Efficacy of Mahogany

Efficacy of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Leaves and Seeds
Extract as Termiticide
_________________________
A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Teacher

Education and Human Sciences
Urdaneta City University
_________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Secondary Education
_________________________
By
Junio, Beneid Algar L.

Baterina, Leonora Fe C.
Caser, Star Nicole P.
Macaranas, Aiza S.
Carag, Neselyn G.
Sanchez, Irina B.
August 2020
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that this research entitled “Efficacy of Mahogany ( Swietenia
macrophylla) leaves and seeds extract as Termiticide” prepared and submitted
by, Beneid Algar L. Junio, Leonora Fe C. Baterina, Star Nicole P. Caser, Aiza S.
Macaranas, Neselyn G. Carag, Irina B. Sanchez was successfully defended and
approved on August 14, 2020 with the final rating of 88.
MARICIRIS A. SERQUILLOS, MASE ROLANDO D. DE GUZMAN, MA MATH

Critic Reader Statistician
PRINCESS SARAH M. QUINTANA, EdD

Adviser
JASMIN JANE R. RAMOS, MAEd WINNIE T. ARQUINES, MASE

Panel Member Panel Member
ESTER A. FRONDA, EdD

Chairman
This research proposal is hereby presented in partial fulfillment of the course
requirements in the introduction to research for the degree Bachelor of
Secondary Education.
PRESCILA I. MARCELO, EdD

College Dean
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers extend their deepest gratitude and acknowledgment to the
following who helped to make this research possible.
Dr. Prescila I. Marcelo, Dean, College of Teacher Education and Human
Sciences, for continuous support;
Dr. Ester A. Fronda, Chairman, for her intelligent suggestions for the
improvement of the study;
Dr. Princess Sarah M. Quintana, Adviser, for her unending support
and sharing of her expertise to improve the study;
Maricris A. Serquillos, Critic Reader, for giving her valuable time to
suggest for the better construction of our study;
Rolando D. De Guzman, Statistician, for giving statistical guidance in
analyzing and presenting data;
Jasmin Jane R. Ramos, Winnie T. Arquines, Panel Members, for their

efficient effort to improve our study;
Wilfred H. Barroga, Laboratory Custodian, for supporting and providing
us the equipment for our laboratory experiments;
UCU Utility and General Services, for helping the researchers to
collect our specimen and materials;
ii
To our loving parents, for their financial support, understanding, care
and love during our difficult times in finishing this study;
Lastly, to the Almighty God, for His grateful blessing, protection and
guidance that He gave to make their research possible.
And to all whose names are not mentioned but had shown support, their
depth of gratitude we are truly thankful.
B.A.J.
L.F.B.
S.N.C.
A.M.
N.C.
I.S.
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DEDICATION
We humbly dedicate this research to our Almighty God who never failed to
support us and give us strength, power and knowledge in making this study
possible. To our beloved parents who gave us their full concern and unending
support. To our family and friends, who gave us their moral support, and lastly
to our instructors who inspired, motivated, helped and extended their efforts.
Beneid Algar
Leonora Fe
Star Nicole
Aiza
Neselyn
Irina
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page
Approval Sheet i
Acknowledgment ii
Dedication iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Abstract vii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Theoretical Framework 9
Conceptual Framework 10
Statement of the Problem 12
Scope and Delimitation 12
Significance of the Study 13
Definition of Terms 14
2 METHODOLOGY 18
Research Design 18
Research Subject 18
Collection of the Data 18
Materials and Procedure 19
Ethical Considerations 23
Tools for Data Analysis 23
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
4 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 31
Findings 31
Conclusions 32
Recommendation 32
REFERENCES 34
APPENDICES
A. LETTER TO THE CHAIRMAN 40
B. LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN 41
C. LETTER TO THE CRITIC READER 42
D. LETTER TO THE ADVISER 43
E. LETTER TO THE PANEL MEMBERS 44
F. GANTT CHART 46
G. ENDORSEMENT FORM 47
H. PHYTOCHEMICAL RESULTS 48
I. F.A.S.T LABORATORY RECEIPT FORPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 51
J. V.M.U.F CERTIFICATION 53
K. PANEL FEE 54
L. FINAL RATING 55
M. GRAMMARLY AND PLAGIARISM RESULT 56
N. DOCUMENTATION 57
CURRICULUM VITAE 69
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 The Life Cycle of Termites (Coptotermes gestroi) 3
2 Conceptual Paradigm 11
3 Flowchart of the Research Procedures 22
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Concentration Ratio of Mahogany Leaves and Seeds Extract 21
2 Phytochemical Properties of Mahogany Leaves and Seeds 25
3 Summary of Exterminated Termites and Time of Extermination for the Trials
Conducted 28
4 Mean Difference in the Time of Extermination of the Different Concentrations
Compared to the Commercial Termiticide 29
vi
ABSTRACT
Name of Researchers: Beneid Algar L. Junio

Leonora Fe C. Baterina
Star Nicole P. Caser
Aiza S. Macaranas
Neselyn G. Carag
Irina B. Sanchez
Name/ Address of Institution Urdaneta City University

Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Course: Bachelor in Secondary Education

Major in General Science
Semester and School Year: 2nd Semester, 2019-2020
Adviser: Dr. Princess Sarah M. Quintana
Title: EFFICACY OF MAHOGANY LEAVES

