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“This booklet is a complete guide for O level / igcse Pakistan Studies.

Students must know about the paper pattern and techniques to solve it in
a smarter way. Cambridge is all about the implementation of content on
the given paper pattern. This booklet can help students in achieving good
grades, Insha’Allah”.
Sir Khizar Hayat

Affiliated with,
• The Stanmore School O Level Senior Section,
• Karachi Cambridge School Tariq Road,
• The Academy Block H campus,
• The Academy Gulshan Campus II,
• The Cambridge Valley, F.B Area.
• The Cube institute for O/A level, Gulshan
• Edify Valley, Clifton

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----- Index -----

• Section 1 Page 04
Point based questions help.

• Section 2 Page 18
How to deal with paper 1, History and culture of Pakistan.

• Section 3 Page 26
How to deal with paper 2, Environment of Pakistan.

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SECTION 01:
Content:
• Political Map of Pakistan.
• Landforms of Pakistan.
• Climatic zones of Pakistan.
• Lines of longitude and latitude.
• Drainage of eastern tributaries of Indus.
• Drainage of western tributaries of Indus.
• Drainage of Balochistan rivers.
• Doabs (Bar uplands).
• Major dams in Pakistan.
• Major barrages in Pakistan.
• Mountain ranges in Pakistan.
• Major cities in Pakistan.

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MAP OF PAKISTAN

KASHIMIR
IRAN

SINDH

ARABEAN SEA

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LANDFORMS OF PAKISTAN

HIGHLAND

POTWAR PLATEAU
&
SALT RANGE

UPPER INDUS PLAIN

BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU

LOWER INDUS PLAIN

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CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN

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LONGITUDIONAL AND LATITUDIONAL LINES

Key to understand:
In latitude “N” shows that Pakistan is located in the northern hemisphere (above the equator at the

tropic of Cancer)

In longitude “E” shows that Pakistan is located in the eastern hemisphere.

Note: if you know this grid reference of Pakistan then you can locate/search any value in-between the

given values of longitude and latitude (which means that you can easily search any place, line or spot

given on the map of Pakistan. Such questions come in exams which ask you about the latitude or

longitude of the given spot or line)

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EASTERN RIVERS OF PAKISTAN

PUNJNAD

MITHANKOT

EASY WAY TO REMEMBER THE SEQUENCE OF RIVERS

I JUST CROSSED THE RIVER SUTLEJ

I = Indus J = Jhelum C = Chennab R = Ravi S = Sutlej

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WESTERN RIVERS OF PAKISTAN

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BALOCHISTAN RIVERS OF PAKISTAN

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MAJOR DAMS OF PAKISTAN

A = Tarbela Dam

B = Mangla Dam

C = Satpara Dam
E
C
D = Warsak Dam

E = Bhasha Dam D A
F = Hub Dam

G = Mirani Dam B

G
F

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MAJOR BARRAGES OF PAKISTAN

A = Jinnah Barrage

B = Chashma Barrage

C = Taunsa Barrage

D = Guddu Barrage

E = Sukkur Barrage

F = Kotri Barrage

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DOABS AND BAR UPLANDS

“Doabs are the lands between two Rivers and Bar uplands are the most elevated parts of every
doabs which are safe from floods and also the most fertile part”

KIRANA BAR

SANDAL BAR

GUNJI & NILI BAR

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A = Karakoram Range

B = Hindu Kush Range

C = DIR Range B A
D = Swat Range

E = Kohistan Range

F = Greater Himalayas Range

C D
G = Lesser Himalayas Range
E F
H = Siwaliks G
I = Safed Koh Range
I
J = Waziristan Hills
J H

