PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Volume 41, Issue 6, December 2014

Online English edition of the Chinese language journal

Cite this article as: PETROL. EXPLOR. DEVELOP., 2014, 41(6): 798–804. RESEARCH PAPER

Oil well perforation technology: Status and prospects

LIU He1,*, WANG Feng2, WANG Yucai2, GAO Yang1, CHENG Jianlong3
1. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China;
2. PetroChina Jilin Oilfield Company, Songyuan 138000, China;
3. Xi’an Tong Oil Tools Co. Ltd, Xi’an 710065, China

Abstract: Perforation is a key link in well completion. To meet the development requirements of different types of oil and gas fields,
after over ten years of research and development, a series of perforation methods and matching processes have been established, such as
deep penetration shaped perforation, composite perforation, directional perforation etc, which on the one hand improve the result and ef-
ficiency of perforation completion and stimulation, on the other hand prolong the service life of reservoir by protecting the reservoir.
Meanwhile, the optimization of perforation design and the improvement of perforation check method further enhance the safety and suc-
cess rate of perforation, and make the perforation test process and field application more standardized. For unconventional tight oil and
gas reservoirs, deep−ultra-deep reservoirs, thin and poor reservoirs, reservoirs with edge or bottom water, staged fracturing of horizontal
wells, and re-perforating of old wells, perforation techniques such as 3D perforation, ultra-deep penetration perforation, and high tem-
perature high pressure perforation, and supplement perforation etc should be studied according to the features of the specific oil and gas
reservoir and well.

Key words: perforation technology; perforation process; status; development prospect; face direction perforation; 3D perforation

1 Introduction security design, operation optimization design, smart oriented

Perforation, a key link in well completion, has advanced
greatly in the past decade. It plays an important role in en-
hancing oil and gas production of wells. Generally, perfora-
tion technology in China and abroad could be divided into the
following categories: (1) High efficiency perforation focusing
on hydrocarbon production capacity enhancement, such as
energy-gathered perforation and composite perforation. In
order to connect hydrocarbon production paths underground
and improve well production capacity, this kind of perforation
is going toward large explosive quantity, ultra-deep penetra-
tion, multi-stage gunpowder and enhancing efficiency by gas
fracturing[1−2]. (2) Perforation technology focusing on protect-
ing reservoir and improving perforation completion effective-
ness, such as negative pressure perforation, dynamic negative
pressure perforation, ultra-positive pressure perforation and
oriented perforation[3−6]. (3) Integrated operation process fo-
cusing on improving operation efficiency, including combina-
tion of perforation and testing aiming at enhancing the reli-
ability of testing results, combination of perforation and acidi-
fication, and combination of perforation and fracturing, such
as DST (drill stem test), full bore perforation and negative
pressure perforation & testing[7−8]. (4) Processes aiming at
improving operation security and efficiency, including string
perforation, and monitoring & diagnosing while perforating[9].
(5) Stimulation measurements aiming at recovering well pro-
duction capacity and increasing well service life, such as
stimulation by combination of perforation and exploding, and
deflagration fracturing[10].
The development of perforation and the corresponding op-
eration process changes the original hydrocarbon recovery
pattern which simply opened tubing and casing through per-
forator, and add new meaning to perforation and correspond-
ing operation process in oilfield development.
2 Current status of perforation technology
2.1 Perforation and its matching technology
2.1.1 Deep penetration energy-gathered perforation
Originally, the bullet perforating method was used to pene-
trate casing and cement sheath, connecting target zone and
casing. However, the depth that bullet can penetrate is very
limited, so effective bullet holes can not always be formed. As
a result, energy-gathered perforation evolved from anti-ar-
mour weapons has seen rapid development. With the mohaupt
effect, this kind of perforation has good rock breaking capac-
ity, and can improve the perforation depth significantly.
In recent years, as oilfield development sets increasingly

Received date: 20 May 2014; Revised date: 09 Oct. 2014.