AND SEEDS EXTRACT AS TERMITICIDE
Key Terms/Words: Efficacy, Termiticide
The study aimed to test the efficacy of the produced termiticide from
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaves and seeds extract. This study sought
to answer the following questions: problem one (1) What are the active
compounds present in Mahogany leaves and seeds that would be a possible
constituent of termiticide? Problem two (2) In what concentration ratio of
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Mahogany leaves and seeds extract would yield the highest efficacy against
termites in terms of the number of exterminated termites and time of the
extermination. Problem three (3) Is there a significant difference in the efficacy
of different concentration ratios of the Mahogany leaves, and seeds extract
across the time of the extermination of termites.
The study utilized the experimental design. There were five (5) different
concentrations, and one (1) commercial termiticide to test, which among has the
highest efficacy to exterminate termites. C1 constitute 50g of seeds, C2
constitute 50g of leaves, C3 constitute 20g of leaves: 30g of seeds, C4 constitute
30 g of leaves: 20 g of seeds, C5 constitute 25 g of leaves: 25 g of seeds. C6
constitute commercial termiticide.
The following are the findings of the study: (1) The active compounds
present in Mahogany leaves were alkaloids and flavonoids. The active
compounds present in Mahogany leaves were alkaloids, unsaturated sterols and
triterpenes, flavonoids, and tannin and phenolic compounds. (2) Among the six
concentration ratios, C1 yielded the highest efficacy against termites in terms of
the number of exterminated termites and time of extermination. The
concentration constitutes 50 g of Mahogany seeds and 100 mL distilled water.
(3) There is a significant difference in the efficacy of different concentration
ratios of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract and the commercial termiticide
across the time of extermination of termites. Whereas, C1 ranked highest with a
mean difference of -106. C3 ranked second with a mean difference of -72.37. C5
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ranked third with a mean difference of -43.67. C6, or commercial termiticide,
comes next, which has a mean difference of zero (0). C2 and C4 ranked lowest
with the same mean difference of 168.33.
Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: (1) Mahogany
leaves showed more phytochemical properties than Mahogany seeds. But, seeds
were more efficient because of active compounds alkaloids and flavonoids only.
Mahogany leaves, other than alkaloids and flavonoids, have compounds that
limited the poison, such as tannin and phenolic compounds, and unsaturated
sterols and triterpenes. (2) The concentration C1, with the highest number of
seeds, yielded the highest efficacy as a termiticide. The greater the number of
seeds in a concentration, the more efficacy it applies. On the other hand, the
greater the number of leaves in a concentration, the less efficacy it applies, or no
efficacy at all. (3) Mahogany seeds extract is the most potential termiticide. A
higher amount of seeds compared to leaves of Mahogany produced a better
quality of termiticide.
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the
recommendations: (1) Future research must be conducted to test for the
quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents in each active compound
present both in the mahogany leaves and seeds extracts, to identify the
component concentration that will strongly link and prove which phytochemical
constituent yields the highest efficacy of providing termiticide effect. (2) Other
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plants in the Meliaceae family must be studied as a potential pest exterminator.
Finally, (3) future researchers are encouraged to discover different uses of
Mahogany leaves and seeds other than termiticide.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Many insects are household pests. Termites are primary pests because
they eat wood, either dry, damp, or rotten. They do much damage in tunneling
through the woodwork of houses, destroy books and furniture, and even living
plants. They also build mound as hard as concrete from saliva-soaked soil
particles. Despite the fact that termites are often called white ants, they are, in
fact, closely related to cockroaches. Therefore, termites are not known to carry
diseases harmful to humans. Even so, people who are living in homes infested by
termites may suffer from allergic reactions from their saliva or droppings or even
asthma attacks. Heating or ventilation systems can commonly contribute to the
spread of irritating dust particles from termite nests. Also, every year termites
cause billions of money in structural damage, and property owners to spend so
much time and money to treat this kind of insect (Environmental Protection
Agency, USA).
In the literature of Alumisin et al. (2015), a termite is a feed ingredient in
fish farms in Cambodia, Thailand, and Nepal. Moreover, termites produce more
CO2 each year than all living things combined. Scientists have calculated that
termites alone produce ten times as much Carbon Dioxide as all the fossil fuels
burned in the whole world in a year. Scientists estimate that worldwide termites
may release over 150 million tons of methane gas into the atmosphere annually.
In our lower atmosphere, this methane then reacts to form carbon dioxide and
ozone.
The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.6 discussed the caste system of
termites that their group consists of workers, soldiers, winged reproductive
termites, a queen termite, and a king termite. Specifically, Encyclopedia
Britannica Vol.10 (1977) explained the role of soldiers, which characterize as
having a large head and mandibles to be able to serve and protect their colony.
Moreover, soldiers and workers are naturally wingless and blind. The workers’
job is to feed the colony by eating woods, and when it is digested, they feed this
to termites.
Termites are soil or wood-inhabiting eusocial insects that generally have
soft, white bodies and have secretive habits. Most of these kinds of insects eat
dead plant material and digest this with the help of microorganisms such as
bacteria and protozoans, which symbiotically thrive in their gut
(http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/termitebiology.html, retrieved July 11,
2020). Ecologically, termites help in the decomposition of dead trees and turn
them into a fertile black soil full of nutrients necessary to attain soil quality.
However, termites can also destroy human-built structures.
Figure 1 illustrates the life cycle of termite. Based on the diagram, the
reproductive individuals and soldiers also secrete pheromones that pass
throughout the colony to nymphs through a mutual feeding process called
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trophallaxis so that they become sterile workers (Hickman Jr. et al. Integrated
Principles of Zoology). Also, the queen and king give off a substance from their
bodies. If this is eaten by other termites, it prevents them from growing and
developing into queens and kings. Therefore, winged reproductive termites are
future kings and queens (Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.10, 1977). Before the rainy
season in the tropics, they leave the nest and start new colonies. The wings
break off, pairs mate, and in a few weeks, the first eggs are laid. As more and
more eggs hatch, the colony grows more.
Figure 1. The life cycle of Termite (Coptotermes gestroi)
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The study of Ahmad Pervez (2018) and Satar et al. (2012) pointed out
that the population of termite colonies may be affected by environmental factors
such as temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation. However, termites
display tolerance in two climatic variables temperature and humidity (Woon et
al., 2018).
The most common way to eradicate insects and pests is to use a wide
range of chemicals. The immediate utilization of this approach enhances
economic potential in terms of food production. It is clear that the overwhelming
use of these chemicals poses a potential risk to human and other life forms and
brought unwanted side effects to the environment (Aktar et al., 2009; Forget,
1993 & WHO, 1990). Biological control is necessary to consider as an alternative
to lessen the effect of this approach; it is a way to reduce and suppress insects
with no human input (Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North
America, Cornell University).
In the study of Sunday Adeniyi Adeduntan, 2015, he investigated the
wood species treated with plant extracts against termite attack. These three (3)
wood species are Ceiba pentandra (Araba), Gmelina arborea, and Triplochiton
scleroxylon (obeche). These were treated with plant extracts such as Allium