K
L
R
M

N Q K = Toba Kakar Range

L = Chagai Hills
O
M = Raskoh Hills

N = Sihan Range
P
O = Central Makran Range

P = Makran Coastal Range

Q = Kirthar Range

R =Suleiman Range

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1
2

3
4

5
6
9
10
11
7 12
14
8 13
20 15
16
37 21 17

22 19
38 18
23
39 24 25 26
40 44
27
41 43
28
42 29
45 30

46 31

47 48 49
32
36 33
34
35

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Cities name,

1 = Gilgit 21 = Khushab 41 = Nok Kundi

2 = Chitral 22 = Bhakkar 42 = Kharan
3 = Dir 23 = Layyah 43 = Kallat
4 = Swat 24 = Dera Ghazi Khan 44 = Sibbi
5 = Peshawar 25 = Multan 45 = Khuzdar
6 = Muzafarabad 26 = Bahawalnagar 46 = Punjgur
7 = North Waziristan 27 = Muzafargarh 47 = Turbat
8 = South Waziristan 28 = Bahawalpur 48 = Awaran
9 = Attock 29 = Rahimyar Khan 49 = Lasbela
10 = Islamabad 30 = Jacobabad
11 = Rawal Pindi 31 = Sukkhur
12 = Gujrat 32 = Hyderabad
13 = Sialkot 33 = Thar
14 = Jhelum 34 = Mithi
15 = Sargodha 35 =Thatta
16 = Chakwal 36 = Karachi
17 = Lahore 37 = Zhob
18 = Kasur 38 = Quetta
19 = Sahiwal 39 = Nushki
20 = Mianwali 40 = Chagai

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SECTION 02:
Content:
• Paper pattern of P1 History and culture.
• Solving techniques.
• What to do and what don’t.

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Paper Pattern:
• The History & Culture of Pakistan is first component of Pakistan studies.
• There will be 2 sections in the paper, Section A and Section B.
• Course Code for O Level (2059/01), IGCSE (0448/01).
“Section A consist of only one question with 4 parts (a)(b)(c) and (d), this is compulsory question and
you have to attempt all parts of it”.
Example:

Above example shows that each part of question requires different type of answer.
(a) Source A: Written source-based question.
(b) Source B: Pictorial source-based question.
(c) Reasoning question:
(d) Evaluative / Analytical question:
Section 2 consist of four questions with 3 parts each (a)(b) and (c). You have to attempt only two
complete questions with their parts from this section.
Example:

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What are sources in Section A?

SOURCE A:

• It is a written source and can be a newspaper column, article, or any books column.
• It will be comprised of 3 Marks.
Example:

1(a) According to Source A, what were the effects of the High Court judgement regarding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on
the people of Pakistan?

How to Solve it?

• First reads the given source carefully and then focus on the question 1(a) which is asked by
the examiner regarding Source.
• Take out any “three relevant” things from the given written source corresponding to the
question asked by the examiner.
• Don’t try to use your own knowledge to make answer lengthy, find out answer in the given
source that’s it.

SOURCE B:

• It is a pictorial source and can be of three types.

• It will be comprised of 5 Marks.
Types of pictorial source:

Sketch Portrait Real Image

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1 (b) What does this source suggest about the attempts to solve the problems of the sub-continent in 1945?

How to Solve it?

• Observe the picture carefully for at least 1 or 2 minutes.

• In exam-paper you will always find a brief introduction of the source/picture above or under
the source.
• With the help of the pic & its introduction construct a bridge/reference to the past, present
and future of that event in your mind in this way:

• First of all, write a short history/background of the event.

• Write more detail about what is happening in the pic exactly.
• It should be your focal point.
• In case of some hand-made sketch or cartoon you must be more alert because in such tricky
sources, minute symbols are also
• Very important. You should interpret the symbolic importance of those points especially.
• Write in short about the future impact of that event.
• Write the whole answer in only one paragraph. (This question contains 5 marks)
• The best style to start the answer is: “I can infer from this picture/portrait that….)”

4 MARKS QUESTION:

• It is a knowledge based, direct question which start with “What” or “Describe”.

• It is comprised of 4 marks.
• I have divided 4 marks questions in 3 categories.

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Category 01: Questions which are mainly on [Act/ Pact/ Delegation/ Commission/ Law/ Constitution]

How to Solve it?

There should be 4 zones present in your answer to get full marks.
1- Limited historical background.
2- Name of personality behind that, or people contributed in that (If there any).
3- Content description (Means: Features of that Constitution, Act, Pact, Law, Delegation’s demands
and recommendation of commission). This will be your focal point.
4- Impact of that event / Consequences.

Category 02: Questions which are mainly on [Event/ Battles]

How to Solve it?

There should be 4 zones present in your answer to get full marks.
1- Limited historical background.
2- Name of personality behind that, or people contributed in that (If there any) / opponents.
3- Content description (what happened in that battle). This will be your focal point.
4- Impact of that battle / Consequences.

Category 03: Questions which are mainly on [Personality]

How to Solve it?

