Waste cooking oil as an asphalt rejuvenator: A state-of-

the-art review
Rayhan B Ahmed, Kamal Hossain
Pavement Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Road & Transportation Engineering
Lab (ARTEL), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada

Abstract
In Canada, over 90% of the paved roads are asphalt pavements. Most of these pavements were
built decades ago, which are currently exhibiting a significant amount of surface distresses.
These distresses includes potholes, rutting (deformation in the wheel path), and cracking. To
repair these distressed pavements, the road agencies spend millions of dollars every year, of
which a significant portion goes to acquiring new natural aggregates and asphalt. To reduce the
rehabilitation cost, road agencies use up to 100% reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) in new
construction. However, the asphalt available in recycled pavements is oxidized and stiffened
due to various environmental processes which are susceptible to thermal and fatigue cracking.
To soften and to decrease the viscosity of the RAP materials, various rejuvenators are being in
practice. The rejuvenators are able to reactivate and restore the original properties of this long-
term aged asphalt binder. Using Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is one of the eco-friendly solutions
which contains the similar lighter oil components of asphalt and can be used as an acceptable
rejuvenator. Recent studies showed that WCO has an excellent potential to be used as a good
rejuvenator in the hot mix asphalt (HMA) industry. This review article summarizes the
performance and adverse effects of WCO as a rejuvenator.

Keywords

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)Waste cooking oil (WCO)Rejuvenating agentHot

mix asphalt (HMA)

(Ahmed, R. B., & Hossain, K. (2020). Waste cooking oil as an asphalt rejuvenator: A state-of-
the-art review. Construction and building materials, 230, 116985.)

Sustainable asphalt rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review

Muhammad Zahoor, Sabzoi Nizamuddin, Srinivasan Madapusi, Filippo Giustozzi

Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
3001, Australia

Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne,

VIC, 3001, Australia
Abstract

Roads serve as a backbone of developing economies; thousands of kilometres of new roads

are built every year and old ones are continuously repaired. Due to the large areal extension,
maintenance of asphalt pavements generates significant economic, energy, social, and
environmental impacts. ‘Rejuvenation’ of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in roads helps
minimize reliance on non-renewable resources; for this purpose, various organic-based
rejuvenators have been used in recent times. Waste cooking oil (WCO), which contains light oil
components analogous to those of the virgin bitumen, has been proposed as a sustainable
product for improving recycling of aged asphalt. The present review study collects state-of-the-
art information on asphalt rejuvenation using WCO. It provides insights on the correlations
between plant production methods and laboratory studies to manufacture high content
rejuvenated RAP mixes. In addition, WCO is comprehensively examined to provide more
information about its chemical composition and the changes occurring in its chemical properties
at various states of degradation (i.e. virgin and used cooking oil). The effect of WCO on the
mechanical, rheological, chemical and microscopic characteristics of the asphalt binder and
asphalt pavements behaviour was assessed. This review highlights that the addition of WCO to
the asphalt binder improves fatigue and thermal cracking properties of the mix, but at the
expense of rutting resistance unless further polymeric modification is achieved. The increase in
the acid value of the oil and its moisture content negatively affect the asphalt binder properties.
For the asphalt mixtures, an increment in WCO dosage generates an increase in the thermal
cracking resistance but reduces rutting, fatigue, and moisture resistance of the pavement.
Overall, this review article provides an overview of the positive and negative aspects of the
applications of WCO as an eco-friendly asphalt rejuvenator.

(Zahoor, M., Nizamuddin, S., Madapusi, S., & Giustozzi, F. (2021). Sustainable asphalt
rejuvenation using waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 278, 123304.)

Application of waste oil in asphalt rejuvenation and modification: A comprehensive review

Shiao Yan, Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Changjun Zhou, Shi Dong, Xingyu Gu

Department of Roadway Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing,

China

Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing,

Jiangsu, China

School of Transportation & Logistics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning

Province, China

College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China

National Demonstration Center for Experimental Road and Traffic Engineering Education
(Southeast University), Nanjing, China
Abstract

Waste oil (WO) is an important recyclable resource that can be used for asphalt rejuvenation
and modification applications. This paper summarizes the current research on WO application in
rejuvenating aged asphalt and modifying asphalt. First, the basic and chemical properties of WO
and the preparation process of rejuvenated asphalt and modified asphalt were introduced. Then
the various properties including basic physical, rheological, fatigue, adhesion, chemical, and
mixture properties were summarized separately. Finally, the aging resistance and economic and
environmental benefits were presented. The review work shows that WO may restore the
properties of aged asphalt, except for the viscoelastic ratio. WO containing more asphaltenes
and saturates or ash will promote the rapid aging of rejuvenated asphalt. Combined with
chemical characteristics and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the interaction between WO
and aged asphalt belongs to physical dissolution, and the rejuvenation process is achieved by
restoring the colloid structure of asphalt and increasing molecular mobility. In the modification
process, WO is mainly used to improve the intermediate fatigue resistance and low-temperature
cracking resistance of asphalt in winter areas, and can also be used as an anti-aging agent, but
will harm the high-temperature properties. The composite rejuvenation/modification of WO and
crumb rubber (CR) makes the properties of asphalt more comprehensive. For asphalt mixture,
the cracking resistance and the moisture susceptibility of WO recycled asphalt mixture are
worse than hot mix asphalt (HMA). The future research focus is to evaluate the performance of
WO recycled asphalt mixture and WO modified asphalt mixture after long-term aging and
conduct field experiments combined with economic and environmental benefits analysis.

Keywords

Waste oil; Rejuvenation; Modification; Aged asphalt; Rejuvenated asphalt; Aging resistance

(Yan, S., Dong, Q., Chen, X., Zhou, C., Dong, S., & Gu, X. (2022). Application of waste oil in
asphalt rejuvenation and modification: A comprehensive review. Construction and Building
Materials, 340, 127784.)

Effect of chemical component characteristics of waste cooking oil on physicochemical properties

of aging asphalt

Yuechao Zhao, Meizhu Chen, Xintao Zhang, Shaopeng Wu, Xinxing Zhou, Qi Jiang

State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology,
Wuhan 430070, China

Abstract

The combined utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is
attractive for economic, environmental, and energy benefits. However, the quality stability of
WCO is poor due to its wide sources, which limits the further development of WCO recycled
RAP. In this study, the classification method of WCO was proposed according, to the molecular
weight difference of its chemical components, and WCO was classified into three categories
including light components (LC), intermediate components (IC), and heavy components (HC).
Meanwhile, the characteristics of these three WCO components and their effects on the
physicochemical properties of aging asphalt were investigated comprehensively. The
experimental results show that the softening ability of different components of WCO on aging
asphalt is mainly determined by their molecular weight and thermal stability. Furthermore, LC
rich in methyl palmitate is easy solidification and volume expansion at the low temperature,
which is not conducive to the repair of low-temperature ductility of aged asphalt. The chemical
property analyses of recycled asphalt indicate that there is no chemical reaction between the
components of WCO and the aging asphalt. The physical dilution ability of WCO components on
carbonyl index, sulfoxide index, and high molecular weight substances of aging asphalt is
positively correlated with their molecular weight. In addition, HC contains chemical substances
similar in composition to asphalt, which has the most obvious effect on the colloidal structure of
aging asphalt. Overall, the classification method for WCO and related findings found in this
study provides a reference for ensuring the quality stability of WCO and its industrial application
in the recycling of aged asphalt.

