Alfonso XIII

Alfonso XIII[b] (17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as El Africano or the
Alfonso XIII
African,[c] was King of Spain from 17 May 1886 to 14 April 1931, when the Second
Spanish Republic was proclaimed. He was a monarch from birth as his father, Alfonso
XII, had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as
regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902.

Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate,
often presenting himself as a soldier-king.[1] His effective reign started four years after the
so-called 1898 Disaster, with various social factions projecting their expectations of
national regeneration upon him.[2] Similarly to other European monarchs of his time, he
played an important political role, entailing a highly controversial use of his constitutional
executive powers.[3] His wedding with Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg in 1906 was
marked by a regicide attempt, from which he escaped unharmed.

With a divided opinion in the public eye about the World War I aloof, split between
Germanophiles and pro-entente sympathizers, Alfonso XIII leveraged his family relations
to every major European royal family to help preserve the stance of neutrality espoused
by the government.[4][5] The rupture of the turno and ensuing deepening of the crisis of
the Restoration system in the 1910s, dealt by a triple whammy in 1917, ensued with the Photograph by Kaulak, 1916
final cracking, otherwise inseparable from the spiral of violence in Morocco,[6] leading up King of Spain (more...)
to the installment of the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera through a 1923 military Reign 17 May 1886 –
coup d'etat that won the acquiescence from Alfonso XIII, thereby further undermining the 14 April 1931
monarch's constitutional legitimacy.[7] Upon the political failure of the dictatorship,
Enthronement 17 May 1902
Alfonso XIII removed support to Primo de Rivera (who was thereby forced to resign in
1930) and favoured during the so-called dictablanda a return to the pre-1923 state of Predecessor Alfonso XII
affairs. Nevertheless, he had lost most of his political capital along the way. Successor Monarchy
abolished
He left Spain voluntarily after the municipal elections of April 1931, understood as a
Niceto Alcalá-
plebiscite on whether continuing with the monarchy or declaring a republic, and which
led to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931. Zamora (President
of Spain, 1931)
Forty-four years later his grandson Juan Carlos I was crowned king of the reinstated Juan Carlos I
kingdom of Spain. (1975)[a]
Regent Maria Christina
His efforts with the European War Office during World War I,[8] earned him a nomination
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917, which was ultimately won by the Red Cross.[9] To date, Prime ministers Práxedes Mateo
he is the only monarch that had been nominated for a Nobel Prize.[10][11] Sagasta
... among others
Antonio
Contents Cánovas del
Castillo
Reign
Marcelo
Early life and education
Azcárraga
Engagement and marriage
Francisco
World War I
Silvela
Cracking of the system and dictatorship
Dethronement and politics in exile Antonio Maura
Death José Canalejas

Legacy Manuel García

Prieto
Personal life
Legitimate and illegitimate children Álvaro de
Attitude towards Jews Figueroa

Pornographic cinema Eduardo Dato

Arms Joaquín
Sánchez Toca
Honours Manuel
Spanish honours Allendesalazar
Foreign honours Gabino Bugallal
Ancestry José Sánchez
See also Guerra

Notes Miguel Primo

de Rivera
References
Dámaso
Bibliography
Berenguer
External links
Juan Bautista
Aznar
Reign Born 17 May 1886
Royal Palace of