* Corresponding author. E-mail: liuhe@petrochina.com.cn
Copyright © 2014, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.
 LIU He et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(6): 798–804

Table 1 Average penetration depth of some perforators from several plants in China and abroad[11−14]
Gun diameter/ Perforation density/ Penetration
Supplier Bullet type Charge load/g
mm (Perforation·m−1) depth/mm
GEO Dynamics, USA 114.3 4039 RaZor HMX 39 16 1 597
Owen, USA 114.3 SDP-4500-411NT3 39 16 1 376
Sichuan Perforating Charge Plant, China 114.3 SDP48HMX39-1 39 16 1 538
Daqing Perforating Charge Plant, China 114.3 SDP45HMX-1 39 16 1 356

higher requirements on perforation, China and other countries

have put more efforts in the development of ultra-deep pene-
tration energy-gathered perforation technology. The average
penetrating depth by perforating charge has increased sub-
stantially[11−14]. The most representative type is 4039RaZor
HMX perforating charge developed by American GEO Dy-
namics Company, which has an average penetration depth on
concrete target of up to 1597 mm. Similarly, the Fig. 1 Three stage charge structure
SDP48HMX39-1 perforating charge developed by Sichuan
So far, the compound perforation technique has evolved
perforation charge plant reaches an average penetration depth
into several types, including built-in type, hanging type and
of 1 538 mm on concrete target, close to the international ad-
wraparound type. Also there are different product series, such
vanced level. The perforating charge average penetration
as deep penetration, big diameter, high density of perforation
depth has at least doubled compared with that in the year
holes and so on. In addition, some integrated processes with
2000[11−14]. Table 1 shows the API testing data by the same
this technique have been established such as integrated perfo-
type of perforator on concrete target, from several representa-
ration and acidification, integrated perforation and DST, and
tive plants in China and abroad[11−14].
integrated perforation for horizontal wells[16−17].
2.1.2 Compound perforation technique
2.1.3 Oriented perforation
Compound perforation technique uses composite propellant
Oriented perforation makes use of some orientation devices
in the perforating gun, to supply secondary energy, based on
or facilities to realize the control of perforating direction, thus
energy-gathered perforation. While energy-gathered perforat-
optimizing perforation design and improving operation effec-
ing charge makes connection path between reservoir and cas-
tiveness. Oriented perforation is mainly divided into two types:
ing, the composite propellant will be lighted to generate gas of
vertical well oriented perforation and horizontal well oriented
high temperature and high pressure, the gas is released
perforation.
through the discharge hole on the perforation gun, and flow
Vertical well oriented perforation measures the downhole
into the perforated path immediately, thus effectively fractur-
perforation azimuth with gyroscope, and thus control perfo-
ing the reservoir. Through such process, extended fracture
rating direction. In the process of reservoir development,
network will generate in near wellbore area, improving fluid
conventional perforation usually opens tunnels along hori-
conductivity in near wellbore area substantially. Years of field
zontal direction. But in actual reservoir formation, there usu-
operation experience indicates that the compound perforation
ally exists an inclined angle, α1 and α2, between the reservoir,
technique can at least double the single well production ca-
maximum principal stress direction and horizontal direction,
pacity. In recent years, big progress has also been made in
as shown in Fig. 2. Sometimes it is necessary to utilize gyro-
technology updating. Through systematic basic theory & test-
ing technique research, gunpowder gas control research, gun
body material & loading capacity research and gunpowder
charge structure research, the original one stage charge struc-
ture generally has evolved gradually into two stage and three
stage charge structure (Fig. 1), which increases the compound
perforation power capability. The average fracture length in
simulated target practice nearly increased by one time com-
pared with the previous structure[15]. In addition, based on
delayed ignition technique and conflagration control tech-
nique, multi-stage pulsed compound perforation has been
developed and applied to oilfield development. This kind of
perforation further improves the perforating effectiveness
through controlling multi-stage powder working time. Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of oriented perforation
− 799 −
 LIU He et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(6): 798–804
scope or rotate the perforation string, in order to make the
perforation direction toward the principle direction, which can
make fluid break rock easier, and reduce reservoir fracture
