Module Advanced Mathematics for IE

Advanced Mathematics for IE

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 Chapter 1
Review of Linear and Nonlinear Equations

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Define the basic concepts of linear and nonlinear equations
1.1 Definition of Linear Equations in Two Variables

An equation is said to be linear equation in two variables if it is written in the form

of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 are real numbers and the coefficients of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦,

i.e a and b respectively, are not equal to zero. For example, 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥 +

5𝑦 = 2 are linear equations in two variables. The solution for such an equation is a pair

of values, one for 𝑥 and one for 𝑦 which further makes the two sides of an equation equal.

1.1.1 Solution of Linear Equations in Two Variables

The solution on linear equations in two variables 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐, is a particular point in the

graph, such that when 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is multiplied by 𝑎 and 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is multiplied by 𝑏,

then the sum of these two values will be equal to 𝑐. Basically, for linear equation in two variables,

there are infinitely many solutions.

Example:

In order to find the solution of linear equation in two variables, two equations should be

known to us. For equation 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 30, graphically this equation represented by substituting

the variables to zero. The value of 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0 is

5𝑥 + 3(0) = 30

𝑥 = 6, and the value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 0 is,

5(0) + 3𝑦 = 30

𝑦 = 10, see the graph of linear equation below

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 It is now understood that to solve linear equation in two variables, the two equations have

to be known and then the substitution method can be followed. Let’s understand this with a few

example questions.

1.1.1.1 Unique Solution

For the given linear equations in two variables, the solution will be unique for both

the equations, if and only if they intersect at a single point. The condition to get the unique

solution for the given linear equations is, the slope of the line formed by the two equations,

respectively, should not be equal. Consider, m1 and m2 are two slopes of equations of two lines in

two variables. So, if the equations have a unique solution, given from the slope intercept form of an

equation of the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 which 𝑚 stands for the slope of the line with different 𝑦 −intercept

𝑏, then:

𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2

1.1.1.2 No Solution

If the two linear equations have equal slope value, then the equations will

have no solutions.

𝑚1 = 𝑚2

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 This is because the lines are parallel to each other and do not intersect.

1.1.2 System of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Instead of finding the solution for a single linear equation in two variables,

we can take two sets of linear equations, both having two variables in them and

find the solutions. So, basically the system of linear equations is defined when there

is more than one linear equation. For example, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 5, are the

system of linear equations in two variables. Because, the point 𝑎 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 5 is the

solution for both equations, such as:

𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10 + 5 = 15

𝑎 − 𝑏 = 10 − 5 = 5

Hence, proved point (10,5) is solution for both 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 5.

Example:

1. Find the value of variables which satisfies the following equation:

2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20………………………………………………..Equation 1
3𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12………………………………………………..Equation 2

By Elimination Method:

3(2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20); 6𝑥 + 15𝑦 = 60…………………Equation 3

−2(3𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12); −6𝑥 − 12𝑦 = −24……………Equation 4

6𝑥 + 15𝑦 = 60
+ −6𝑥 − 12𝑦 = −24
3𝑦 = 36
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐

Substitute the value of 𝑦 to either of the two-given equation:

2𝑥 + 5(12) = 20
𝒙 = −𝟐𝟎

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 Graph:
Point of Intersection of two
Lines at point (−20,12)

6𝑥 + 15𝑦 = 60

3𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12

Therefore, the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 or the solution of the Linear Equation is

−20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 12.

2. Solve for the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 in the equations: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6.

Graph:

(0,6)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12
(0,3)

3
𝑚=−
2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6

No point of intersection since the graphs of the lines are parallel. Therefore, there

is no solution. Transforming the equations of the lines in slope-intercept form.

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 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12,
2𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 12,
−3 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 6, and 𝑚 = − and 𝑏 = 6 or 𝑦-intercept at (0,6)
2 2

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6,
2𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 6,
3 3
𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 3, and 𝑚 = − and 𝑏 = 3 or 𝑦- intercept at (0,3)
2 2

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 , hence there is no solution for the system of equations.

1.2 Nonlinear Equations

A system of nonlinear equations is a system of two or more equations in two or more

variables containing at least one equation that is not linear. Recall that a linear equation can take

the form 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0. Any equation that cannot be written in this form is nonlinear. The

substitution method we used for linear systems is the same method we will use for nonlinear

systems. We solve one equation for one variable and then substitute the result into the second

equation to solve for another variable, and so on. There is, however a variation in the possible

outcomes.

1.2.1 Intersection of a Parabola and a Line

The graphs below illustrate possible solution sets for a system of equations involving a

parabola and a line.

• No solution. The line will never intersect the parabola

• One solution. The line is tangent to the parabola and intersects the parabola at exactly

one point.

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 • Two solutions. The line crosses on the inside of the parabola and intersects the

parabola at two points.

How to: Given a system of equations containing a line and a parabola, find the solution

1. Solve the linear equation for one of the variables

2. Substitute the expression obtained in step one into the parabola equation.

3. Solve the remaining variable.

4. Check your solutions in both equations.

Example:

1. Solve the system of equations,

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1

Solution:

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 Solve the first equation for 𝑥 and then substitute the resulting expression into the

second equation.