Early life and education Madrid, Madrid,

Kingdom of Spain
Alfonso XIII was born at Royal Palace of Madrid Died 28 February 1941
on 17 May 1886. He was the posthumous son of (aged 54)
Alfonso XII of Spain, who had died in November Rome, Kingdom of
1885, and became King upon his birth. Just after Italy
he was born, he was carried naked to the prime
minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta on a silver tray. Burial El Escorial
Spouse Victoria Eugenie of
Five days later he was carried in a solemn court Battenberg
procession with a Golden Fleece round his neck (m. 1906)
and was baptised with water specially brought Issue Alfonso, Prince of
from the River Jordan in Palestine.[12] The French more... Asturias
newspaper Le Figaro described the young king in
1889 as "the happiest and best-loved of all the Infante Jaime,
rulers of the earth".[13] His mother, Maria Duke of Segovia
Christina of Austria, served as his regent until his Infanta Beatriz,
sixteenth birthday. During the regency, in 1898, Princess of
Spain lost its colonial rule over Cuba, Puerto Civitella-Cesi
Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United
Alfonso XIII as a cadet; by Manuel States as a result of the Spanish–American War. Infanta María
García Hispaleto Cristina, Countess
Alfonso became seriously ill during the 1889– Marone
1890 pandemic.[14] His health deteriorated around Infante Juan, Count
10 January 1890 and doctors reported his condition as the flu attacked his nervous system of Barcelona
leaving the young king in a state of indolence. He eventually recovered.
Infante Gonzalo
When Alfonso came of age in May 1902, the week of his majority was marked by
Names
festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.[15] He took his oath to the
constitution before members of the Cortes on 17 May. Alfonso León Fernando María
Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de
Alfonso received, to a large extent, a military education that imbued him with "a Spanish Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena
nationalism strengthened by his military vocation".[16] Besides the clique of military
House Bourbon
tutors, Alfonso also received political teachings from a liberal—Vicente Santa María de
Paredes—and moral precepts from an integrist, José Fernández de la Montaña.[16] Father Alfonso XII of Spain
Mother Maria Christina of
Austria
Engagement and marriage
Religion Roman Catholicism
By 1905, Alfonso was looking for a suitable consort. On a state visit to the United Signature
Kingdom, he stayed in London at Buckingham Palace with King Edward VII. There he
met Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, the daughter of Edward's youngest sister
Princess Beatrice, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He found her attractive, and she returned his interest. There were
obstacles to the marriage. Victoria was a Protestant, and would have to become a Catholic. Victoria's brother Leopold was a
haemophiliac, so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the trait. Finally, Alfonso's mother Maria Christina
wanted him to marry a member of her family, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, or some other Catholic princess, as she considered
the Battenbergs to be non-dynastic.
Victoria was willing to change her religion, and her being a haemophilia carrier was only a
possibility. Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to drop her opposition. In January
1906 she wrote an official letter to Princess Beatrice proposing the match. Victoria met
Maria Christina and Alfonso in Biarritz, France, later that month, and converted to
Catholicism in San Sebastián in March.

In May, diplomats of both kingdoms officially executed

the agreement of marriage. Alfonso and Victoria were
married at the Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo in
Madrid on 31 May 1906, with British royalty in
attendance, including Victoria's cousins the Prince and
Princess of Wales (later King George V and Queen
Mary). The wedding was marked by an assassination
attempt on Alfonso and Victoria by Catalan anarchist
Mateu Morral. As the wedding procession returned to
Photograph taken moments after the palace, he threw a bomb from a window which
the assassination attempt on killed 30 bystanders and members of the procession,
Alfonso and Victoria Eugenie on while 100 others were wounded.[17]
their wedding day
On 10 May 1907, the couple's first child, Alfonso,
Prince of Asturias, was born. Victoria was in fact a
haemophilia carrier, and Alfonso inherited the condition.
Neither of the two daughters born to the King and Queen were haemophilia carriers, but
another of their sons, Gonzalo (1914–1934), had the condition. Alfonso distanced himself
from his wife for transmitting the condition to their sons.[18] From 1914 on, he had several
mistresses, and fathered five illegitimate children. A sixth illegitimate child had been born before his marriage.
The nine sovereigns at Windsor for
the funeral of King Edward VII,
photographed on 20 May 1910.
Standing, from left to right: King
Haakon VII of Norway, Tsar
Ferdinand of the Bulgarians, King
Manuel II of Portugal and the
Algarve, Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany and Prussia, King George I
of the Hellenes and King Albert I of
the Belgians. Seated, from left to
right: King Alfonso XIII of Spain,
King George V of the United
Kingdom and King Frederick VIII of
Denmark

World War I

During World War I, because of his family connections with both sides and the division of
popular opinion, Spain remained neutral.[19] The King established an office for assistance to
prisoners of war on all sides. This office used the Spanish diplomatic and military network
abroad to intercede for thousands of POWs – transmitting and receiving letters for them, and
other services.[20] The office was located in the Royal Palace.

