Republic of the Philippines STEPS:

Department of Education 1. Identify the reactants and the products in the reaction and
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 - Week 3, Day 1, (Calculate molecular formula
given molar mass)
Molar Mass- defined as the mass in grams of one mole of a
substance. The unit of molar mass is grams per mole (g/mol).
How can I find the molecular formula from molar mass?
- You start by determining the empirical formula for the
compound.
- Determine the mass in grams of each element in the sample.
- If you are given percent composition, you can directly
convert the percentage of each element to grams.
For example, a molecule has a molecular weight of 180.18
g/mol. It is found to contain 40.00% carbon, 6.72% hydrogen
and 53.28% oxygen. What is the empirical and the molecular
mass of the compound?
Steps:
1. Assume the mass of the sample is 100g since the total
percentage is 100%. Therefore the masses will be:
40.00 grams of carbon
6.72 grams of hydrogen
53.28 grams of oxygen
2. Determine the number of moles of each element by dividing
its mass in grams by its molar mass (atomic weight in g/mol).
40.00 g
moles C = = 3.33 moles C
12.01 g/mol C
6.72 g
moles H = 1.01 g/mol H = 6.65 moles H
53.28 g
moles O = 16.00 g/mol O = 3.33 moles O
3. Calculate the mole ratios by dividing the number of moles
of each element by the lowest number of moles to get the
lowest whole number ratio.
C = 3.33/3.33 = 1
H = 6.65/3.33 = 2
O = 3.33/3.33 = 1
4. Use the whole number ratio of moles to determine the
empirical formula. The whole number ratio for each element
becomes its subscript.
Empirical formula is 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑶.
5. Determine the empirical formula weight.
Empirical formula weight = (1 x 12.01g/mol) + (2 x
1.01g/mol) + (1 x 16.00g/mol) = 30.03 g/mol.
6. Divide the molar mass for the molecular formula by the
empirical formula mass. The result determines how many
times to multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula to get
the molecular formula.
*The molecular weight of this compound is 180.18 g/mol
according to the given.
180.18/30.02 = 6.002 (Round-off to have a whole number)
7. Multiply each subscript in the empirical formula (𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑶)
by 6 to get the molecular formula. Therefore the molecular
formula is C6H12O6.
8. Double check your answer by calculating your molecular
molar mass.
C = (6 x 12.01g/mol) = 72.06
H = (12 x 1.01g/mol) = 12.12
O = (6 x 16.00g/mol) = 96
Total: 180.18g/mol
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 - Week 3, Day 2, (Write and balanced chemical
equation.)
When balancing a chemical equation, there are a number of
steps that needs to be followed.
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write their chemical formulae.
2. Write the equation by putting the reactants on the left of the
arrow and the products on the right.
3. Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants
and the number of atoms of each element in the products.
4. If the equation is not balanced, change the coefficients of
the molecules until the number of atoms of each element on
either side of the equation balance.
5. Check if all the atoms of each element both sides are
balanced.
Example:
1 mole of methane (𝑪𝑯𝟒 ) reacts with 2 moles of oxygen gas
(𝑶𝟐 ) will yield to form 1 mole of carbon dioxide (𝑪𝑶𝟐 ) and 1
mole of water (𝑯𝟐 𝑶). Write a balanced equation for this
example. (Note: The coefficient is the number before each
chemical formula and is read in moles. If there is no
coefficient before the chemical formula, that means there is
only 1 mole of that compound.) The beginning chemical
equation will be:
𝑪𝑯𝟒 + 𝟐𝑶𝟐 →𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
- Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants
and products. The numbers on the left of the symbol are the
number of atoms in the reactant side and the numbers on the
right of the symbol are the number of atoms on the products
side.
1-C-1
4-H-2
4-O-3
- Hydrogen and Oxygen are not balanced. If we add a
coefficient of 2 to 𝐻2 𝑂 , then the number of hydrogen atoms
in the product’s side will be 4, which is the same as for the
reactants. The oxygen atoms on the products side will also
become 4 which is the same as on the reactant’s side. The
equation will be:
𝑪𝑯𝟒 + 𝟐𝑶𝟐 →𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶
- Check if the atoms balance.
1-C-1
4-H-2-4
4-O-3-4
- When we check the number of atoms again, the number of
atoms of each element in the reactants is the same as the
number in the products. The equation is now balanced!
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 - Week 3, Day 3, (Construct mole or mass ratios
for a reaction in order to calculate the amount of reactant
needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or
mass.)
Stoichiometry: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
A balanced chemical equation and the law of conservation of
mass help determine either the amount of a product that can be
formed from a given amount of reactant, or the amount of
reactant required to produce a certain quantity of a product.
These quantitative relationships in a reaction are studied in
stoichiometry.
Mass Relationships:
1. Convert the mass of the given substance A to the number of LIMITING REACTANT
moles using its molar mass. Consider the food analogy in making grilled cheese
2. Calculate the mole of sought substance B from the mole of sandwiches:
the given substance A using the mole ratio derived from the 1slice of cheese+2slices of bread⟶1sandwich
coefficients of the involved substances in a balanced equation.
For instance, in the reaction:
𝟐𝑯𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶
2 mol 𝐻2 ; 1 mol 𝑂2
2 mol 𝐻2 ; 2 mol 𝐻2 𝑂
1 mol 𝑂2 ; 2 mol 𝐻2 𝑂
3. Convert the mole of sought substance B to mass using its
molar mass.