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1,
𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1, Solve for 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1,
𝑦 = (𝑦 − 1)2 + 1, Substitute expression for 𝑥.
𝑦 = (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) + 1, Expand
𝑦 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 2,

0 = 𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 2, Set equal to 0 and solve

0 = (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 − 1),

Solving for 𝑦 gives 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 1. Next, substitute each value for 𝑦 into the

first equation to solve for 𝑥. Always substitute the value into the linear equation to check

for extraneous solutions.

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1,
𝑥 − (2) = −1,
𝑥 = 1,

𝑥 − (1) = −1,
𝑥 = 0,

The solutions are (1,2) and (0,1), which can be verified by substituting these

(𝑥, 𝑦) values into both the original equations.

Graph:

Could we have substituted values for 𝑦 into the second equation to solve for 𝑥 in

example 1? Yes, but because 𝑥 is squared in the second equation this could give us

extraneous solutions for 𝑥. For 𝑦 = 1

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1,
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1,
𝑥 2 = 0,

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 𝑥 = ±√0 = 0,

This gives us the same value as in the solution. For 𝑦 = 2

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1,

2 = 𝑥 2 + 1,

𝑥 2 = 1,

𝑥 = ±√1 = ±1,

Notice that −1 is an extraneous solution.

1.2.2 Intersection of a Circle and a Line

Just as with a parabola and a line, there are three possible outcomes when solving a

system of equations representing a circle and a line. A general note: possible types of solutions

for the points of intersection of a circle and a line.

• No solution. The line does not intersect the circle.

• One solution. The line is tangent to the circle and intersects the circle at exactly

one point.

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 • Two solutions. The line crosses the circle and intersects it at two points.

How to: Given a system of equations containing a line and a circle, find the solution

1. Solve the linear equation for one of the variables.

2. Substitute the expression obtained in step one into the equation for the circle.

3. Solve for the remaining variable.

4. Check your solutions in both equations.

Example:

1. Find the intersection of the given circle and the given line by substitution.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5

Solution:

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 One of the equations has already solved for 𝑦. We will substitute 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5 into
the equation for the circle.

𝑥 2 + (3𝑥 − 5)2 = 5
𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25 = 5
10𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 20 = 0

Now, we factor and solve for 𝑥.

10(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2) = 0
10(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = 2; 𝑥 = 1

Substitute the two 𝑥- values into the original linear equations to solve for 𝑦.

𝑦 = 3(2) − 5
𝑦=1

𝑦 = 3(1) − 5
𝑦 = −2

The line intersects the circle at (2,1) and (1, −2), which can be verified by substituting
these (𝑥, 𝑦) values into both of the original equations.

Graph:

1.2.3 Solving a System of Nonlinear Equations Using Elimination

We have seen that substitution is often the preferred method when a system of equations

includes a linear equation and a nonlinear equation. However, when both equations in the system

have like variables of the second degree, solving them using elimination by addition is often easier

than substitution. Generally, elimination is a far simpler method when the system involves only

two equations in two variables (a two-by-two system), rather than a three-by-three system, as

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there are fewer steps. As an example, we will investigate the possible types of solutions when

solving a system of equations representing a circle and an ellipse.

A general note, possible types of solutions for the points of intersection of a circle

and an ellipse. The figure below illustrates possible solution sets for a system of equations involving

a circle and an ellipse.

• No solution. The circle and ellipse do not intersect. One shape is inside the other or
the circle and the ellipse are a distance away from the other.

• One solution. The circle and ellipse are tangent to each other, and intersect at
exactly one point.

• Two solutions. The circle and the ellipse intersect at two points.

• Three solutions. The circle and the ellipse intersect at three points.

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 • Four solutions. The circle and the ellipse intersect at four points.

Example:
1. Solve the system of nonlinear equations.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 26 equation 1
3𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 100 equation 2

Solution:

Let’s begin by multiplying equation (1) by −3, and adding it to equation (2).

(−3)(𝑥2 + 𝑦2) = (−3)(26)

−3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 = −78
3𝑥2 + 25𝑦2 = 100
22𝑦2 = 22

After we add the two equations together, we solve for 𝑦.

𝑦2 = 1
𝑦 = ±√1 = ±1

Substitute 𝑦 = ±1𝑦 = ±1 into one of the equations and solve for 𝑥.

𝑥 2 + (1)2 = 26
𝑥 2 + 1 = 26
𝑥 2 = 25
𝑥 = ±√25 = ±5

𝑥 2 + (−1)2 = 26
𝑥 2 + 1 = 26
𝑥 2 = 25 = ±5

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 There are four solutions:
(5,1), (−5,1), (5, −1), 𝑎𝑛𝑑(−5, −1).

Graph:

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 Module (IE 223) Name: ____________________________________________
Activity No. 1 Program/Year: ____________Date Submitted: ___________

I. Essay. Answer the following questions below. Elaborate as comprehensive enough for the
𝑐𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

common readers to understand.

a. How do the computation of the solution of a system of equations implies to the

its graph?

b. How do Linear and nonlinear systems of equations differ. (in terms of solutions

computation and its graph.

II. Solving. Compute for the solution of the following systems of equations below and graph

the given equations indicating its solution.

1. 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −383,
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17,
−6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7𝑧 = −12,
2. 3𝑥 − 9𝑧 = 337,
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = −154,
𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −6,

3. 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 3

.4𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 = −7
.−3𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 5

4. 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥 2
𝑦2
𝑥2 − 9
= 1,

5. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 1
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 3,

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