1. Where was the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed?

● Montego Bay, Jamaica

● Add:
i. established to define coastal and maritime boundaries, to regulate
seabed exploration not within territorial claims, and to distribute
revenue from regulated exploration.
ii. adopted and signed 1982, in force since 1994
iii. 167 countries and EU (2016)
2. Who was not an EP president?
● Jacques Delors
● Add:

3. What are the founding countries of NATO?

● Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United
States.
● Add:
i. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement
in 2009, Montenegro in 2017 and North Macedonia in 2020.
ii. 30 Member States, established 4 April 1949
4. What is the number of EU MS in NATO?
● 21.
5. What is the nature of PESCO?
● Correct answer said it was linked to CARD, treaty commitment, one of
the wrong answers mentioned an opt-out procedure?
● Add:
i. Permanent Structured Cooperation
ii. part of the European Union's (EU) security and defence policy (CSDP)
in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural
integration. Denmark and Malta opted out.
iii. Binding commitments: The list of ambitious and more binding
common commitments undertaken by each of the participating PESCO
contains 20 individual commitments, split into the five key areas.
iv. Projects: 46 projects.
v. first initiated in 2017
 vi. Together with the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD),
the European Defence Fund and the Military Planning and Conduct
Capability (MPCC) it forms a new comprehensive defence package for
the EU.
vii. PESCO includes four of the five EU states that describe themselves as
neutral (Austria, Finland, Ireland, and Sweden), and is designed to be
as inclusive as possible by allowing states to opt in or out as their
unique foreign policies allow
viii. Principles: Those Member States whose military capabilities fulfil
higher criteria and which have made more binding commitments to one
another in this area with a view to the most demanding missions shall
establish permanent structured cooperation within the Union
framework. Such cooperation shall be governed by Article 46. It shall
not affect the provisions of Article 43.
ix. The key difference between PESCO and other forms of cooperation is
the legally binding nature of the commitments undertaken by the 25
Member States which participate in PESCO.
6. Which countries are part of G5 Sahel?
● Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Chad, Burkina Faso
● Add:
i. institutional framework for coordination of regional cooperation in
development policies and security matters in west Africa.
ii. formed on 16 February 2014 in Nouakchott, Mauritania
7. What is Art 20 TFEU about?
● Correct answer on (Union) citizenship rights
8. What is the G20?
● (Wrong answers included, it is related to OSCE, it was created after WWII)
● Add:
i. international forum for the governments and central bank governors
from 19 countries and the European Union (EU).
o The EU is represented by the European Commission and by
the European Central Bank.
o Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European
Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea,
Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Spain is a
permanent guest invitee.
ii. Founded in 1999 with the aim to discuss policy pertaining to the
promotion of international financial stability, the G20 has expanded its
agenda since 2008 and heads of government or heads of state, as well
as finance ministers, foreign ministers and think tanks.
iii. Collectively, the G20 economies account for around 90 percent of the
gross world product (GWP), 80 percent of world trade (or, if excluding
EU intra-trade, 75 percent), two-thirds of the world population, and
approximately half of the world land area.
iv. In 1999, in the wake of the 1997 economic crisis, the G7 Finance
Ministers announced the creation of the "Group of 20", aimed at
including other countries in their discussions related to global
economics and finance.
9. What was concluded at the Barcelona Council 2002?
● provision of childcare to at least 90% of children between 3 years and
mandatory school age was right
 ● Add:
i. The Barcelona objectives were adopted by the European Council in
2002 as part of a reinforced Employment Strategy.
ii. The objectives stated that Member States should, by 2010, provide
childcare to at least:
o 90 % of children between 3 years old and the mandatory
school age; and
o 33 % of children under 3 years of age.
iii. The achievement of these targets is linked to the increase of women’s
labour market participation, and in turn, to the achievement of the
employment targets of the EU2020 strategy.
10. How many members does the Eurozone have?
● 19
11. How was the winner of the 2019 European Parliament elections?
● European People’s Party (EPP) led by Manfred Weber won 187 seats
(21%)
● Add:
i. ninth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979
ii. 751 MEPs 🡪 down to 705
iii. Turnout: 50.66%
iv.

12. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) – where and how many members?
● Headquarters are in Beijing, China.
● has 103 members as well as 21 prospective members from around the world
● Add:
i. multilateral development bank that aims to improve economic and
social outcomes in Asia.
ii. started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25
December 2015, after ratifications were received from 10 member
states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the
Authorized Capital Stock
iii. bank was proposed by China in 2013
iv. is seen as a potential rival to the World Bank and IMF
13. What is the SAARC?
● South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the
regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in
South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
● Add:
i. comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and
4.21% of the global economy, as of 2019
ii. founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. Its secretariat is based in
Kathmandu, Nepal.
iii. promotes development of economic and regional integration