Alfonso attempted to save the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his family from the Bolsheviks
who captured them, sending two telegrams offering the Russian royal family refuge Spain.
He later learned of the execution of the Romanov family, but was mistaken and believed that Alfonso XIII visiting Verdun in 1919
only Nicholas II and his son Alexi were killed. As such, he continued to push for the Tsaress
Alexandra and her four daughters to be brought to Spain, not having realized that they were
also murdered.[21]

Alfonso became gravely ill during the 1918 flu pandemic. Spain was neutral and thus under no wartime censorship restrictions, so
his illness and subsequent recovery were reported to the world, while flu outbreaks in the belligerent countries were concealed. This
gave the misleading impression that Spain was the most affected area and led to the pandemic being dubbed "the Spanish Flu".[22]

Cracking of the system and dictatorship

Following World War I, Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious Rif War (1920–1926) to preserve its colonial rule over northern
Morocco. Critics of the monarchy thought the war was an unforgivable loss of money and lives, and nicknamed Alfonso el Africano
("the African").[23] Alfonso had not acted as a strict constitutional monarch, and supported the Africanists who wanted to conquer
for Spain a new empire in Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and Asia.[24] The Rif War had starkly polarized
Spanish society between the Africanists who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the abandonistas who wanted to abandon
Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.[25] Alfonso liked to play favourites with his generals, and one of his most favoured
generals was Manuel Fernández Silvestre.[26] In 1921, when Silvestre advanced up into the Rif mountains of Morocco, Alfonso
sent him a telegram whose first line read "Hurrah for real men!", urging Silvestre not to retreat at a time when Silvestre was
experiencing major difficulties.[27] Silvestre stayed the course, leading his men into the Battle of Annual, one of Spain's worst
defeats. Alfonso, who was on holiday in the south of France at the time, was informed of the "Disaster of the Annual" while he was
playing golf. Reportedly, Alfonso's response to the news was to shrug his shoulders and say "Chicken meat is cheap", before
resuming his game.[28] Alfonso remained in France and did not return to Spain to comfort the families of the soldiers lost in the
battle, which many people at the time saw as a callous and cold act, a sign that the King was indifferent over the lives of his soldiers.
 In 1922, the Cortes started an investigation into the responsibility for the Annual disaster and
soon discovered evidence that the King had been one of the main supporters of Silvestre's
advance into the Rif mountains.

After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the

Alfonso (left) with his dictatorial
prime minister, Miguel Primo de
Rivera
Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were
barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the
abandonistas grew as many people could see no point
to the war.[25] In August 1923, Spanish soldiers
embarking for Morocco mutinied, other soldiers in
Málaga simply refused to board the ships that were to
take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds
of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which
Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif
Republic was waved about.[25] With the Africanists
comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only
a matter of time before the abandonistas forced the
Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the
reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923.[25]

On 13 September 1923, Miguel Primo de Rivera,

Captain General of Catalonia, staged a military coup with the collaboration from a quad of
Alfonso in uniform of field marshal of
Africanist generals based in Madrid who were associated to the innermost military clique of the United Kingdom, 1928
Alfonso XIII and who wanted to prevent investigations about Annual from tarnishing the
monarch (José Cavalcanti, Federico Berenguer, Leopoldo Saro and Antonio Dabán), even if
Primo de Rivera had embraced Abandonista positions prior to that point.[29][30] Primo de Rivera ruled as a dictator with the king's
support until January 1930.

On 28 January 1930, amid economic problems, general unpopularity and a putschist plot led by General Manuel Goded in
motion,[31] of which Alfonso XIII was most probably aware,[32] Miguel Primo de Rivera was forced to resign, exiling to Paris, only
to die a few weeks later of the complications from diabetes in combination with the effects of a flu.[33] Alfonso XIII appointed
General Dámaso Berenguer as the new prime minister. Back in 1926, Alfonso XIII had appointed Berenguer as Chief of Staff of the
Military House of the King, a post conventionally fit for burned-out generals in order to move them away from the spotlight for a
time in a show of affection.[34] The new period was nicknamed as dictablanda. The King was so closely associated with the
dictatorship of Primo de Rivera that it was difficult for him to distance himself from the regime that he had supported for almost
seven years. The enforced changes relied on the incorrect assumption that Spaniards would accept the notion that nothing had
happened after 1923 and that going back to the prior state of things was possible.[35]

Dethronement and politics in exile

On 12 April, the Republican coalition, short of winning a majority of councillors overall,

won a sweeping majority in major cities in the 1931 municipal elections, which were
perceived as a plebiscite on monarchy. The results shocked the government, with foreign
minister Romanones admitting to the press an "absolute monarchist defeat" and Civil Guard
honcho José Sanjurjo reportedly telling government ministers that, given circumstances, the
Armed Forces could not be "absolutely" relied upon for the sustainment of the
monarchy.[36] Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Second Spanish Republic was
peacefully proclaimed on 14 April 1931.

