THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS, CHEMICAL BONDING, CHEMICAL FORMULA WRITING & NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS General objectives. After the suudy of this module, the students should be able to write formulas of compounds; memorize the oxidation numbers of elements and radicals; write formulas of compounds using the Stock System and Classical Systems write formulas of binary molecular or covalent compounds; and write formulas of acids: binary and ternary acids. weype 3,1 DEFINITION OF COMPOUND A compound is achemical combination of elements. It hasal constant composition anda unique set of properties. Its composition is represented by its formula, which lists the symbols of the elements it contains, with each sy! mbol followed by @ subscript that tells how many atoms of those elements are contained in the simplest unit of the compound. 4 3.2 CHEMICAL BONDING In compound formation, atoms tend to form a bond with other atoms to become more stable. In most atoms, such stability is attained by completing the outermost main energy level with eight electrons (electronic confi; jguration of noble gas) by gaining, losing or sharing electrons. : i = Chemical bond is 2 strong force of attraction or linkage between atoms due to the interaction of electrons between them. cf Octet rule states that in compound formation, atoms of elements lose, gain or that each atom participating in achemical bonding acquires share electrons in such a way an electron configuration resembling that of the noble gas nearest to it in the Periodic Table. Thus, the outer shell of each bonded atom will contain eight electrons. Except: Hnecds le’ and Li Joses one electron to become more stable resembling configuration similar to He with 2e*inits outer shell.my ‘Two Major Types of Chemical Bonding jonding. 1. Tonic bonding or Electrovalent eal il formed by a transfer of electrons fro vo forrt ionic bond formation, metals lose elec electrons to form negative ions. joni Jectrovalent bong ; ibnic or e be non-metal. As a general rule, j, * positive jons and non-metals Bain of protons and electrons) Tons are charged atoms (do not have equal numive hs B ied anlei: The positive ions are called cations and nega . edanaioman a ‘The compound formed as a result of transfer aL elects Folate solide win sr liscinnrea Tas Ea ilar arrangement called high melting points, Ions in this solid form follow a reg! crystal lattice. Example; formation of sodium fluoride by the reaction between sodium and fluorine toms. = Na + F + Nat + F -> NaF Half- shell configuration = es DeBle Le + 2)" The —> GB)ae 8)e + Des)e i i+. woe Lewis System : Na +*FS — +» pat! + —> NaF Sodium atom Na Is? 2s? 2p® 3g! llp le ee net charge = 0 net charge = Q Sodium ion ~ Fhorine ion Na Is? 2s? 2p6 : llp Ae 2s? aps : Pp We 8e net charge = +1 net charge = .} Example: Reaction bewy, MgCl, Hence, 2Cl atoms from 1 Mg atom, een Mg (2 valence e’) a : ind Cy Q < valence ¢- Te required to accommodate electzons e) ie a ‘ansferre. * cls Mg + se 2. Covalent Bon 7 aia Hon-fetals, sel Scrauent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between molecule results from thie of an electron pair shared between two bonded atoms. A ‘These compounds are us ee The compound formed is called covalent compound, molecules exhibit coy. ie ¥ Bases or liquids with low boiling point. Diatomic gaseous forms is equal to the nab ee ‘The number of covalent bonds that an atom ‘configuration, er of electrons it needs to achieve a noble gas electron Example; Fluorine molecule oo os eo ee tFe + «F — fF we FS —— > - oe oo - i Fluorine A Fluorine B coval ént bond ~ (Shared pair of e~) Methane - CH, H $ Hees ceeeH> OH : Hs: $ H Note: (dash) can be used to represent pair of electrons shared. 33 WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA (Chemical Formula is a representation of the composition of compounds. ae dical sent and ula of elements or radicals present ane tS z oe ee of eactrelement present written ‘as numerical subscrip! . then the right of each symbols.‘Things to know in writing a chemical formula 1. Correct symbol of element and radical. 2. Corresponding valence or oxidation number. ‘The valence denotes the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. Tt also describes combining power of an atom in a compou! nd. The oxidation number refers also to the combining capacity of an atom but specifying charge (whether positive - or negative). Radicals are group of elements which act as one or single atom in chemical reaction and show definite valence. Examples: Sulfate ion ~ (SO,)* Ammonium ion ~ (NH,)" 3.3.1 RULES IN WRITING FORMULAS Rule 1: Criss-Cross rule. Chemical compounds are electrically charged, the total number of positive charges is equal to the number of negative charges. Hence, the valence of positive entity (ion or radical) equals subscript of negative entity. The sum of the positive and negative valences should add up to zero, The positive ion is written first followed by the negative ion, Example: Write the formula of Aluminum Oxide Steps: 1. Write the correct symbols of the elements and radicals. Al O 2. Above each symbol, write the correct valence or oxidation number, Al? OF z 3. To obtain oer subscript, criss-cross (interchange) the valence or oxidation number, and drop the algebraic sign; = _ Al,O, ~Aluminum oxide * Rule 2: When valence number is 1, subscript | is not written Example: Sodium chloride ~ Na‘! cl =>! NaCl Rule 3: When the oxidation numbers of both elements are numerically equal but greater than 1, the subscript are not also written Example: Calcium oxide ~ Ca**O7? +. CaORule 4: All radicals take more than once must be enclosed in parentheses (). He Ree b ocmers) Examples: Ammonium sulfate ~ NH,*! SO,?