iv.
14. What is ENISA?
● The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
● Add:
i. Established in 2004 and strengthened by the EU Cybersecurity Act
ii. The Agency is located in Athens, Greece
iii. = European Network and Information Security Agency
15. What is ITER?
● an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject
aimed at replicating the fusion processes of the sun to create energy on
earth
● The name ITER stands for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
● Add:
i. Formed in 2007, with 8 participating members
ii. Upon completion of construction around 2025, with first plasma soon
after and deuterium-tritium operations planned for 2035, it will be the
world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment
iii. Located in Southern France
iv. The ITER Project is a globe-spanning collaboration of 35 nations.
16. What organisation was founded in 2008?
● Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)
● Add:
i. Intergovernmental organization of 42 MS from Europe and the
Mediterranean Basin
ii. The Union has the aim of promoting stability and integration
throughout the Mediterranean region. It is a forum for discussing
 regional strategic issues, based on the principles of shared ownership,
shared decision-making and shared responsibility between the two
shores of the Mediterranean. Its main goal is to increase both north–
south and South-South integration in the Mediterranean region, in
order to support the countries' socioeconomic development and
ensure stability in the region.
iii. HQ in Barcelona (Spain)
17. Who is the Freedom of thought Prize named after?
● Sakharov
● Add:
i. established in December 1988 by the European Parliament
ii. in 2020 awarded to Democratic opposition in Belarus
iii. Nominations for the Sakharov Prize can be made by political groups
and/or groups of at least 40 MEPs.
18. Where are the Spratly/Paracelsus Islands?
● South China Sea
19. What was the target of the 2018 Renewable Energy Directive?
● 32% renewable energy consumption until 2030 (with a clause for a
possible upwards revision by 2023)
● Add:
i. aimed at keeping the EU a global leader in renewables and contributes
to the EU to meet its emissions reduction commitments under the
Paris Agreement.
ii. The level of renewable energy in 2017 of the total energy used for
heating and cooling in the European Union accounts 19,5%.
20. Question about Venice Declaration 1980
● an agreement issued by the nine-member economic committee of the EEC,
which met in June 1980 in conjunction with Palestinian Liberation
Organization (PLO). The declaration called for the acknowledgment of
Palestinians’ right to self-government and the PLO’s right to be
connected to peace initiatives
21. Question on the rights of the national parliaments under the subsidiarity control
mechanism
● Answer which describes the “orange card” (majority of MS parliaments
within 8 weeks) is correct.
● Add:
i. A national parliament of an EU member state may object to an EU
legislative proposal if it deems the principle of subsidiarity has been
violated, i.e. if it argues the subject matter at hand can be best tackled
on the national, regional or local level rather than at the European
level. If half of the national parliaments raise an objection the
European Commission must review the proposal. This is commonly
referred to as the 'orange card' as the Commission is given pause and
has to decide on whether it withdraws the proposal or whether it will
maintain or amend the proposal.
ii. Should the Commission decide to stay the proposal, in either its
original or in an amended version, it will have to submit a detailed
advice on why the Commission believes subsidiarity is adhered to in
the proposal. The Council of Ministers and European Parliament then
take a vote on whether the proposal can be submitted for legislative
proceedings or whether it is rejected outright.
 iii. When a third but not yet half or more of all national parliaments raise
an objection via the subsidiarity control mechanism it is referred to as
an 'yellow card”.
o For proposals relating to the area of freedom, security and
justice, the threshold is lower; only one-quarter of the votes
suffices.
iv. This "early warning mechanism" on subsidiarity was introduced in the
Lisbon Treaty (December 2009) with the purpose of strengthening
the position of national parliaments within the institutional
constellation of the European Union.
22. How did the Lisbon treaty strengthen the power of the European Parliament?
● EP decides on the full budget
● Add:
i. the Parliament elects the head of the Commission, the EU's executive
body
ii. International agreements - right to approve/reject
iii. EP decides on the full budget, rather than on non-compulsory
expenditure only
iv. The Lisbon Treaty extended Parliament's legislative powers to more
than 40 new fields and made it a lawmaker at the same level as the
Council
o Additional areas due to the Lisbon Treaty
a. Agriculture and fisheries
b. Support for poorer regions
c. Security and justice
d. Commercial policy
e. Cooperation with countries outside the EU
f. Implementing acts
v. Citizens initiative: A new form of participatory democracy.
23. What is true about the ECJ?
● The Court of Justice has at least 1 judge per MS
● Add:
i. Role (CJEU): Ensuring EU law is interpreted and applied the same in
every EU country; ensuring countries and EU institutions abide by EU
law.
ii. Members:
o Court of Justice (ECJ): 1 judge from each EU country, plus 11
advocates general. Deals with requests for preliminary rulings
from national courts, certain actions for annulment and
appeals.
o General Court: 2 judges each from each EU country. Rules on
actions for annulment brought by individuals, companies and,
in some cases, EU governments.
iii. Established 1952 – sits in Luxembourg
24. Who was EP President in 1979?
● Simone Veil
25. Who may appeal to ECJ in the case of a breach of the principle of subsidiarity?
● The Committee of the Regions or EU countries may refer an adopted act
directly to the Court of Justice of the EU.
26. What is the Annual Growth Survey / ASGS?
● Commission's main tool for setting out the general economic and social
priorities for the EU for the following year
 ● Add:
i. outlines the economic and employment policy priorities for the EU for
the coming 12 to 18 months
ii. The Commission gives Member States focused policy guidance to
strengthen the recovery and foster convergence in line with the EU's
long-term growth strategy Europe 2020.
27. Which countries participate in the civil protection mechanism?
● EU MS and 6 Participating States to the Mechanism (Iceland, Norway,
Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Turkey)
● Add:
i. Established in 2001
ii. aims to strengthen cooperation between the EU Member States and 6
Participating States on civil protection to improve prevention,
preparedness and response to disasters
iii. When an emergency overwhelms the response capabilities of a
country in Europe and beyond, it can request assistance through the
Mechanism
28. What is the set-up of the Arctic Council?
● The eight countries with sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle
constitute the members of the council: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States
● Add:
i. Forum for promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among
the Arctic states, with the involvement of the Arctic Indigenous
communities
ii. Formed in 1996 (Ottawa Declaration)
29. Which does not fall under Art. 3 TFEU?
● Environment
● Other (wrong) options: customs union, monetary policy for Eurozone
members, common commercial policy
● Add:
i. CATEGORIES AND AREAS OF UNION COMPETENCE
ii. The Union shall have exclusive competence in the following areas:
o (a) customs union;
o (b) the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the
functioning of the internal market;
o (c) monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is
the euro;
o (d) the conservation of marine biological resources under the
common fisheries policy;
o (e) common commercial policy.
iii. The Union shall also have exclusive competence for the conclusion of
an international agreement when its conclusion is provided for in a
legislative act of the Union or is necessary to enable the Union to
exercise its internal competence, or in so far as its conclusion may
affect common rules or alter their scope.
30. What are the competencies of the EESC?
● Advisory on economic, employment and social affairs.
● Add:
i. Role: Advisory body representing employers' and workers'
organisations and other interest groups.
 ii. It issues opinions on EU issues to the European Commission, the
Council of the EU and the European Parliament, thus acting as a
bridge between the EU's decision-making institutions and EU citizens.
iii. The EESC is consulted by the European Parliament, the Council of the
EU and the European Commission on a variety of subjects. It also
issues opinions on its own initiative.
31. What is the Trilogue?
● Negotiations between the institutions on legislative proposals generally
take the form of tripartite meetings ('trilogues') between Parliament, the
Council and the Commission.
● For a given file, each institution designates its negotiators and defines its
negotiating mandate. Trilogues may be organised at any stage of the
legislative procedure (first, second or third reading). Any provisional
agreement reached in trilogues is informal and has therefore to be approved
by the formal procedures applicable within each of the two institutions.
32. What type of agreements does the EU have with African nations under the Cotonou
Agreement?
● Economic Partnership Agreements, EPA
● Add:
i. The Cotonou Agreement is a treaty between the European Union and
the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ("ACP countries").
It was signed in June 2000 in Cotonou, Benin's largest city, by 78
ACP countries (Cuba did not sign) and the then fifteen Member States
of the European Union. It entered into force in 2003 and was
subsequently revised in 2005 and 2010.
ii. The Cotonou Agreement replaced the Lomé Convention, which had
been the basis for ACP-EU development cooperation since 1975.
iii. Probably the most radical change introduced by the Cotonou
Agreement concerns trade cooperation. Under the Cotonou
Agreement, however, this system was replaced by the Economic
Partnership Agreements (EPAs), a new scheme that took effect in
2008. This new arrangement provides for reciprocal trade agreements,
meaning that not only the EU provides duty-free access to its markets
for ACP exports, but ACP countries also provide duty-free access to
their own markets for EU exports.
iv. is aimed at the reduction and eventual eradication of poverty while
contributing to sustainable development and to the gradual integration
of ACP countries into the world economy.
33. How many countries signed the Cotonou agreement?
● 78 ACP countries + 15 MS of EU
34. How many sub-Saharan Cotonou members?
● 48.
35. What is the Minamata Convention about?
● The Minamata Convention on Mercury is an international treaty designed to
protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and
releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
36. What is the Budget distribution of the CAP?
● Income support (€41.74 bn), rural development (€14.37 bn), market
measures (€2.7 bn)
● Add:
i. CAP launched in 1962.
 ii. The European Commission assesses the CAP through the common
monitoring and evaluation framework (CMEF).
iii. The EU supports farmers with €58.82 billion in 2018
iv. The share has decreased very sharply over the past 25 years, from
74% in 1985 to 37.4% in 2019. Approx. 50€ bn.
v. The farming and food sectors together provide nearly 40 million jobs in
the EU.
37. What is COSME?
● The programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises (COSME).
● Add:
i. improving access to finance for SMEs through two financial
instruments
ii. available since August 2014
iii. COSME financial instruments are complemented by resources from
the European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI)
iv. The financial instruments are managed by the European Investment
Fund (EIF) in cooperation with financial intermediaries in EU countries.
38. Which is NOT a basic principle of the Union’s expenditure? (budgetary principles)
● Pass over credits.
● Add:
i. The principles in question are those of unity, universality, annuality and
specification — seen as the four main traditional budgetary principles
— plus the principles of equilibrium, unit of account, budget accuracy,
sound financial management and transparency.
39. What is the European Recovery Program?
● Quote from George C. Marshall from 1947 describing the program.
● Add:
i. Wrong answers:
o Program launched by the ECB for Eurozone countries in a
sovereign debt crisis in 2012
o Sth. Related to the Stability and Growth Pact
ii. Marshall Plan: American initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to
Western Europe. The United States transferred over $13 billion
(equivalent to $130 billion in 2020) in economic recovery programs to
Western European economies.
40. Which description is right concerning the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities
of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other
Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty)?
● Adopted 1967, no property claims.
● Add:
i. The Treaty was opened for signature by the three depository
Governments (the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the
United States of America).
ii. Some principles:
o Only for peaceful purposes / no nuclear weapons.
o Avoid harmful contamination of space.
o Liable for damage caused.
o No national appropriation by claim of sovereignty.
o Space free for exploration and for all States.
41. What are the treaties of Tlatelolco, Rarotonga, Bangkok, Pelindaba about?
 ● Establishing nuclear free zones.
● Add:
i. Tlatelolco Treaty (1967). Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
in Latin America.
ii. Treaty of Rarotonga (1985). South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty.
iii. Treaty of Bangkok (1995). Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ).
iv. Treaty of Pelindaba (1996/2009). Africa.
v. Treaty of Semei (2006/2009). Central Asia.
42. Several statements about voting procedures in the Council, which one is correct?
● A member of the Council can act on the behalf of one other absent
member as long as a majority of the council’s members are present.
● Add:
i. Wrong answers:
o The Council can vote on a legislative act 12 weeks after the
draft act has been sent to national parliaments for their
examination. (wrong, 8 weeks would be correct)
43. What is the ESM?
● The ESM’s mission is to provide financial assistance to euro area
countries experiencing or threatened by severe financing problems.
● Add:
i. There is a similar answer option that says “EU member states” instead
of euro area countries, pay attention on that.
44. What is the Rotterdam convention?
● a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibilities in relation to
importation of hazardous chemicals.
● Add:
i. promotes open exchange of information and calls on exporters of
hazardous chemicals to use proper labeling, include directions on safe
handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans
ii. signed 1998, effective in 2004
iii. signatories: 72, parties: 161
45. Which countries were not among the top 4 trading partners of the EU in 2018?
● Japan
● Add:
i. Wrong answers: USA, China, Russia
46. What is the Esquipulas Agreement?
● Peace initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts that had
plagued Central America for many years.
● Add:
i. also known as the Central American Peace Accords
ii. named for Esquipulas, Guatemala, where the initial meetings took
place.
iii. Esquipulas II defined a number of measures to promote national
reconciliation, an end to hostilities, democratization, free elections, the
termination of all assistance to irregular forces, negotiations on arms
controls, and assistance to refugees. It also laid the ground for
international verification procedures and provided a timetable for
implementation.
iv. Signed 1986
47. Question on the infringement procedure
 ● The Commission identifies possible infringements of EU law on the
basis of its own investigations or following complaints from citizens,
businesses or other stakeholders.
48. In the September 2018 Eurobarometer, in which field did most citizens demand
further harmonization?
● Wages.
● Add:
i. Wrong answers: taxes, animal welfare.
49. Who founded the New Development Bank?
● BRICS.
● Add:
i. bank is headquartered in Shanghai, China
ii. formed in 2014, in forced since 2015
iii. “the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans,
guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments”
iv. “shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial
entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported
by the Bank”
50. Which country is not member of BRICS?
● Indonesia.
● Add:
i. BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
ii. SA since 2010
iii. Bilateral relations among BRICS states are conducted mainly based
on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.
iv. The existence of the BRICS grouping does not signify a formal or
informal alliance; there are multiple economic, territorial, and political
disputes between the five governments.
51. 4 statements about EU legislative acts, which one is true?
● The one describing delegated acts.
● Add:
i. Types of EU legal acts:
o EU treaties: lay down the objectives of the European Union,
the rules for EU institutions, how decisions are made and the
relationship between the EU and its member countries. The
treaties are negotiated and agreed by all the EU countries and
then ratified by their parliaments, sometimes following a
referendum.
o Regulations: Regulations are legal acts that apply
automatically and uniformly to all EU countries as soon as they
enter into force, without needing to be transposed into national
law. They are binding in their entirety on all EU countries.
o Directives: Directives require EU countries to achieve a certain
result, but leave them free to choose how to do so.
Transposition into national law must take place by the deadline
set when the directive is adopted (generally within 2 years).
o Decisions: A decision shall be binding in its entirety. A
decision which specifies those to whom it is addressed shall be
binding only on them.
o Recommendations: Recommendations allow the EU
institutions to make their views known and to suggest a line of
 action without imposing any legal obligation on those to whom
it is addressed. 
o Opinions: an instrument that allows the EU institutions to
make a statement, without imposing any legal obligation on the
subject of the opinion.
o Delegated acts: Delegated acts are legally binding acts that
enable the Commission to supplement or amend non-essential
parts of EU legislative acts, for example, in order to define
detailed measures. The Commission adopts the delegated act
and if Parliament and Council have no objections, it enters into
force.
o Implementing acts: legally binding acts that enable the
Commission – under the supervision of committees consisting
of EU countries’ representatives – to set conditions that ensure
that EU laws are applied uniformly.
o Article 290 of the TFEU allows the EU legislator (generally, the
European Parliament and the Council) to delegate to the
Commission the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general
application that supplement or amend certain non-essential
elements of a legislative act.
a. For example, delegated acts may add new (non-
essential) rules or involve a subsequent amendment to
certain aspects of a legislative act. The legislator can
thus concentrate on policy direction and objectives
without entering into overly detailed and often highly
technical debates.
52. What is the Montréal Protocol?
● international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer.
● Add:
i. Open for signature on 16 September 1987,[1] it was made pursuant to
the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,
which established the framework for international cooperation in
addressing ozone depletion.
ii. entered into force on 1 January 1989, and has since undergone nine
revisions
iii. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, the Montreal
Protocol has been hailed as an example of exceptional international
cooperation, with Kofi Annan describing it as "perhaps the single most
successful international agreement to date"
53. Majority needed in the EP for a motion of censure?
● 2/3 of votes cast.
● Add:
i. The motion to censure is a main motion expressing a strong opinion of
disapproval that could be debated by the assembly and adopted by a
majority vote.
ii. The EP can censure the Commission and ultimately dismiss it. So far,
none of the eight motions of censure brought before Parliament has
been adopted.
54. How many EU citizens lived in another EU MS in March 2019?
● 17,6 Million.
55. What are the 4 principles laid down in Art. 5 TEU?
● Conferral, subsidiarity, proportionality.
 ● Add:
i. conferral – the EU has only that authority conferred upon it by the EU
treaties, which have been ratified by all member countries
ii. proportionality – the EU action cannot exceed what is necessary to
achieve the objectives of the treaties
iii. subsidiarity – in areas where either the EU or national governments
can act, the EU may intervene only if it can act more effectively
56. What is the duration of the MFF?
● Seven years.
● Add:
i. laid down in an unanimously adopted Council Regulation with the
consent of the European Parliament
ii. sets the maximum amount of spendings in the EU budget each year
for broad policy areas ("headings") and fixes an overall annual ceiling
on payment and commitment appropriations
57. What is ELA and its functions?
● The European Labour Authority helps improve cooperation between EU
countries, coordinates joint inspections, carries out analyses and risk
assessments on cross-border labour mobility issues and mediates
disputes between EU countries.
● Add:
i. Established in 2019 – expected to be fully operational in 2024
ii. helps ensure that EU rules on labour mobility and social security
coordination are enforced in a fair, simple and effective way
iii. makes it easier for individuals and businesses to reap the benefits of
the single market
iv. helps national authorities cooperate so that the rules are enforced
effectively.
58. What are the members of MERCOSUR?
● Four members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
● Venezuela full member but suspended since 2016
● Seven associated members: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru
and Suriname
● Add:
i. South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asuncion in
1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994
ii. Mercosur's purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of
goods, people, and currency. Since its foundation, Mercosur's
functions have been updated and amended many times; it currently
confines itself to a customs union, in which there is free intra-zone
trade and a common trade policy between member countries.
59. What does the EFSI include?
● The InvestEU Programme, until 2021 known as the European Fund for
Strategic Investments (EFSI), also called the Juncker Plan, is an initiative of
EIB Group and the European Commission aimed at boosting the economy
through mobilising private financing for strategic investments
● EFSI is one of the three pillars of the Investment Plan for Europe.
● EFSI is the financial pillar of the EU’s Investment Plan for Europe and
has two components: the Infrastructure and Innovation Window (IIW)
managed by the EIB and the SME Window implemented by the EIF.
60. What is GSP+?
 ● EU's Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and
Good Governance, GSP+, is part of EU's unilateral tariff preferences in
favour of developing countries, the Generalised Scheme of Preferences,
GSP, which was revamped as of 1 January 2014. It slashes these same
tariffs to 0% for vulnerable low and lower-middle income countries that
implement 27 international conventions related to human rights, labour rights,
protection of the environment and good governance.
● Add:
i. designed to help developing countries assume the special burdens
and responsibilities resulting from the ratification of 27 core
international conventions on human and labour rights, environmental
protection and good governance as well as from the effective
implementation thereof
ii. It does so by granting full removal of tariffs on over 66% of tariff lines
covering a very wide array of products including, for example, textiles
and fisheries – Standard GSP.
iii. There are currently 8 GSP+ beneficiaries: Armenia, Bolivia, Cape
Verde, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka.
iv.
61. Where is the EBA (European Banking Authority) based?
● Paris (before it was London)
62. Which country joined the euro in 2015 out of Croatia (never), Estonia (2011), Latvia
(2014) and Lithuania (2015)?
● Lithuania
63. What is the EU's cultural programme called?
● Creative Europe
● Add:
i. Creative Europe is the European Commission's framework programme
for support to the culture and audiovisual sectors.
ii. Following on from the previous Culture Programme and MEDIA
programme, Creative Europe, with a budget of €1.46 billion (9% higher
than its predecessors), will support Europe's cultural and creative
sectors.
64. What are the Horizon 2020 project selection criteria?
● excellence, impact, and quality and efficiency of implementation
● Add:
i. Horizon Europe is a planned 7-year European Union scientific
research initiative, a successor of the recent Horizon 2020 programme
and the earlier Framework Programmes for Research and
Technological Development. The European Commission drafted and
approved a plan for the Horizon Europe to raise EU science spending
levels by 50% over the years 2021-2027.
ii. The core of the Horizon 2020 programme consists mainly of 3 pillars:
o Excellent Science,
o Global Challenges and European Industrial Competitiveness
o Innovative Europe.
65. What was the previous role of Juncker?
● Juncker was the first Permanent President of the EuroGroup; before that
Prime Minister of Luxembourg. President of the European Commission
(2014 - 2019) · Minister for the Treasury (2009 - 2013) · President of the
Eurogroup (2005 - 2013)
66. What was the previous role of Tusk?
