An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus

vulgaris

PERSONAL ENGAGEMENT
When formulating a research question, I wanted to investigate something that could apply the modern agricultural industry.
How we chemically influence our crops is something that I have been fascinated with ever since my family and I began growing
crops within our backyard this past year. When shopping for gardening supplies, I noticed the large selection of fertilizers. There
were powdered, liquid, leaf, stem, paste, root, and many more forms of the same substance. I thought, “How could different
fertilizers change the effectiveness of the nutrients plants receive?”. After all, wasn't the goal to only provide nutrients to the
plant? This curiosity was furthered after I observed how researchers at Disney’s EPCOT agricultural research center, “Living with
the Land” injected crops. I thought it would be interesting to observe how the same fertilizer, when applied in different ways,
could affect a plant. Could different pathways within a plant be faster or more efficient? How could these methods change how
different parts of the plant grow? And so I formulated the question…..

EXPLORATION
Research Question: “How does the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affect the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus
vulgaris?”

Background Information

Phaseolus Vulgaris
Phaseolus Vulgaris is a variety of legumes largely grown for human utilization. The variety of Phaseolus Vulgaris used
in this investigation is the Green Bean ‘bush-type’ variety, due to its rapid growth rate ideal for collecting data in a limited
timeframe. Unlike pole-type varieties, no artificial support is required to ensure accuracy when measuring height in the context
of the experiment. Hence, there is no added variable affecting height (Nonnecke 1). Germination of bush-type Phaseolus
Vulgaris occurs between 5-10 days after planting, with saplings typically reaching full maturity and being ready for harvest after
50 days. Germination will be made expedited by soaking all planted seeds overnight in water (Westerfield et al 1). Bush-type
Green Beans have been observed to grow well in containers and controlled or separate environments, ideal for the validity of the
data of the investigation (Jauregui 2) The moderate circumference of the root system, approximately 20-30 inches, is ideal when
attempting to test how root systems effectively absorb fertilizers through soil application. The thickness of the stem while a
sapling is also ideal for injections taking place during this investigation (Westerfield et al 2).

Fertilizer
Fertilizers are commonly made from three elements; Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. The indication for the
percentage of each element in fertilizer compounds is by the representation of each ratio in a row of three digits. For example, a
compound with 20% Nitrogen, 40% Phosphorus and 10% Potassium would be marked as 20-40-10 (Starke 1). Bush-type Green
Bean plants are high producers of nitrogen, and it is therefore logical to estimate that a fertilizer for an experimental production
of Green Bean crop would need to be a fertilizer not high in nitrogen, as it would be unnecesary (Lotha 1). However, for this
particular investigation, it is likely that an even ratio such as a 20-20-20 compound would be the most fitting to ensure the even
exposure of nutrients.

Fertilizer application
The benefit of injecting fertilizers directly into plants is that nutrients are better conserved when compared to spraying or
pouring plants with fertilizers. Commonly the permeability of the soil and constant watering prevents a steady amount of
nutrients from entering the root systems of crops when using irrigation. Hence, with direct injection there is less competition
between crops and surrounding weeds that would otherwise utilize the runoff. This also eliminates the need for excessive weed-
control tactics in agriculture (Shahena 1). The method of injection and its ability to effectively fertilize plants was studied and
supported during a 2007 study by the National Research Center Fertilization Technology Department in Cairo, Egypt. This study
 An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

showed positive results after the injection of fertilizers into the xylem of Dicotyledonous Vascular trees. The yield and nutrition
of crop was 20-25% higher than that of plants not injected with fertilizer. This study also supports the theory that weed control
would be notably minimized upon injection of fertilizers (Shaaban 3) However, some scientists suggest that this relatively
modern application method is a solution for quick results and may not be the most sustainable practice. Such as Linda Chalker-
Scott, a Ph.D horticulturist at Puyallup Research and Extension Center, who suggests that injection of tree trunks and stems leads
to multitudinous health risks (Chalker-Scott 2).