In November 1931, the Constituent Republican Cortes held an impassionate debate about
the political responsibilities of the former monarch.[37] Some of the grievances against the
action of Alfonso XIII as a king included interference in the institutions to reinforce his
personal power, bargaining personal support from the military clique with rewards and
merits, his abuse of the power to dissolve the legislature, rendering the co-sovereingty
between the Nation and the Crown a total fiction; that he had disproportionately fostered the
Armed forces (often to contain internal protest), had used the armed forces abroad with
imperialist aims alien to the interests of the nation but his own, that he had personally
devised the military operation of Annual behind the back of the Council of Ministers, and 13 April 1931 Heraldo de Madrid
that following the massacre of Annual that "cost the lives of thousands of Spanish lads", he frontpage reporting the Republican
had decided to launch a coup with the help of a few generals rather than facing scrutiny in victory.
the legislature.[38] Other than Romanones, who exculped the actions of the monarch,
disconformity towards the Primo de Rivera dictatorship notwithstanding, no other legislator
intervened in his favour, with the debate focusing on whether labelling the monarch's actions as a military rebellion, lèse-majesté,
high treason, or even condemning "a delinquent personality" or "a wholly punishable life".[39] The debate ended with an eloquent
speech by Prime Minister Manuel Azaña pleading for the unanimity of the house "to condemn and exclude D. Alfonso de Borbón
from the law, proclaiming the majesty of our republic, the unbreakable will of our civism and the permanence of the Spanish glories
framed by the institutions freely given by the Nation".[40] The house passed the act brought forward by the Commission of
Responsibilities, summarizing Alfonso de Borbón's responsibilities as being guilty of high treason.[41]

Involved in anti-Republican plots from his exile, and keen to draw support from the Carlists
in the context of the uneasy and competing relations between the Carlist and Alfonsist
factions within the radicalised monarchist camp, in the aftermath of so-called Pact of Territet
he issued a statement dated 23 January 1932 endorsing the manifesto launched by Carlist
claimant Alfonso Carlos (in which the latter hinted at the cession of dynastic rights should
the former king accept "those fundamental principles which in our traditional regime have
been demanded of all Kings with precedence of personal rights"), with the dethroned king
likewise accusing in the document the reformist Republic to be "inspired and sponsored by
communism, freemasonry and judaism".[42]

In 1933, his two eldest sons, Alfonso and Jaime, renounced their claims to the defunct
throne on the same day, and in 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died. This left his third son
Juan his only male heir.

After the July 1936 attempted coup d'état against the democratically elected Republican
government[43] a war broke out in Spain. On 30 July 1936, Alfonso's son Juan took the
initiative of leaving Cannes to go to Spain to join the rebel faction, with the former king
(then in a hunting trip in Czechoslovakia) reportedly giving consent, so Juan de Borbón
crossed the border set to join the front in Somosierra dressed in a blue jumpsuit and red beret The former king in London in 1932
under the fake name "Juan López". [44] However, rebel general Emilio Mola, mastermind
behind the putschist plot, was warned of the move and had Juan returned.[45] The former
king made it clear he favoured the rebel faction against the Republican government. In September 1936, the general who had
emerged as leader of the rebel faction, Francisco Franco, declared that he would not restore Alfonso as king.

Death

On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII renounced his rights to the defunct Spanish throne in
favour of Juan. He died of a heart attack in Rome on 28 February that year.

In Spain, dictator Francisco Franco ordered three days of national mourning.[46] The ex-
king's funeral was held in Rome in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri. He
was buried in the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, the Spanish national
church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Popes Callixtus III and Alexander VI.[47]
In January 1980 his remains were transferred to El Escorial in Spain.[48]

Legacy
Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain. The need for the lodging of his wedding guests
prompted the construction of the luxurious Hotel Palace in Madrid. He also supported the
creation of a network of state-run lodges, Paradores, in historic buildings of Spain. His Ending part of the January 1941
fondness for the sport of football led to the patronage of several "royal" ("real" in Spanish) renouncement manuscript
football clubs, the first being Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña in 1907.[49] Selected others
include Real Madrid, Real Sociedad, Real Betis, Real Unión, Espanyol, Real Zaragoza and
Real Racing Club.