There should be 4 zones present in your answer to get full marks.
1- Limited early life.
2- Aims and objective.
3- Work and contribution.
4- Impact of his work.

7 MARKS QUESTION:

• It is a reasoning question which start with “Explain” or “Why”.

• It is comprised of 7 Marks.

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How to Solve it?

• Make 3 paragraphs of three relevant reasons.

• Do not merge explanation of first para into second nor in third, each para will be consisting
of different reason.
• Do not need to write any introductory paragraph in 7 marks question.
• No conclusion required at the end of answer.
Example:

Q. Why British attracted toward the subcontinent?

Reason 01: British were attracted to the Indian wealth and resources. With the discovery
of sea route to India, reports began to reach about Indian riches and resources to England. India
became known as the "golden sparrow" because of its fabulous wealth and resources such as cotton,
silk, jute, indigo, jewelry and even the addictive drug opium. British needed these to feed their factory
industry as they were a fast-industrializing nation.

Reason 02: British also began to think about expending their influence and trade to the Far East and
South East Asia. For this they needed a strategic port in South Asia (Indian subcontinent) as the Indian
peninsula was surrounded by a warm water sea where multiple ports could operate throughout the
year. Such ports (as founded by the British in a planned way) could greatly help British expand their
trade in multiple directions from India.

Reason 03: Also, British wanted to expel other European colonial powers such as the Dutch, Portuguese
and French from India in order-to enjoy monopoly of trade in India. Dutch had driven British out of
South East Asia and British had to turn towards India. By gaining political control of India, they could
dictate their own trade laws and strengthen their position.

10/14 MARKS QUESTION:

• It is an evaluative / analytical question.

• This question is divided into three parts. Acceptance, negation and conclusion.
Acceptance: The reason which examiner gave in the question. Student must explain that reason first
(in first paragraph).
Negation: The reason other than examiner’s, given in the question. Student also explain those
reasons too.
Conclusion: At the end, there must be a conclusive statement.

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Example,

Case I, when there will be an statement based 14/10 Marks question

Q. Was the work of the Christian missionaries the most important reason why the Indians opposed British
attempts to westernize them between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer.

Paragraph 01:
Christian missionaries came to India to spread Christianity by various means. 1833 onwards, the activity of the
Christian missionaries became more visible. They were seen at all public places, distributing the Christian
literature freely. They enjoyed the support of the EIC. Several missionary schools were set up in all the major
Indian towns where teaching of the Bible to the local students was introduced. In these schools the missionaries
taught Christianity and expected local religions to be given up which was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs
alike. Gradually, the British began to develop the belief that their Christian values made them superior to the
local faith followed by the Indians: Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism. As a result, the ruling British community in India
began to show intolerance towards the local religions. Many Indians started believing that an alien culture was
being imposed on them. So, not many Indians changed their religion.

Paragraph 02
However, there were other reasons why the Indians opposed the British attempts to westernize them. The British
replaced Persian and Sanskrit with English as the official language in the 1830's. This deeply upset both the
Muslims and Hindus as these had been the popular languages of India for centuries. Therefore, they felt the
native languages might be adversely affected by English because language has always been a very effective tool
of the ruling elite.

Paragraph 03
The British introduced a number of social reforms| without consultation or care for local feeling which caused
much unrest. Modern British education was resisted by the Indians. Moreover, they were required to send their
children to co-educational schools which was hated since it appeared to impose the British traditions on the
Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings. Thomas Macaulay believed in the superiority
of the European advancement in knowledge and therefore, he looked down upon the Indians and the Arabic
education system. Not surprisingly, a British official in 1835 remarked, "A single shelf of a good European library
was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia." Such ideas generated resentment among Indians
against the British. They were more infuriated when they were forced to abandon 'purdha'/Hejab which had
been an Indian custom for centuries. The Muslim community, in particular, opposed such steps as they went
against the fundamental teachings of Islam.

Paragraph 04
In 1795, female infanticide/killing of baby daughters was declared to be murder, but the British found difficulty
in enforcing this as it was again a tradition practiced by Hindus in many parts of India. Suttee was the Hindu
ritual of burning a widow alive on the cremation of her husband. When the British abolished it first in Bengal and
then in the rest of the country, they faced fierce opposition by some of the Hindu tribes. In fact, many British
were not in favor of going to this extent of involvement $ the local religious beliefs and traditions, surprisingly
there was little opposition to the ban on this inhuman custom. Similarly, the encouragement of the widow
remarriage was also criticized by several Hindus.