pressure in future stimulation, so the difficulty of fracturing
can be reduced, and perforation effectiveness improved;
meanwhile, the effective drainage area in reservoir and well
production capacity can be increased[18].
Currently, there are two probationary types of gyroscope
oriented perforation, i.e. tubing conveyed and cable conveyed,
according to the way of transporting gyroscope downhole.
The tubing conveyed process is more mature, but the control-
ling perforation direction through rotating tubing is still not
accurate enough. The cable conveyed perforation can be ap-
plied in wells less than 30° in deviation, much higher in op-
eration accuracy and efficiency than the tubing conveyed one,
the cable conveyed type is developing quickly.
The oriented perforation on horizontal wells usually utilizes
an integrated counterweight system as its orienting device, as
shown in Fig. 3. In the perforation process on horizontal well
with long horizontal interval, in order to ensure operation
security, the corresponding unidirectional or bidirectional
delayed detonator is used. Through detonating segment by
segment, perforation at one time can be achieved on ultra-long
horizontal intervals.
Besides, there could be some problem in the process of
horizontal well drilling, such as reservoir damage while drill-
ing and wellbore deviation from target reservoir. To solve
these problems, oriented multi-stage composite perforation on
horizontal wells has been developed, and now become the
first choice when designing single well stimulation plan in
many oil fields in China[19]. In 2013, this technique was suc-
cessfully applied in Well TZ16-16H of Tarim Oilfield, in
which the multi-stage composite fracturing perforator con-
sisting of FS96-13DP29 perforating gun, YS95 fracturing gun
and SDP39HMX29-2 perforating charge was used to perforate
at the depth of 4 190−4 293 m. Through double stage powder
charge and repeatedly working, the pressure effective time in
wellbore was extended to more than 800 ms, and the total
penetration depth of perforation tunnel and fracture was more
than 5 000 mm. The operation resulted in significant produc-
tion increase.
Furthermore, oriented perforation can also prevent the
downhole completion devices from damage by perforating, fix
up the cement channelling outside casing, and build up con-
nection with the rescue well in pressure control operation. In
Fig. 3 Integrated counterweight oriented perforation system
− 800 −
addition, for horizontal wells with serious sand production,
oriented perforation can be implemented along the direction
with minimum stress difference, in order to reduce pressure
drop, change fluid flow characteristic and form more uniform
stress distribution, thus reduce sand production.
2.1.4 Underbalanced perforation and dynamic
underbalanced perforation
Underbalanced perforation and dynamic underbalanced
perforation are both designed to work at underbalanced pres-
sure in wellbore. When perforating, the pressure difference
between wellbore and reservoir can help generate fast shock
backflow, which will flush the plugs and explosion remnant in
and near perforation tunnels and clean the oil flow paths,
making the seepage characteristics near wellbore area closer
to original reservoir. This technique originated in the US, and
has made advancement in China during the past several
years[3]. At present, mature underbalanced perforation tech-
nique in China employs internal packers to separate each per-
forated interval, and generate underbalanced pressure in tub-
ing according to operation requirements, then connection be-
tween tubing and casing annulus under the packer can be
made by dropping bar or pressure detonating, generating un-
derbalanced pressure in perforating interval. The perforation
gun will subsequently be detonated to shot the hole, as shown
in Fig. 4. In this operation, pressure gauge and other relative
devices can be incorporated into the perforation string, to
monitor temperature and pressure downhole during the whole
operation process, and provide formation skin factor, original
reservoir pressure, permeability, formation factor, and pre-
dicted production, etc.
In dynamic underbalanced perforation, an unbalanced
pressure compartment is installed to the perforating gun. The
exploding energy generated from perforation will instantly
open the compartment, and the fluid in the annulus of perfo-
rated interval will flow into the compartment, and thus gener-
ating underbalance pressure in the casing annulus. This kind
of technique makes it easier to generate underbalanced pres-
sure and the field operation more convenient. And besides, it
can be used with dynamic underbalanced perforation optimi-
zation software.
Fig. 4 Time-pressure-temperature curve of underbalanced per-
foration
 LIU He et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(6): 798–804
2.1.5 Full bore perforation
In full bore perforation, a special full bore perforator con-
nected with corresponding downhole tools by tubing is run
