CE331-5.

1
530-331 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Lecture No 5: Hydraulic Jump
5.1 Introduction

5.2 Application of the linear-momentum equation

Newton ‘s second law, Reynold transport theorem;

 F  t  VdV   VV  dA
CV CS

Figure 5-1 Control volume with uniform inflow and outflow to control surface.

This vector relation may be applied for x direction,


 F  t  V dV   V V  dA
x x
CV CS

The surface normal to the velocity, velocity is constant over the surface,
Fx  2Vx 2V2 A2 cos 0o  1Vx1V1 A1 cos180o
Fx  2 A2V2Vx 2  1 A1V1Vx1 A1
Fx  Q(Vx 2  Vx1 )
Q  Q1  Q2
Hydraulic Jump
- A rapidly flowing stream in an open channel suddenly changes to a slowly flowing
stream.
- A sudden rise in elevation of liquid surface.
- An example of steady non-uniform flow.
The surface of the jump is very rough and turbulent, losses being greater as the jump
height is greater.
For small heights, the form of the jump changes to a standing wave.
 CE331-5.2

Figure 5-2 Hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel [Streeter and Wylie, 1988]

Figure 5-3 Standing wave [Streeter and Wylie, 1988]

Variables for the hydraulic jump, the width of channel is taken as unity.
The continuity equation is ( A1  y1 , A2  y2 )
V1 y1  V2 y2 (5-1)
The momentum equation is,
y12 y2
   2  V2  y2V2   V1  y1V1  (5-2)
2 2
Energy equation,
V12 V2
 y1  2  y2  h f (5-3)
2g 2g
hf is losses due to the jump, eliminated V2 in (5-1), (5-2)
2
 y  2V y
2
y
y2   1   1   1 1 (5-4)
2 2 g
y1 and y2 are conjugate depths,
Solving the energy equation for h f , eliminating V1 and V2 give
h  2 1
 y  y 3 (5-5)
f
4 y1 y2
The hydraulic jump is commonly used at the ends of chutes or the bottom of spillway to
destroy much of the kinetic energy in the flow. It is also an effective mixing chamber, the
violent agitation takes place in the roller.
 CE331-5.3
Example 5-1 If 12 m3/s of water per meter of width flows down a spillway onto a horizontal floor
and the velocity is 20 m/s, determine the downstream depth required to cause a hydraulic
jump and the losses in power by the jump per meter of width.

5.3 Hydraulic Jump: Stilling Basins

Figure 5-4 Hydraulic jump in horizontal rectangular channel

The momentum equation applied to the free body of fluid between y1 and y2 for unit
width (V1 y1  V2 y2  q)
Determining the conjugate depths for a given discharge: the F  M method
y12 y2
   2  qV2  V1   V22 y 2  V12 y1 (5-6)
2 2
2
y y2
 1  V12 y1   2  V22 y 2 (5-7)
2 2
F1  M 1  F2  M 2 (5-8)
Which F is the hydrostatic force and M is the momentum per second passing the section.
F  M for a given discharge q per unit width,
 y2 q 2
F M   (5-9)
2 y

Figure 5-5 F+M curve for hydraulic jump

 CE331-5.4

Stilling Basins
A structure for dissipating available energy of flow below a spillway, outlet works, chute, or
canal structure.
At F1 =1 to 1.7 . Standing wave
At F1 = 1.7 to 2.5: Pre-jump, head loss is low. No baffles required if proper length of pool is
provided.
At F1 = 2.5 to 4.5: Transition: a large wave can travel downstream for miles and damage
earth banks and riprap, avoid this range.
At F1 = 4.5 to 9: Range of good jump: Energy absorption ranges from 45 to 70 %. Baffles and
sills may be utilized to reduce length of basin.
At F1 = 9: upward, effective but rough, energy dissipation up to 85%. Other type of stilling
basins may be more economical.

Figure 5-6 Various types of hydraulic jump.

Baffles blocks are frequently used at the entrance to a basin to corrugate the flow. Either
triangular or dentated are employed at the downstream end of the basin to aid in holding the
jump within the paved basin.
 CE331-5.5

Figure 5-7 Stilling basin properties.

 CE331-5.6
Example 5-2 A hydraulic jump occurs downstream from a 15 m wide sluice gate. The depth is
1.5 m, and the velocity is 20 m/s. Determine (a) the Froude number and the Froude number
corresponding to the conjugate depth, (b) the depth and velocity after the jump, and (c) the
power dissipated by the jump.
 CE331-5.7
Classwork # 5
A stilling basin at the toe of a spillway has a width of 180 ft. and carries a design discharge of
24,500 cfs, when the upstream lake elevation is 32.0 ft. At this discharge, the tail water elevation
in the channel downstream of the spillway is 25.6 ft. Determine the elevation of floor and choose
the type and dimensions of the stilling basin. Neglect spillway head loss. (10.78, Munson)
 CE331-5.8
Homework # 4
The discharge of water over a spillway 40 ft wide is 10,000 cfs into stilling basin of the same width.
The lake level behind the spillway has an elevation of 200 ft, and the river water surface elevation
downstream of the stilling basin is 100 ft. Assuming a 10 percent energy loss in the flow down the
spillway, find the invert elevation of the floor of the stilling basin so that the hydraulic jump forms
in the basin. Select the appropriate US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) stilling basin and sketch it
showing all dimensions. (Prob 3.8 Strum).