sativum, Datura stramonium, Jatropha curcas oil, Musa acuminata sucker, and
the Chrysophyllum albidum. The treated wood samples were exposed to termite
infestation for 12 weeks at the timber graveyard. Similarly, woods that are
commonly attacked by termites contain naturally resistant compounds such as
4
oils, resins, or phenolic compounds that serve as a defense mechanism of this
wood (Verma et al. 2009).
Doubtlessly, several plants possess pesticidal activity. According to
Rajapakse and Ratnasekera’s study, as mentioned by Simon Okwute (2012),
they studied the toxicity of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of 20 species from
different families to Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis. It
turns out that mortality reached a maximum level in 72 hours of exposure to the
leaves oils, which indicated a high level of lethality. Similarly, Lajide et al. and
Fatope et al. have investigated the protectant effectiveness of some plants native
to Nigeria against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch, and the cowpea
weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, respectively.
Swietenia macrophylla or mahogany is locally known as the sky fruit
because of the upward trend of its fruits towards the sky. The plant express a
beautiful, lofty, evergreen, of considerable size tropical tree with a height of 30–
40 m and a girth of 3–4 from the Meliaceae family with 50 genera and 1,400
species. Mahogany is one of the most common ornamental plant in the tropical
region (Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi et al., 2013). According to Noor
(2013), the Mahogany or “sky fruit” concentrate is a natural remedy that is said
to improve blood circulation and skin. The Ministry of Health, Malaysia, officially
authorize the consumption of sky fruit concentrate. Herron (2020) stated that
the usual habitat of Swietenia macrophylla is a low-land tropical or subtropical
forest. Mahogany has pinnately-compound leaves composed of 4-6, ovate-
5
acuminate leaflets. The fruits of Mahogany ripen during summer. The seeds
contain an astringent chemical which significantly lowers the number of animals
that feed on them. According to Handayani et al. (2019), the purified extract of
mahogany seeds is a thick extract, brown to reddish, smells distinctive, and has
a bitter taste. At the same time, the purified extract of Mahogany leaves is a
thick, greenish-brown in color, distinguishing smell, and has a bitter taste. The
chemical content of purified extract of Mahogany leaves showed the presence of
flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins.
In the study of Garbin et al. (2014), they mentioned that the Mahogany
leaves are known to be insecticidal, consisting of several limonoids; seven
phragmalin limonoids of swietephragmins while the fruits and seeds contain
triterpenoid-saponins, which could be a possible agent to kill insects. Further, Sri
Mursiti and Supartono (2016) studied the mahogany seeds contains Alkaloid
compounds, which possess antimicrobial activity. Additionally, Cruz et al. (2018)
found out that the phytochemicals present in Mahogany leaves and seeds include
essential oils, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, coumarins, tannins, alkaloids, and
flavonoids, which reveals effectivity in the eradication of the pest. These
anthrones, anthraquinones, and fatty acids are, however, absent in seeds. In the
book, The Chemistry of Plants and Insects: Plants, Bugs, and Insects by
Margareta Sequin, tannins are a large family of acidic bitter-tasting and insect
repelling. It contains astringent phenolics, gallic acid with phenolic, and flavonoid
components.
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Furthermore, tannins have a potent deleterious effect on phytophagous
insects such as midgut lesions (War et al. 2012). Also, one of the phytochemicals
present in Mahogany is the flavonoids that are effective in killing soft-bodied
insects, including termites. This chemical is a potential insecticide synergist.
According to Acheuk and Doumandji-Mitiche (2013), flavonoids could be
functional in a pest-management approach. Flavonoids play a key role in the
defense of plants against plant-feeding insects and herbivores. Also, Palma-
Tenango et al. (2016) discussed the advancement of new pesticides using
flavonoids, as they are an alternative to synthetic pesticides. They can inhibit
enzymatic activity and prevent the larvae of different insect species. Some
flavonoids interfere in the process of molting and reproduction of several insects;
that is, they inhibit the formation of juvenile hormone (ecdysone).
In the same way, the main role described for plant alkaloids in the
scientific literature revolves around protection against herbivores, for several
alkaloids present characteristics such as bitter flavor, disruption of protein
function after ingestion and metabolization, and central nervous system
alteration (Harborne, 1993). Alkaloids can act as defense compounds in plants,
being efficient against pathogens and predators due to their toxicity. Further,
defensive strategies include predator repellence by toxicity or bitterness taste or
damage repair by the antioxidant system (Vilarino and Ravetta, 2008; Matsuura
and Fett-Neto, 2013). Alkaloids are the most influential class of natural
substances playing a vital role in insecticidal (Balandrin, Klocke, Wurtele, and
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Bollinger, 1985; Rattan, 2010). The pesticide activity of these alkaloids is
attributed to its inhibition effect on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, thus
inhibiting degradation of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. When the
concentration of acetylcholine upgrades, hyperexcitability of the nervous Central
System generates; this originates from the death of insects. (Romero et al. 2015)
Natural insecticides can be chemical, biological, or mineral in which the
common goal is to kill, repel, or otherwise interfere with the damaging behavior
of insects. (Washington State University, 2013). Studies have shown that plant
extract and product has a profound effect on termite species. It is for this reason
that a study is currently conducted to purposely examine and identify the efficacy
of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaves and seeds extract against termites
only. The output of this study could be an alternative and environment-friendly
way to reduce biologically, and control the damaging effect of termites.
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Theoretical Framework
The following theories play a meaningful role in illuminating the concepts
presented in this study: Probability Theory by Blaise Pascal and Co-evolutionary
Arms Race Theory by Thierry Lode.
Probability Theory
An experiment or trial is any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and
has a well-defined set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space. The
theory of probability, is generally regarded as a mathematical subject, with a
well-developed and extensive literature on the probabilistic behavior of different
systems (Feller, 1968). Still, it is also a philosophical subject – where the focus is
on the exact meaning of the concept of probability and how it relates to the
fundamental aspects of our reasoning (Kopylov, 2008; Shah Shah, 2008). The
most widely held view of probability is that it is a numerical characteristic of
observations or experiments that may be performed repeatedly. This numerical
value influences the relative frequency of possible outcomes. The greater the
number of repetitions, the closer one can expect the observed relative frequency
of the outcome to be to its probability.
Co-evolutionary Arms Race Theory
This theory predicts a never-ending race between plants innovating to
produce new insecticidal toxins and insects evolving resistance traits. (Ibanez et
al., 2012) The relationship between plant-insects is a complex mechanism,
9
subject to constant variation and change. To reduce insect attacks, plants
developed various defense mechanisms, including chemical and physical barriers
such as the induction of protective proteins (Haruta et al., 2001), volatiles that
attract insect herbivores predators (Birkett et al., 2000), secondary metabolites
(Baldwin, 2001; Kliebenstein et al., 2001) and trichome density (Fordyce and
Agrawal, 2001). In parallel, insects have developed strategies to overcome plant
barriers such as detoxification of toxic compounds (Scott and Wen, 2001),
prevention mechanisms (Zangerl, 1990), poison sequestration (Nishida, 2002),
and alteration of the pattern of gene expression (Silva et al., 2001).
Conceptual Framework
This study determined the efficacy of the different concentrations of
Mahogany leaves and seeds extracts as a termiticide.
Figure 2 on the next page shows the input, process, and output of the
study.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Mahogany  Collection of  Termiticide