Keywords

Waste cooking oilComponent classificationAging asphaltRecyclingPhysicochemical properties

(Zhao, Y., Chen, M., Zhang, X., Wu, S., Zhou, X., & Jiang, Q. (2022). Effect of chemical
component characteristics of waste cooking oil on physicochemical properties of aging
asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 344, 128236.)

Synthesis and Characterisation of Alginate-Based Capsules Containing Waste Cooking Oil for
Asphalt Self-Healing †

by Jose Norambuena-Contreras, Jose L. Concha, Luis E. Arteaga-Pérez, and Irene Gonzalez-

Torre

LabMAT, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bío-Bío,

Concepción 4051381, Chile

LPTC, Department of Wood Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción 4051381, Chile

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

This paper is an extended version of the awarded best paper published in the Resilient
Materials 4 Life International Conference (RM4L2020), Cambridge, UK, 20–23 September 2021.

Abstract

This paper presents the synthesis and characterisation of biopolymeric capsules for asphalt
self-healing. A sodium alginate biopolymer extracted from the cell wall of brown algae was used
as the encapsulating material to contain Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as a potential encapsulated
rejuvenating agent for aged bitumen. Polynuclear capsules were synthesised by ionic gelation.
The size, surface aspect and internal structure of the WCO capsules were evaluated using
Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The physical-chemical properties and thermal
stability of the WCO capsules and their components were also evaluated. Moreover, the
diffusion process and self-healing capability of the released WCO on cracked bitumen test
samples were determined by image analysis through fluorescence microscopy. The main
results of this study showed that the WCO capsules presented a suitable morphology to be
mixed in asphalt mixtures. WCO capsules and their components presented mechanical and
thermal stability and physical-chemical properties which suggest their feasibility for self-healing
applications. It was proven that the encapsulated WCO can diffuse in the aged bitumen,
reducing its viscosity and promoting the self-healing of microcracks.

Keywords: waste cooking oil; polynuclear capsule; asphalt rejuvenator; ageing; self-healing

(Norambuena-Contreras, J., Concha, J. L., Arteaga-Pérez, L. E., & Gonzalez-Torre, I. (2022).

Synthesis and Characterisation of Alginate-Based Capsules Containing Waste Cooking Oil for
Asphalt Self-Healing. Applied Sciences, 12(5), 2739.)

Effect of Waste-Oil regenerant on diffusion and fusion behaviors of asphalt recycling using
molecular dynamics simulation

Jiaqing Wang, Qiang Li, Yang Lu, Sang Luo

College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, China

School of Transportation, Southeast University, China

Abstract

In field asphalt hot recycling project, the diffusion and fusion of virgin and aged asphalt
generates the weak interface under stress concentration. In this study, the representative
components of waste cooking oil (WCO), waste vegetable oil (WVO) and waste engine oil
(WEO) regenerant were simulated by molecular dynamics method. The influence of waste oil
regenerant on the diffusion and fusion of virgin and aged bitumen was evaluated by calculating
the diffusion rate, fusion amount, relative concentration in fusion area. The viscosity and
solubility parameters were calculated to explore the driving mechanism of waste oil regenerant
promoting fusion diffusion. The microstructure of asphalt was analyzed to determine the key
components of waste oil to achieve regeneration effect. The results showed that the waste oil
regenerant can promote the diffusion of virgin and aged bitumen by reducing the viscosity of
aged bitumen. The promotion effect of WCO and WEO was better than WVO. When the content
is higher than 6%, the promotion effect of WCO will be reduced. In terms of promoting fusion,
the regeneration system containing WEO was the best. For chain molecules, the
depolymerization effect of molecules (Oleic acid, Trilaurin, and Linoleic acid) with CIS structure
was not as good as that of molecules (Palmitic acid, γ-Linolenic acid, N-Docosane, Eleostearic
acid, and Stearic acid) with trans structure. Molecules with trans structure generally increased
the binding distance between asphaltenes by 36%. The fat molecules in WCO will form new
aggregates with asphaltene. Based on molecular dynamics models, the micro driving
mechanism of waste-oil recycling agents on renewing the various properties of aged bitumen
was demonstrated.

Keywords

Asphalt recycling; Waste oil; Molecular dynamic simulation; Diffusion Fusion

(Wang, J., Li, Q., Lu, Y., & Luo, S. (2022). Effect of waste-oil regenerant on diffusion and fusion
behaviors of asphalt recycling using molecular dynamics simulation. Construction and Building
Materials, 343, 128043.)

Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil as a Sustainable Product to Improve the Physical and
Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder: A Review

Mahmoud Ibrahim Eldeek, Fauzan Mohd Jakarni, Ratnasamy Muniandy & Salihudin Hassim

Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 193)

Abstract

Yearly, vast numbers of new roads are constituted and existing ones are restored on a regular
basis. The usage of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aids to minimise dependency on natural
resources. Hence, organic regenerator such as waste cooking oil (WCO), have recently been
proposed as a sustainable commodity to enhance the recycling of aged asphalt. This paper
summarised the potential of WCO being utilized as a renewable commodity in order to boost
asphalt binder recycling. Physical properties tests for instance ductility test, softening point test,
penetration test, flash & fire point test and specific gravity tests; are commonly adopted
alongside test for rheological properties for example dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Multiple
Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) tests linear amplitude sweep (LAS) and have all been adopted
to enhance the binder properties. Generally, this paper offers an abbreviation of the favourable
and unfavourable effects of WCO utilisations and indicates that it could be used as an asphalt
rejuvenator that is both environmentally friendly and able to create high quality pavements.

Keywords

Asphalt binder Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) Recycling

Rejuvenator Pavement Waste cooking oil (WCO)

(Eldeek, M. I., Jakarni, F. M., Muniandy, R., & Hassim, S. (2022). Utilization of Waste Cooking
Oil as a Sustainable Product to Improve the Physical and Rheological Properties of Asphalt
Binder: A Review. Road and Airfield Pavement Technology, 883-901.)
Rheological and chemical investigation on asphalt binder incorporating high recycled asphalt
with waste cooking oil as rejuvenator

Shobhit Jain & Anush K. Chandrappa

Abstract

Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and waste cooking oil (WCO) are classes of solid wastes,
which have significant environmental implications. Although RAP is being used in asphalt
pavements to a certain extent, the usage of high RAP content poses several challenges, which
can be addressed by using WCO as a rejuvenator. The optimum combination of two materials
will significantly reduce the environmental impact and may address solid waste utilization. This
study conducted rheological and chemical investigations on crumb rubber-modified asphalt
binder with high RAP content using WCO as a rejuvenator. The crumb rubber-modified binder
was chosen in this study as past studies mostly concentrated on unmodified binders. Three
concentrations of WCO, such as 5.0, 7.5, and 10% by weight of the total binder, were mixed
with the 50 and 60% RAP binder content to find the optimum WCO dose. The rheological tests
indicated that asphalt binder with 50% RAP + 5.0% WCO and 60% RAP + 7.5% WCO depicted
properties similar to the virgin binder. The fatigue performance of binders with 50 and 60% RAP
was significantly better than long-term aged binders. The stripping test of asphalt indicates a
slightly higher stripping in binders with RAP compared to the virgin binder. The
thermogravimetry analysis revealed the binders had similar thermal stability and mass loss. The
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated a lower presence of aliphatic
hydrocarbons and higher aromatics content in the RAP binder modified with WCO. This can be
mainly attributed to the peptizing power of WCO.