Foliar feeding is the application of fertilizer solution directly onto the leaves of a plant. This allows plants to evenly
intake nutrients, as is unexpected with uneven root systems (Sikorska 4). Upon first studying this method in the 1950’s, Michigan
State University claimed that plant leaves had sustained high nutrient-intake efficiency when sprayed over extended periods.
However, contemporary scientists argue that leaves do not process these nutrients the same way as root systems do, remaining in
the same relative area of the plant and lessening circulation. In the presence of nutrient-deprived soils, plants have been observed
to respond positively to benefits from foliar spraying as an immediate aid to their surrounding environment. Dr. Chalker-Scott, a
Ph.D horticulturist at Puyallup Research and Extension Center, suggests that macronutrients cannot be efficiently intaken by
leaves exclusively, as the amount able to be processed by leaves cannot meet the demand the entire plant requires. However, it
must be noted that different species can process these conditions and methods differently, and that the method holds validity
(Chalker-Scott 3-4).

Liquid fertilizer may also be directly poured onto the soil and root systems of a plant periodically. Directly exposing
plant roots and soil to fertilizers provides an even distribution of fertilizer to root systems. The main use of this method is to
combat nutrient deficiency and heigten yield rates. This method can surround the entirety of a plant's roots with fertilizer, but
also has many faults in considering irrigation and the permeability of soil. Irrigation and the necessary watering of plants may
prevent nutrients from remaining in the soil for a long enough period of time to effectively maximize fertilizer intake from the
plant. This method also leaves the likely outcome that surrounding weeds will take advantage and have access to nutrients,
costing agricultural centers funds to control weeds and possible pest infestations. Unlike granulated fertilizers, liquid fertilizer
enters the soil at a much faster rate and reach the plants circulatory system in less time than dissolving with water-intake (Falls
and Siegal 2-4).

Table 1: List of Hypothesis

Alt Hypothesis: Bush-type Phaseolus Vulgaris plants directly injected with fertilizers will produce the highest average crop yield,
have the highest growth rate because nutrient intake will not be severely hindered by the surrounding environment.

Null Hypothesis: Bush-type Phaseolus Vulgaris plants directly injected with fertilizers will produce equivalent average crop yield
and …….growth rate as a because nutrient intake will not be severely hindered by the surrounding environment.

METHODOLOGY
Methods

This investigation aims to use fertilizer application as a controlled variable and infantile saplings are too frail to receive
injection, so fertilizer will only be given to all plants once stems of the ⅓ of saplings meant for injection are able to sustain
periodic injection. Because this investigation is not is testing a robust species, which make up the majority of studies in this field,
exact ability to handle injection will be observed and tested during preliminary trials during the first weeks of the experiment
with surplus saplings. The area of the plant that will be tested will be the lower stem, following what is typical of studies utilizing
injection. The fact that a sprayer bottle will be manually used by hand instead of automated sprinklers is the only major change to
this methodology, as this is the most available tool. However, if the fertilizer is evenly distributed while spraying, the comparison
 An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

is reasonably similar to that of surrounding automatic sprinklers in agriculture. The method of pouring fertilizer will be recreated
with moderate modification. Instead of pouring fertilizer on a shared plot, individual plants will have their own containers. This
change aims to observe how effective this application is on an individual plant. It must be noted that the contact of chemicals has
the risk of causing injury or illness if not handled properly. Therefore, extreme caution and safety materials must be used while
handling chemicals of any kind. Proper disposal of chemicals must also be noted due to their harmful effect on the environment.
Items meant for the injection of plants such as syringes should be handled by approved persons with extreme caution. Safety gear
is highly recommended especially when foliar spraying to prevent chemical inhalation.