An avenue in the northern Madrid neighbourhood of Chamartín, Avenida de Alfonso XIII, is named after him. A plaza or town
centre in Iloilo City, Philippines (now Plaza Libertad) was named in his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII.[50] A street in Merthyr
Tydfil, in Wales, was built especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry and named Alphonso Street after Alfonso
XIII.[51]

Ratoncito Pérez first appeared as the Spanish equivalent to the Tooth Fairy in a 1894 tale written by Luis Coloma for King Alfonso
XIII, who had just lost a milk tooth at the age of eight, with the King appearing in the tale as "King Buby".[52] The tale has been
adapted into further literary works and movies since then, with the character of King Buby appearing in some. The tradition of
Ratoncito Pérez replacing the lost milk teeth with a small payment or gift while the child sleeps is almost universally followed today
in Spain and Hispanic America. Alfonso XIII is also mentioned on the plaque that the City Council of Madrid dedicated in 2003 to
Ratoncito Pérez on the second floor of number eight of Calle del Arenal, where the mouse was said to have lived.[53]
Personal life

Legitimate and illegitimate children

Alfonso and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Ena) had seven
children:

1. Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938);

2. Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (1908–1975);
3. Infanta Beatriz (1909–2002);
4. Infante Fernando (stillborn 1910);
5. Infanta María Cristina (1911–1996);
6. Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (1913–1993);
King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria
7. Infante Gonzalo (1914–1934).
Eugenie with their children at Santander's
Palacio de la Magdalena. Standing, from
Alfonso also had a number of reported illegitimate children that are known, including:
left to right: Infanta María Cristina, the
Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (1905–1980; by French aristocrat
Prince of Asturias and Infanta Beatriz.
Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan, married to Philippe de Vilmorin);[54][55] Juana
Seated, from left to right: Infante Jaime, the
Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León (1916–2005; by Alfonso's governess Béatrice
Queen, the King, Infante Gonzalo and
Noon);[56] Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas (1925–1965) and Leandro Alfonso Infante Juan seated on ground
Luis Ruiz y Moragas (1929–2016; both last two by Spanish actress Carmen Ruiz
Moragas);[57][58] and Carmen Gravina (1926–2006; by Carmen de Navascués).[59]

Attitude towards Jews

Alfonso was known for his friendly attitude towards Jews, taking several actions to offer them protection. In 1917, Alfonso
instructed the Spanish consul in Jerusalem, Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita, Count of Ballobar, to help protect Palestinian Jews. On
another occasion, after a high official in Tetuan had committed onslaughts against Jews, a delegation composed of Catholics, Jews,
and Muslims appealed to Alfonso. The King then removed the Tetuan official from power, in spite of the fact that the official
possessed the support of the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to the Jewish Professor Abraham S.E. Yahuda, Alfonso
told Yahuda in private conversations that he would issue no policies of discrimination towards Jews, believing all of his Spanish
subjects to be entitled to equal rights and protection.[60]

Pornographic cinema

Alfonso is occasionally referred to as "the playboy king", due in part to his promotion and collection of Spanish pornographic films,
as well as his extramarital affairs.[61][62] As king, Alfonso commissioned pornographic films through the Barcelona production
company Royal Films, with the Count of Romanones acting as an intermediary figure between him and the company. Between forty
to seventy pornographic films are said to have been shot in total (three of which have been preserved) and were screened in
Barcelona's Chinatown, as well as during Alfonso's private screenings.[63] The films, while silent and in black & white, were
nonetheless very explicit for the time, showing full nudity and sex scenes. These films featured content which were considered
especially immoral for the time, including sexual relationships involving Catholic priests, lesbianism, and "women with enormous
breasts" (the last of which is said to have been Alfonso's passion).[62][64] Most of these films were later destroyed during Franco's
regime.

This has led some to speculate that Alfonso may have possessed a sex addiction.[61]

Arms
Heraldry of Alfonso XIII of Spain


Coat of arms of Coat of arms of

Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII
(1886–1924/1931) [65][66] (1924/1931) [66][67]

Honours

Spanish honours
1,072nd Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1886[68]
Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 1886[69][70]
Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, with Collar,
1927[71]
Order of Santiago[72]
Order of Calatrava[73]
Order of Alcántara[74]
Order of Montesa[75]
Maestranza de caballería (Royal Cavalry Armory) of Ronda, Sevilla, Guidon (Military Flag) of Royal Monogram
Granada, Valencia and Zaragoza King Alfonso XIII
Founder of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII, 23 May 1902[76][77]
Founder of the Order of Civil Merit, 25 June 1926[78]

