Definition of reading?

Reading is defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at

meaning. Reading is an active process of constructing meanings of words. Reading with a
purpose helps the reader to direct information towards a goal and focuses their attention.

Reading skill refers to the ability to understand written text. It is advisable to develop

this skill at early age of schooling. When students comprehend or understand written text, and
combine their understanding with prior knowledge, they are able to perform the following
three reading-comprehension skills

What is the nature of reading?

Nature of Reading - Reading, similar to listening, speaking and writing, is a communication skill.
- Reading, is a process because it has series of acts proceeding from one step to the next. ...
Accommodation is the process by which the readers change one's already existing knowledge as
a result of the experiences.

What is the objective of reading?

The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to what you already know. If you
don't know anything about a subject, then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring
water into your hand. 

What do you mean by Intensive and Extensive reading?

1. Intensive reading involves learners reading in detail with specific learning aims and

tasks.

2. Extensive reading involves learner’s reading texts for enjoyment and to develop

general reading skills.

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What is meant by intensive reading?

Intensive reading involves learners reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. It
can be compared with extensive reading, which involves learners reading texts for enjoyment
and to develop general reading skills.
What is extensive and intensive reading with example?
Extensive reading involves a reading of novels, journals, newspaper and magazines. As against,
intensive reading is all about textbook reading.1

What are intensive reading advantages?

Intensive reading makes readers fully use a dictionary and a grammar book, which helps to
consolidate what they learned in the past. I adopted newspapers for intensive reading material
since it covers a range of current topics that I should know, offering a large amount of
vocabulary and set phrases.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSIVEREADING:
 Reader is intensively involved in looking inside the text.
 Focus on linguistic or semantic details of a reading.
 Focus on surface structure details such as grammar and discourse markers.
 Identify key vocabulary.

What is the meaning of extensive reading?

Extensive reading involves learners reading texts for enjoyment and to develop general
reading skills. It can be compared with intensive reading, which means reading in detail with
specific learning aims and tasks.

What is extensive reading with examples?

Extensive reading is a type of reading where you engage with different types of reading
material. It can be fiction, non-fiction, work-related documents, newspaper articles or even
statistical data. At work, there are complex business reports to read, numbers to make sense of
and emails to write.

Why is extensive reading important?

There are many benefits of Extensive Reading in language learning. These include gains in
reading and writing competence, oral and aural skills, vocabulary growth, and increases in
motivation, self-esteem and empathy. Students who read extensively also become more
autonomous learners.

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According to Grabe (2009) reading extensively usually requires that a reader know 98-99% of
the words in a text, some level of fluency processing words and sentences, the knowledge about
text structure, applying of particular strategies and skills as inferencing, monitoring, and
evaluation.

What is difference between extensive and intensive reading?

Extensive reading exposes readers merely to the general knowledge and understanding of the
materials being read, whereas intensive reading allows readers to acquire specific and settled
knowledge and understanding of the materials.

Reading aloud:
Reading aloud means just that-reading aloud. ... When we read aloud to students, we engage
them in texts that they might not be able to read. In the process, we expand their imaginations,
provide new knowledge, support language acquisition, build vocabulary, and promote reading as
a worthwhile, enjoyable activity. Read-aloud is an instructional practice where teachers,
parents, and caregivers read texts aloud to children. The reader incorporates variations in
pitch, tone, pace, volume, pauses, eye contact, questions, and comments to produce a fluent and
enjoyable delivery.

What is the importance of reading aloud?

Reading aloud helps children acquire early language skills. Reading aloud is widely recognized
as the single most important activity leading to language development. Among other
things, reading aloud builds word-sound awareness in children, a potent predictor
of reading success.

What is the purpose of reading aloud?

Reading aloud helps students learn how to use language to make sense of the world; it
improves their information processing skills, vocabulary, and comprehension. Reading aloud
targets the skills of audio learners. Research has shown that teachers who read aloud motivate
students to read.