Table 2: Materials

Item Specification Volume Mass Quantity

Phaseolus Vulgaris Bush-Type n/a n/a 20-40

seeds

Potting soil Unfertilized n/a As needed As needed

Plastic Containers 7-inch diameter n/a n/a As needed

Syringe and needle 3mm needle circumference 3ml minimum n/a 4-5

MiracleGro 20-20-20 Soluble n/a 2.6 kilograms 1 container

Water Distilled dependent n/a dependent

Graduated cylinder Minimum of 25 ml capacity n/a n/a 1

Pipette 5 ml capacity minimum n/a n/a 1

Digital Scale 0.01 decimal measurment 5 ml capacity n/a 1

Beaker 200 ml minimum capacity n/a n/a 3

Bottle sprayer Detachable top 500 ml minimum n/a 1

Latex gloves n/a n/a n/a As needed

Safety goggles n/a n/a n/a 1

Meter stick Must measure in mm n/a n/a 1

Plastic Baggies Must be resealable n/a n/a dependent

Paper towel Single sheet per use n/a n/a dependent

Table 3: List of Procedures Part A; Preparation and Assembly of Experiment

1. Gather 20-40 bush-type Phaseolus Vulgaris seeds.
An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

2. Germinate the seeds. Dampen a paper towel sheet with distilled water, place seeds 1 inch apart, fold seeds gently
within the towel and place into a plastic baggie. Repeat this process until all of the seeds are in a prepared baggie.
Place each baggie in front of a moderately lit area receiving at least a few hours of sunlight a day, this will ensure that
germination occurs efficiently within 1-2 days of placement.
3. After 1-2 days, small sprouts should appear from the seeds. Seeds that are late-sprouters may be kept in the bags
longer if more plants are needed. Take out at least 15 sproutlings of the same relative size (this primary 15 may be
later swapped or replaced with other sproutlings if individual complications occur).
4. Gather soil containers, and fill each with ¾ of potting soil. Press down the soil to ensure stability. With a finger, dig a
1 inch hole into the center of each pot soil. Place one germinated sproutling into each hole and cover each securely
with soil. Repeat this process with any late or extra sproutlings over the next few days. Place pots into an area with
high sun exposure (6-8 hours of direct sun). These saplings will require daily moderate watering. Water 1-1.5 inches
per square foot per week after the sproutlings have settled and grown significantly after this.
5. Once sproutlings have turned into saplings (approx 4-6 inches tall and 4 weeks after germination), observe all
specimens and separate 15 untainted specimens for the investigation trials. It is best to select specimens that are very
similar in height and width to prevent data anomalies.

.
Table 4: List of Procedures Part B; Application Process and Preparation of Fertilizer extra saplings will be kept)
6. Prepare and apply fertilizer every 7 days. Measure 6.8 liters of distilled water using the 2000ml beaker and pour into a
large separate container. Thoroughly mix 1½ tablespoons of soluble fertilizer with the water. Set aside.
7. Obtain the beaker, syringe, and spray bottle.
8. Conduct the Fertilization of your primary 15 samplings. Label each of the primary 15 sapling pots with the method
that the sapling will receive. Practice extreme caution when handling fertilizer, as any contact with the skin may cause
harm. Rinse if contact with skin or eyes occurs. Safety goggles and gloves are highly recommended for safety.
i. POURING METHOD
1. Using a pipette, extract 220ml of fertilizer tea and place into a beaker.
2. Pour the fertilizer tea evenly onto the base and roots of a sapling
3. Repeat this for each of the 5 saplings designated for this method.
ii. FOLIAR METHOD
1. Using a pipette, extract 220ml of fertilizer tea and place into a beaker.
2. Carefully pour the 220ml of fertilizer tea into the spray bottle and close tightly.
3. Evenly spray an entire sapling with all of the fertilizer tea, making sure all liquid is out of the
bottle by the end.
4. Repeat this for each of the 5 saplings designated for this method. If possible, the saplings
receiving this method should be separated from the other primary 15 in order to reduce any
systematic errors. Ensure that safety precautions are considered before spraying chemicals
into the open air. A facial and eyes-mask is strongly recommended for this method.
iii. INJECTION METHOD
1. Using a pipette, extract 220ml of fertilizer tea and place into a beaker.
2. Assemble the syringe and withdraw the fertilizer tea from the beaker into the syringe. It is
recommended that as much fluid be injected at once, to prevent the re-insertion of the needle
into the plant unnecessarily, however re-insertion is expected if syringe capacity is small.
Penetrate the needle into the lower stem site at a depth of 2mm.
3. Steadily inject the fertilizer tea into the plant until the syringe is emptied. Repeat steps 2-3
until all of the 220ml of tea is used. It is expected that portions of the fluid will leak from the
injection sit especially if insertion is done too hastily.
4. Repeat for each of the 5 saplings designated for this method.
5. Safely dispose of or disassemble and rinse the needle of the syringe.
Table 5: List of Procedures Part C; Experimental Care and Observational Methods saplings will be kept)
1. Water (distilled) all specimens regularly and consistently, keeping soil evenly moist, to prevent over watering of individual
An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

plants. The same relative amount of water should by default be needed by each plant.
2. Observe each specimen’s characteristics every week
i. Measure and record the height of each plant with a meter stick
ii. Once yield occurs, record the number of beans of each plant every 7 days, making sure to include from
what group the plant is from. After 2 weeks of yielding, stop recording data or continue as long as desired.
3. After the entire experiment is finished, ensure that all safety hazards are disposed of. Any syringes in particular must be
properly disposed of to avoid potential biohazards or injury. The best disposal method for syringes is placing them in a
biohazard container to be handled by proper personnel. The green bean plants themselves may be disposed of, but it is
recommended that they be recycled along with the fertilizer. All glass and fragile tools such as beakers and scales must be
safely secured and cleaned. Ensure that the entire workstation is ethically cleaned and managed.