leaves and plant from
seeds extract specimens Mahogany
and test leaves and
subject seeds extract
 Commercial
termiticide
 Phyto-
____ chemical ___
screening of
the specimen
 Extraction of
Mahogany
leaves and
seeds
Figure 2. Conceptual paradigm: showing the Input, Process and Output of
Efficacy of Mahogany leaves and seeds extract as a termiticide.
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Statement of the Problem
This study determined the efficacy of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract
against termites. Specifically, it answered the following problems:
1. What are the active compounds present in Mahogany leaves and seeds
that would be a possible constituent of termiticide?
2. In what concentration ratio of Mahogany leaves and seeds extract would
yield the highest efficacy against termites in terms of:
a. number of exterminated termites; and
b. time of extermination?
3. Is there a significant difference in the efficacy of different concentration
ratios of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract and the Commercial
termiticide across the time of extermination of termites?
Scope and Delimitations
The research aimed to test the efficacy of Mahogany leaves and seeds
extract as a termiticide. The researchers collected the fresh Mahogany leaves,
seeds, and termites first week of March 2020. The samples were brought to
Chemistry Laboratory, Urdaneta City University. The researchers prepared
different concentrations of Mahogany leaves and seeds extracts and were applied
to the termites. Observations were done as to the number of termites that were
killed, and the time of extermination. Phytochemical screening of the Mahogany
leaves and seeds extract was also conducted at Virgen Milagrosa University
12
Foundation, San Carlos City, Pangasinan, and F.A.S.T Laboratory, Angeles City,
Pampanga. The whole process was supposed to be conducted during the second
semester, academic school year 2019-2020, but was interrupted due to the
pandemic and was extended until July of the year 2020. After all, the study
revolved only in plant extract of mahogany leaves and seeds.
Significance of the Study
Pursuing this study is significant and beneficial as it will serve several
purposes for the following:
Urdaneta City University. This study will strengthen the environmental
responsibility and stewardship of the institution to manage the different
ornamental trees on the campus.
Natural Science Instructors. This study will assist the instructors in
promoting the importance of biodiversity in their class. Furthermore, the
ecological use of ornamental trees such as Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany)
will be given importance as they highlight the phytochemical elements, which are
potential termiticide.
Science majors. The result of this study will boost more scientific pursuit
to explore and level up scientific and investigative endeavor among BSE major in
science.
Industry. The outcomes of this study will provide ideas to the
manufacturers to produce organic and environment-friendly pesticidal and
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insecticidal products from mahogany leaves and seeds. It can be a source of
income if marketed.
Future Researchers. The result will serve as the benchmark for future
investigation in plant screening studies.
Definition of Terms
Efficacy. This word is a pharmaceutical term that refers to the maximum
response achieve by this drug to effect beneficial change. In this study, it refers
to the effect of these phytochemicals screened in the mahogany as a potential
termiticide. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y4wphdz3
Termiticide. A class of insecticide specifically designed to eliminate
termites. In this study, the phytochemicals screened from the mahogany are
potential termiticide. Retrieved from https://www.tinyurl.com/y3z7352a
Mahogany. A flowering plant from the Meliaceae family native to tropical
and subtropical regions. The plant represents a large compound leaves,
alternate, usually pinnate leaves, branched flower clusters, and the fruit is fleshy
and colored or leathery capsule at maturity. Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/yxeuanhz
Extract. A preparation containing the active ingredient of a substance by
filtering the residue in a filtering cloth by using force or effort. In this study, it
refers to the extract from the mahogany to assess to the termites with different
concentrations. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y6o8hxbe
14
Phytochemical. This word refers to the nutrient plant chemicals found in
the fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant food that may provide desirable
and beneficial effects and results. In this study, it refers to the nutrient and
chemicals present in the mahogany tree. Retrieved from https://inyurl.com/y6bskxzt
Concentration. It refers to the ratio of solute in a solution to either
solvent or total solution. In this study, it refers to the various concentrations
utilize to eliminate the pests. Helmenstine, A. M. (2020). Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/y64pqm3q
Exterminate. It refers to destroying or killing this group of animals,
specifically insects. In this study, the potential phytochemicals from the
mahogany plant will exterminate the termites. Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/yxq95ebf
Alkaloids. It is a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that
mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. Its bitter taste is a natural compound to
deter herbivorous organisms and is used as a natural pesticide. Kurek, J. (2019).
Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y3f4mpqh
Sterols. These are also known as steroid alcohol. They are a type of lipid
that affects insects in different ways, including antifeedant, cytotoxic, and Sterol
Carrier Protein (SCP) inhibition activities. Azecena Gonzales-Coloma, M. R. (2013).
Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y45duvtw
15
Triterpenes. These constitute a significant portion of the lipid substances
of all plants. They have insect antifeedant effects and, therefore, apparently play
a role in plant defense. Azucena Gonzales-Coloma, C. L.-B.-M. (2011). Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/y5woqfes
Flavonoids. A broad class of plant pigments having a structure
determined from flavone. They interfere in the process of molting and
reproduction of several insects.
Mariana Palma-Tenango, M. S.-H.-H. (2017). Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y5z729gn
Steroid (Cardio active glycosides). These compounds are found in
various medicinal plants and have a resistant direct action on the heart. Retrieved
from https://tinyurl.com/y7stdxe6
Saponins. A toxic compound that makes foam when shaken with water.
They exert repellent/deterrent activity, bear digestive problems, provoke insect
molting defects, or cause cellular toxicity effects. Ellen De Geyter, E. L. (2007).
Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y4zzbxuv
Tannins. A yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting natural substance present
in plants. They act as an antibiotic substance or as an anti-nutritional deterrent
against insects. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/y4wvz65g
Phenolic compound. Compounds containing hydroxylated aromatic
rings which contribute little to the physiological or ecological functions of the
plant. Retrieved from https://tinyurlcom/yxw32udw
16
Anthraquinone. It refers to an aromatic organic compound and operate
as a chemical repellent, perch deterrent, insecticide, and feeding deterrent in
insects and other animals. Retrieved from https://tinyurlcom/y23jgpzt
Cyanogenic glycosides. These glycosides, in accordance with cyanide,
a very deadly poison to any kind of animal. Retrieved from https://tinyurlcom/y4meoyjs
17
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study utilized a quantitative type of research. This includes
experimental research design in a way that it will manipulate the variables to
come up at conclusions. “Experiment is a study in which an intervention is
deliberately introduced to observe its effects,” defined by Shadish, Cook, and
Campbell (2002). This research design is suited to be used in the study because
experimental research designs are the best available means, for they require
strict adherence to rigorous procedures.
Research Subject
This study utilized Mahogany leaves and seeds extracts. Different
concentrations of the extract were prepared and were applied to the termites to
test the efficacy as a termiticide.
Collection of the Data
The plant materials that were used in this study, such as Mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla) leaves and seeds, were collected inside the campus of
Urdaneta City University, San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan on the
first week of March 2020. One hundred (100) grams of each the seeds and
leaves were prepared for the process of phytochemical screening conducted at
18
Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation, San Carlos City, Pangasinan, and F.A.S.T
Laboratory, Angeles, Pampanga. The results were retrieved in the fourth week of
July due to unexpected interruptions. The termites, as test subjects, on the other
hand, were also collected from the mound inside the campus of Urdaneta City
University in the fourth week of March 2020.
Materials and Procedure
This study provided a flowchart for the sequential procedure of the
process. The researchers adapted and followed the protocol in the study by Cruz
et al. (2018) entitled “Insecticidal Property and Phytochemical Screening of
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Leaves, Barks and Seeds as an alternative
Insecticide Against Fungi Growing Termites (Macrotermes gilvus). This time the
efficacy of the mahogany plant was tested as a potential termiticide. The
following were the procedures done in the preparation of the mahogany leaves
and seeds extract.
A. Collection of Plant Materials
The researchers picked fresh leaves from the Mahogany tree. In contrast, the
seeds were picked from the ground inside the campus of Urdaneta City
University, San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, in the first week of
March 2020. There were a total of 225 grams of each fresh leaves and seeds.
One hundred (100) grams of the fresh leaves and seeds were used for the
19
phytochemical screening, and the remaining 125 grams were used for the
production of extracts.
B. Phytochemical Screening
The produced extract from the leaves was brought at Virgen Milagrosa
University Foundation, San Carlos City, Pangasinan, on March 4, 2020. The seed
extract of the mahogany plant was brought at a FAST laboratory in Angles
Pampanga. The result of the phytochemical screening was compared to the
study of Cruz et al. (2018) entitled “Insecticidal Property and Phytochemical
Screening of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Leaves, Barks and Seeds as an
alternative Insecticide Against Fungi Growing Termites ( Macrotermes gilvus).
C. Preparation of Mahogany leaves and seed extract
Mahogany leaves were washed with running water to remove dirt. The leaves
were sun-dried before cutting off into smaller pieces. The leaves were soaked
with distilled water for one hour. After an hour, the leaves were extracted using
a filtering cloth. On the other hand, the seeds were peeled off, sun-dried, and
grounded by the use of mortar and pestle. The grounded seeds were soaked
with distilled water for one hour. After an hour, the seeds were extracted using a
filtering cloth. The researchers produced a total of 250 ml extracts of seeds, and
250 ml of leaves.
20
D. Preparation of Different Concentrations
Table 1 below shows the ratio of Mahogany leaves and seeds extracts and
distilled water in the preparation of different concentrations.
Table 1
Concentration Ratio of Mahogany Leaves and Seeds Extract
Concentration Leaves(g) Seeds (g) Distilled Water (mL)
C1 0 50 100
C2 50 0 100
C3 20 30 100
C4 30 20 100
C5 25 25 100
C6 100 mL Commercial Termiticide
E. Application of Concentrations to the Specimens
The researchers used termites (Coptotermes gestroi) as a research subject.
Six (6) plastic containers contained five termites each. In the application of the
five (5) concentrations and commercial termiticide, each was sprayed three times
to the containers evenly at the same time. The recording of results was based on
the time limit of five (5) minutes.
21
Collection of Plant Materials
 225 g Mahogany leaves
 225 g Mahogany seeds
Phytochemical Screening
Preparation of Extract
 Sun-drying of leaves and seeds
 Cutting off of leaves and grounding of seeds
 Soaking in distilled water
 Extraction
Preparation of Different Concentrations