down together, and then located by deep correction pup joint,
as shown in Fig. 5. When all the above devices are conveyed
to target interval, the exploder will ignite and the perforating
charge will explode. The explosive residue will automatically
fall down to the bottom hole or into the pocket gun. In the
perforating string, a path equivalent to oil tubing in diameter
will be formed, so that the future logging, acidizing, fracturing
or reservoir testing can be easily implemented without pulling
out the string or dropping perforation gun to bottom hole. This
way, the effect of repeated operation on downhole parameters
can be avoided, making the testing results better reflect origi-
nal reservoir property, and formation evaluation more accurate.
Besides, the operation string enables to do several jobs in one
trip, so that the operation cost can be reduced substantially
and the operation cycle shortened. The full bore perforation
technique has an obvious edge when applied in deep or ul-
tra-deep wells with complex tripping operation, low pressure
gas wells with difficult well control and areas with harsh en-
vironment and operation difficulties, over other perforation
techniques.
2.1.6 Integrated pumping perforation and bridge plugging
For horizontal well fracturing, limited by wellbore, geo-
logical conditions and fracturing devices, staged perforating
or fracturing must be taken to achieve maximum reservoir
recovery efficiency. Traditional horizontal well perforation
technique uses tubing to convey perforation devices, which
faces great challenges in multi-staged perforation and fractur-
ing, besides, it has poor operation security, long operation
cycle and high operation cost. The integrated pumping perfo-
ration and bridge plugging takes cable conveying mode. For
Fig. 5 Integrated full bore perforation, acidizing & fracturing
string
− 801 −
each fracturing interval, the bridge plugging and multiple
perforation can be done at one time, and the bridge plug can
be drilled out quickly after fracturing, which together simpli-
fies the operation process, saves operation time and cost sub-
stantially. Pumping perforation is a kind of mainstream perfo-
ration technique in producing shale gas, coal bed methane and
tight oil and gas abroad. In North America, nearly 85% of
tight oil and gas reservoirs and shale gas reservoirs are pro-
duced by this technique. Over the past few years, this tech-
nique has also been used widely in the perforation and frac-
turing of unconventional reservoirs in China. The main de-
vices of the technique include cable perforating operation
vehicle, blowout prevention wellhead, pumping perforating
gun, switch block used to choose firing holes, sealing tools,
drillable composite bridge plugs and drilling & milling shoes
used to drill bridge plugs.
2.1.7 Face direction perforation technique
Currently, conventional perforators at home and abroad are
mostly with firing hole distributing spirally at 60° phase angle.
The spiral distribution of perforation holes can not effectively
guide the fracture propagation direction, so fractures would
only extend along the direction of minimum principal stress,
and the fracture strike is uncontrollable. As a result, in
multi-stage fracturing, it is very likely to cause connections
between fractures of different fractured intervals, which may
affect the fracturing effectiveness. The best fracture network
is that with the fracture strike vertical to wellbore axis and all
fractures extending along the wellbore radial direction. So in
2013, a new perforation technique emerged, which was called
face direction perforation.
The face direction perforation changes conventional spiral
distribution of firing holes, and uses specially made oversized
perforating charge and special charge distribution mode. The
firing holes are distributed in clusters, and 3 perforation
charges are loaded for each cluster. The perforation direction
forms a fan shaped plane. After perforating, multiple perfora-
tion holes will generate on the casing inner wall in one cross
section vertical to casing axis. The circular distribution of
these holes can form a stress concentration plane along the
wellbore radial direction, which makes it easier to break up
rocks underground, reducing the difficulty in fracturing,
compared with the stress concentration point generated in
conventional perforation. When fracturing, the fractures will
extend toward wellbore radial direction along the stress con-
centration plane, thus the fracture strike near wellbore can be
controlled, preventing the intersecting or connecting of frac-
tures in different fractured intervals, and improving the per-
fection degree of fracture network. The oversized perforation
charge adopted in this process helps to increase the area of
perforated holes, enhance the capacity of connectivity be-
tween wellbore and reservoir, reduce hole friction effectively
and improve well production capacity.
 LIU He et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(6): 798–804