RAW DATA
Tables 3: Average Weekly Height (cm) of Specimens
Week Average Height of Pouring Average Height of Foliar Average Height of Injection
Method Method Method

1 12.52 14.14 15.26

2 14.88 16.04 17.54

3 15.82 16.94 19.38

4 16.28 16.90 19.58

Table 4: Average Weekly Yield of Specimens

Week Average Yield of Pouring Average Yield of Foliar Average Yield of Injection
Method Method Method

1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0.2

3 0.4 0.4 1.2

4 0.2 0.6 1

Data Processing
An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

I will calculate the average weekly yield and height for each group. The formula to calculate the average yield and height of
groups for each week can be seen below. I will be rounding my average yield to two significant figures and my average heights
to four significant figures.

Figure 1: Example of Average Height Calculations for Week 1 of Pouring Method Specimens

Analysis
Graph 1 shows that the highest sustained and final average weekly height was within the group receiving fertilizer via the method
of injection directly into stem organs. The group in which in which fertilizer as directly poured onto root systems, the Pouring
Method, shows the lowest weekly average height. The group that sustained a moderate weekly height was the group receiving
An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

fertilizer via the Foliar method. The ratio of height averages between all three groups was constant across four weeks, however,
the Injection Group’s final height was significantly higher that all other groups, with the Pouring and Foliar Method groups
sustaining a relatively even height towards the end of the fourth week. The overall trends show that there is a strong correlation
between fertilizer application method and height. Graph 2 shows that the highest sustained and final average weekly yield was
within the group receiving fertilizer via injection, showing a moderate increase between weeks one and two, with a severe
increase between weeks two and three, and then decreasing between weeks three and four. The groups receiving fertilizer via the
Pouring and Foliar Methods both sustained the same yield, only showing a moderate increase between weeks two, but diverge
between weeks three and four, with the Foliar group maintaining a steady average significantly higher than that of the Pouring
Method Group, which maintained a gradual decline between weeks three and four. The overall trend shows that there is a strong
correlation between fertilizer application method and yield of Phaseolus Vulgaris.

Graphs 1-2 display an average error of +/- 0.301 within the results of my average heights and yields of specimens. The
consequence of these possible errors, presented through the error bars, is that my heights and yields could possibly be 0.301 off
due to error with my instruments during the experiment.

EVALUATION
Conclusion
The experiments goal was to investigation the effects of 20-20-20 fertilizer application methods on the height (cm) and yield of
Phaseolus Vulgaris plants. Following the weekly application of various fertilizer methods, both the height and yield were
recorded. After processing my data and calculating the average yield and height of groups on a weekly basis, the experiments
results show that there is a positive correlation bewteen fertilizer application method and both plant height and yield as seen in
both Graph 1 and Graph 2 with the Injection Method group significantly outpacing all other categories. These results are
supported and were expected in the context of the study taken place in Cairo 2007, where there was also a strong correlation
between the method of injection and crop yield on the basis that there is less competition bewteen crops and surrounding
environments for nutrients. Unlike the injection method, the data does not provide such obvious evidence of the different
outcomes of the pouring and foliar methods, which sustained significantly similar data patterns within both graphs-excluding the
differentiation between weeks three and four as seen in Graph 2. This particular pattern is expected, as the factors affecting
nutrient intake competition are more similar within these two methods as compared to the Injection Method and hence, it is
expected that their outcome would be more similar that the injection method. Supporting my alt hypothesis, my results show and
I conclude that there is a strict correlation bewteen fertilizer application method and both yield and height of Phaseolus Vulgaris,
where direct injection of fertilizer into plant stems produces the largest height and yield by far in comparison with the methods of
Pouring and Foliar feeding.