 ● Now President of the European People's Party. Was President of the
European Council from 2014 to 2019. Prime Minister of Poland (2007–
2014)
67. How often is EuroBarometer published/collected?
● Twice a year, in Spring and Autumn.
68. How does the EU support trade in developing countries?
● Aid for Trade: Globally the EU and its Member States are the biggest
provider of Aid for Trade. In 2015 alone, EU commitments amounted to a
record €13.16 billion per year. Managed with WTO.
● Add:
i. The WTO-led Aid for Trade initiative encourages developing country
governments and donors to recognize the role that trade can play in
development. In particular, the initiative seeks to mobilize resources to
address the trade-related constraints identified by developing and
least-developed countries.
ii. The EU’s Aid for Trade (AfT) strategy was adopted in 2007, in
response to the Aid for Trade initiative launched by the World Trade
Organization (WTO) in 2005, encouraging developing countries to
recognise the role trade can play in their sustainable development.
iii. EU AfT operates within our partner countries’ trade and economic
policies as mainstreamed in their development strategies. AfT builds
on multilateral and bilateral trade agreements to scale up the
developmental impact of these various trade instruments combined.
69. How does the EU negotiate trade agreements under the Aid for Trade scheme?
● Bilaterally.
70. How many official languages does the EU have?
● 24
71. How many MEPs are necessary to form a group in parliament?
● A formally recognised political group must consist of at least 23 MEPs
coming from at least one-quarter of the member states (i.e. seven, at
least).
72. What organisation supports individuals and businesses to claim their rights?
● SOLVIT.
● Add:
i. SOLVIT is a service provided by the national administration in each EU
country and in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. SOLVIT is free of
charge.
ii. So, if you as an EU citizen or business face obstacles in another
country because a public authority isn’t doing what is required under
EU law … SOLVIT can help.
73. What is the role of the JRC?
● To provide scientific advice to the Commission.
● The Joint Research Centre is the Commission's science and knowledge
service. The JRC employs scientists to carry out research in order to provide
independent scientific advice and support to EU policy.
74. What was the first organisation for Latin American integration?
● The Pan American Union (1948).
● Add:
i. Today Organization of American States (OAS)
ii. 35 members
iii. HQ in Washington
iv. Latin American Free Trade Association (ALALC) (1960)??
75. What policy area is affected by the Bosman case 1995?
● Freedom of movement.
● Add:
i. 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of
movement for workers, freedom of association
ii. The decision banned restrictions on foreign EU players within national
leagues and allowed players in the EU to move to another club at the
end of a contract without a transfer fee being paid.
76. What is the size of the InvestEU plan?
● InvestEU will run between 2021 and 2027 and it builds on the success of
the Juncker Plan's European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI) by
providing an EU budget guarantee to support investment and access to
finance in the EU. With the aim of triggering a new wave – more than
€372 billion - in investments using an EU budget guarantee, the InvestEU
Programme aims to give an additional boost to investment, innovation
and job creation in Europe over the period 2021-27
● €9.4 billion
● Add:
i. Consists of
o InvestEU Fund
o InvestEU Advisory Hub
o InvestEU Portal
77. How do you call the documents which tables data and a legislative proposal?
● Staff Working Document (SWD)
78. What is the triple helix in research policy jargon?
● The interaction of government, industry, university.
79. Where is the ESM located?
● In Luxembourg.
80. Votes needed to pass MFF (Multi-Annual Financial Framework) in the Council and
the European Parliament?
● The Council, acting in accordance with a special legislative procedure,
shall adopt a regulation laying down the multiannual financial
framework. The Council shall act unanimously after obtaining the
consent of the European Parliament, which shall be given by an
(absolute) majority of its component members.
● The European Council may, unanimously, adopt a decision authorising the
Council to act by a qualified majority when adopting the regulation referred to
in the first subparagraph.
81. When was the EIGE (Institute for Gender Equality) founded?
● It was founded in 2006.Vilnius, Lithuania
82. Who leads the Operation Atalanta (formally European Union Naval Force Somalia)?
● It is led by the EU, NOT by NATO.
83. How many vice presidents in the VdL Commission?
● Eight, of which Frans Timmermans is the first.
84. Which countries voted against Lisbon Treaty?
● Ireland [see “Irish Guarantee”].
85. Which countries voted against the Constitution for Europe in 2005?
● NL and FR.
86. What is Twinning?
● Twinning is a European Union instrument for institutional cooperation
between Public Administrations of EU Member States (MS) and of
beneficiary countries (BC). It was originally designed in 1998 to help
 candidate countries of the time to acquire the necessary skills and experience
to adopt, implement and enforce EU legislation.
87. Which crisis did the Luxembourg compromise resolve in 1966?
● The empty chair crisis.
● Add:
i. Empty chair crisis: In July 1965, intergovernmentalist Charles de
Gaulle boycotted European institutions due to issues he had regarding
new political proposals by the European Commission. De Gaulle
believed that national governments should move towards integration
and did not agree with the Commission's attempt to create a shift
towards supranationalism, extending powers beyond national borders.
ii. The Luxembourg Compromise:
o a de facto veto power was given to every state on topics that
were deemed to be ‘very important national interest(s)'
o CAP was partially reformed in 1966 as a result of the empty
chair crisis and the Luxembourg Compromise. Policies of CAP
are voted on using qualified majority voting, a stipulations of the
Luxembourg Compromise.
o A weaker commission
o A compromise between all the member states was reached on
the issue of qualified majority voting (QMV) in the Luxembourg
Compromise.
88. Which anniversary did the Schuman Declaration celebrate in 2020?
● 70 years.
● Add:
i. a proposal by the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, made on
9 May 1950. It proposed placing French and West German production
of coal and steel under a single authority that would later be opened to
other European countries.
89. How many people think that climate change is man-made?
● Eurobarometer 2020: 93% population think that climate change is man
made
● Add:
i. 93% see CC as serious problem; 93% have taken at least one action
to tackle CC; 92% agree that GHG should be reduced to a min. in
order to make EU economy neutral by 2050.
ii. Eurobarometer 2020 on Protecting the environment and climate:
o 91% see CC as serious problem; 94% say protecting the
environment is important to them; 83% say European
legislation is necessary to protect the environment.
90. Number of farmers and farms in the EU in 2018 and relative income in comparison to
non-agricultural workers
● There are around 10 million farms in the EU and 22 million people work
regularly in the sector
● despite the importance of food production, farmers’ income is around 40%
lower compared to non-agricultural income;
91. The ECB Executive board consists of?
● The president (Christine Lagarde), Vice-President and four other
members.
● Add:
i. All members are appointed by the European Council, acting by a
qualified majority.
 ii. eight-year term that cannot be renewed
92. What is true about the Citizen's Initiative?
● The initiative enables one million citizens of the European Union, who are
nationals of at least one quarter of the member states, to call directly on the
European Commission to propose a legal act (notably a Directive or
Regulation) in an area where the member states have conferred powers onto
the EU level.
● Add:
i. a European Union (EU) mechanism aimed at increasing direct
democracy by enabling "EU citizens to participate directly in the
development of EU policies", introduced with the Treaty of Lisbon in
2007.
ii. Once submitted the initiative:
o Meeting representatives of the EC (within 1 month)
o Opportunity to present your initiative at public hearing in EP
(within 3 months)
o Communication by the EC on next steps (within 6 months)
o If EC considers legislation appropriate, it will start preparing
formal proposal. Once adopted, it’s submitted to EP and
Council which will need to adopt it to become law.
o However, EC not obliged to propose legislation.
93. What is Everything But Arms (EBA) about?
● an initiative of the European Union under which all imports to the EU from the
Least Developed Countries are duty-free and quota-free, with the exception of
armaments.
● (Keyword here was „automatically“ applicable vs. country has to apply for
it)
● Add:
i. entered into force on 5 March 2001
ii. aim of the scheme is to encourage the development of the world's
poorest countries
iii. Access to the scheme is automatic for LDCs. In other words,
countries do not need to apply to benefit from EBA, they are added or
removed to relevant list through a delegated regulation.
iv. However, EBA preferences can be withdrawn certain exceptional
circumstances, notably in case of serious and systematic violation of
principles of human rights and labour rights conventions
94. What does ESPAS stand for?
● European Strategy and Policy Analysis System
● Add:
i. an inter-institutional collaboration among the officials of the European
Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, and the
European External Action Service, with the support of the Committee
of the Regions and of the European Economic and Social Committee,
which monitors global trends and offers strategic foresight to the EU's
decision-makers.
ii. Accounting norms?
95. Which organisation was founded the earliest between OAU, ASEAN, GCC,
MERCOSUR?
● OAU
● Add:
i. Organisation of African Unity (OAU). 1963 – 2002
 ii. ASEAN. 1967 – today
iii. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). 1981- today
iv. Mercosur. 1991 – today
96. A question about the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
(about his/her second automatic position).
● Since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty entered into force, the High Representative
of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy is ex officio one of
the Vice-Presidents.
97. Question about what is true concerning the Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Nice,
Single European Act
● wrong answers included wrong Treaty signature dates and absurd stuff such
as „Amsterd am created the single market“
98. What is true about the EU Fundamental Rights?
● One answer was about how it’s applied. See point IV here.
● Add:
i. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR)
enshrines certain political, social, and economic rights for European
Union (EU) citizens and residents into EU law.
ii. It was drafted by the European Convention and solemnly proclaimed
on 7 December 2000 by the European Parliament, the Council of
Ministers and the European Commission. However, its then legal
status was uncertain and it did not have full legal effect until the entry
into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009 🡪 same legal
value as the European Union treaties.
iii. The Charter contains some 54 articles divided into seven titles. The
first six titles deal with substantive rights under the headings: dignity,
freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizens' rights and justice, while the last
title deals with the interpretation and application of the Charter.
iv. The terms of the charter are addressed to
o the institutions and bodies of the EU
o national authorities only when they are implementing EU law
99. How does the EU encounter illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU)?
● The EU regulation to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing (in short: the IUU Regulation) entered into force on 1
January 2010.
● EU catch certification scheme is one of the main elements of the Regulation
which will also provide adequate support for cooperation with third countries.
● Add:
i. Options included
o 1 - Regulation - which allows for the confiscation of vessels,
o 2 - IUU Regulation - something,
o 3 - catch certification scheme,
o 4 - the EU has no competence to legislate, this is up to the
agency (I think it was Fisheries Control Agency))
100. Who can propose a revision of the Treaties?
● The government of any Member State, the European Parliament or the
European Commission may submit a proposal to the Council of
Ministers to amend the European treaties.
● Add:
i. The last comprehensive Treaty reform dates back to the Lisbon Treaty,
which entered into force on 1 December 2009
 ii. Revision is governed by Article 48 of the Treaty on European Union
(TEU), which provides for two main procedures: the ordinary and the
simplified revision procedures.

