Name: Frank Yang Date: 1/10/2018 Period: 4

AP Biology: Immune System WebQuest

In this webquest, you will explore how the human body protects itself from invaders through three lines of defense. You
will be going to different websites to see videos, animations, and images and to read explanatory text that will give you
information that you will need in order to answer a series of questions about the immune system and how it works.
Type your answers to the following questions. Be sure to write in your own words and use complete sentences.

Watch the first 2:40 of the following video that shows gives an overview of how the
body protects itself from microbes and explains how the first and second lines of
defense work.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWMJIMzsEMg

1. What are the body’s three defenses? How do they differ from each other?
The body’s three defenses are external barriers, nonspecific internal defenses, and our immune system. They differ from
each other in the level of defense and which microbes they deal with.
2. How do the skin, sweat glands, mucus membranes, and acids in the stomach protect the body? To what level of
defense do these belong?
They prevent most microbes from obtaining nutrients on the external surface/skin. They belong to the “external barrier”
level of defense.
3. What are three nonspecific internal defenses?
Three nonspecific internal defenses include standing arms of phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammatory response,
and fever.

Watch the following video about natural killer cells.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EAYLhOs

4. What are natural killer cells? What kinds of cells do they attack? How do they work? Is this a specific or
nonspecific defense?

Natural killer cells are lymphocytes with no immunological memory and are naturally part of the immune system. They
attack tumor cells and protect against infectious microbes. They kill on contact, binding to their targets to destroy cancer
cell membranes and initiate apoptosis in those cancerous cells. This is a specific defense.

Watch the following podcast about the inflammatory response.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=_bNN95sA6-8&NR=1

5. When does the inflammatory response occur? What are three signs of the inflammatory response?
The inflammatory response occurs when foreign invaders pass external barriers. Signs of an inflammatory response
include swelling, puss, or redness.
6. What cells release histamine? How does the body respond to the release of histamine?
The injured cells release histamine and the body increases blood flow.
7. How do platelets play a role in the inflammatory response?

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 The platelets allow lymphocytes to spring into action and initiate the overall response.

Next, watch the following Flash animation:

http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html

8. How does the information given in this animation compare to that of Mr. Anderson in his ‘Immune System’ video
lecture? Explain three specific similarities of the presentations.

Macrophages are mentioned as eaters that ingest antigen fragments on the surface. Both videos also show two
pathways of the immune response: one with a helper T cell and one with a B cell. Both videos then touch on the
differentiation and multiplicity of B cells when a immune response is initiated.

9. How does the information given in this animation contrast with that of Mr. Anderson’s podcast? Explain three
specific differences between the presentations. Note: You may have to watch the two presentations again to
answer this completely.

Differences include how in the animation, the macrophages release interleukin chemical alarm signals that stimulate the
T helper cell. Mr. Anderson’s podcast also puts a heavier emphasis on the humoral vs. cell-mediated responses. Another
difference is when Mr. Anderson notes that the T helper cell can be the initiator to both paths in the immune response.

Watch the video on the development of vaccines.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqUFy-t4MlQ

10. Distinguish between vaccination and variolation. Briefly summarizing each process.

Variolation is taking material directly from “disease sores” and inserting them into healthy people. On the other hand,
vaccination uses a far less “destructive” strain of the virus to protect people from the disease.

11. How did Jenner use cowpox to protect individuals from smallpox?

Jenner used cowpox and inserted into healthy humans to defend them against smallpox(animal strains of the disease
were less virulent in humans).
Watch the video on the discovery of antibiotics.

http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/odys08.sci.life.gen.discovery/the-discovery-of-penicillin/

12. What was Fleming’s surprise discovery regarding the ability to kill bacteria? What caused the bacteria to die?

Fleming only covered some of his bacterial plates with antiseptic. Mold settled on the culture plate and grew, allowing
for the discovery of mold protecting the bacteria from growing. The mold caused the bacteria to die.

13. How were the events of WWI key to prompting the isolation of penicillin?

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 The isolation of penicillin were caused by the wounds of the soldiers in WWI and the preservation of the environment in
his laboratory.

Watch this video about HIV, and use the information to answer the following question.

http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/multimedia/video/antiretrovirals-and-hiv-pandemic-video

14. Define an antiviral and describe how antivirals work.

An antiviral is an inhibitor that kills the virus and stops its infectious abilities. It stops reverse transcriptase and the
multiplication of strands of infectious DNA to occur.

Go to the following site. Open the video and watch it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWAwgEeYm0o

15. How does HIV infect cells? Dual docking mechanism at the surface of the cell. (CD4 and CCR5 are the two
receptors)

HIV infects cells by using receptors to allow it to dock on the surface.

16. What are the standard antiretroviral therapies?

It consists of a combination of at least three drugs to prevent HIV replication.

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