Keywords

Waste cooking oil (WCO) Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) Free fatty acids (FFA)

Asphalt rheology Aliphatic hydrocarbons Bearing intensities

(Jain, S., & Chandrappa, A. K. (2022). Rheological and chemical investigation on asphalt binder
incorporating high recycled asphalt with waste cooking oil as rejuvenator. Innovative
Infrastructure Solutions, 7(4), 1-19.)

Repurposing waste oils into cleaner aged asphalt pavement materials: A critical review

Haibin Li, Zixuan Feng, Abdulakeem Temitope Ahmed Mulbah Yombah, Canyang Cui, Guijuan
Zhao, Ping Guo, Yanping Sheng

School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,
710054, Shaanxi, China

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi,
China
Xi'an Highway Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China

Abstract

The current practice of recycled waste oil mainly includes waste cooking oil (WCO) and waste
engine oil (WEO), etc. This paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth review of the current
state and the feasibility of turning these oils into cleaner asphalt pavement materials. The latest
types and sources of WCO and WEO in recent years were summarized and analyzed.
Furthermore, two kinds of rejuvenated asphalt were sampled, after which they were used to
analyze and evaluate the basic properties, rheological properties, microscopic morphology and
the mechanism of aged asphalt rejuvenation. Subsequent results revealed that both WCO and
WEO could restore the basic performance of aged asphalt, returning it to its original state. In
addition, rejuvenated asphalt containing WCO or WEO showed excellent low temperature
performance. Though the high-temperature performance of the aged asphalt could be restored
with optimum oil content, the recovery was unsatisfactory. Moreover, it was observed that the
high quantity of light components presents in the WCO and WEO was the key factor responsible
for aged asphalt rejuvenation. Additional research is needed to fully understand the effects of
the various waste oils on the performance of aged asphalt. Based on the current situation of
single rejuvenator with either WCO or WEO, a compound rejuvenator with WCO and WEO is
proposed to better recover waste oils, produce cleaner asphalt rejuvenators, and more
effectively reduce environmental pressure. Further study is also needed to improve the
compatibility between the compound rejuvenator and aged asphalt. Ultimately, the capability of
recycling waste oils into aged asphalt would help minimize water and land pollution, reduce
dependence on nonrenewable resources, and diversify asphalt pavement recycling options.

Keywords: Waste oils; Aged asphalt; Recycling asphalt; Compound rejuvenator; Performance
recovery

(Li, H., Feng, Z., Ahmed, A. T., Yombah, M., Cui, C., Zhao, G., ... & Sheng, Y. (2022).
Repurposing waste oils into cleaner aged asphalt pavement materials: A critical review. Journal
of Cleaner Production, 334, 130230.)

Laboratory and Field Patching Performance of a Half-Warm Mix Using Waste Cooking Oil–
Based Biobinder with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Kun Zhang, Ph.D.; Taekil Oh, S.M.ASCE; Balasingam Muhunthan, Ph.D., F.ASCE; and Ran
Li, Ph.D.

Abstract

In this study, a new half-warm mix patching material was developed using polymerized waste
cooking oil (WCO)-based biobinder with 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Laboratory
tests were conducted on this bio-RAP mixture to evaluate the rheological performance of the
fully blended biobinder and recovered RAP binder at varying weight ratios. The influence of
biobinder dosage and production temperature (90°C and 100°C) on the mechanical
performance of the bio-RAP mixtures were evaluated using an indirect tensile (IDT) strength
test, the Hamburg wheel track test (HWTT), and the interlayer shear bonding strength test. The
designed bio-RAP mixtures were used to patch pavement potholes in the field. The results
showed that the WCO-based biobinder softened the stiff RAP binder but that biobinder dosage
should be limited to 50% in the blended binder. This is because the biobinder can compromise
the elasticity and ductility of the blended binder at high and low testing temperatures,
respectively, when the dosage of the biobinder exceeds 50% of the blended binder. The
biobinder can function as both a recycling agent and a binding agent in bio-RAP mixtures. With
an increase in biobinder dosage, the IDT test strength of the bio-RAP mixtures decreased and
the cracking tolerance index (CTindex) increased. Higher production temperature enhanced
blending between the biobinder and RAP binder and improved the integrity of the bio-RAP
mixtures. This is beneficial for improving resistance to rutting and moisture damage. All
evaluated bio-RAP specimens had sufficient bonding strength with the base asphalt mixture;
this demonstrates the potential of the bio-RAP mixture as a long-lasting patching material. The
field pothole patching work showed that biobinder dosage, production temperature, and pothole
shape are critical factors for increasing the lifespan of the bio-RAP mixture as a half-warm mix
patching material.

Keyword: Mixtures, Recycling, Pavement surface roughness, Field tests, Laboratory tests,
Materials processing, Binders (material), Asphalt pavements

(Zhang, K., Oh, T., Muhunthan, B., & Li, R. (2021). Laboratory and Field Patching Performance
of a Half-Warm Mix Using Waste Cooking Oil–Based Biobinder with Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 147(4), 04021054.)

Rheological properties and microscopic characteristics of rejuvenated asphalt using different

components from waste cooking oil

Zhao Yuechao, Chen Meizhu, Wu Shaopeng, Jiang Qi

State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology,
Wuhan, 430070, China

Abstract

The resource utilization of waste is of great significance to the sustainable development of

society. Waste cooking oil (WCO) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), two typical wastes,
have been plaguing the ecological environment for a long time. In this work, the different
components of WCO were separated and employed separately as recycling agents for RAP to
determine the suitability of various substances in WCO with RAP. The effects of different
components of WCO on the rheological properties of aged asphalt were determined through
dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR). Meanwhile, the
microscopic characteristics of rejuvenated asphalt using different WCO components were also
discussed by atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),
and cluster analysis (CA). The experimental results indicate that all components of WCO have a
significant effect on mitigating the brittleness of aged asphalt. However, some wax-like
substances such as methyl palmitate in WCO are prone to solid-liquid phase transformation
when the temperature decreases, which has a poor recovery effect on the fatigue and low-
temperature performance of aged asphalt. It is suggested that waxy substances in WCO should
be eliminated in advance to achieve efficient and stable regeneration of RAP when WCO is
recycled as recycling agents for RAP. In terms of micro perspective, it is found that the lower the
molecular weight of the WCO component is, the better its restoration effect on microscopic
characteristics of aged asphalt is. The different effects of various substances in WCO on aged
asphalt can be observed more intuitively after the classification of WCO components, which is
instructive for the engineering application of efficient recovery of RAP using WCO.

Keywords: Rejuvenated asphalt; Waste cooking oil; Rheological properties; Microscopic

characteristics

(Yuechao, Z., Meizhu, C., Shaopeng, W., & Qi, J. (2022). Rheological properties and
microscopic characteristics of rejuvenated asphalt using different components from waste
cooking oil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133556.)

