First Semester lesson ppt

October-December
Prepared by:

Ms. Shno Ghazi JAMBAZ

2022 1
 Unit-1
Chapter-1

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Chapter 1: Genes
▪ Key Concepts: Relationships
▪ Related Concepts: Consequences, Models, Patterns
▪ Global Context: Identities and relationships

▪Statement of Inquiry:
▪ Patterns in human identity that we see around the
world are a consequence of both ancestral
relationships and environmental influences. 3
Introduction
Genes have an effect on how an organism looks and how it
functions. No two organisms produced by sexual reproduction
are likely to have exactly the same genes. Because of this, and
also because of differences in the environment, organisms
vary. We see this pattern of variation in animals, plants, and
any other sexually reproducing organism.
Genes are passed on from parent to offspring.
They are located on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.
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Introduction
A chromosome has many genes on it.

Individuals have two of each type of chromosome, one inherited from

their mother and one from their father. These pairs of chromosomes
carry the same genes but have different variants of some of the genes.
Most genes control the production of a specific protein. The
consequence of gene variants is differences in our proteins, which in
turn affect the traits of an individual.
Examples of traits; hair color, skin color, blood type, height…etc. They
are usually physical characteristics that you inherit from your parents.5
Introduction
Genes are made of DNA, because of their small size, the structure and
functioning of DNA have been investigated using models.
Only identical twins have exactly the same DNA. A human child
inherits half of its genes from the mother and half from the father.
When children grow up and reproduce, they pass on half their genes
to each of their children. The half that they pass on is a random
selection. For every gene where an individual has two different
variants, either of them could be passed on, with a probability of
50%. There is therefore a strong element of chance in which of the
traits we share with each of our parents. 6
Introduction

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 Introduction

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Introduction
Q. What is a Chromosome?
As. A structure is found inside the
nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made
up of proteins and DNA organized into
genes. Each cell normally contains 23
pairs of chromosomes.

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Introduction
Q. What is DNA?
As. The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic
acid. It is a helical molecule and is composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
phosphorus. It has two strands so is described as
a double helix. Each strand has a chain of
alternating sugar and phosphate units that we
can think of as a backbone.
In this model atoms are shown But not bonds. Carbon
is grey Hydrogen white, oxygen red, Nitrogen blue, 1
and phosphorus is Yellow.
Introduction
If we talk about the uncoiled DNA, then DNA is larger than the
chromosome. And if we talk about coiled DNA, then DNA is smaller
than the chromosome. When DNA gets coiled, it becomes smaller in
size just in order to fit the nucleus of the cell.

Q. How much DNA does each person have?

As. This would mean that each person has around 60 trillion feet or
around 10 billion miles of DNA inside of them.
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Q. What is the main function of chromosomes?
As. Chromosomes carry the basic genetic material DNA which is
responsible to provide hereditary characteristics and genetic
information to the various cells.
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Introduction to Genes
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Chromosomes
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