URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES

URDANETA CITY, PANGASINAN
MATH & SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Blood Typing

When we say blood typing, it is a test that determines a person’s blood type. Having tested is essential if
you need a blood transfusion or are planning to donate blood. Not all blood types are compatible, so it is
essential to know your blood group. When you receive blood that is incompatible with your blood type
could trigger a dangerous immune response.

Blood type is determined by what kind of antigens your red blood cells have on the surface. An antigen is
a substance that helps your body differentiate between its cells and foreign, potentially dangerous ones.
If your body thinks a cell is foreign, it will set out to destroy it.

The ABO blood typing system groups your blood into one of four categories:

 Type A has the A antigen.

 Type B has the B antigen.
 Type AB has both A and B antigens.
 Type O has neither A nor B antigens.

If blood with antigens that you do not have enters your system, your body will create antibodies against it.
However, some people can still safely receive blood that is not their blood type. As long as the blood they
receive does not have any antigens that mark it as foreign, their bodies will not attack it. In other words,
donations work as follows:

O: Type O individuals can donate blood to anyone because their blood has no antigens. However, they can
only receive blood from other type O individuals (because blood with any antigens is foreign).

A: Type A individuals, can donate to other types A individuals and type AB individuals. Type A individuals
can receive blood only from other types A individuals and type O individuals.

B: Type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals. Type B individuals can
receive blood only from type B individuals and type O individuals.

AB: Type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB individuals, but can receive the blood of any type.

Blood types are further organized by Rh factor:

Rh-positive: People with Rh-positive blood have Rh antigens on the surface of their red blood cells. People
with Rh-positive blood can receive Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood.

Rh-negative: Rh-negative blood does not have any Rh antigens and people with it can only accept blood
that has Rh-negative.

There are two components to blood typing:

 Test unknown cells with known antibodies

 Test unknown serum/plasma with known red cells
The patterns are compared, and the blood group is determined.

"Compatibility testing concerning RBCs" by Luigi Albert Maria is licensed under CC SA 3.0

Blood Typing Techniques

Slide Method

The slide method is a sensitive method compared to other techniques but its prompt results is what
makes it important especially on emergency cases. In this method, a slide or glass is divided into three
parts. Each part would have a drop of blood. One divided part would be mixed with anti-A, the other
part would be mixed with anti-B and the last part would have anti-D. There would be an agglutination of
blood clumping patterns where ABO and RhD type of blood can be seen.

Tube Test

Compared to the slide test, the tube test is more sensitive and reliable; therefore, it can be used
conveniently for blood transfusion. In this method, both forward (cell) and reverse (serum) grouping are
carried out. For forward grouping, blood cells are placed in two test tubes and saline as a diluent media.
A drop of anti-A and anti-B is added separately. They would then be subjected into centrifugation for a
few minutes.

A more accurate blood grouping could also be done by categorizing the two test tubes according to their
blood clumping. Centrifugation was done to ensure that there will be enhanced chemical interactions
especially for weaker antibodies to have a reaction or agglutination. Prolonged incubation of tubes also
favors these reactions without drying the test samples. Reverse grouping can be done by having the
blood serum treated against an RBC reagent and the subsequent agglutination pattern is then monitored.

Column/Gel Centrifugation

The column centrifugation or Gel Centrifugation is a fairly new and modern technique. It establishes a
standard procedure for quantifying cell agglutination. It is made of small microtubes that has a gel
matrix that traps agglutinates. The blood serum is then mixed with anti-A, B and D reagents under
controlled incubation and controlled centrifugation. Glass beads can be used to reduce the analysis time
as there is an increase in the centrifugation speeds.