5 Benefits of Reading Aloud

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 Sharpened focus.
 Improved vocabulary.
 Increased comprehension.
 Strengthened listening skills.
 Intrigued young minds.

Does reading aloud improve learning?

You are more likely to remember something if you read it out loud, a study from the University
of Waterloo has found. A recent Waterloo study found that speaking text aloud helps to get
words into long-term memory.

What are the benefits of reading aloud?

Here are 10 key reasons to keep reading aloud to older kids:
 It builds vocabulary. ...
 It improves comprehension. ...
 It's wonderful for bonding. ...
 It provides positive modeling. ...
 It improves listening skills. ...
 It's a way to discover the classics. ...
 It helps with discussing difficult issues. ...
 It's a way to Introduce different genres.

Reading Silent:
Silent reading is a reading skill which allows one to read without voicing the words. ... This is
a natural process when reading and helps to reduce cognitive load, and it helps the mind to
access meanings to enable it to comprehend and remember what is read.

When teachers or parents offer sustained silent reading time, children reap the benefits.
 Enhances Reading Enjoyment. Readers choose their own materials for sustained silent
reading, so children can pick books of interest. ...
 Increases Comprehension. ...
 Builds Vocabulary. ...
 Improves Writing Skills.

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 What is meaning of silent reading?
Silent reading is a reading skill which allows one to read without voicing the words. This
may involve subvocalization or silent speech, is defined as the internal speech made when
reading a word, thus allowing the reader to imagine the sound of the word as it is read.

What is the aim of silent reading?

The objectives of silent reading are: 1. To enable the students to read silently, without
making any kind of sound but not moving even their lips, so that others are not disturbed .
2. To enable the students to teach them to read speedily, easily and fluently.
s reading silent good?
It is better to read out loud than silently if the environment allows you to do it. The benefits
if you read out loud for yourself include better concentration, memorization, sharpened focus,
and greater comprehension. If you read aloud for your children they learn to love reading from
an early age.

How do you practice silent reading?

Here are ten important things we need to do to make the most of silent reading in our
schools.
1. Enjoyment is the focus. ...
2. Students choose the books. ...
3. The space is right. ...
4. Opportunities to chat (before or after) ...
5. Inspired by keen readers. ...
6. Students have access to a library. ...
7. It happens often. ...
8. Paper books are available.

What are the problems of silent reading?

What are the problems with silent reading?
 Audit reading habits and reading materials. It can be easy to assume the quiet class is reading and
learning. ...
 Support choice and structure rich reading. ...
 Top and tail time spent reading. ...
 Utilize reading time to support the weakest readers. ...
 Define goals for silent reading.

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 Reading Devices / Strategies

Skimming and Scanning

Skimming and Scanning are two specific speed-reading techniques, which enable you to cover
a vast amount of material very rapidly. These techniques are similar in process but different in
purpose.

Definition of Skimming:
Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of meaning.

Or

To float over the words to get the gist of the text.

How to Skim:

 Read the title.

 Read the introduction or the first paragraph.
 Read the first sentence of every other paragraph.
 Read any headings and sub-headings.
 Notice any pictures, charts, or graphs.
 Notice any italicized or boldface words or phrases.
 Read the summary or last paragraph.

Definition of Scanning:
Scanning is reading a text carefully in order to find the specific information.

How to Scan:

 State the specific information you are looking for.

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  Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you might use to help you
locate the answer. For example, if you were looking for a certain date, you would quickly
read the paragraph looking only for numbers.
 Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which sections might contain
the information you are looking for.
 Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage.

Previewing:
Previewing a Reading Passage. The first step in effectively reading any piece of material is
previewing. Previewing simply means looking over your reading material in order to become
familiar with its content before you actually begin reading it. Previewing is a strategy that
readers use to recall prior knowledge and set a purpose for reading. It calls for readers to
skim a text before reading, looking for various features and information that will help as they
return to read it in detail later.
Previewing is a preparation strategy to improve our ability to focus on and remember our
assignments. Benefits of Previewing: Better concentration: Because you understand what you
are reading about you can concentrate more fully.
Previewing and predicting are pre-reading activities that prepare readers to anticipate the
content of the article. They give students a glimpse into the content of the article without
reading the entire article.