 C1 – 50 g seeds
 C2 – 50 g leaves
 C3 – 30 g seeds: 20 g leaves
 C6 – commercial termiticide
Application of Extracts
 Five (5) termites each emplaced in six (6) containers
 Three (3) sprays applied in each termite container
from the five (5) different Mahogany concentrations
and the commercial termiticide
 The application is repeated into three (3) trials
Data Gathering
 Observation of Results
 Phytochemical Analysis Results
Figure 3. Flowchart of the Research Procedures
22
Ethical Considerations
The security and safety during the conduct of research procedures and
experimentations were ensured by considering the ethical issues.
The researchers collected the needed samples within the premises of
Urdaneta City University to make sure their safety was observed. They
worked in the laboratory under the care of laboratory custodian to ensure
that the proper protocols of using the laboratory and apparatuses were
followed. Due to the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the researchers sent
their samples to be tested using a courier to the testing facilities in Virgen
Milagrosa University Foundation, San Carlos City, Pangasinan, and F.A.S.T.
laboratory in Angeles City, Pampanga. Furthermore, no animals, plants, and
even persons were harmed except for the termites that were subjected to
extermination.
Tools for Data Analysis
Appropriate statistical tools were used to come up with a credible
interpretation of data.
1. To answer problem number 1 on what active compound present in
Mahogany leaves and seeds that would be a possible constituent of
termiticide, phytochemical analysis of Mahogany leaves and seeds was
utilized.
23
2. To answer problem number 2 on the different concentrations of
Mahogany leaves and seed extracts that would yield the highest efficacy
against termites, frequency count, and average were utilized.
3. To answer problem number 3, the mean difference of the Mahogany
leaves and seeds extract of different concentrations and the commercial
termiticide was computed. Further, a negative mean difference indicates
that the concentration of Mahogany seeds and leaves extract is a better
termiticide. Moreover, ranking of mean difference are employed to
determine the extent of efficacy of the concentrations of Mahogany leaves
and seeds extracts.
Mean Difference = AMTofEC(n) – AMTofEC6
Where:
n = number of concentration of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract
C6 = commercial termiticide used as control
AMTofE = Average Mean Time of Extermination
24
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter gives the analysis and interpretation of data regarding the
problem of the study stated such as 1) the active compounds present in
Mahogany leaves and seeds that would be a possible constituent of termiticide,
2) the concentration ratio of Mahogany leaves and seeds extract that would yield
the highest efficacy against termites in terms of the number of exterminated
termites and time of extermination; 3) the significant difference in the efficacy of
different concentration ratios of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract and the
commercial termiticide across the time of extermination of termites.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Table 2 presents the result of phytochemical screening of Mahogany
leaves conducted by the College of Pharmacy of Virgen Milagrosa University
Foundation, San Carlos City, Pangasinan, and Mahogany seeds conducted by
FAST Laboratory, Angeles, Pampanga.
Table 2
Phytochemical Property of Mahogany Leaves and Seeds
ACTIVE COMPOUND LEAVES SEEDS
Alkaloids + +
Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes + -
Flavonoids + +
Steroid (Cardio active Glycosides) - -
Saponins - -
Tannin and Phenolic Compound + -
Anthraquinone Heterosides - -
Cyanogenic Glycosides - -
*LEGEND: (+) = present (-) = absent
25
The qualitative result shows that Alkaloids were both present in leaves
and seeds. Unsaturated sterols and triterpenes were present in leaves but absent
in seeds. Flavonoids were both present in leaves and seeds. Steroid (Cardio
active glycosides) were both absent in leaves and seeds. Saponins were both
absent in leaves and seeds. Tannin and phenolic compounds were present in
leaves but absent in seeds. Anthraquinone heterosides were both absent in
leaves and seeds. Lastly, cyanogenic glycosides are both absent in leaves and
seeds.
Mahogany leaves showed more phytochemical properties than Mahogany
seeds. But, seeds were more efficient because of active compounds alkaloids and
flavonoids only. According to Kurek (2019), alkaloids’ bitter taste is a natural
compound to deter herbivorous organisms and is used as a natural pesticide.
Alkaloids can act as defense compounds in plants, being efficient against
pathogens and predators due to their toxicity. Further, defensive strategies
include predator repellence by toxicity or bitterness taste or damage repair by
the antioxidant system (Vilarino and Ravetta, 2008; Matsuura and Fett-Neto,
2013). Flavonoids are effective in killing soft-bodied insects, including termites.
Also, this chemical is a potential insecticide synergist. According to Acheuk and
Doumandji-Mitiche (2013), flavonoids could be useful in a pest-management
strategy. Flavonoids interfere in the process of molting and reproduction of
several insects (Palma-Tenango et al.). Mahogany leaves, other than alkaloids
and flavonoids, have a compound that limits the poison, such as tannin and
26
phenolic compounds, and unsaturated sterols and triterpenes. Whereas, tannins
act as an antibiotic substance or as an anti-nutritional deterrent against insects.
The phenolic compound contains hydroxylated aromatic rings that contribute
little to the physiological or ecological functions of the plant. Sterols affect insects
in different ways, including antifeedant, cytotoxic, and Sterol Carrier Protein
(SCP) inhibition activities. At the same time, triterpenes have insect antifeedant
effects and, therefore, apparently play a role in plant defense, as defined by
Gonzales-Coloma et al. (2011).
About other studies, the chemical content of purified extract of Mahogany
leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins.
(Handayani et al., 2019). Garbin et al. (2014) also mentioned that the Mahogany
leaves are consisting of several limonoids; seven pragmatic limonoids of
swietephragmins while the fruits and seeds contain triterpenoid-saponins;
further, Sri Mursiti and Supartono (2016) studied the mahogany seeds contains
Alkaloid compounds. Additionally, Cruz et al. (2018) found out that the
phytochemicals present in Mahogany leaves and seeds include essential oils,
triterpenes, steroids, phenols, coumarins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids.
These anthrones, anthraquinones, and fatty acids are, however, absent in seeds.
Table 3 on the next page shows the summary of the number of exterminated
termites and time of extermination into three trials, along with the frequency
count and average.
27
Table 3
Summary of Exterminated Termites and Time of Extermination