iii.
101. Which treaty introduced the principle of subsidiarity?
● Treaty of Maastricht 1992 (signed). Art. 5
102. Which institutions are mentioned in Art. 13 TFEU?
● European Parliament, European Commission, European Council, The
Council, ECB, Court of Auditors, Court of Justice
103. Which is not a requirement for the election of the Commission President?
● unanimity of the European Council
● Add:
i. Options:
o unanimity of the European Council,
o qualified majority of the European Council,
o the results of the EP elections to be taken into consideration,
o simple majority of EP
104. Which court does not take individual claims?
● International Court of Justice.
105. What is true about legislation concerning the Common Fisheries Policy
(CFP)?
● With regard to the ratification of international fisheries agreements, the
Lisbon Treaty stipulates that they are to be ratified by the Council after
Parliament has given its consent.
● The most important change is that legislation necessary for the pursuit of the
objectives of the CFP is now adopted under the ordinary legislative procedure
(formerly known as the co-decision procedure), making Parliament co-
legislator. However, such legislation can only be adopted by the Council on
the basis of a proposal from the Commission.
● The EP has to give its consent.
106. Who coined the term UN?
● Franklin D. Roosevelt.
● Add:
i. The name "United Nations", coined by United States President
Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United
Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when
representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue
fighting together against the Axis Powers.
107. Which treaty gave the EU legal personality?
● The Treaty of Lisbon.
 ● Add:
i. Article 47 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) explicitly recognises
the legal personality of the European Union, making it an independent
entity in its own right.
ii. The conferral of legal personality on the EU means that it has the
ability to:
o conclude and negotiate international agreements in accordance
with its external commitments;
o become a member of international organisations;
o join international conventions, such as the European
Convention on Human Rights, stipulated in Article 6(2) of the
TEU.
108. When was the UN agency for climate change formed?
109. Who adopts country-specific recommendations (CSR)?
● The Council.
● Add:
i. The Commission presents each country with a set of draft country-
specific recommendations (CSRs) providing policy guidance on how to
boost jobs and growth, while maintaining sound public finances.
ii. The Council then adopts country-specific recommendations (CSRs)
and opinions. It provides explanations in cases where the
recommendations do not correspond with those proposed by the
Commission.
110. When and who delivered the “Iron Curtain Speech”?
● delivered by former British prime minister Winston Churchill in Fulton,
Missouri, on March 5, 1946
● Add:
i. he stressed the necessity for the United States and Britain to act as
the guardians of peace and stability against the menace of Soviet
communism, which had lowered an “iron curtain” across Europe
ii. At the same time, Churchill emphasized the paramount importance of
increased European integration, thereby foreshadowing the
cooperation that would eventually lead to the establishment of the
European Union.
111. Who held a speech on “United States of Europe” in 1946?
● Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946.
● Add:
i. advocating Franco-German rapprochement and proposing ‘a kind of
United States of Europe’ (but without the involvement of Great Britain)
ii. also advocated the creation of a Council of Europe
112. Juncker's investment plan for Europe, which of these 4 strategies/objectives
were not included?
113. What are the energy efficiency goals for 2030?
● headline energy efficiency target for 2030 of at least 32.5%. The target, to be
achieved collectively across the EU
114. UN Security Council – procedure for designating non-permanent members
● Ten non-permanent members are elected by the United Nations General
Assembly for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced
each year. To be approved, a candidate must receive at least two-thirds
of all votes cast for that seat.
● Add:
 i. The African Group is represented by three members; the Latin
America and the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific, and Western European and
Others groups by two apiece; and the Eastern European Group by
one. Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia-Pacific
Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the Arab world.
ii. Current non-permanent members: Niger, Kenia, Tunisia, Vietnam,
India, Estonia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Mexico, Ireland, Norway
115. Registration in the transparency register
● After almost five years of negotiations, the agreement on an expanded joint-
transparency register was announced earlier this week (December 2020)
● The idea is that only those registered can hold meetings with EU officials.
● Of the three EU institutions, the European Commission is the most strict.
Only registered lobbyists can meet with European Commissioners and their
immediate subordinates.
● The European Parliament recommends MEPs only meet with registered
lobbyists.
● The latest addition is the Council, representing member states. It will now join
the register, alongside the parliament and commission. But here, too, the
register has limits - and fails to cover some of the most obvious lobbying
targets.
116. OECD and EU – how many MS are members and what’s the EU’s status?
● OECD has 38 member states, of which 22 are EU members.
● The Commission of the European Union (EU) takes part in the work of the
OECD. Like all the member countries, the EU maintains a Permanent
Delegation to the OECD, composed of an ambassador and diplomats. The EU
does not, on the other hand, contribute to the budget of the Organisation, and
its representative is not entitled to vote when legal acts are being adopted by
the Council, the decision-making body of the OECD.
117. What is the role of the Committee of Regions (CoR)?
118. What does Art. 207 TFEU cover?
● Common Commercial Policy (CCP)
119. What is the JCPOA?
● Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
● agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July
2015
● Add:
i. between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom,
United States—plus Germany) together with the EU
ii. 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would
withdraw from the JCPOA and reinstate U.S. nuclear sanctions on the
Iranian regime.
120. What is the Basel Convention?
● Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal
● Adopted 1989, effective 1992
● Number of Signatories: 53, Number of Parties: 188
121. Accession of EU member states
● In 1951, six countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community,
and later, in 1957, the European Economic Community and the European
Atomic Energy Community: BENELUX, DE, IT, FR
● 1973: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom
 ● 1981: Greece
● 1986: Spain, Portugal
● 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden
● 2004: Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia
● 2007: Bulgaria, Romania
● 2013: Croatia
122. With which countries does the EU have an SAA (Stabilization and Association
Agreement? And when?
● Albania (2009), the Republic of North Macedonia (2004), Montenegro
(2010), Serbia (2013) and Turkey are candidate countries
● BiH (2015), Kosovo (2016) are potential candidates
● Add:
i. Accession criteria:
o Copenhagen criteria: stability of institutions, guaranteeing
democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and
protection of minorities;
o A functioning market economy and the ability to cope with
competitive pressure and market forces within the EU;
o Ability to take on the obligations of membership, including the
capacity to effectively implement the rules, standards and
policies that make up the body of EU law (the 'acquis'), and
adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary
union.
ii. For EU accession negotiations to be launched, a country must satisfy
the first criterion.
123. What is the standard decision-making mode of the European Council?
● Consensus
● Add:
i. not unanimity or qualified majority – latter refers to the Council of
Ministers!
124. What’s the population of EU-27?
● 448 million
125. What is the only duty (out of the 4 listed) that the Court of Auditors (ECA)
doesn’t perform?
● Add:
i. Court of Auditors competences:
o Improve the financial management of the EU (yes);
o Enforce principles of transparency and compliance within the
institution (yes);
o Monitoring of EU public funds (their counting and spending)
(yes);
o It is also a counsellor in decision making to ensure money is
well-spent and European citizens are made aware of that
(publishes its conclusions publicly) (yes).
126. What are the Commission’s six priorities (VdL)? 2019-2024
● A European Green Deal
● A Europe fit for the digital age
● An economy that works for people
● A stronger Europe in the world
● Promoting our European way of life
 ● A new push for European democracy
127. What is the definition of a referendum?
● A direct public vote on a policy issue.
128. What is the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS)?
● The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit,
private, non-governmental organisation. NAS is part of the National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
129. How do we call the proposal made by the Commission in a specific area?
● White paper. It contains proposals for European Union (EU) action in a
specific area. In some cases, they follow on from a Green Paper published to
launch a consultation process at EU level. The purpose of a White Paper is to
launch a debate with the public, stakeholders, the European Parliament and
the Council in order to arrive at a political consensus.
130. How do we call that political guidance when you set the agenda and create
the necessary environment of policy change?
● Leadership.
131. Which does not relate to the creation of the Banking Union?
● European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
● Add:
i. Parts of Banking Union
o Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM)
o Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM)
o Proposal for European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS)
132. Where does the consultation procedure not apply?
● Not used for agriculture.
● Add:
i. This procedure is applicable in a limited number of policy areas, such
as internal market exemptions and competition law, as well as financial
matters and aspects of intellectual property and administrative issues.
It is also used for the adoption of instruments such as
recommendations and opinions issued by the Council and the
Commission.
133. Which countries are in European Single market?
● EU-27 + Norway, Liechtenstein, Iceland, Switzerland
134. What is open in the Council for public viewers?
● Legislative deliberations and Public debates (non-legislative work).
135. What is SIGMA?
● A Joint EU OECD programme, created in 1992 and principally financed by the
EU. It focuses on strengthening public man agement in areas such as
administrative reform, public procurement, public sector ethics, anti-
corruption, and external and internal financial control. It also works in
ENP (European Neighbourhood Policy) countries, plus Albania.
136. What is TAIEX?
● Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument of the
European Commission. TAIEX supports public administrations with regard to
the approximation, application and enforcement of EU legislation as well
as facilitating the sharing of EU best practices.
● Add:
i. Part of European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and Enlargement
Negotiations
137. If EU nationals feel their rights are not respected by MS authorities, who do
they go to?
 ● Solvit, Your Europe Advice, or FIN-NET, which all operate on national
levels.
● European Ombudsman, which operates on Commission level (if citizens feel
the commission has failed to address them)
● Add:
i. FIN-NET: network of national organisations responsible for settling
consumers' complaints in the area of financial services out of court
ii. Your Europe Advice: about EU rights in Single Market
138. Police and judicial cooperation on criminal matters agencies:
● FRONTEX 2004
● EUROPOL 1999
● EUROJUST 2002
● OLAF 1999
● EPPO 2017
● NOT CEPOL (European police college), which is just for training law
enforcement officials.
139. How many seats is every MS guaranteed, regardless of size, in the EP?
● 6 seats (as Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Malta all have); Max per country is
96.
140. European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF)’s role within CAP (Common
Agricultural Policy)
● EAGF is a funding mechanism that finances farmers directly via
interventions and export refunds.
● Add:
i. Difference with EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural
Development): it does not fund MS, rather farmers directly.
141. How many vice-presidents does the European Parliament have?
● 14.
142. What is the Truman Doctrine?
● The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples
threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection. First expressed in
1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for
Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the Communists as an open
declaration of the Cold War.
143. What is the Duran Line?
● The Durand Line is the 2,640 km border between Afghanistan and
Pakistan.
144. What are the institutions of the EMU?
● ECB, ESCB (European System of Central Banks), Economic and
Financial Committee, EuroGroup, ECOFIN
145. Which organisation was created to ensure follow-up of the Barcelona
process?
● The Euro-Mediterranean Committee for the Barcelona Process.
146. What does Art 3 TEU cover?
● The Union's aim is to promote peace, its values and the well-being of its
peoples; etc. Basically the OBJECTIVES.
147. Which agency received funding increase after 2015?
● Frontex?
● Maybe Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) to support Greece in
responding to migratory challenges.
148. Founding members of EFTA (European Free Trade Association)
● Austria, Denmark, Portugal, Sweden, UK, Norway, Switzerland.
 ● Add:
i. regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four
European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland
ii. established 1960
149. Decision making process in the Council - difference between ‘A’ and ‘B’
items?
● 'A' item on the Council agenda, meaning that agreement is expected without
debate. As a rule, around two-thirds of the items on a Council agenda will be
for adoption as 'A' items. Discussion on these items can nevertheless be re-
opened if one or more member states so request.
● 'B' section of the Council agenda includes points: left over from previous
Council meetings; upon which no agreement was reached in Coreper
(Committee of Permanent Representatives) or at working party level; that are
too politically sensitive to be settled at a lower level.
150. Which Latin American Country does not have a trade agreement with EU?
● Brazil.
151. Whose name is connected to CAP historically? And who was the pioneer?
● Mansholt. Spaak.
152. EU Blue Card?
● An EU Blue Card gives highly-qualified workers from outside the EU the right
to live and work in an EU country, provided they have higher professional
qualifications, such as a university degree, and an employment contract or a
binding job offer with a high salary compared to the average in the EU country
where the job is. The EU Blue Card applies in 25 of the 27 EU countries. It
does not apply in Denmark and Ireland.
153. When was the European Development Fund (EDF) created?
● 1957 (voluntary donations by EU member states).
● Add:
i. main instrument for European Union (EU) aid for development
cooperation in Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP Group)
countries and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT). Funding
is provided by voluntary donations by EU member states.
ii. The EDF has been incorporated into the EU's general budget as of the
2021-2027 multi-annual financial framework.
154. What does SWOT for?
● Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
155. What is the Berne convention?
● International agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted
in Berne in 1886.
156. When was the forerunner for Eurostat established?
● 1958.
157. What are interinstitutional bodies of the EU?
● Computer Emergency Response Team
● EPSO
● Publication office of the EU
● European School of Administration
158. What is EMIR?
● European Market Infrastructure Regulation
● Add:
i. an EU regulation for the regulation of over-the-counter (OTC)
derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories.
ii. Adopted and into force in 2012 (2013 fully)
 iii. The objective of the legislation is to reduce systemic counterparty and
operational risk, and help prevent future financial system collapses.
159. Types of proceedings in the ECJ?
● Infringement procedure
● Actions for annulment
● Action for failure to act
● Action for damages
● Preliminary rulings / interpreting EU law
160. Costa vs Enel case
● 1964
● Established the supremacy of EU law against national law