Predicting:
Predicting is an essential reading strategy. It allows learners to utilize info from the text to
anticipate what will happen in the story. When making predictions, learners envision what
will come next in the text, based on their prior knowledge. Predicting encourages kids to think
ahead and ask questions actively. Predicting. This strategy involves the ability of readers to get
meaning from a text by making informed predictions. Good readers use predicting as a way
to connect their existing knowledge to new information from a text to get meaning from what
they read.
Predicting is a before reading comprehension strategy in which readers think about what
they are going to read based on clues from the text. Predicting helps readers to organize their
thinking as they encounter new material. A prediction is what someone thinks will happen. A
prediction is a forecast, but not only about the weather. Pre means “before” and diction has to do
with talking. So a prediction is a statement about the future. It's a guess, sometimes based on
facts or evidence, but not always.

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Reading in chunks:
A Chunking activity involves breaking down a difficult text into more manageable pieces
and having students rewrite these “chunks” in their own words. You can use this strategy
with challenging texts of any length. This strategy helps students breakdown difficult text
into. more manageable pieces. Dividing content into smaller parts helps students identify key.
words and ideas, develops students' ability to paraphrase, and makes it easier for. students to
organize and synthesize information.
Reading in Chunks helps students identify key words and ideas, develops their ability to
paraphrase, and makes it easier for them to organize and synthesize information. The
primary goal of chunking is to help in situations where the commitment of information to
working memory is required. Chunking helps in this process by breaking long strings of
information into bit size chunks that are easier to remember, especially when the memory is
faced with competing stimuli.

Activating prior knowledge:

The Prior knowledge is defined as all the knowledge one has before learning about a
particular topic. It is important for teachers to activate their students' prior knowledge so they
know what students already know about a certain topic and what gaps in learning they will need
to fill in order for students to be successful. It helps them to understand the reason why the
students are struggling. The background knowledge also helps students draw inferences, which
develops critical thinking skills and makes reading more enjoyable. When they can grasp the
material and link it back to their own experiences or existing knowledge, they're more likely to
build a lifelong reading habit.
The Corrective feedback is information provided to an individual or group about how her or
its behavior, actions, style, strategies, etc. are perceived by and affecting others. It is meant
to lead to positive change, and, in the case of community advocacy, to more effective advocacy
or public policy.

Paraphrasing:
Paraphrasing means 'to state something written or spoken in different words, especially in a
shorter and simpler form to make the meaning clearer' (Cambridge Online Dictionary,
2022). Paraphrasing is 'a restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas in your own words.
Paraphrasing is a way of using different words and phrasing to present the same ideas.
Paraphrasing is used with short sections of text, such as phrases and sentences. A paraphrase
offers an alternative to using direct quotations and allows you to integrate evidence/source

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material into assignments. The purpose of a paraphrase is to convey the meaning of the original
message and, in doing so, to prove that you understand the passage well enough to restate
it. The paraphrase should give the reader an accurate understanding of the author's position on
the topic.

What is the best way to paraphrase?

To paraphrase effectively, don't just take the original sentence and swap out some of the words
for synonyms. Instead, try: 

1. Reformulating the sentence (e.g., change active to passive, or start from a different point) 
2. Combining information from multiple sentences into one.
3. Change word order
4. Using synonyms
5. Expansion of ideas
6. Using words categories & classes

Steps to Paraphrasing

Read the original text until you grasp its meaning; then set it aside. 

 Using your memory, write down the main points or concepts.

 Do not copy the text verbatim.
 Change the structure of the text by varying the opening
 Changing the order of sentences, lengthening or shortening sentences, etc.

What are the 4 R's of paraphrasing?