_ > (NH,),SO, Barium phosphate ~ Ba‘?PO,* — Ba,(PO,), Rule 5: All subscripts must be reduced to lowest terms (except for molecular orcovalent compound), Example: Tin (IV) oxide ~ Sn“O? —> Sn,” Except: Benzene ~ C,H, ' 3.3.2. Formulas or Binary Compounds Containing Metals with Variable Valence or Oxidation Number A. Stock System Roman numerals indicated after the name of the-metal represents the oxidation number (valence) of the metal. Example: Tin (IV) chloride ~ Sn“ C1"! —> , SnCl, Tin (Il) chloride ~ Sn+2Cl" > SnCl, B. Classical or Conventional System The “ic” and “ous” endi ing are added to the line stem or root word of the Latin name of the metal. The “ic” ending indicates higher oxidation number or valence. The “gus” ending indicates lower oxidation number or valence. Example: Stannic chloride ~ Sn“*Cl! — SnCl, Stannous chloride ~ Sn“?Cl“' > SnCl, 3.3.3 Formulas of Binary Molecular or Covalent Compounds Rule 1: The Greek prefix mentioned before the name of the non. metals are written as subscripts of the non metals Example: Dinitrogen pentoxide —+ N,Q, Rule 2: If prefix is mono, itis not mentioned at the start of the name but mentioned on the second portion. Example: Phosphorous pentachloride — PCI, ; Table 3.1 on the next page displays the prefixes that are commonly used in naming binary compounds.Table 3.1. Greek Prefixes Used in Naming Binary Molecular Compounds i toms Prefixes Number of Atoms | Prefixes —_ of Ato a r ee 7 | __ hepta a : ; i 8 octa tri ; [Lac reema 9 nona 5 penta 10 deca 3.3.4 Formula of Acids si A. Binary Acids are solutions of compounds consisting of hydrogen and non- metal. The name starts with the prefix Hydro and the ending “ic attached to the acid forming element followed by the word acid. The formula is H followed by the symbol of the nonmetal. Examples; Hydrochloric acid ~ H*'Cl 4° HCl. Hydrosulfuric acid ~ HS in HS B. Ternary acids or Oxyacids are those containing H,O and the acid forming element. The names do not have the prefix hydro. Their names end in “ous” or “ic”. ic contains more oxygen salts or radicals ends in ate ous contains less oxygen —— salts or radical ends in ite ‘The formula starts with H followed by the radical ~ H*! (NMO) polyatomic ion Examples: — Nitric acid ~ HtNOSt => HNO, Nitrous acid ~-H*INO,;! > HNO, 3.4 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUND 3.4.1 Rules in Naming Compounds A. Binary ionic compounds are compounds thi ‘at contain 2 diff 4 metal and a nonmetal. The name ends in ide, $ Sea: 1. Binary ionic compounds contain metals with fixed valences are the elements in groups IA & ILA and elements Al, Zn, and Ag, Name of metal = stem of name of non-metal + ide Example: : NaF ~ Sodium fluoride .2. Binary ionic compounds containing metal with variable valences omar one Roman numeral enclosed in parentheses is written a a4 eee ing the name of the metal to indicate the valence of Name of metal (valerice in R cantietadteie ‘oman numeral) stem of name of Example: SnF, ~ Tin (IV) Fluoride b) Classical (old) Method Name of metal i3 modified with ending “ic” for higher valence and “ous” for lower valence Examples: SnF,~ Stannic Fluoride SnF, ~ Stannous Fluoride Exceptions using ide endings Hydroxide (OH), cyanide (CN) and ammonium (NH,) compounds are naméd with ide ending although they are not binary. Examples: NH, ~ Ammonium Iodide KCN ~ Potassium Cyanide Ca(OH), ~ Calcium Hydroxide B. Binary molecular compounds are compounds containing 2 non-metals. Greek prefixes are use to indicate the number of atoms. The prefix mono is dropped at the start of the name. of the 1 nonmetal + Greek prefix + stem of name Greek prefix + name . of 2nd nonntetal + ide P,O,~ Diphosphorous pentaoxide or péntoxide PCI, ~ Phosphorous trichloride Examples: -ogen listed as the 3.42. Binary molecular compound containing Hydr rctnene: first element They afe named without using the Greek numerical p' Hydrogen + stem of name of non-metal + ide Examples: HF ~ Hydrogen fluoride HCI ~ Hydrogen chloride3.4.3 Binary Acids are water solutions of molecular compounds composed of hydrogen and another nonmetal except oxygen. Hydro + stem of name of non-metal + ic ‘ending + acid Examples: HCI (in water solution) ~ HF (in water solution) ~ Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric acid 3.4.4 Ternary Acids (Oxy acids) names ends in “ous” or “ic”. Examples: H,PO,~ Phosphoric acid H,PO, ~ Phosphorous acid 3.4.5 When there are more than two oxy acids of the same element, the acid wherein the nonmetal exhibits a lower valence than the ous acid uses the prefix hypo and suffix ous + the word acid, The acid wherein the nonmetal exhibits a higher valence than the ic acid uses the prefix per and suffix ic + acid. Examples: | HCIO~ Hypochlorous acid HCIO, ~ Chlorous acid HCIO, ~ Chloric acid HCIO, ~ Perchloric acid 3.4.6 Ternary Compounds name ends in ite for less oxygen, ate for more oxygen, a Examples: Al (NO,),~ Aluminum nitrate NaNO, ~ Sodium nitrite