To-Do:
1) Learn the EP/EC presidents
2) Juncker’s investment plan for Europe: 4 priorities

Other information
What are the European Parliament’s powers and legislative procedures?
The Parliament is a co-legislator, it has the power to adopt and amend legislation and
decides on the annual EU budget on an equal footing with the Council. It supervises
the work of the Commission and other EU bodies and cooperates with national parliaments
of EU countries to receive their input.
The vast majority of EU law is passed through ordinary legislative procedure, also often
referred to by its previous name: “co-decision”. It is the standard EU legislative decision-
making procedure, giving equal weight to the European Parliament and the Council of the
European Union. It applies to a wide range of areas such as immigration, energy, transport,
climate change, the environment, consumer protection and economic governance.
There are a few areas in which other decision-making procedures are used. In areas such as
taxation, competition law and Common Foreign and Security Policy, the European
Parliament is “consulted”. In those cases, Parliament may approve or reject a legislative
proposal, or propose amendments to it, but the Council is not legally obliged to follow
Parliament's opinion, although it does need to wait for it before taking a decision. The
“consent” procedure, when Parliament’s approval is required, applies to the accession of
new EU member states and international trade agreements between the EU and third
countries or groups of countries. The consent procedure is also used in the final decision
on the appointment of the European Commission.
What about legislative initiative? Who initiates EU law?
Although it is up to the Commission to propose new EU laws, Parliament can take the
initiative by requesting that the Commission submit a legislative proposal. When making use
of "legislative initiative", MEPs may set a deadline for the submission of a proposal. If the
Commission refuses to, it must explain why.
Delegated/implementing acts
When adopting a new law, MEPs and the Council can instruct the Commission to
complement the law with minor additions or changes (like technical annexes or updates)
through delegated acts (which supplement or amend parts of the law) or implementing
acts (giving details on how to implement the law). In this way, legislation can remain simple
and, if needed, be supplemented and updated without new negotiations at the legislative
level.
Depending on the kind of act adopted by the Commission, MEPs have different options if
they disagree with the measures proposed by the Commission. MEPs have a veto right for
delegated acts. For implementing acts, MEPs can ask the Commission to amend or
withdraw them, but the Commission has no legal obligation to do this.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history