Strengths and Weaknesses

The fact that all three methods resulted in some portion of fertilizer tea runoff onto root systems was the most significant
weakness. I did not set up a system in which to prevent this, so my conclusion and methods are unreliable. The method to gather
specimen height data was not specific on measuring data from one side of the plant consistently, and didn’t specify to count plant
stems or leaves. This leaves room for inconsistencies and errors across all four weeks of the experiment. No method was required
in which to gage the similarity of germinated specimens selected for experimentation. There is significant room for data
inconsistencies, considering the smaller scale of the experiment. Weather conditions surrounding the specimens, although
covered in a netted space, could also have hindered results especially when fertilizer was airborne. Fertilizer may not have been
equally distributed to specimens of the foliar method. However, this experiment is meant to simulate real and common
agricultural conditions, in which weather patterns are a factor to take into consideration across all methods.
Improving the Investigation
An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

To improve the validity of the investigation, excessive runoff of fertilizer tea across all methods could be reduced if a mechanism
to collect this runoff before it reaches the soil or root systems of a specimen was utilized. Thin sheets or a cone surrounding
specimens could better isolate fertilizer into specific areas of plants. To improve the consistency of height data, the procedure
could specify measuring each specimen from an exact position. Specifying to count plant leaves within height measurement
could improve the consistency of data. Utilizing a method to accurately verify or measure if specimens are similar to a certain
degree would also improve the validity of the investigation. However, this level of sophisticated instruments was not available to
me. To avoid weather affecting the intake of fertilizers, an indoor facility could be used to demonstrate the effects of fertilizer
application methods independently from outside factors. The method of injection could have been improved had I had access to
tools that enabled me to sustain a cavity within stems, as utilized in sophisticated research. In this way, the chance of damaging
plant stems by not consistently re-inserting syringes by hand weekly would be lessened.

Extending the Investigation

After observing the effects of 20-20-20 fertilizer application methods on the yield and height on Phaseolus Vulgaris, there are a
few other investigations of fertilizer application methods I would consider highly interesting to explore. Instead of experimenting
with crops, I could test this method on more arbolescent (tree-like) species. I could also experiment how effective each of these
methods are at diffusing medicinal substances to afflicted specimens that have diseases; “How does the application method of
medicinal substance affect the recovery rate of a diseased plant?”. I would hypothesize that the method of injection would
increase the rate of recovery because less environmental factors would hinder the intake of medicinal substances as opposed to
other methods

Appendices
An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

Appendices A: Visual Representation of Experiment Setup and Preparation

…………….
Figures 1-2: Visual of Process of Germination Method (photographed by author)

Appendices B: Visual Representation of Experimental Progression and Results

………………………………

Figures 3-4: Sample Visual of Specimens from Foliar Method Group (photographed by author)

Appendices C: Raw Data of Results

An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

Tables 5: Weekly Height (cm) of Specimens

Week Specimen Pouring Method Foliar Method Injection Method

1 1 10.2 11.6 14.2

2 12.4 16.9 18.1

3 10.7 16.4 17.2

4 17.3 14.9 13.1

5 10.1 10.9 13.7

2 1 14.9 12.2 14.3

2 15.5 17.1 19.7

3 13.9 17.9 19.2

4 15.9 15.6 16.2

5 14.2 17.4 18.3

3 1 16.8 13.2 18.9

2 15.8 19.3 19.3

3 14.1 18.6 22.1

4 17.2 16.4 17.8

5 15.2 17.2 18.8

4 1 17.1 13.7 17.2

2 15.9 19.9 24.3

3 14.9 18.4 19.4

4 8.2 17.6 17.2

5 15.3 14.9 19.8

Table 6: Average Weekly Yield of Specimens

An investigation of how the method of 20-20-20 fertilizer application affects the yield rate and size (cm) of Phaseolus vulgaris

Week Specimen Pouring Method Foliar Method Injection Method

1 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 2

4 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

3 1 1 0 2

2 1 0 0

3 0 0 2

4 0 1 1

5 0 1 1

4 1 0 0 1

2 0 2 0

3 0 0 2

4 1 1 1

5 0 0 1

Appendices D: Graphical Data

Table 7: Statistical Error Margins of Graphs
ERROR Margin of Pouring ERROR Margin of Foliar ERROR Margin of
Method Method Injection Method

Graph 1 0.1 0.1 1.5

Graph 2 0.001 0.01 0.1

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