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Sakka 2012
Sakka 2012
REVIEW ARTICLE
Oral Rehabilitation
Keywords Abstract
dental implants, early failure, late failure, Osseointegration is a good indication of the clinical success of titanium
osseointegration. implants referring to the direct anchorage of such implants to the surrounding
host bone. Despite the high success rate of endosseous dental implants, they do
Correspondence
Salah Sakka, Al-Farabi Dental College,
fail. A lack of primary stability, surgical trauma, and infection seem to be the
PO Box 85184, most important causes of early implant failure. Early signs of infection may be
11691 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. an indication of a much more critical result than if the same complications
Tel: (+966)-55-966-1906 occur later, because of disturbance of the primary bone healing process. Occlu-
Email: salah.sakka@hotmail.com sal overload and periimplantitis seem to be the most important factors associ-
ated with late failure. Suboptimal implant design and improper prosthetic
Received 21 February 2012; accepted 27 May
constructions are among those risk factors responsible for implant complica-
2012.
tions and failure. This concise review highlights the main causes associated with
doi: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00162.x early and late implant failure, as thorough knowledge of this unavoidable clini-
cal fact is essential in the field of oral implantology.
(d) inadequate adaptation, which includes the patient’s might occur during the primary healing period. The com-
aesthetical dissatisfaction and psychological problems. plications of swelling, fistulas, suppuration, and early/late
mucosal dehiscence can occur and may point to implant
failure. Early signs may be an indication of a much more
General factors contributing to early implant critical result than if the same complications occur later,
failures because of the disturbance of the primary bone healing
process that results in the integration of the implant.16
Poor bone quality and quantity
A high success rate for the preservation of the alveolar
Post-insertion pain
bone around oral implants is predicated on good bone
quality.7 Implantation into bone types 1, 2 and 3 results in Pain should not be associated with dental implants once
good clinical outcomes, whereas type 4 is associated with a primary healing is achieved. Here, absence of pain under
lower success rate.8 The Hounsfield Units determined by vertical or horizontal forces is a primary subjective crite-
the software programs in the computed tomography (CT) rion. When present, it is more often a pressure on the
machines refers to the density of structures within the soft tissue from the unfitted prosthetic components.
image. Such density is quantitative and can be used to dif- Absence of pain or discomfort or any negative subjective
ferentiate various tissues in the examined site and charac- sensation remains one of the implant success criteria. Fur-
terize bone quality.9,10 Moreover, the local bone density thermore, success also requires the absence of any recur-
has an existing influence on primary stability, which is an rent peri-implant mucositis and/or peri-implantitis
important determinant for implant success.11 accompanied by swelling, redness and pain of the peri-
Studies also stress the importance of bone volume implant mucosa. Pain does not occur unless the implant
when planning for oral implants where at least 10 mm is either mobile or surrounded by inflamed tissue, or is
and 6 mm in height and 5 mm and 6 mm in width for stable but impinges on a nerve.6,17 Pain during function
the maxilla and the mandible, respectively, are required is a subjective principle that refers to the status of
for successful implantation.12 implant failure.
Conclusion
General factors contributing to late implant
failures Under unfavorable local and/or systemic conditions, one
of the causes for osseointegration to develop a progressive
Excessive loading
marginal bone loss is the weakness of the implant-to-bone
Failures associated with overload comprise those cases in connection. Here, the contact surfaces comprise dissimilar
which the functional load applied to the implants exceeds tissues: titanuim and the jaw bone. Under normal envi-
the capability of the bone to withstand it. Failures that ronment, this metal-to-bone contact is stable, well estab-
occur between abutment connection and delivery of the lished, and resists bone resorption. Under an unfavorable
prosthesis are most likely caused by unfavorable loads.20 chronic environment, often of a bacterial or traumatic
nature in addition to the weakening in the systemic
health, the tissue interface can become distressed. Despite
Peri-implantitis
the high success rate, implants do fail. Lack of primary
Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory process that affects stability, surgical trauma, and peri-operative contamina-
both the hard and soft tissues around a functional tion seem to be the most important causes of early
implant that results in gradual bone loss, which may lead implant failure. At a late stage, occlusal overload and
in the end to loss of osseointegration.21 Bacterial infection peri-implantitis seem to be the most important factors
is known to play an initial role in the etiology of the dis- associated with late failure.
implants and related surgery. Implant 18 Steigenda JT, Al-Shammari KF, Nociti 20 Isidor F. Mobility assessment with the
Dent 2005; 14: 357–63. FH, Misch CE, Wang HL. Dental periotest system in relation to histo-
16 Sakka S, Coulthard P. Implant fail- implant design and its relationship to logical findings of oral implants. Int J
ure: etiology and complications. Med long-term implant success. Implant Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998; 13:
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e42–4. 19 Kourtis SG, Sotiriadou S, Voliotis S, 21 Klinge B, Hultin M, Berglundh T.
17 Misch CE, Perel ML, Wang HL et al. Challas A. Private practice results of Peri-implantitis. Dent Clin North Am
Implant success, survival, and failure: dental implants. Part I: survival and 2005; 49: 661–76.
the International Congress of Oral evaluation of risk factors. Part II: 22 Sánchez-Garcés MA, Gay-Escoda C.
Implantologists (ICOI) Pisa Consen- surgical and prosthetic compli- Periimplantitis. Med Oral Patol Oral
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