Investigating the properties of rejuvenated asphalt with the modified rejuvenator prepared by
waste cooking oil and waste tire crumb rubber

Huifang Yang, Ruikun Dong

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045,
PR China;

Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area (Chongqing
University), Ministry of Education, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, PR China

Abstract

WROB modified rejuvenator prepared by waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR) and waste cooking
oil (WCO) had tremendous potentiality in reactivating and modifying the aged asphalt. The
compatibility, high and low-temperature rheological properties, anti-rutting, aging and fatigue
resistance properties were assessed by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam
rheometer (BBR) and multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) tests. The Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer (FTIR) test results revealed that WTCR contained in WROB modified
rejuvenator could regenerate the aged asphalt. The Cole-Cole curves showed that the WTCR
has an active function in boosting compatibility. Moreover, the MSCR test results indicated that
the WTCR had a functional effect on ameliorating the anti-rutting performance and reducing
sensitivity to rutting of the rejuvenated asphalt. The indexes of anti-aging and G*·sin (δ) values
respectively showed the contribution of WTCR to anti-aging performance and fatigue resistance
of the rejuvenated asphalt. With 8.5% WROB modified rejuvenator, the high and low-
temperature performance grade of the aged asphalt was recovered from 82–16 to 76–28.
Besides, all the properties of WROB60 rejuvenated asphalt were outstanding. The properties of
WROB regenerated asphalt were slightly decreased when the content of WTCR contained in
the modified rejuvenator was greater than 60.

Keywords

Waste tire crumb rubber; Waste cooking oil; Modified rejuvenator; Rejuvenated asphalt;
Properties

(Yang, H., & Dong, R. (2022). Investigating the properties of rejuvenated asphalt with the
modified rejuvenator prepared by waste cooking oil and waste tire crumb rubber. Construction
and Building Materials, 315, 125692.)

The use of plastic waste in asphalt: A critical review on asphalt mix design and Marshall
properties

Soheil Heydari, Ailar Hajimohammadi, Nioushasadat Haji Seyed Javadi, Nasser Khalili

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
2052, Australia

Abstract

Waste plastics are a growing concern for society and need sustainable strategies to deal with.
One of the promising strategies is to use them as a replacement for virgin polymers for asphalt
mixture modifications. The use of waste plastics is more cost-effective, and it is more
sustainable than using virgin polymers. Also, waste plastics have shown positive impacts on
some asphalt properties. However, there are many challenges and complications for their
application in asphalt due to some complexities with the nature of waste plastics. Plastics are
mainly divided into three groups, i.e., plastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, and reactive
polymers. Each of these divisions has a specific influence on the asphalt mixture. Also, due to
the differences in physical properties of each polymer, the ways by which they are introduced
into the asphalt mixture differ. There are mainly two ways of asphalt modification with waste
plastics, the dry and wet methods. This article compares the dry and wet methods of asphalt
modification with waste plastics to understand the critical factors affecting the modification and
shed light on the gaps of knowledge. Marshall test results reveal that both the nature of the
waste plastics and the way they are introduced into the asphalt mix have significant impacts on
the performance of the resultant asphalt mixture. However, in general, plastic wastes can
increase the Stability and decrease the Flow number.

Keywords

Plastic waste; Polymer modification; Asphalt; Marshall; Sustainable pavement; Mix design; Dry
process; Wet process
(Heydari, S., Hajimohammadi, A., Javadi, N. H. S., & Khalili, N. (2021). The use of plastic waste
in asphalt: A critical review on asphalt mix design and Marshall properties. Construction and
Building Materials, 309, 125185.)

Analysis of replacing virgin bitumen by plastic waste in asphalt concrete mixtures

Pedro Lastra-González, Esther Lizasoain-Arteaga, Daniel Castro-Fresno, & Gerardo Flintsch

ABSTRACT

Polymers are used worldwide for their unique properties such as a light weight or chemical
resistance, but which have led to an environmental challenge because of the time they need to
completely decompose when buried in landfills. Complementarily, bitumen generates the
second biggest environmental impact in the construction of a road. This paper analyses the
mechanical, environmental and economic performance of replacing 25% of bitumen with two
low-cost plastic wastes (cable plastic and the film fraction from household packaging waste) in
an asphalt mixture. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the technology from the 3
viewpoints analysed. The plastic-modified mixtures achieve reductions of more than 17% and
11% in the economic and environmental impact when the analysis is focused on the wearing
course.

KEYWORDS: Asphalt mixture; modified mixture; plastic waste; sustainability; binder

replacement

(Lastra-González, P., Lizasoain-Arteaga, E., Castro-Fresno, D., & Flintsch, G. (2022). Analysis
of replacing virgin bitumen by plastic waste in asphalt concrete mixtures. International Journal of
Pavement Engineering, 23(8), 2621-2630.)

Asphalt Modified Plastic Waste To Defend Damage In Asphalt Concrete (Ac-Wc)

Mahmuda1, Sumiati1 and T Lina Flaviana1

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1167, 2nd Forum in Research, Science, and
Technology 30–31 October 2018, Horizon Ultima Hotel, Palembang, Indonesia

Abstract

Plastic bottles (PET) and take-away food containers (PS) waste could be reusable to fix asphalt
physical trait that sensitive toward temperature and enhancing the stability of asphalt concrete.
Thus it could be used to prevent the damage on rigid pavement such as deformation,
corrugation, rutting, and shoving. This research aims to fix asphalt physical trait and to find how
much plastic waste percentage (PP+PS) needed so it could replace the asphalt component in
Asphalt Concrete (AC-WC). The research is conducted by testing 75 sample with maximum
asphalt level of 5.6% and plastic waste percentage ranging from 0%; 2%; 4%; 6%; and 8%
compared to asphalt weight. Marshall Test was done in the sample that is soaked in the
temperature of 60°C; 70°C; 80°C for 30 minutes and 60°C for 24 hours. Based of Asphalt
Pavement Specification (Bina Marga revision 3rd, 2010), hence the percentage of plastic waste
that could be used to replace partial asphalt component in Concrete Asphalt (AC-WC) is only
2% of asphalt weight. This percentage is not only fulfilling Marshall characteristic number but
also could prevent the further road damage and extremely weatherproof.

(Flaviana, T. L. (2019, February). Asphalt Modified Plastic Waste To Defend Damage In Asphalt
Concrete (Ac-Wc). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1167, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP
Publishing.)

A review on the utilization of waste material in asphalt pavements

Waikhom Victory

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Abstract

Recycling of waste and disposal has become a vital environmental issue that creates serious
concern worldwide. The use of waste material in pavement structure is one of the essential
initiative for the future towards sustainable environment. This study imparts a review on waste
materials such as plastic waste, crumb rubber, glass fibre, steel slag, crushed concrete and Low
Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and their use in asphalt pavements. The waste materials act as
modifiers and have the capability to upgrade the performance of pavement and provide green
technology with eco-friendly environment. Utilization of waste material as an asphalt binder
enhanced the engineering properties of asphalt pavements. It may be regarded as a smart
strategy for sustainable development as it is cost-effective, economical, efficiency and
productivity. Moreover, it approached to minimize the pollution. Further, many researchers have
investigated the outcomes of asphalt pavement with waste and observed that it achieved the
properties and performance of asphalt mixtures while reducing pavement damage, failure and
deformation.

