Dapitan he had already accomplished a major
part of a self-imposed mission of redeeming the Filipinos from medieval
colonialism. His exile demonstrated the hero's untiring efforts at continuing
the program of action that he relentlessly pursued for the realization of his
blueprint of nation building. Establishment of a school and a clinic therein, the
community development projects he undertook.
Rizal’s Program of
Reforms
Or three columns?

01 02 03
He looked beyond His writings conveyed His profound ideas
independence to the concepts that are and teachings
progressive applicable for all time have become the
development of a new especially to the model and
nation in politics, present in all major inspiration for
economics, technology areas of political, socio- Philippine national
and education. economic and leaders.
educational reforms
and his moral teachings
and principles convey
the essence of national
awareness.
Political and Economic
Reforms
"Rizal's Socio, Political and Economic
Thought: Thought of Change" is
about his main political. His
literature would be lead to the
independence of the Philippines
from Spanish colonial rule. His
whole works would determine his
political thought yet there is still
complexity whether he supports
reforms or revolution. His political
thought between reform and
revolution will also determine his
thought regarding the society and
economy.
According to Jose Rizal governments are established for the welfare
of the people..."- similar to Lincolnian democracy he wanted to inflict
the following of Rights,

Magna Carta Freedom of the

protecting the life, press, of association,
liberty and property of religion and
of Filipinos. equality before the
law and

Restoration of Freedom assimilation

Filipino of the Philippines.
representation in
the Spanish Cortes.
Educational Reforms
● Rizal insisted that education is necessary condition to a free society. Mass
education for all the people opted for a school that would respect academic
freedom and develop the potentials of student’s education. Education should
liberate Filipinos from ignorance because education is as important ingredient
in the task of nation building.
● Rizal always considered education as a medicine or something that could cure
the problems of colonial Philippines. He believed in education that is free from
political and religious control. He asserted that reform cannot be achieved if
there is no suitable education, a liberal one available to Filipinos.
● In 1893, Rizal’s idea of education as an instrument of change has not
diminished a bit. In one of his letters to Alfredo Hidalgo, a nephew, Rizal stated:
Life is very serious thing and only those with intelligence and heart go through
it worthily.
● He left the UST to pursue his studies at the Madrid Central University was in
conformity with the ideas of Fr. Jose Burgos, one of the three martyred priests
of 1872. Fr. Burgos strongly advocated that Filipinos should study abroad
because overseas education was considered an essential step to achieving
reform. And this thinking he shared with his only brother, Paciano Rizal.
● He wrote in 1890 which described the education of the masses under the
Spanish regime. Rizal said the education of the Filipinos from birth until the
grave is brutalizing, depressing, and anti-human.
● It is through this scenario that we could better understand why Rizal was
clamoring for a different education, a new idea of teaching the Filipino youth.
Rizal believed that even modest education, no matter how rudimentary it
might be, if it is the right education for the people, the result would be enough
to awaken their ideas of perfection and progress and eventually, change would
follow.
● This is the situation how education was acquired during that period. Rizal’s idea
of education was therefore the most enlightened. His concept of education
was felt as early as when he was only 16 years old.
Final Exam na!
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