Review the graphic below that explains the 4 R's: 
 Read
 Restate
 Recheck
 Repair 

Précis Writing:

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 Precis writing is a summary or a gist of a comprehensive passage that is supposed to cover all the
details and important aspects of the passage and convey the summary with the use of minimal
words.

What is the purpose of a précis? 

To present a shortened version of a source, while maintaining key words, data, or concepts from
the original. Note: Some kinds of précis, such as rhetorical précis, follow specific conventions
not described here. Be sure to read your assignment carefully for specific requirements.
A precis writing is a formal way of writing a shorter form of the given paragraph. So, even
though you have read and understood the Precis well, do not form your own opinions. You
cannot insert your own remarks and criticism in a precis. Always take the fact and data that is
given in the paragraph only.

How should you start writing a Precis?

1. Read the article carefully and highlight or mark the main ideas.
2. Try to reflect on what author is trying to communicate through the text.
3. Take a close look at evidences that the author has used.
4. You would need to restate thesis given by the author in your own words.

Top 10 Rules for Good Precis Writing

 Decide Theme of the Passage.
 No Reproduction of Important Sentences.
 Have Brevity and Clarity.
 Reflects the Intelligence of the Precis-writer.
 Use Own Language.
 Avoid Direct Speech and Use Indirect Speech.
 Inclusion of Statistical Information.
 Observe Proportion.

A précis is a brief summary of a book, article, speech, or other text. The basic characteristics of
an effective précis are conciseness, clarity, completeness, unity, and coherence.

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 Summary Writing:
A summary is a brief summarization of a larger work that gives the reader a comprehensive
understanding. To write a summary, a writer will gather the main ideas of an article, essay,
television show, or film they've read or watched and condense the central ideas into a brief
overview. A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text's title,
author and main point of the text as you see it. A summary is written in your own words. A
summary contains only the ideas of the original text. Do not insert any of your own opinions,
interpretations, deductions or comments into a summary.

Five steps outlined below to write a good summary.

 Step 1: Read the text. ...
 Step 2: Break the text down into sections. ...
 Step 3: Identify the key points in each section. ...
 Step 4: Write the summary. ...
 Step 5: Check the summary against the article.

A summary is a short overview of the main points of a text. The purpose of a summary is to
quickly give the reader or listener an idea of what this material is saying. You may create
summaries of material by other authors, such as articles, plays, films, lectures, stories, or
presentations. A good summary should be comprehensive, concise, coherent, and
independent. These qualities are explained below: A summary must be comprehensive: You
should isolate all the important points in the original passage and note them down in a list.

Plagiarism:
Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as
one's own original work. In educational contexts, there are differing definitions of plagiarism
depending on the institution.
Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their
consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. All published
and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under
this definition.

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According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize" means: to steal and
pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own. to use (another's production) without
crediting the source. to commit literary theft.

Tips for avoiding plagiarism

1. Don't just copy. In your writing, describe other people's ideas or results (using references)
and their importance to your argument, rather than simply copying what you've read.
2. Use a range of sources.
3. Develop your own style.
4. Keep good quality notes.
5. Use quotation marks.

Why is plagiarism so important?

Citing your sources allows you to: acknowledge your dependence on another person's ideas
or words, and to distinguish clearly your own work from that of your sources. receive credit
for the research you have done on a project, whether or not you directly quote or borrow from
your sources.

Some examples of plagiarism include:

 Copying and pasting a Wikipedia article into the body of an assignment.
 Quoting a source without including a citation.
 Not paraphrasing a source properly, such as maintaining wording too close to the original.
 Forgetting to cite the source of an idea.

Types of plagiarism:

Complete Plagiarism.
1. Source-based Plagiarism.
2. Direct Plagiarism.
3. Self or Auto Plagiarism.
4. Paraphrasing plagiarism.
5. Inaccurate Authorship / Misleading Attribution.

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6. Mosaic Plagiarism.
7. Accidental Plagiarism.

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