Keywords

Recycling; Plastic waste; Crumb rubbe;r Glass fibre

Steel slag; Crushed concrete; LDPE

(Victory, W. (2022). A review on the utilization of waste material in asphalt pavements.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(18), 27279-27282.)
A Review of the Utilisation of Recycled Waste Material as an Alternative Modifier in Asphalt
Mixtures

Abdalrhman Abrahim Milad, Ahmed Suliman B. Ali, Nur Izzi Md Yusoff

Abstract

The possibility of using waste materials in road construction is of great interest as their
utilisation may contribute to reducing the problems of hazard and pollution and conserve natural
resources. Thus, there is an urgent need to find a sustainable method for using waste materials
as a substitute in the standard asphalt binders. There are several concerns about the physical
and chemical properties and mechanical performance of asphalt pavements incorporated with
waste material in the effort to reduce permanent deformation of the road surface. This review
article presents a brief discussion of the asphalt mixtures modified with waste material, and the
recycled materials used as a modifier in the asphalt mixture. The present paper summarises the
use of crumb rubber, crushed concrete, steel slag, glass fibre and plastic waste in asphalt
mixtures. The use of waste materials as a modifier in asphalt mixture resulted in improved
asphalt pavement performance. Results advocate that rubberised asphalt mixture with desired
properties can be designed as an additive with a friendly environmental approach in
construction materials. The researches that adopted the influence of usage, recycle waste
material to improve the performance of the asphalt of the road are still limited compared to other
construction fields.

Keywords

Waste Materials; Properties; Asphalt Modifier; Asphalt Pavement; Recycling.

(Milad, A. A., Ali, A. S. B., & Yusoff, N. I. M. (2020). A review of the utilisation of recycled waste
material as an alternative modifier in asphalt mixtures. Civil Engineering Journal, 6, 42-60.)

Benefits of utilization the recycle polyethylene terephthalate waste plastic materials as a

modifier to asphalt mixtures

Islam Abo El-Naga, Mohamed Ragab

Dept. of Public Works Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt

Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Suez University, Egypt

Abstract

The polyethylene terephthalate waste plastic materials (PTP) have a negative impact on the
environment. The reuse of PTP in engineering construction projects such as road pavement
may improve the properties of asphalt binder and asphalt mixtures. Therefore, the main aim of
this research is to investigate the effect of using PTP on improving the performance and
properties of asphalt pavement. Also, it aims to quantify the significant benefits of asphalt
modification in the pavement system. The investigation was performed for asphalt binder and
asphalt mixtures. The laboratory testing program for the asphalt binder included penetration,
softening point, flash point, and absolute viscosity tests. These tests were performed for the
unmodified and modified asphalt binder. On the other side, the laboratory asphalt mixtures
design tests such as; standard Marshall, indirect tensile and rutting tests were done for
unmodified and modified asphalt mixtures. KENPAVE software was used to quantify the
benefits of using PTP as a modifier in the pavement system. The results of asphalt binder tests
indicated that the addition of this modifier reduced the penetration and increased the softening
point of the modified asphalt binder. The results illustrated that the addition of this modifier
tended to increase the strength of the asphalt mixtures. The optimized percentage of PTP
achieving the better performance of the asphalt mixtures is 12%. Finally, the quantified benefits
indicated that addition of 12% of PTP increased the pavement service life 2.81 times and saved
about 20% of the asphalt layer thickness.

Keywords

Polyethylene terephthalate; Asphalt binder; Asphalt mixtures; KENPAVE

(El-Naga, I. A., & Ragab, M. (2019). Benefits of utilization the recycle polyethylene terephthalate
waste plastic materials as a modifier to asphalt mixtures. Construction and building Materials,
219, 81-90.)

Plastic Waste Utilization as Asphalt Binder Modifier in

Asphalt Concrete Pavement
H. Naghawi, R. Al-Ajarmeh, R. Allouzi, A. AlKlub, K. Masarwah, A. AL-
Quraini, M. Abu-Sarhan

Abstract—The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the use of plastic waste as a low cost
asphalt binder modifier. For this purpose Marshall mix design procedure was used. Marshall mix
design procedure seeks to select the Optimum Binder Content (OBC) to be added to a specific
aggregate blend resulting in a mixture that satisfies the desired properties of strength and
durability. In order to evaluate the plastic waste modified (PWM) asphalt mixtures, the OBC for
the conventional asphalt mix was first identified, and then different percentages of crushed
plastic waste by weight of the identified OBC were tested. Marshall test results for the modified
asphalt mixtures were analyzed to find the optimum PWM content. Finally, the static indirect
tensile strength (IDT) was determined for all mixtures using the splitting tensile test. It was found
that PWM content of 7.43% by weight of OBC is recommended as the optimum PWM content
needed for enhancing the performance of asphalt mixtures. It enhanced stability by 42.56%,
flow by 89.91% and strength by 13.54%. This would lead to a more durable pavement by
improving the pavement resistance to fatigue cracking and rutting.
Keywords—Binder content modifier, Marshall test, plastic waste, polyethylene terephthalate.

(Naghawi, H., Al-Ajarmeh, R., Allouzi, R., AlKlub, A., Masarwah, K., Al-Quraini, A., & Abu-
Sarhan, M. (2018). Plastic waste utilization as asphalt binder modifier in asphalt concrete
pavement. International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 12(5), 566-571.)

Plastic bag waste on hotmixture asphalt as modifier

Nyoman Suaryana, Edwin Nirwan, Yohanes Ronny

Indonesia is the second largest country to contribute plastic marine debris in the world. On the
other hand, Indonesia is facing pavement problem due to various reasons, so it needs to
improvethe pavement quality and performance. The addition of plastic waste to the hot mix
asphalt (HMA) actually have beneficial effect to improve the pavement quality. Utilization of
plastic waste in roadconstruction is conducted by incorporating the plastic waste into the asphalt
mixture as an additivewith dry or wet mix process. The objective of this research is to
investigate the laboratoryperformance of asphalt mixture using plastic waste addition and its
effect on the moisture sensitivity, resistance to deformation and the fatigue life of the asphalt
mixture. The addition of plastic waste inHMA will increase the Marshall stability and the resilient
modulus of the mixture, improve strippingresistance, moisture sensitivity and also the rutting
resistance. Up to a certain plastic content, theaddition of plastic waste will improve the fatigue
life and the ravelling resistance of the HMA, on thecontrary excesive addition of the plstic waste
will decrease the fatigue life and ravelling resistancecompare to the conventional HMA. The field
application is very simillar to conventional HMA, except it requires additional time during dry mix
process in the production plant.

Keywords: Deformation, Fatigue, Hotmixture Asphalt, Low Density Polyethylene,

Performance, Plastic Waste

(Suaryana, N., Nirwan, E., & Ronny, Y. (2018). Plastic bag waste on hotmixture asphalt as
modifier. In Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 789, pp. 20-25). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.)