for the Trials Conducted
Concentrations TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE
f t(sec) f t(sec) f t(sec) f t(sec)
C1 5 0:40 5 0:21 5 0:16 5 25.67
C2 0 5:00 0 5:00 0 5:00 0 300
C3 5 0:58 5 0:51 5 1:09 5 59.3
C4 4 5:00 4 5:00 4 5:00 4 300
C5 5 1:11 5 1:37 5 1:36 5 88
C6 5 1:38 5 2:20 5 2:37 5 131.67

*LEGEND: C1 – no leaves, 50 g seed; 100 mL distilled water
C2 – 50 g leaves, no seeds; 100 mL distilled water
C3 – 20 g leaves, 30 g seeds; 100 mL distilled water
C6 – no leaves, no seeds; 100 mL commercial termiticide
It is shown in the table 3 that C1, C3, C5, and C6 obtained the same average
frequency of time. C4 has four (4) while C2 obtained zero (0) in terms of the
number of exterminated termites for the three trials conducted. On the other
hand, in terms of efficacy in relation to the time of extermination, C1 obtained
the lowest average of time of 25.67 seconds, followed by C3, with 59.3 seconds.
C5 got 88 seconds while C6 has 131.67 seconds. C2 and C4 both obtained 300
seconds. This implies that the different concentrations have different efficacies
as termiticide in relation to the time of extermination and the number of
exterminated termites. The shorter the time of extermination, the higher is the
efficacy as a termiticide.
28
In light of this evidence, it is crystal clear that the greater the number of
seeds in a concentration, the more efficacy it applies. On the other hand, the
greater the number of leaves in a concentration, the less efficacy it applies, or no
efficacy at all.
Significant Difference in the Efficacy of Different Concentration

Ratios of the Mahogany Leaves and Seeds Extract as to the Time of
Extermination of Termites
Table 4 below presents the mean difference and the ranking to determine
the efficacy of different concentration ratios of the Mahogany leaves and seeds
extract and the commercial termiticide across the time of extermination of
termites.
Table 4
Mean Difference in the Time of Extermination of the Different

Concentrations Compared to the Commercial Termiticide
AMT (s) AMT of C6 (s) Mean Rank