geneity, production pressure drop, permeability, drilling pollu-

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of face direction perforation
Besides, the amount of clusters can be designed according
to the specific well hydraulic fracturing requirements. This
kind of perforation can not only combine with pumping
bridge plug process, achieving multi-cluster face direction
perforation in horizontal wells, but also can be applied in pre-
treatment of vertical wells before hydraulic fracturing to in-
terfere the fracture strike and reduce reservoir fracture pres-
sure. In 2013, face direction perforation has been applied in
the layers of 23 wells in Jilin Oilfield, with a perforation suc-
cess rate of 100%. In the hydraulic fracturing after perforation,
the reservoir fracture pressure reduced significantly, and the
liquid production and oil production of the horizontal wells
with face direction perforation is obvious higher than the
wells with conventional perforation, as shown in Table 2, in-
dicating the measure works well.
2.2 Perforation optimization and testing technique
2.2.1 Perforation optimization design
Perforation optimization is a hot spot of research all the
time. Some famous research institutions or enterprises abroad
have launched some conventional perforation optimization
design software in succession aiming at different reservoir
geological conditions and well conditions. Some universities
and oilfield research institutions in China have also launched
some perforation optimization software of different versions
in recent years. Currently, the commonly-used conventional
perforation design arithmetic and models are mainly built up
based on semi-empirical theories, and focus on multiple pa-
rameter sensitivity analysis, including wellbore radius, perfo-
ration tunnel diameter, perforation density, reservoir hetero-
tion degree, drilling pollution depth, perforation phase angle,
perforation compaction degree and perforation compaction
depth[20].
In recent years, the perforation technique system in China
is more and more perfect, the applicable range is broadened
from conventional energy-gathered perforation optimization
to some composite perforation and other new perforation
techniques, as shown in Fig. 7. The optimization design in-
cludes the gunpowder quantity calculation according to well-
bore and geological conditions, gunpowder peak pressure and
effective time calculation, fracture length calculation, casing
safety calculation and evaluation, etc. But the accuracy and
applicability still need to be examined and verified in field.
2.2.2 Perforation testing technique
Perforation testing technique has made great progress in
recent years. During the past several years, China has adopted
the API RP19B standard concrete target manufacturing and
perforation testing method proposed by the American Petro-
leum Institute. This action has made the perforator penetration
depth index be geared to international standards. Meanwhile,
the composite perforation perforator unit testing apparatus and
testing method also have built up. In 2011, the industrial
standard - general technical specification and testing method
of composite perforator[21], was published, and became the
basis of composite perforation test.
3 Future development of perforation
As the oil and gas development turns to unconventional
reservoirs, such as shale gas, coal bed methane, and tight gas
or oil, as well as the poor thin zones at the margin of primary
oilfields and blocks with edge water or bottom water, to meet
the need of stimulation, increasing injection and producing