Waste Plastic as Additive in Asphalt Pavement

Reinforcement: A review
Nuha S Mashaan, Ali Rezagholilou, Hamid Nikraz
Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin
University, Perth, WA, Australia

ABSTRACT
This review paper focuses on certain essential factors of bituminous mixtures as well as
polymer modified asphalt mixture and of waste materials. The application of polymer to asphalt
mixture has been promoted as a means to improve the performance of asphalt mixtures. Adding
polymer usually contributes to an increase in the stiffness of the bituminous mixture and
improvement of its susceptibility to temperature variations and fluctuations. This, in turn,
improves the resistance of the mixture to rutting. However, these days, asphalt mixtures
modified by polymer are more expensive for road pavement purposes. Using waste polymers,
as modifiers is one of the several ways to cut the expenses and reduce the overall cost of road
pavement projects. Recycling and reusing plastic waste can significantly contribute to saving the
environment from further pollution and the economy from extra expenses. It is also helpful in
controlling discarded waste such as plastic beverage container to the other materials, which
adds to the importance of the problem with their long-term negative effects on the ecosystem
and environmental balance. In particular, analysis and discussion on using waste plastic in
asphalt pavement will also attempt to clarify some of the terms and notions related to the
discussions to give the readers the needed background to be able to actively join the
experiments and discussions along with the researcher.

Keywords: plastic waste, polymer modified asphalt, environmental impact, engineering

properties

(Mashaan, N. S., Rezagholilou, A., & Nikraz, H. (2019, August). Waste Plastic as Additive in
Asphalt Pavement Reinforcement: A review. In AAPA International Flexible Pavements
Conference, 18th.)

Understanding the role of waste cooking oil residue during

the preparation of rubber asphalt
JianminMa, Mingjun Hu, Daquan Sun,Tong Lu, Guoqiang Sun, Senlin Ling,
Lei Xu
Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai
200092, P. R. China

Department of Road and Railway Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R.
China

Abstract
Bio oil was proved an effective modifier to improve the compatibility of rubber asphalt. However,
the pathway in which the bio oil enhances the compatibility of rubber asphalt remains unclear.
To understand the role of the bio oil in rubber asphalt during preparation process, the waste
cooking oil residue (WCOR) was incorporated during the preparation of rubber asphalt in
different scenarios. The compatibility of the prepared rubber asphalts was examined through the
cigar tube test, the rheological characterization and the morphology observation. The
compositional change of ground tire rubber (GTR) extracted from the prepared rubber asphalts
was analyzed via the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the chemical and fractional
composition of the asphalt phase separated from the three rubber asphalts was analyzed via
the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test and the thin-layer chromatography with
flame ionization detection (TLC-FID) test. Results showed that the compatibility of the rubber
asphalt with GTR swelled by WCOR prior to preparation was significantly improved compared
with that of the rubber asphalt with untreated GTR and the rubber asphalt prepared by blending
GTR and WCOR simultaneously. The results from chemical and compositional characterization
suggested that the improved compatibility of the rubber asphalt incorporating GTR pre-swelled
with WCOR was mainly attributed to the extended release of nature rubber (NR) and traces of
synthetic rubber (SR) and inorganic filler into the asphalt phase.

Keywords: Rubber asphalt; Ground tire rubber; Waste cooking oil residue; Swelling;
Compatibility

(Ma, J., Hu, M., Sun, D., Lu, T., Sun, G., Ling, S., & Xu, L. (2021). Understanding the role of
waste cooking oil residue during the preparation of rubber asphalt. Resources, Conservation
and Recycling, 167, 105235.)

Effect of Nanoclay on Physical and Rheological Properties

of Waste Cooking Oil–Modified Asphalt Binder
Nikhil Saboo; Mayank Sukhija; and Gaurav Singh
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
221005, India. Email: nikhilsaboo.civ@iitbhu.ac.in

Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
221005, India (corresponding author). Email: mayanksukhija.rs.civ18@itbhu.ac.in

M.Tech. Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
221005, India, Email: gauravsingh.civ18@itbhu.ac.in

Abstract
The use of waste cooking oil (WCO) and nanoclay (NC) in the modification of asphalt binder can
produce sustainable material for paving applications. This study evaluated the change in
physical and rheological properties attained by modification of a conventional asphalt binder
using varying percentages of WCO and NC; 0%, 2.5%, and 5% WCO was used to modify a VG
30 binder, followed by reinforcement using four different dosages of montmorillonite NC (0%,
2%, 4%, and 6%). A total of 12 combinations of asphalt binders were produced (VG30, 2NC,
4NC, 6NC, 2.5WCO, 5WCO, 2.5WCO2NC, 2.5WCO4NC, 2.5WCO6NC, 5WCO2NC,
5WCO4NC, and 5WCO6NC) and subjected to physical (penetration, softening point, viscosity,
and temperature susceptibility) and rheological [high-temperature performance grading (PG),
multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep test (LAS)]
measurements. The physical and rheological measurements showed that the use of NC in
WCO-modified asphalt binder could reverse the softening effect caused by the inclusion of
WCO in VG 30. At 50°C and 60°C, 2.5WCO with 4% and 6% NC had higher values of
percentage recovery (R) compared with VG 30. It was found that the use of NC insignificantly
increased the strain susceptibility of the asphalt binders at intermediate temperatures for all
WCO levels. Statistical analysis revealed that the effect of modification on unrecoverable creep
compliance is less significant than the change in R for a temperature range of 40°C–70°C. The
significance of modification at intermediate temperatures was not consistent and clear. A simple
cost–benefit analysis was proposed, which indicated that 2.5WCO6NC is the optimum
combined blend for obtaining higher benefits relative to the cost of modification.

Keyword: Physical properties, Rheology, Recycling, Nanomechanics, Material properties,

Temperature effects, Binders (material), Clays

(Saboo, N., Sukhija, M., & Singh, G. (2021). Effect of nanoclay on physical and rheological
properties of waste cooking oil–modified asphalt binder. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 33(3), 04020490.)

Addition of Encapsulated Soybean Oil and Waste Cooking

Oil in Asphalt Mixtures: Effects on Mechanical Properties
and Self-Healing of Fatigue Damage
Ablenya Barros

University of Antwerp,

Lêda Christiane de Figueirêdo Lopes Lucena

Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG)

Alvaro García

University of Nottingham
January 2022Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 34(4)

DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004134

Embedded encapsulated rejuvenators have been proven to enhance the crack-healing ability of
asphalt. This healing mechanism is autonomous as it is triggered by the energy resulting from
the axles' passages on the road: an advantage over other engineered healing methods.
However, compared to the advances on crack healing by externally triggered methods, the
understanding of the healing mechanism by the action of encapsulated rejuvenating agents is
still evolving. Based on the findings of García et al. (2020b) on the optimum damage level to
heal reflective cracking in asphalt mixtures with calcium-alginate capsules, this study further
investigates the effect of different healing times (24, 48, and 72 h) on healing levels of fatigue-
damaged asphalt mixtures. In parallel, the performance of encapsulated new soybean oil and
waste cooking oil (WCO) is compared via their characterization and effects on the mechanical
properties of asphalt. The embedded capsules decreased the resistance to moisture damage,
stiffness, and durability of the base asphalt. Nevertheless, considerably greater self-healing
indexes were observed, which were even more pronounced for longer healing times. In the field,
these mixtures' full healing capability would not be achieved at once as long periods of traffic
closure are not feasible. Also, the asphalt deformation results in higher self-healing indexes due
to the embedded capsules. Encapsulated WCO promoted the highest healing values, possibly
because these capsules were more easily damaged and the oil better diffused into the asphalt.

