This sociological perspective on translations puts flows of translation and the role of translation within

language groups into the limelight. Translating and interpreting, the process by which verbal utterances
in one language are expressed in another. A sociology of translation shifts the focus from texts to the
translators, their roles, social networks, and lasting effects on society.

Stylistics has a very unique history and development over the years. Language is considered to stand
apart from non-literary background language. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: to
describe and account for observed changes in particular languages. 0000000 It is the story of
interchange between languages and between cultures and as such has implications for the study of both
language and culture.

Context can take many forms, including background information or details about the circumstances,
environment, or timeframe in which a work takes place. The defining characteristic of context is that it
helps to clarify the meaning of a work of writing.

Elena Semino (2002), said reading a literary text is seen potentially giving access not just to whatever
meaning is attributable to the linhuistic structures, but also to a state of mind.

Richard Ohmann (1962), who had said “stylistics preferences reflect cognitive preferences”. Those
aspects of understanding language which go beyond the strictly linguistic --- as “capacity of the mind” as
cognitivepragmatics”.

Tabakowska was using the term “cognitive” to mean something different from its use in her 1993 book
entitled Cognitive Linguistics and Poetic Translation.

Terry Winograd’s assumption appears to have been that knowledge structures are irrelevant to the
processing of poetic and stylistic effects because they are separate from emotions.

According to Wolfgang Iser, “no longer holds sway when the appeal of the aesthetic spurs the human
senses into action, in which bodily senses tend to get the upper hand over mental ones”.

John Joseph says language should b not seen as something “cognitive” but as continuous with the body.
He described the term “cognitive” as vacuous. It is probably an overused term, but its meaning is not
vacuous and it describes exactly what Joseph is arguing for: a mind-body continuity.

For Tabakowska, the notion of “cognitive” was broader than Winograd or Cook’s view; her concern was
with knowledge, and how the study of knowledge can help clarify the universal-individual relationship.