EU Treaties
● Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community
o Signed 1951, entered into force 1952
o Purpose: to create interdependence in coal and steel so that one country could no
longer mobilise its armed forces without others knowing. This eased distrust and
tensions after WWII.

● Treaties of Rome : EEC and EURATOM treaties

o Signed 1957, entered into force 1958
o Purpose: to set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European
Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
o Main changes: extension of European integration to include general
economic cooperation.

● Merger Treaty - Brussels Treaty

o Signed 1965, entered into force 1967
o Purpose: to streamline the European institutions.
o Main changes: creation of a single Commission and a single Council to
serve the then three European Communities (EEC, Euratom, ECSC).
Repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam.

● Single European Act

o Signed 1986, entered into force 1987
o Purpose: to reform the institutions in preparation for Portugal and Spain's
membership and speed up decision-making in preparation for the single
market.
o Main changes: extension of qualified majority voting in the Council
(making it harder for a single country to veto proposed legislation), creation of
the cooperation and assent procedures, giving Parliament more influence.

● Treaty on European Union - Maastricht Treaty

o Signed 1992, entered into force 1993
o Purpose: to prepare for European Monetary Union and introduce elements of
a political union (citizenship, common foreign and internal affairs policy).
 o Main changes: establishment of the European Union and introduction of the
co-decision procedure, giving Parliament more say in decision-making. New
forms of cooperation between EU governments – for example on defence and
justice and home affairs.

● Treaty of Amsterdam
o Signed 1997, entered into force 1999
o Purpose: To reform the EU institutions in preparation for the arrival of future
member countries.
o Main changes: amendment, renumbering and consolidation of EU and
EEC treaties. More transparent decision-making (increased use of the
ordinary legislative procedure).

● Treaty of Nice
o Signed 2001, entered into force 2003
o Purpose: to reform the institutions so that the EU could function efficiently
after reaching 25 member countries.
o Main changes: methods for changing the composition of the Commission
and redefining the voting system in the Council.
▪ 27 provisions changed over from unanimity to qualified-majority. The
most important are:
1.) Freedom of movement;
2.) Judicial cooperation in civil matters;
3.) The conclusion of international agreements in the area of trade
in services and the commercial aspects of intellectual property;
4.) Industrial policy;
5.) Economic, financial and technical cooperation with third
countries;
6.) Approval of the regulations and general conditions governing
the performance of the duties of members of the European
Parliament, with the exception of matters relating to the fiscal
regime;
7.) The statute of the political parties at European level;
8.) The approval of the rules of procedure of the Court of Justice
and the Court of First Instance.

● Treaty of Lisbon
o Signed 2007, entered into force 2009
o Purpose: to make the EU more democratic, more efficient and better able to
address global problems, such as climate change, with one voice.
o Main changes: more power for the European Parliament, change of voting
procedures in the Council, citizens' initiative, a permanent president of the
European Council, a new High Representative for Foreign Affairs, a new EU
diplomatic service.
o The Lisbon treaty clarifies which powers:
- belong to the EU
- belong to EU member countries
- are shared.
o The goals and values of the EU and are laid out in the Lisbon Treaty and the
EU Charter of fundamental rights.
Werner Report
● 1970 “on the realization by stages of economic and monetary union in the
Community”
● Principles of Werner report paved the way for monetary union
● This economic and monetary union was to be established in two stages. Taking the
Werner Report as a basis, the Commission of the European Economic Community
drew up its own plan, which was adopted by the Six on 22 March 1971. This
programme, divided into three stages, was intended to result in an economic and
monetary union before the end of the decade. But despite the political will of the
Member States, the introduction of an economic and monetary union — one of the
first initiatives being the establishment of the currency snake — suffered a setback
with the global monetary crisis in spring 1971 (the dollar crisis) and the 1973 oil
shock.
● The Werner Report was de facto put on hold in 1974.

EEA Agreement
● Agreement on European Economic Area (EEA) entered into force 1994
● brings together the EU Member States and the three EEA EFTA States — Iceland,
Liechtenstein and Norway — in a single market, referred to as the "Internal Market".
● It provides for the inclusion of EU legislation covering the four freedoms — the free
movement of goods, services, persons and capital — throughout the 30 EEA States.
● In addition, the Agreement covers cooperation in other important areas such as
research and development, education, social policy, the environment, consumer
protection, tourism and culture, collectively known as “flanking and horizontal”
policies.
● What is EEA not? Does not cover following policies.
o Common Agriculture and Fisheries Policies (although the Agreement contains
provisions on various aspects of trade in agricultural and fish products);
o Customs Union;
o Common Trade Policy;
o Common Foreign and Security Policy;
o Justice and Home Affairs (even though the EFTA countries are part of the
Schengen area); or
o Monetary Union (EMU).

Other agreements and treaties

Bretton Woods system

● established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United
States, Canada, Western European countries, Australia, and Japan after the
1944 Bretton Woods Agreement.
● obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained its external
exchange rates within 1 percent by tying its currency to gold and the ability of
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to bridge temporary imbalances of
payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other
countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.
● established the IMF and the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group.
● operational in 1945
● On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US
dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end
Paris agreement
● legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196
Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4
November 2016.
● Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius,
compared to pre-industrial levels. “net-zero" by 2050.
● The Paris Agreement works on a 5- year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate
action carried out by countries. By 2020, countries submit their plans for climate
action known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
● EU & MS ratified

The Story of the Euro

● binding economic and legal conditions were agreed in the Maastricht Treaty in 1992
● launched 1999 only used for accounting purposes and electronic payments
● 01.01.2002 Coins and banknotes were launched in 12 EU countries (DE, NL, I, FR,
AU, BE, FI, GR, IT, LX, PO, SP)

MFF 2021-2027

● The package consists of the long-term budget, the 2021-2027 multiannual financial
framework, made up of €1.074 trillion.
● For the first time ever, the new & reinforced priorities (335.5) have the highest share
within the long-term budget, 31.9%. In comparison, funds under the Common
Agricultural Policy (336.4) account for 30.9%, while funds for economic, social and
territorial cohesion (330.2) make for 30.4%.
o Finally, 30% of the EU budget, under both the long-term budget and
NextGenerationEU, will be spent to fight climate change.
● Seven headings
a. Single Market, Innovation and Digital (~ €150 billion)
i. Research and Innovation
● Horizon Europe (~92 billion)
● Euratom
● ITER
ii. European Strategic Investment
● InvestEU (~ €9 billion)
iii. Space
b. Cohesion, Resilience and Values (~ € 430 billion)
i. Regional Development and Cohesion
ii. Recovery and Resilience
iii. Investing in people, social cohesion and values
● European Social Fund+
● Creative Europe
c. Natural Resources and Environment (~ €401 billion)
i. Agriculture and Maritime Policy
ii. Environment and Climate Action
● Just Transition Fund
d. Migration and Border Management (~ 25 billion)
e. Security and Defense (~ €15 billion)
i. Security
ii. Defence
● European Defence Fund (~ €8 billion)
 f. Neighbourhood and the World (~ €110 billion)
i. External action
ii. Pre-accession assistance
g. European Public Administration (~82 billion)
● Several headings funded under MFF and NGEU

CAP

● Established in the Treaty of Rome 1957, launched in 1962

● updated after 1992 Rio Summit
● Transitional rules for 2021-22
o These rules are based on the principle of continuity of the current CAP rules
while also including new elements to ensure a smooth transition. This
agreement also covers the integration of the European Recovery Instrument
(ERI) funds into the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development
(EAFRD), allowing the farming and rural economies to recover and be resilient
in the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic.
o The national allocations during this transitional period will be those
agreed for the 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework.
● The future CAP reform is due to be implemented from 1 January 2023, pending final
agreement between the European Parliament and the Council of the EU.
● The legal basis for the common agricultural policy is established in the Treaty on the
functioning of the European Union.
● 2013 reforms of the CAP introduced green direct payments, implemented in 2015.
Paid to farmers for undertaking practices beneficial to climate and the environment.
MS must allocate 30% of their ‘Direct payment’ to green direct payments.

Objective 2030 for climate change:

● At least 40% cuts in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels). As part of the
European Green Deal, the Commission proposed in September 2020 to raise the
2030 greenhouse gas emission reduction target, including emissions and removals,
to at least 55% compared to 1990. The Commission will come forward with the
proposals by July 2021.
 ● At least 32% share for renewable energy.
● At least 32.5% improvement in energy efficiency.