(Grangeiro de Barros, A., Figueirêdo Lopes Lucena, L. C. D., & García Hernandez, Á. (2022).
Addition of Encapsulated Soybean Oil and Waste Cooking Oil in Asphalt Mixtures: Effects on
Mechanical Properties and Self-Healing of Fatigue Damage. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 34(4), 04022002.)

Rejuvenation effect of waste cooking oil on the adhesion

characteristics of aged asphalt to aggregates
Shiao Yan, Changjun Zhou, Jian Ouyang
School of Transportation & Logistics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China

School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

Abstract
In this study, the surface free energy (SFE) method and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation
were used to study the effect of WCO on the adhesion of asphalt and aggregate from the
macroscopic and nanoscopic levels, respectively. Four types of aggregates (basalt, limestone,
granite, and sandstone) and minerals (SiO2, MgO, CaCO3, and CaO) representing aggregates
were selected. The SFE of asphalt and aggregate was obtained, then the adhesion work,
debonding work, and the energy ratio (ER) were calculated to evaluate moisture susceptibility.
Then the asphalt-mineral interface model was built and the adhesion work under dry and wet
conditions and interaction energy were analyzed. The results show that from the SFE
perspective, WCO can improve the SFE parameters of aged asphalt and its adhesion work with
aggregates, whereas the rejuvenation effect decreases with the increase of WCO content. The
aging process will increase the debonding work of the interface, resulting in aged asphalt easier
stripping from the aggregate. The resistance to moisture damage ranks as basalt > limestone >
granite > sandstone. From the SFE perspective, the van der Waals interaction contributes the
main component of adhesion work of asphalt with SiO2, MgO, and CaO, while the electrostatic
interaction is the main component with CaCO3. Under the wet condition, the adhesion work of
the asphalt-SiO2 interface is affected to the smallest extent due to the minimal interaction
between SiO2 and water molecules. Combining with the results of the SFE method and MD
simulation, WCO plays a rejuvenation effect, improving the resistance to moisture damage. This
study can guide the selection of aggregates to make WCO recycled asphalt mixture with sound
moisture resistance.

Keywords

Aged asphalt; Waste cooking oil; Adhesion characteristics; Moisture susceptibility; Surface free
energy; Molecular dynamics

(Yan, S., Zhou, C., & Ouyang, J. (2022). Rejuvenation effect of waste cooking oil on the
adhesion characteristics of aged asphalt to aggregates. Construction and Building Materials,
327, 126907.)

Compound reutilization of waste cooking oil and waste

engine oil as asphalt rejuvenator: performance evaluation
and application
Haibin Li, Mingming Zhang, Ahmed Abdulakeem Temitope, Xiaoyuan Guo,
Jianmei Sun, Mulbah Yombah & Xiaolong Zou
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022)

Abstract
The comprehensive utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) and waste engine oil (WEO) is of
great significance to build a sustainable society because recycling WCO and WEO to develop a
rejuvenator for asphalt pavement not only aids the reduction of environmental pollution, but also
brings about significant benefits to the Earth’s sustainable development. With a clear aim to
contribute to a more efficient reuse of the waste oils and recycled asphalt mixtures, this paper
develops a high-efficiency compound rejuvenator and determines the optimal combination of its
main constituents (WCO and WEO) through orthogonal tests. Furthermore, the performance of
the rejuvenator is verified by means of the four-fraction test and the traditional asphalt
performance tests (penetration, ductility, softening point). These tests confirm the regeneration
efficiency of the compound rejuvenator, and the optimum dosage of the compound rejuvenator
is found of 7%. Subsequently, the mechanism of the compound rejuvenator in aged asphalt is
examined, and following the application of the compound rejuvenator, it was concluded that the
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) could be maximized by 45%. Consequentially, the results of
this research promote the recycling of WEO, WCO, and waste asphalt pavement materials,
ultimately advocating the sustainability of pavement construction.
Keywords

Waste oils, Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Compound

rejuvenator,Orthogonal test, Sustainable development
(Li, H., Zhang, M., Temitope, A. A., Guo, X., Sun, J., Yombah, M., & Zou, X. (2022). Compound
reutilization of waste cooking oil and waste engine oil as asphalt rejuvenator: performance
evaluation and application. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-16.)

The potential use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate

(RPET) plastic waste in asphalt binder
Musab Abuaddous, Madhar M. Taamneh & Samer R. Rabab’ah
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology

Abstract
The current study aims to examine the potential use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate
(RPET) plastic waste as a modifier for asphalt binder. Plastic bottles were collected, shredded,
cleaned, melted, ground, then sieved. An asphalt binder with a penetration grade of 60/70 was
used. The RPET plastic waste was blended with 60/70 penetration grade asphalt binder at five
percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 %, by weight of asphalt binder) using a high shear mixer. To
study the physical and mechanical properties of RPET-modified asphalt binders, both traditional
and Super pave tests were conducted. The test results showed that by incorporating RPET into
asphalt binder, the ductility and penetration values decreased, whereas the softening point and
viscosity of asphalt binder increased. Furthermore, the rutting performance of RPET-modified
asphalt binder, as presented by the rutting parameter (G*/sinδ), was enhanced by increasing
the amount of RPET plastic waste at all testing temperatures. The high-temperature
performance grade of asphalt binder was raised by one grade (from 64°C to 70°C) by adding
15% and 20% of RPET plastic waste. On the other hand, the low-temperature performance of
asphalt binder, as presented by creep stiffness and m-value, was negatively affected by adding
RPET. The low-temperature performance grade of asphalt binder was dropped by one grade
(from −22°C to −16°C) by adding RPET plastic waste at percentages of 15 % and 20 %.
Moreover, the fatigue cracking performance of asphalt binder, as presented by the fatigue
parameter (G*.sinδ), was slightly reduced by adding RPET to the asphalt binder but remained
lower than the acceptable Super pave limit (≤ 5000 kPa).

Keywords

Asphalt binder; PET; Plastic waste; Rutting; Fatigue

(Abuaddous, M., Taamneh, M. M., & Rabab’ah, S. R. (2021). The potential use of recycled
polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) plastic waste in asphalt binder. International Journal of
Pavement Research and Technology, 14(5), 579-587.)