Conclusion
From the above discussion, it may be concluded that the work of the Christian missionaries was the most
important reason for the Indian opposition to the British because religious beliefs and practices had been
tremendously dear to the Indians. They could go to any extent against whoever tried to intrude into this cultural
sphere and that means they could make it a matter of life and death when it came to imposing other religions
on them.

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Example,

Case II, when there will be timeline based 14/10 Marks question

• Student must follow the sequence of given timeline.

• For example, a question is like,

Q. During the second World War (1939-1945), negotiations aimed at Indian Independence achieved
little’. Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement.
Paragraph 01
August Offer (1940)

Paragraph 02
Pakistan Resolution (1940)

Paragraph 03
Cripps Mission (1942)

Paragraph 04
Gandhi-Jinnah talk (1944)

Paragraph 05
Simla Conference (1945)

Conclusion:

Note: But in another case, if examiner ask (1944) event in question as examiner’s statement. Then
you should explain (1944) first and then follow the sequence like 1940, 1942, 1945 so on.

Do’s and Don’ts:

• Read the instructions written on the first page of paper very carefully.
• Follow all the techniques to attempt paper smartly.
• Do not exceed your answer too much unnecessary because it won’t benefit you but drain your time.
• Don’t make paragraphs in (3) (4) and (5) marks questions.
• Make paragraphs in (7) (10) and (14) marks questions.
• Don’t forget to write conclusive statement in 14 marks question because conclusion has 2 marks of it
and enter your answer in Level 5.

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SECTION 03:
Content:
• Paper pattern of P2 Environment of Pakistan.
• Solving techniques.
• What to do and what don’t.

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Paper Pattern:
• The environment of Pakistan is second component of Pakistan studies.
• Course code for O level (2059/02), IGCSE (0448/02)
• There will be five questions with parts.
• You have to attempt any “Three” Questions in 1hr 30 mins.
In Environment of Pakistan, there are several terms by which question starts. Each term has
different mean and way of attempt.

Types of questions in P2:

1- Point based questions:

• In this type of questions, you will have map of Pakistan.

• Examiner can ask, (Neighboring countries, River, Cities, Landforms, Dams, Barrages and mountain
range).

Terms used for these types of questions:

“Insert, Label, Locate”

(Place a specific names or detail on a map/diagram/etc. In response to a particular requirement).

• Don’t need to write answer in a brief manner, just use single word.

2- Resource based questions:

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• In this type of questions, you will have pie charts, Bar graph and Line graphs.

Terms used for these types of questions:

“Describe the changes / How”

• You need to describe the changes in the graph by the help of resource. Don’t use your knowledge when
a question is “Describe the changes in graph”.

3- Explanatory Questions:

• In this type of questions, you have to use your knowledge for explanation.

Terms used for these types of questions:

“Explain / Why”
(Show with reasons why something occurs or happens).

4- Descriptive Questions:
Case I:

• In this type of questions, you have to use your knowledge for answer.

Terms used for these types of questions:

“Describe / Describe the location”

• If the question is not having any source, then you just need to answer according to your knowledge.
• If the question is having a source and asking describe the distribution / location, then you should
answer by the help of source. See the example given below.

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Case II:

Q. Describe the location for the major textile center labelled Y on Fig. 4.1.

5- Q-Box Questions:

• In this type of questions, you have to do analysis.

• Read both statements carefully.

Terms used for these types of questions:

“Which view do you agree with more”

• Make 3 relevant developed statements in favor of the statement with which you agree.
• Make 3 relevant developed statements against of the statement with which you do not agree.
• Start the answer by “I agree with statement ….”

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6- To what extent Questions:

• In this type of questions, you have to write for and against of the statement given in question.
• Read statement carefully.

Terms used for these types of questions:

“To what extent”

• Make 3 relevant developed statements in favor of the statement.
• Make 3 relevant developed statements against the statement.

Do’s and Don’ts:

• Read the instructions carefully written on the very first page of paper.
• Read the questions carefully and try to underline the "focal point" of questions with pencil.
• You must know the meaning of the term with which examiner started the question e.g. State /
Define / Explain etc.
• Your answer should be to the point and precised.
• Do not repeat the examiner's (Question's) wording while answering
• You must use subject vocabulary in your answer

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