Stoichiometric amounts of sandwich ingredients for this recipe

LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 - Week 3, Day 4, (Calculate the percent yield
and theoretical yield of the reaction.)
Percent Yield
Chemical reactions in the real world don't always go exactly
as planned on paper. In the course of an experiment, many
things will contribute to the formation of less product than
would be predicted. Besides spills and other experimental
errors, there are usually losses due to an incomplete reaction,
undesirable side reactions, etc. Chemists need a measurement
that indicates how successful a reaction has been. This
measurement is called the percent yield. To compute the
percent yield, it is first necessary to determine how much of
the product should be formed based on stoichiometry. This is
called the theoretical yield, the maximum amount of product
that could be formed from the given amounts of reactants.
The actual yield is the amount of product that is actually
formed when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory.
The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = Theoretical Yield ×100%
Percent yield is very important in the manufacture of products.
Much time and money is spent improving the percent yield for
chemical production. When complex chemicals are
synthesized by many different reactions, one step with a low
percent yield can quickly cause a large waste of reactants and
unnecessary expense. Typically, percent yields are
understandably less than 100% because of the reasons
indicated earlier. However, percent yields greater
than 100% are possible if the measured product of the reaction
contains impurities that cause its mass to be greater than it
actually would be if the product was pure. When a chemist
synthesizes a desired chemical, he or she is always careful to
purify the products of the reaction.
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Week 4, Days 1-4 (Explain the concept of
limiting reagent in a chemical reaction; identify the excess
reagent.)
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in
a balanced chemical equation are often referred to
as stoichiometric amounts. All the exercises of the preceding
module involved stoichiometric amounts of reactants. For
example, when calculating the amount of product generated
from a given amount of reactant, it was assumed that any other
reactants required were available in stoichiometric amounts
(or greater). In this lesson, more realistic situations are
considered, in which reactants are not present in
stoichiometric amounts.
are bread and cheese slices in a 2:1 ratio. Provided with 28
slices of bread and 11 slices of cheese, one may prepare 11
sandwiches per the provided recipe, using all the provided
cheese and having six slices of bread left over. In this
scenario, the number of sandwiches prepared has
been limited by the number of cheese slices, and the bread
slices have been provided in excess. Sandwich making can
illustrate the concepts of limiting and excess reactants.
Consider this concept now with regard to a chemical process,
the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine to yield hydrogen
chloride:
𝑯𝟐 +𝑪𝒍𝟐 ⟶2HCl
The balanced equation shows the hydrogen and chlorine react
in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. If these reactants are provided in
any other amounts, one of the reactants will nearly always be
entirely consumed, thus limiting the amount of product that
may be generated. This substance is the limiting reactant, and
the other substance is the excess reactant. Identifying the
limiting and excess reactants for a given situation requires
computing the molar amounts of each reactant provided and
comparing them to the stoichiometric amounts represented in
the balanced chemical equation.
For example, imagine combining 3 moles of H2 and 2 moles
of Cl2. This represents a 3:2 (or 1.5:1) ratio of hydrogen to
chlorine present for reaction, which is greater than the
stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Hydrogen, therefore, is present in
excess, and chlorine is the limiting reactant. Reaction of all the
provided chlorine (2 mol) will consume 2 mol of the 3 mol of
hydrogen provided, leaving 1 mol of hydrogen unreacted.
An alternative approach to identifying the limiting reactant
involves comparing the amount of product expected for the
complete reaction of each reactant. Each reactant amount is
used to separately calculate the amount of product that would
be formed per the reaction’s stoichiometry. The reactant
yielding the lesser amount of product is the limiting reactant.
For the example in the previous paragraph, complete reaction
of the hydrogen would yield:
Complete reaction of the provided chlorine would produce:
The chlorine will be completely consumed once 4 moles of
HCl have been produced. Since enough hydrogen was
provided to yield 6 moles of HCl, there will be unreacted
hydrogen remaining once this reaction is complete. Chlorine,
therefore, is the limiting reactant and hydrogen is the excess
reactant.

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When H2 and Cl2 are combined in nonstoichiometric amounts,
one of these reactants will limit the amount of HCl that can be
produced. This illustration shows a reaction in which
hydrogen is present in excess and chlorine is the limiting
reactant.

When H2 and Cl2 are combined in nonstoichiometric amounts,

one of these reactants will limit the amount of HCl that can be
produced. This illustration shows a reaction in which
hydrogen is present in excess and chlorine is the limiting
reactant.

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