Public Health Engineering

CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Part II
Prepared by: Engr. Lovely C. Añonuevo
 PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASE

The prefix path comes from the Greek word “pathos”

meaning disease.

Pathogen – Microbe capable of causing disease

Pathology – The study of the structural and functional
manifestations of disease
Pathologist – A physician who has specialized in
pathology
Pathogenic – The ability to cause disease
Pathogenesis – The steps or mechanisms involved in the
development of a disease
 Four Periods or Phases In The Course of An
Infectious Disease
INCUBATION PERIOD
The time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and the onset
of symptoms.

The length of the incubation period is influenced by many factors,

including the overall health and nutritional status of the host, the
immune status of the host, the virulence of the pathogen, and the
number of pathogens that enter the body

PRODROMAL PERIOD
The time during which the patient feels “out of sorts’ but is not yet
experiencing actual symptoms of the disease.

The patients may feel like they are “coming down with something” but
are not yet sure what it is.
 Four Periods or Phases In The Course of An
Infectious Disease
PERIOD OF ILLNESS
The time during which the patient experiences the typical symptoms
associated with that particular disease.

Communicable diseases are most easily transmitted during this third

period.

CONVALESCENT PERIOD
The time during which the patient recovers.

For certain infectious diseases, especially viral respiratory diseases, the

convalescent period can be quite long. Although the patient may recover
from the illness itself, permanent damage may be caused destruction of
tissues in the affected areas.
TYPE of INFECTION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Localized Infection Remain Localized Pimples, Boils, Abscesses

Systemic
Infection/Generalized Spread throughout the body Miliary Tuberculosis
Infections

Has a rapid onset, usually

Measles, Mumps,
Acute Disease followed by a relatively
Influenza
rapid recovery

Has an insidious (slow) Tuberculosis, Leprosy,

Chronic Diseases
onset and lasts a long time Syphilis

Come on more suddenly

than chronic disease, but Sub acute Bacterial
Sub acute Diseases
less suddenly than an acute Endocarditis,
disease
 TYPE of INFECTION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Symptomatic Disease/Clinical A disease in w/c the patient

Gonorrhea
Disease is experiencing symptoms
A disease that the patient is
Asymptomatic Disease/Sub unaware of because he/she
Trichomoniasis
Clinical Disease is not experiencing any
symptoms
An infectious disease may
go from being symptomatic
Cold Sores, Genital
to asymptomatic and then,
Latent Infection Herpes Infections,
go back being symptomatic.
Shingles
Lying dormant and not
currently manifesting itself
Primary Infections

Secondary Infections
TYPE of DISEASES DESCRIPTION

Congenital Present at Birth

Degenerative From Aging

Hereditary Errors in Genetic Code received from parents

Hormonal Excess or Deficiency of Hormone

Iatrogenic Caused by Medical Treatment/Procedure

Idiopathic Unknown Cause

Immunological Hyperactive or Hypoactive Immunity

Mental Emotional/Psychosomatic

Neoplastic Abnormal Cell Growth

Nutritional Lack of Essential Nutrients in Diet

Steps in the Pathogenesis of Infectious
Diseases

Entry
Attachment
Multiplication
Invasion or Spread of Pathogen
Evasion of Host Defenses
Damage to Host Tissue(s)
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN
Dermatitis Inflammation of the Skin
Inflammation of a hair follicle, the sac that contains a hair
Folliculitis
shaft
Inflammation of a sebaceous gland that opens into a
Sty
follicle of an eyelash
A localized pyogenic (pus producing) infection of the skin,
Furuncle
usually resulting from folliculitis; also known as boils
A deep-seated pyogenic infection of the skin, usually
Carbuncle
arising from a coalescence of furuncles
A surface lesion that is neither raised nor depressed,
Macule
such as the lesion of measles
A surface lesion that is firm and raised, such as lesions of
Papule
chicken pox
A blister or small fluid filled sac such as in and
Vesicle
chickenpox and shingles
Pustule A pus filled surface lesion
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EARS
Otitis Media Infection of the middle ear
Otitis Externa Infection of the outer ear

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EYES

Conjunctivitis An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva
An infection or inflammation of the cornea – the domed
Keratitis
covering over the iris lens
An infection that involves both the cornea and
Keratoconjunctivitis
conjunctiva

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL REGION

Dental Caries Tooth decay or cavities
Gingivitis Inflammation of the gingiva (gums)
Inflammation of the periodontium (tissues that surround
Periodontitis
and support the teeth)
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial
Bronchitis
tubes; most commonly caused by respiratory viruses
Bronchopneumonia Combination of Bronchitis and Pneumonia
Epiglotittis Inflammation of the epiglottis
Laryngitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx
Inflammation of the mucous membrane and underlying
Pharyngitis tissues of the pharynx. Commonly referred to as “Strep
Throat”
Pneumonia Inflammation of one or both lungs
Inflammation of the lining of one or more of the
Sinusitis
paranasal sinuses.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Colitis Inflammation of the colon (The large intestine)
An abnormally frequent discharge of semi solid or fluid
Diarrhea
fecal matter
Frequent watery stools, accompanied by abdominal pain,
Dysentery fever, and dehydration. The stool specimen may contain
blood or mucous
Enteritis Inflammation of the intestines (small intestine)
Gastritis Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach
Inflammation of the mucosal linings of the stomach and
Gastroenteritis
intestines
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
Nephritis General term for the inflammation of the kidney
Ureteritis Inflammation of one or both ureters
Inflammation of the urinary bladder; the most common type of
Cystitis
UTIs
Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra
Prostatitis Inflammation of the prostate gland,

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE GENITAL TRACT

Bartholinitis Inflammation of the Bartholin’s ducts in women
Cervicitis Inflammation of the cervix
Endometritis Inflammation of the endometrium (inner layer of uterine wall)
Epidymitis Inflammation of the epididymis
Pelvic
Inflammatory Inflammation of the fallopian tubes; also known as salpingitis
Disease (PID)
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina
Vulvovaginitis Inflammaton of the vulva and vagina
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain
Encephalomyelitis Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
Inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and
Miningitis
spinal cord
Meningoencephalitis Inflammation of the brain and meninges
Myelitis Inflammation of the spinal cord

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Endocarditis Inflammation of the endocardium,
Myocarditis Inflammation of the myocardium (the muscular walls of the heart)
Pericarditis Inflammation of the pericardium (the membrane sac around the heart)
Bacteremia The presence of bacteria in the blood stream
A disease in w/c patient experiences chills, fever, and prostration and
Septicemia
has bacteria and/or their toxins in their bloodstream
Lymphadenitis Inflamed and swollen lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy Diseased lymph nodes
Lymphangitis Inflamed lymphatic vessels
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)
AIDS Gonorrhea
Chlamydia Syphilis
Herpes Infections HIV

Infectious Diseases that Emerges in the Last 30 years

Avian Influenza (“Bird Flu”) Cryptosporidiosis
E coli O157 Infections Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Hendra Virus Infection
HIV infections and AIDS Human Monkeypox
Lassa Fever Legionellosis
Lyme Disease Nipah Virus Encephalitis
Marburg hemorrhagic Fever Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Variant Creutzfeldt – Jakob Disease West Nile Virus