Different organizations and agencies

OLAF = European Anti-Fraud Office

● Founded 1999
● investigates fraud against the EU budget, corruption and serious misconduct within
the European institutions, and develops anti-fraud policy for the European
Commission.
● 1993 Maastricht treaty: first time legal framework for OLAF included
● Commission service!
● Director General selected for 7 years by Commission President and Parliament and
Council
● OLAF can only bring recommendations to MS authorities which then have to decide
to bring it to court

European Central Bank (ECB)

● Established in 1998, by the Treaty of Amsterdam
● The primary objective of the ECB, mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB,[3]
is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone
● Organization. ECB has four decision-making bodies.
o Executive Board
o Governing Council
▪ 6 members of executive board + governors of national central banks of
euro countries
o General Council
▪ Dealing with transitional issues of euro adoption
▪ Composed of president, VP + governors of all EU’s national central
banks
o Supervisory Board
▪ meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB's
supervisory task
▪ chair, vice-chair + four ECB representatives
● Goals:
o maintain price stability in the euro zone,
o to achieve a low-level of unemployment
o to facilitate economic growth with low inflation.
● Tasks:
o Set inflation targets;
o Issue Euro banknotes and coins;
o Supervise and make inquiries into relevant bank’s solvency;
o Managing foreign exchange operations;
o Advisory role;

European Systemic Risk Board

● The ESRB is responsible for the macroprudential oversight of the EU financial
system and the prevention and mitigation of systemic risk. The ESRB therefore
has a broad remit, covering banks, insurers, asset managers, shadow banks,
financial market infrastructures and other financial institutions and markets. In pursuit
of its macroprudential mandate, the ESRB monitors and assesses systemic risks
and, where appropriate, issues warnings and recommendations.
 ● The General Board, chaired by the President of the ECB, Christine Lagarde, is the
ESRB’s decision-making body. It discusses current macroprudential developments
and, where necessary, issues recommendations and warnings.
● Created in 2010

Asian Development Bank

● From 31 members at its establishment in 1966, ADB has grown to encompass 68
members—of which 49 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside.
● HQ in Manila, Philippines

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

● HQ in Paris
● History: The Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was
established 1948 to run the US-financed Marshall Plan; Canada and the US joined
OEEC members in signing the new OECD Convention on 14 December 1960. 🡪
OECD born 1961, when Convention entered into force
● 38 Member countries
● goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for
all
● Structure: Council (representatives of MS + EC) provide strategic orientations for the
OECD. Decisions by consensus. Committees: Discussion & review. Secretariat:
Evidence & analysis.

OSCE – Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe

● 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - signing of Helsinki Final
Act
● membership CORRECT statement: all EU MS + EU itself as non-member observer
● 57 participating states
● Intergovernmental organization
● Decision on consensus on political binding basis

United Nations
● Founded 1945; 51 founding members (but PL signed few month later)
● Currently 193 MS
● What?
1. Maintain intl. peace & security;
2. Protect HR;
3. Deliver humanitarian aid;
4. Promote sustainable development;
5. Uphold intl. law
● Main organs:
o General Assembly: main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ
of the UN. All 193 Member States of the UN are represented. Each year, in
September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly Hall in
New York for the annual General Assembly session, and general debate.
Important decision require 2/3 majority, Decisions on other questions are by
simple majority.
o Security Council: primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the
maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members (5
permanent: China, France, UK, US,Russia) & 10 non-permanent members, 5
of which are elected each year by GA for 2 year term), each one vote. In some
cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize
the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. The
Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every month.
 o Economic and Social Council: 54 Members, elected by the General
Assembly for overlapping three-year terms.
o Trusteeship Council
o International Court of Justice: seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague.
one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York.
o Secretariat: comprises the Secretary-General and day to day staff

European Court of Auditors (ECA)

● Members: one member per MS, thus currently 27.
● Appointment procedure:
o By the Council, by qualified majority
o On the recommendation of each MS regarding its own seat.
o After consulting the EP
● Term length: 6 years, renewable.
● Organized in five chambers with responsibility for a specific areas of expenditure and
revenue.
● Based in Luxembourg.
● Powers:
o The Court’s remit covers examination of any revenue or expenditure accounts
of the European Union or any EU body.
▪ The reliability of the annual accounts of the European Union (financial
audit);
▪ The legality and regularity of the underlying transactions (compliance
audit); and
▪ The soundness of financial management (performance audit).
o The Court’s audit is continuous.
o In the Member States, the audit is carried out in liaison with the national
Supreme Audit Institutions
o The Court does not have investigative powers.
● Other institutions may ask the Court for its opinion whenever they see fit. The Court’s
opinion is mandatory when the Council..
● The Court of Auditors (ECA) was established in 1977 on the initiative of the European
Parliament. It was made an EU institution in 1993

Committee of Regions (CoR)

● The European Committee of the Regions (CoR) is an EU advisory body composed
of locally and regionally elected representatives coming from all 27 Member States.
Through the CoR they are able to share their opinion on EU legislation that directly
impacts regions and cities.
● Established in 1994
● The European Commission, the Council of the EU and the European Parliament must
consult the CoR when drawing up legislation on matters concerning local and
regional government such as health, education, employment, social policy, economic
and social cohesion, transport, energy and climate change.
● If this is not done, the CoR can bring a case before the Court of Justice.
● Each country nominates members of its choice who are appointed for
renewable five-year terms by the Council of the EU. The number of members
per country depends on the size of that country's population.

EU agencies

● Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators(ACER), Ljubljana, Slovenija

● BBI Joint Undertaking, Brussels
● Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking, Brussels
 ● Community Plant Variety Office(CPVO), France
● ECSEL Joint Undertaking, BRX
● Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), BRX
● European Agency for Safety and Health at Work(EU-OSHA), Bilbao, Spain
● European Asylum Support Office (EASO), Valletta, Malta
● European Aviation Safety Agency(EASA), Koln
● European Banking Authority (EBA), F
● European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), Warsaw
● European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control(ECDC), Sweden
● European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training(Cedefop), Greece
● European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, FL
● European Defence Agency (EDA), BRX
● European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen
● European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), Vigo, Spain
● European Food Safety Authority(EFSA), Parma, IT
● European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
(Eurofound), Dublin
● European GNSS Agency(GSA), Prague
● European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Lth
● European Institute of Innovation and Technology(EIT), Budapest
● European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), Frankfurt
● European Labour Authority (ELA), BRX
● European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), Lisbon
● European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam
● European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon
● European Police Office(Europol), Den Haag
● European Research Council Executive Agency(ERCEA), BRX
● European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), Paris
● European Training Foundation(ETF), Torino, IT
● European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust), Den Haag
● European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), Greece
● European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights(FRA), Wien
● European Union Agency for large-scale IT systems(eu-LISA), Tallin, ET
● European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL), Budapest
● European Union Agency for Railways (ERA), F
● European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Paris
● European Union Intellectual Property Office(EUIPO), Alicante
● European Union Satellite Centre(Satcen), Madrid
● Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized enterprises(EASME), BRX
● Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking
● Fusion for Energy, Barcelona
● Innovation & Networks Executive Agency(INEA), BRX
● Office of the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC
Office)
● Research Executive Agency(REA), BRX
● The Single Resolution Board(SRB), BRX
● Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union(CdT)

EU-LISA
● Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area
of Freedom, Security and Justice.
● to increase the added value of ICT technology to the citizens of EU and through it to
facilitate and proactively contribute to the success of the EU policies in the area of
 justice and home affairs and to support the Member States (MS) in their efforts for
safer Europe. Especially concerns Schengen management system.
● Mission:
1. To provide high-quality efficient services and solutions;
2. To build trust amongst all stakeholders and continuously align the
capabilities of technology with the evolving needs of the Member States;
3. To grow as a centre of excellence.
Other
Green Paper
● documents published by the EC to stimulate discussion on given topics at European
level. They invite the relevant parties (bodies or individuals) to participate in a
consultation process and debate on the basis of the proposals they put forward.
Green Papers may give rise to legislative developments that are then outlined
in White Papers.
White Paper
● authoritative report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue
and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers
understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision.
● European Commission White Papers are documents containing proposals for
European Union (EU) action in a specific area. In some cases, they follow on from a
Green Paper published to launch a consultation process at EU level.
● The purpose of a White Paper is to launch a debate with the public,
stakeholders, the European Parliament and the Council in order to arrive at a
political consensus.

Enhanced Cooperation
Enhanced cooperation is a procedure where a minimum of 9 EU countries are allowed to
establish advanced integration or cooperation in an area within EU structures but
without the other EU countries being involved. This allows them to move at different
speeds and towards different goals than those outside the enhanced cooperation areas. The
procedure is designed to overcome paralysis, where a proposal is blocked by an individual
country or a small group of countries who do not wish to be part of the initiative. It does not,
however, allow for an extension of powers outside those permitted by the EU Treaties.
Authorisation to proceed with the enhanced cooperation is granted by the Council, on
a proposal from the Commission and after obtaining the consent of the European
Parliament. As of February 2013, this procedure was being used in the fields of divorce law,
and patents, and is approved for the field of a financial transaction tax.