Difference
C1 50 g seeds 25.67 131.67 -106 1
C2 50 g leaves 300 131.67 168.33 4.5
C3 30 g seeds: 20 g leaves 59.3 131.67 -72.37 2
C4 20 g seeds: 30 g leaves 300 131.67 168.33 4.5
C5 25 g seeds: 25 g leaves 88 131.67 -43.67 3
*LEGEND: AMT =Average Mean Time of Extermination
The result shows that there was a significant difference in the efficacy of
different concentration ratios of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract, and the
commercial termiticide across the time of extermination of termites. Whereas, C1
29
ranked first with a mean difference of -106. C3 ranked second with a mean
difference of -72.37. C5 ranked third with a mean difference of -43.67. On the
other hand, C2 and C4 ranked lowest, with the same mean difference of 168.33.
In conclusion, Mahogany seeds extract is the most potential termiticide. A
higher amount of seeds compared to leaves of Mahogany produced a better
quality of termiticide. This points that the extracts of Mahogany seeds can be
comparably as effective termiticide as chemical pesticides, which are specifically
effective. Thus, the overwhelming use of chemicals poses a potential risk to
human and other life forms and brought unwanted side effects to the
environment (Aktar et al., 2009; Forget, 1993 & WHO, 1990). According to Noor
(2013), the Mahogany or “sky fruit” concentrate is a natural remedy that is said
to improve blood circulation and skin. The Ministry of Health, Malaysia, officially
authorize the consumption of sky fruit concentrate. Therefore, it is better and
safe for human health to use Mahogany leaves and seeds extract as a termiticide
than the commercial ones.
30
Chapter 4
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the findings, conclusions, recommendations on the
summary undertaken by the researchers from the study entitled “Efficacy of
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Leaves and Seeds Extract as Termiticide.”
FINDINGS
Based on the analyzed data, the following are the salient findings:
1. The active compounds present in Mahogany leaves were alkaloids and
flavonoids. The active compounds present in Mahogany leaves were
alkaloids, unsaturated sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids, and tannin and
phenolic compounds.
2. Among the six concentration ratios, C1 yielded the highest efficacy against
termites in terms of the number of exterminated termites and time of
extermination. The concentration constitutes 50 g of Mahogany seeds and
100 mL distilled water.
3. There is a significant difference in the efficacy of different concentration
ratios of the Mahogany leaves and seeds extract and the commercial
termiticide across the time of extermination of termites. Whereas, C1
ranked highest with a mean difference of -106. C3 ranked second with a
mean difference of -72.37. C5 ranked third with a mean difference of -
43.67. C2 and C4 ranked lowest with the same mean difference of 168.33.
31
CONCLUSIONS
Given the problems raised in the study, the following are the conclusions drawn:
1. Mahogany leaves showed more phytochemical properties than Mahogany
seeds. But, seeds were more efficient because of active compounds
alkaloids and flavonoids only. Mahogany leaves, other than alkaloids and
flavonoids, have compounds that limited the poison, such as tannin and
phenolic compounds, and unsaturated sterols and triterpenes.
2. The concentration C1, with the highest amount of seeds yielded the
highest efficacy as a termiticide. The greater the number of seeds in a
concentration, the more efficacy it applies. On the other hand, the greater
the number of leaves in a concentration, the less efficacy it applies, or no
efficacy at all.
3. Mahogany seeds extract is the most potential termiticide. A higher amount
of seeds compared to leaves of Mahogany produced a better quality of
termiticide.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the following are recommended.
1. Future research must be conducted to test for the quantitative analysis of
phytochemical constituents in each active compound present both in the
mahogany leaves and seeds extract, to identify the component
32
concentration that will strongly link and prove which phytochemical
constituent yields the highest efficacy of providing termiticide effect.
2. Other plants in the Meliaceae family must be studied as a potential pest
exterminator.
3. Future researchers are encouraged to discover different uses of Mahogany
leaves and seeds other than termiticide.
33
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Joanna Kurek (2019) Akaloids – Their importance in Nature and for Human Life,
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37
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LETTER TO THE CHAIRMAN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
 (+6375) 5687612  urdanetacityuniversity@yahoo.com
College of Teacher Education and Human Sciences

February 25, 2020
ESTER A. FRONDA CHE.E,Ed.D

Professor, College of Teacher Education
Ma’am;
We, the undersigned third year students of Urdaneta City University, College of
teacher Education, presently working on thesis entitled “Efficacy of Mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla king) leaves and seeds extract as termiticide“
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for our subject in to Research in Science.
As a professional expert in the field, may we request your approval to act as a

Chairman during our scheduled Oral Defense?
With much appreciation, we are looking forward for your favourable and kind
approval in this matter. Thank you very much, and God bless!
Very truly yours,
JUNIO, BENEID ALGAR L. CASER, STAR NICOLE P.

(Researcher) (Researcher)
SANCHEZ, IRINA B. CARAG, NESELYN G.

BATERINA, LEONORA FE C. MACARANAS, AIZA S.

Noted:
ESTER A. FRONDA CHE.E,Ed.D

40
APPENDIX B
LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN


February 25, 2020
ROLANDO M. DE GUZMAN, MA MATH

BSEd Program Head
Sir;
teacher Education, presently working on thesis entitled” “Efficacy of
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla king) leaves and seeds extract as
termiticide“ in partial fulfilment of the requirements for our subject in to
Research in Science.

Statistician during our scheduled Oral Defense?
approval in this matter.Thank you very much, and God bless!
Very truly yours,



Noted:
ROLANDO M. DE GUZMAN Ma.MATH

BSEd Program head
41
APPENDIX C
LETTER TO THE CRITIC READER


February 25, 2020
MARICRIS SERQUILLOS, MASE

Instructor, College of Teacher Education
Ma’am

Critic Reader during our scheduled Oral Defense?
approval in this matter.Thank you very much, and God bless!
Very truly yours,



Noted:
MARICRIS SERQUILLOS, MASE

42
APPENDIX D
LETTER TO THE ADVISER


February 25, 2020

Ma’am;
As a professional expert in the field, may we request your approval to act as

Adviser during our scheduled Oral Defense?
Very truly yours,



Noted:

Adviser
43
APPENDIX E
LETTER TO THE PANEL


February 25, 2020
JASMIN JANE R. RAMOS, MAEd

Ma’am;

Panel Member during our scheduled Oral Defense?
Very truly yours,



Noted:
JASMIN JANE R. RAMOS, MAEd

44
APPENDIX E
LETTER TO THE PANEL


February 25, 2020
WINNIE T. ARQUINES, MASE

Ma’am;

Panel Member during our scheduled Oral Defense?
Very truly yours,



Noted:
WINNIE T. ARQUINES, MASE

45
APPENDIX F
GANTT CHART
MONTH FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST

WEEK ACTIVITY WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Title Defense
Collection of Mahogany
Leaves and Seeds
Phytochemical Screening
Proposal Defense
Preparation of Mahogany
Leaves and Seeds Extract
Preparation of Different
Concentrations
Collection of Termites as
Test Subject
Application of
Concentrations to the
Specimens
Data Gathering and
Recording
Preparing Chapters 2 and
3
Finalizing Chapters 3 and
4
COVID-19 pandemic
Virtual Oral Defense
46
APPENDIX G
ENDORSEMENT FORM
47
APPENDIX H
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
48
APPENDIX H
49
APPENDIX H
50
APPENDIX I
F.A.S.T. LABORATORY RECEIPT FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
51
APPENDIX I
F.A.S.T. LABORATORY RECEIPT FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
52
APPENDIX J
V.M.U.F. CERTIFICATION
53
APPENDIX K
PANEL FEE
54
APPENDIX L
FINAL RATING
55
APPENDIX M
GRAMMARLY AND PLAGIARISM RESULT
56
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Title defense, 2nd week of February, 2020
57
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Collection of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaves and seeds inside

Urdaneta City University on the first week of March, 2020.
58
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Research proposal defense, 4th week of February, 2020.
59
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Mahogany leaves were washed with running water to remove dirt while
the seeds were peeled off.
60
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Sun-drying of Mahogany leaves and seeds.
61
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
The leaves were cut off into smaller pieces and the seeds were grounded
by the use of mortar and pestle.
62
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Mahogany leaves and seeds weighed purposely for phytochemical analysis

and preparation of extract for the different concentrations.
63
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Collection of test subject: termites (Coptotermes gestroi) collected from a

mound inside the campus of Urdaneta City University.
64
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
C1: 50 g leaves, 0 g seeds C2: 50 g seeds, 0 g leaves
C3: 20 g leaves, 30 g seeds C4: 30 g leaves, 20 g seeds
C5: 25 g leaves, 25 g seeds C6: Commercial termiticide
65
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
The application and observation were repeatedly conducted into three trials.
Having said that, this was performed outside the university chemical library due
to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.
66
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Gathering of related literature at different libraries: Urdaneta City University