Foreign honours
Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal
Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1900[79]
 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold,
1902[80]
 Czechoslovakia: Collar of the White Lion, 28 April
1925[81]
 Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 20 July 1901[82]
 France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour,
January 1903[83]
 Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle[84]
 Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1904[85]
 Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the
Ludwig Order, 23 August 1910[86]
 Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown[84]
 Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg
Crown, 1890[87]
 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 20
September 1900[88]
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand
Cross of Honour and Devotion[84]
 Empire of Japan: Collar of the Order of the
Chrysanthemum, 1930[d]
 Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 18
April 1911[90]
Persian Empire: Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class, 16
May 1902 – During his enthronement festivities.[91]
 Kingdom of Portugal: 315th Grand Cross of the
Tower and Sword, 1900[92]
 Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of
Carol I, with Collar, 1906[93]
 Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew, 1902 –
During his enthronement festivities.[84]
 Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of
Chakri, 18 October 1897[94]
 Sweden: Knight of the Seraphim, 16 May 1902 –
King Oscar II of Sweden sent his youngest son, Prince
Eugen to represent him at the festivities marking the
King's enthronement, and he invested the King as a
Knight in a special ceremony.[91]
 United Kingdom:
Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian
Order, 28 July 1897[95]
Stranger Knight of the Garter, 16 May 1902 – King
Edward VII's brother, the Duke of Connaught
attended the festivities marking the King's
enthronement, and invested him as a Knight in a
special ceremony.[91][96]
Royal Victorian Chain, 9 June 1905[97]

In the Royal Library of Madrid, there are books containing emblems of the Spanish monarch.[98]

Ancestry
Alfonso XIII is a rare example of endogamy. In the eleventh generation he has only 111 ancestors whereas in a standard situation
one expects to identify 1024 of them. Here we are with a situation of implex of 89%.[99]

Ancestors of Alfonso XIII

8. Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain
4. Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain
9. Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies
2. Alfonso XII of Spain
10. Ferdinand VII of Spain
5. Isabella II of Spain
11. Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies
1. Alfonso XIII of
Spain
12. Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
6. Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria
13. Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg
3. Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
14. Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
7. Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria
15. Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg

See also
1902 Copa de la Coronación

Notes
a. Check this list for other intermediate heads of state.
b. In the languages of Spain, his name was:
Aragonese: Alifonso XIII
Asturian: Alfonsu XIII
Basque: Alfontso XIII
Catalan: Alfons XIII
Occitan: Anfós XIII
Galician: Afonso XIII
Spanish: Alfonso XIII
c. Due to his active involvement and support of the Spanish colonisation effort in Africa
d. Emperor Hirohito's second brother, Prince Takamatsu, travelled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the
Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso. This honour was intended, in part, to commemorate the diplomatic and trading
history which existed long before other Western nations were officially aware of Japan's existence. Prince
Takamatsu travelled with his wife, Princess Takamatsu, to Spain. Her symbolic role in this unique mission to the
 Spanish Court was intended to emphasize the international links which were forged by her 16th-century ancestor,
Ieyasu Tokugawa. In the years before the Tokugawa shogunate, that innovative daimyō from Western Japan had
been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain
(Mexico) and the Philippines; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to
underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.[89]

References
1. Harris, Carolyn (2020). "Raising Heirs to the Throne in Nineteenth Century Spain: The Education of the
Constitutional Monarchy". Royal Studies Journal. 7 (2): 178. doi:10.21039/rsj.270 (https://doi.org/10.21039%2Frsj.
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Noel, Gerard. Ena: Spain's English Queen. London: Constable, 1984. Considerably more candid than Petrie about
Alfonso, the private man, and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their haemophiliac
children.
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preserved in Spain and Japan (https://archive.org/details/earliesthistori00nuttgoog). The University Press.
Petrie, Sir Charles. King Alfonso XIII and His Age. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963. Written as it was during Queen
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Spanish intellectual culture of his time.
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External links
Historiaantiqua. (http://historiaantiqua.byethost8.com/paginas/liberalismo.htm#AlfonsoXIII) Alfonso XIII; (in
Spanish) (2008)
Visit by Alphonso XIII to Deauville in 1922 (with images) (http://www.normandythenandnow.com/an-incognito-king-
in-deauville/)
Newspaper clippings about Alfonso XIII (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000350) in the 20th Century
Press Archives of the ZBW

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This page was last edited on 14 August 2022, at 18:03 (UTC).

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