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CH2043 5 - Convective Heat Transfer Part 2
CH2043 5 - Convective Heat Transfer Part 2
CH2043
English Program
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
3
Flow across cylinders and spheres
• Reynolds Number, Re
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
• Forced convection over a circular cylinder
(Churchill and Bernstein correlation ,1977)
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
The fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature Tf =
2
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
• Flow across various cylinder
geometry
The average Nusselt number for
flow across a cylinder (various
geometry) can be expressed
compactly as:
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
• Forced convection over a sphere
(Whitaker correlation, 1972)
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 1: Heat Loss from a Steam Pipe in Windy Air
Solutions
Determine: The rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length.
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9
Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 1: Heat Loss from a Steam Pipe in Windy Air
Find the properties of air at Tf = 70ºC
ρ=1.028 kg/m3, n = 1.995 × 10-5 m2/s, Pr# = 0.7177, k = 0.02881 W/m∙K
5/8 4/5
0.62(40100)1/2 (0.7177)1/3 40100
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 0.3 + 1+ = 120.5
[1 + (0.4/0.7177)2/3 ]1/4 282000
10
Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 1: Heat Loss from a Steam Pipe in Windy Air
Heat transfer coefficient:
𝑁𝑢 𝑘 120.5 × 0.02881 W/m ⋅ K
ℎ= = = 34.7 W/m2 ⋅ K
𝐷 0.1 m
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 2: Heat Leaks into liquified propane (LPG) tank.
Solutions
ℎ𝐷
Nu = ... → then h = 12.1 W/m2.K #answer
𝑘
13
Flow across tube banks
• Practical applications
Cross-flow heat exchangers
Characteristic length, Lc = Do
14
Flow across tube banks
• Tube Arrangements
1. In-line arrangement
2. Staggered arrangement
Diagonal pitch,
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Flow across tube banks
• Maximum Velocity
Vmax (in-line)
Vmax (staggered)
Reynolds number:
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Flow across tube banks
• Nusselt Number correlations for cross flow over tube banks
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Flow across tube banks
• Log Mean Temperature Difference
▪ Temperature difference for flow over tube bank is the log mean
temperature difference and define as:
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑒 − ∆𝑇𝑖
∆𝑇LM = =
ln 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒 / 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 ln ∆𝑇𝑒 /∆𝑇𝑖
#answer
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 3: Preheating Air in a Tube Bank
Calculate Vmax (in-line arrangement) and ReD:
ST 0.05m
Vmax = V= 4.5m/s = 6.43m/s
ST − D 0.05m − 0.015m
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 3: Preheating Air in a Tube Bank
Since the number of rows, NL = 6, the corresponding correction factor is
F = 0.945 and the Nusselt number becomes
N𝑢NL <16 = F𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.945 × 52.1 = 49.3
#answer
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 3: Preheating Air in a Tube Bank
The total number of tubes is N =NL × NT = 6 × 10 = 60.
For a unit tube length (L= 1 m), the heat transfer surface area and the mass
flow rate of air (evaluated at inlet) are:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑁𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 60 × π × 0.015m × 1m = 2.827m2
#answer
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Flow across cylinders and spheres
Example 3: Preheating Air in a Tube Bank
The exit fluid temperature of the fluid:
Ah
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp s.
mC
p
2.827m 2 92.2W/m 2 K
= 120 − (120 − 20) exp −
2.709kg/s 1007J/kg K
.
= 29.11o C
#answer
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