Table 2 Effectiveness comparison between conventional perfo-

ration and face direction perforation in Heidimiao Block of Jilin
Oilfield
Daily liquid Daily oil Daily liquid Daily oil pro-
Type production production production after duction after
initially/t initially/t 6 months/t 6 months/t
Conventional
13.2 8.0 3.4 2.0
perforation
Face direction
15.7 11.1 8.7 6.8
perforation Fig. 7 Perforation optimization design process
− 802 −
 LIU He et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(6): 798–804
remaining oil of water flooded layers, perforation not only
plays the role of opening up wellbore and reservoir simply,
but also closely stresses on the close combination with geo-
logic & reservoir engineering and completion, especially with
completion tools[22−27].
For unconventional reservoirs such as shale gas, coal bed
methane, ultra-low permeability-tight ones, hydraulic fractur-
ing is needed to make wells reach economic production. For
deviated wells, including highly-deviated wells, cluster wells,
horizontal wells and other types of wells special in structure,
effective control of fracture strike and perfecting fracture
network is the key of single well productivity. Perforation on
these types of wells should focus on solving the following
problems: (1) obtain larger drainage area on well wall; (2)
reduce reservoir fracture pressure significantly and lower the
difficulty of hydraulic fracturing; (3) guide fracture propaga-
tion direction, induce the connection of hydraulic fractures
and natural fractures, forming completed fracture network and
improve well productivity. On the basis of face direction per-
foration, angle fixable perforation and oriented perforation,
the combination of them could give birth to the “3D” perfora-
tion technique and its matching process, which will provide a
new approach for perforation of unconventional reservoirs
and wells with special structures. In addition, the testing
method and optimization system for the “3D” perforation
method need to be built up, in order to make a proper perfora-
tion plan for different types of wells, wells with different con-
ditions and wells in different reservoirs, to improve well pro-
ductivity.
To meet the needs of new and old wells with poor and thin
layers, oil zones with edge water or bottom water, and re-
maining oil area in water flooded areas where hydraulic frac-
turing can not be conducted, ultra-deep penetration perfora-
tion with accurate orientation and its combination with orien-
tation tools, new composite perforation technique with con-
trollable energy taking geological condition into consideration,
and optimization design methods aiming at different forma-
tion conditions must be developed in the future.
For deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, because of the high
temperature and high pressure downhole, the perforation
string working condition is very complex, and conventional
perforator and perforation technique can not meet the re-
quirements on safety and efficient operation in deep wells.
Therefore, deep penetration perforation charge with tempera-
ture resistance, high pressure perforator, perforation tools with
sulfur resistance and anti-explosion function, and perforation
operation process in deep wells need to be developed[28]. The
pressure and temperature resistance level are at least 175 MPa,
210°C/170h, respectively. And all the devices should normally
function at 6 000 m depth underground at least.
For multi-stage fracturing in horizontal wells, perforation
by clusters has strong effect on fracturing. Currently, there are
two types of widely used process of perforating by clus-
ter-multi-stage fracturing: one “cable conveyed pumping per-
− 803 −
foration combined with drillable bridge plugs”, the other
“coiled tubing dragging perforation by cluster combined with
bridge”. How to make stages and clusters according to spe-
cific wellbore and reservoir conditions, and the later evalua-
tion methods are both important research titles in the future.
Some research institutions have started relevant work in re-
cent years, but still have not established a complete theory
system yet, and need further research and development.
For stimulation of old wells, currently old wells in many
fields have witnessed production decline, including wells
completed with casing perforation, screen pipe and open hole.
The reasons causing production drop of old wells are complex,
including imperfect perforation, insufficient formation energy,
and plugging in near wellbore area due to accumulation of
high molecule polymer and solid particles during long term
production, so how to recover productivity of old wells
through re-perforation or explosion fracturing is also an im-
portant research direction in the future.
4 Conclusions
As more and more different kinds of reservoirs are devel-
oped in China and abroad, the development of oil fields or gas
fields becomes more and more difficult. Strict requirements
are set on the matching techniques, and perforation has turned
from a simple completion method into an important link in
reservoir development and is playing an more and more im-
portant role in protecting reservoir, enhancing well productiv-
ity, promoting operation efficiency, improving development
effectiveness for unconventional reservoirs, recovering old
well productivity, extending oilfield lifetime, producing re-
maining oil potential and enhancing ultimate oil recovery.
With the expansion of petroleum development domains in the
future, perforation will face more and more complicated
problems, and its development road also will become broad.
Acknowledgment
Xi’an Tongyuan Oil Tools Co. Ltd. is hereby acknowledged
for providing current perforation status and field testing data.
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