Research Hall, Urdaneta City Municipal Library, Virgen Milagrosa University
Foundation Library.
67
APPENDIX N
DOCUMENTATION
Oral defense via Zoom Meeting, 2nd week of August, 2020.
68
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. Personal Information
Name: Beneid Algar L. Junio

Age: 21 years old
Date of Birth: December 7, 1998
Place of Birth: Bayambang, Pangasinan
Address: Brgy. Lumayao, San Quintin, Pangasinan
Contact No.: 09353950118
Name of Father: Bernard P. Junio
Name of Mother: Alma L. Junio
B. Educational Background
Primary: Lumayao Integrated School

San Quintin, Pangasinan
Secondary: San Quintin Educational Foundation Inc.
Poblacion Zone 1, San Quintin, Pangasinan
Tertiary: Urdaneta City University
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Motto: “Yesterday is a history, tomorrow is mystery. Today is a gift, that’s why

it is called present.”
69
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Leonora Fe C. Baterina

Age: 28 years old
Date of Birth: January 7, 1992
Place of Birth: Pozorrubio, Pangasinan
Address: Brgy. Poblacion, Sison, Pangasinan
Contact No.: 09466131379
Name of Father: Nestor P. Baterina
Name of Mother: Sylvia C. Baterina
Primary: Sison Central Integrated School

Sison, Pangasinan
Secondary: Sison Central Integrated School
Sison, Pangasinan
Motto: “Try and try until you succeed”
70
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Caser, Star Nicole P.

Age: 22 years old
Date of Birth: July 09, 1997
Place of Birth: Manila
Address: No.412 Zone 5, Pinmaludpod Urdaneta Pang.
Contact Number: 09166214132
Name of Father: Isagani Noel D. Delizo
Name of Mother: Lorellie P. Caser
Primary: Bone Elementary Scchool

Nueva vizcaya
Secondary: Nueva Vizcaya Institute
Nueva vizcaya
Motto: “Without laboratories men of science are soldiers without arms.”

- Louis Pasteur
71
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Macaranas, Aiza S.

Age: 27 yrs old
Date of Birth: July 24, 1992
Place of Birth: Maticmatic, Sta Barbara, Pangasinan
Address: Maticmatic, Sta Barbara, Pangasinan
Contact Number: 0912-273-9207
Name of Father: Simplicio Macarans
Name of Mother: Nilfa Macaranas
Primary: Maticmatic Annex Elementary School

Sta Barbara, Pangasinan
Secondary: Doyong National High School
Doyong, San Carlos, Pangasinan
Motto: “Imagination is important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited.

Imagination encircles the world” –Albert Einstein
72
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Neselyn G. Carag

Age: 23 years old
Date of Birth: February 24, 1997
Place of Birth: Cauyan, Isabela
Address: Asinga, Pangasinan
Contact Number: 09277782476
Name of Father: Edgar B. Carag
Name of Mother: Rosita G. Carag
Primary: Casalatan Elementary school

Cauyan, Isabela
Secondary: Villa Luna National High School

Cauyan, Isabela

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Panasinan
Motto: “Live life like there is no tomorrow, so give your best to the fullest”
73
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Irina B. Sanchez

Age: 22 years old
Date of Birth: March 22, 1998
Place of Birth: Sta. Maria, Pangasinan
Address: Brgy. Cabatuan, Umingan, Pangasinan
Contact No.: 09458451904
Name of Father: Arnel L. Sanchez
Name of Mother: Imelda D. Bautista
Primary: Quezon Memorial Academy

Poblacion Umingan, Pangasinan
Secondary: Quezon Memorial Academy

Poblacion Umingan, Pangasinan

Motto: “If there’s a will, there’s a way.”
74

Efficacy of Mahogany

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Efficacy of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Leaves and Seeds

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Teacher

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Junio, Beneid Algar L.

This is to certify that this research entitled “Efficacy of Mahogany ( Swietenia

macrophylla) leaves and seeds extract as Termiticide” prepared and submitted

Macaranas, Neselyn G. Carag, Irina B. Sanchez was successfully defended and

approved on August 14, 2020 with the final rating of 88.

MARICIRIS A. SERQUILLOS, MASE ROLANDO D. DE GUZMAN, MA MATH

PRINCESS SARAH M. QUINTANA, EdD

JASMIN JANE R. RAMOS, MAEd WINNIE T. ARQUINES, MASE

ESTER A. FRONDA, EdD

This research proposal is hereby presented in partial fulfillment of the course

requirements in the introduction to research for the degree Bachelor of

PRESCILA I. MARCELO, EdD

The researchers extend their deepest gratitude and acknowledgment to the

following who helped to make this research possible.

Dr. Prescila I. Marcelo, Dean, College of Teacher Education and Human

Sciences, for continuous support;

improvement of the study;

Dr. Princess Sarah M. Quintana, Adviser, for her unending support

and sharing of her expertise to improve the study;

Maricris A. Serquillos, Critic Reader, for giving her valuable time to

suggest for the better construction of our study;

Rolando D. De Guzman, Statistician, for giving statistical guidance in

analyzing and presenting data;

Jasmin Jane R. Ramos, Winnie T. Arquines, Panel Members, for their

Wilfred H. Barroga, Laboratory Custodian, for supporting and providing

us the equipment for our laboratory experiments;

UCU Utility and General Services, for helping the researchers to

collect our specimen and materials;

and love during our difficult times in finishing this study;

guidance that He gave to make their research possible.

depth of gratitude we are truly thankful.

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 12

Scope and Delimitation 12

Significance of the Study 13

Collection of the Data 18

Materials and Procedure 19

Tools for Data Analysis 23

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25

4 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 31

A. LETTER TO THE CHAIRMAN 40

B. LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN 41

C. LETTER TO THE CRITIC READER 42

D. LETTER TO THE ADVISER 43

E. LETTER TO THE PANEL MEMBERS 44

I. F.A.S.T LABORATORY RECEIPT FORPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 51

M. GRAMMARLY AND PLAGIARISM RESULT 56

1 The Life Cycle of Termites (Coptotermes gestroi) 3

3 Flowchart of the Research Procedures 22

1 Concentration Ratio of Mahogany Leaves and Seeds Extract 21

2 Phytochemical Properties of Mahogany Leaves and Seeds 25

3 Summary of Exterminated Termites and Time of Extermination for the Trials

4 Mean Difference in the Time of Extermination of the Different Concentrations

Compared to the Commercial Termiticide 29

Name of Researchers: Beneid Algar L. Junio