Pyrolysis of polyolefin plastic waste and potential

applications in asphalt road construction: A technical
review
Charlotte Abdy, Yuqing Zhang. Jiawei Wang, Yang Yang, Ignacio
Artamendi, Bob Allen

Department of Civil Engineering, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK

Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Aston Triangle,
Birmingham B4 7ET, UK

Research & Development and Technical Services, Aggregate Industries UK Ltd., Derbyshire DE6 3ET,
UK

Abstract
in sustainable infrastructure, as well as other industries. This paper presents a review on the
pyrolysis of the most abundant plastic waste polyolefins, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-
density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP), with a focus on the heavy wax products.
A sizeable research gap in its known applications outside of the petrochemical and chemical
feedstock industries was identified. Furthermore, its potential use in the hot mix asphalt (HMA)
layers of flexible roads as an alternative binder material and aggregate is discussed. A plastic-
derived bitumen modifier could be a viable solution to the current limitations associated with
plastic bitumen modifiers (PMB), while producing asphalt with enhanced rheological properties
and failure resistances. Consequently, future trends in research may include obtaining a full
understanding of the capacity for pyrolysis products from waste polyolefins in bitumen
modification. The key relationships between pyrolysis process parameters and the subsequent
product properties, modification mechanisms and binder performance may also be explored.
This application pairing process for pyrolysis products from plastic wastes may also be more
extensively adopted

Keywords

Waste Plastics, Polyolefins, Pyrolysis, Design For Recycling, Sustainable Infrastructure,

Bitumen Modification
(Abdy, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Artamendi, I., & Allen, B. (2022). Pyrolysis of
polyolefin plastic waste and potential applications in asphalt road construction: A technical
review. Resources, conservation and recycling, 180, 106213.)

Investigating the engineering properties of asphalt binder

modified with waste plastic polymer
Nuha S. Mashaan, Amin Chegenizadeh, Hamid Nikraz, Alireza
Rezagholilou
School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth,
WA, Australia

Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the impact of using local waste Polyethylene Terephthalate
(PET) plastic in binder class C320, which is a common bitumen type used for local road
surfacing in Australia. The evaluation of various contents of PET modified bitumen is carried out
through two stages for unaged and aged conditions. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Rolling
Thin Film Oven (RTFOT) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) tests were utilised to investigate the
rutting, fatigue and aging of bitumen binder. The results showed that the ideal content of waste
plastic is 6–8% to improve the rutting and aging resistances. Moreover, 8% PET improves the
fatigue cracking resistance as it shows a low fatigue factor (G* sin δ). Hence, application of
locally-attained plastic in pavements not only reduces the costs but also improve sustainability
of environment and natural resources. Further rutting and fatigue tests on asphalt samples are
recommended to better understand the mechanical properties of PET plastic on asphalt
mixtures with 6–8% PET plastic. In the event that the outcomes demonstrate an enhancement
in the properties of the concrete paving mixture, usage of such a material would be extremely
compensating in Australia. Also, this would help decrease the amount of waste scrap plastic, in
turn, sustaining the environment.

Keywords

Asphalt binder; Waste plastic polymer; Rheological properties; Rutting; Fatigue; Environmental
impact

(Mashaan, N. S., Chegenizadeh, A., Nikraz, H., & Rezagholilou, A. (2021). Investigating the
engineering properties of asphalt binder modified with waste plastic polymer. Ain Shams
Engineering Journal, 12(2), 1569-1574.)
Sustainable use of waste plastic modifiers to strengthen
the adhesion properties of asphalt mixtures
Safeer Haider, Imran Hafeez, Jamal, Rafi Ullah
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Taxila, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, Royal Malborne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), Melbourne
City Campus, Australia

Abstract
Low pavement performance increases environmental degradation and reduces natural
reserves. This reduction in pavement’s service life is attributed towards moisture
susceptibility, rutting and fatigue failures of asphalt pavements. To overcome this, waste
plastic modifiers were used in this research study to improve the asphalt mixtures
moisture damage resistance and hence the asphalt pavement’s service life. Four
different sources of aggregate based on petrography of rock were selected to ascertain
the effect of different minerals on moisture damage. Qualitative as well as quantitative
tests were utilized to assess moisture sensitivity. The analysis of test data showed that
high density polyethylene and wet method of mixing has relatively better adhesion
properties. Moreover, acidic aggregates containing granite minerals showed more loss
of adhesion than basic aggregate quarries due their less polarity and hydrophilic nature.
Modified Lottman as well as Hamburg wheel track test were found relatively better for
compacted asphalt mixture than Marshall stability test for moisture damage
assessment. This study recommends using waste plastics in the asphalt mixtures to
improve performance life of the pavement and reduces the environmental degradation.

Keywords

Moisture; Aggregate minerals; Wet process; Rock type

(Haider, S., Hafeez, I., & Ullah, R. (2020). Sustainable use of waste plastic modifiers to
strengthen the adhesion properties of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials,
235, 117496.)

Plastic Bag Waste on Hotmixture Asphalt as Modifier

Nyoman Suaryana*, Edwin Nirwan, Yohanes Ronny
Key Engineering Materials (Volume 789)

Abstract
Indonesia is the second largest country to contribute plastic marine debris in the world. Onthe
other hand, Indonesia is facing pavement problem due to various reasons, so it needs to
improvethe pavement quality and performance. The addition of plastic waste to the hot mix
asphalt (HMA)actually have beneficial effect to improve the pavement quality. Utilization of
plastic waste in roadconstruction is conducted by incorporating the plastic waste into the asphalt
mixture as an additivewith dry or wet mix process. The objective of this research is to
investigate the laboratoryperformance of asphalt mixture using plastic waste addition and its
effect on the moisture sensitivity,resistance to deformation and the fatigue life of the asphalt
mixture. The addition of plastic waste inHMA will increase the Marshall stability and the resilient
modulus of the mixture, improve strippingresistance, moisture sensitivity and also the rutting
resistance. Up to a certain plastic content, theaddition of plastic waste will improve the fatigue
life and the ravelling resistance of the HMA, on thecontrary excesive addition of the plstic waste
will decrease the fatigue life and ravelling resistancecompare to the conventional HMA. The field
application is very simillar to conventional HMA,except it requires additional time during dry mix
process in the production plant.

Keywords:

Deformation, Fatigue, Hotmixture Asphalt, Low Density Polyethylene, Performance,

Plastic Waste

(Suaryana, N., Nirwan, E., & Ronny, Y. (2018). Plastic bag waste on hotmixture asphalt as
modifier. In Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 789, pp. 20-25). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.)

Recycling of Waste Materials for Asphalt Concrete and Bitumen: A Review

by Md Tareq Rahman, Abbas Mohajerani and Filippo Giustozzi

School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed

Abstract

Waste management has become an issue of increasing concern worldwide. These products are
filling landfills and reducing the amount of livable space. Leachate produced from landfills
contaminates the surrounding environment. The conventional incineration process releases
toxic airborne fumes into the atmosphere. Researchers are working continuously to explore
sustainable ways to manage and recycle waste materials. Recycling and reuse are the most
efficient methods in waste management. The pavement industry is one promising sector, as
different sorts of waste are being recycled into asphalt concrete and bitumen. This paper
provides an overview of some promising waste products like high-density polyethylene, marble
quarry waste, building demolition waste, ground tire rubber, cooking oil, palm oil fuel ash,
coconut, sisal, cellulose and polyester fiber, starch, plastic bottles, waste glass, waste brick,
waste ceramic, waste fly ash, and cigarette butts, and their use in asphalt concrete and
bitumen. Many experts have investigated these waste materials and tried to find ways to use
this waste for asphalt concrete and bitumen. In this paper, the outcomes from some significant
research have been analyzed, and the scope for further investigation is discussed.

Keywords: asphalt concrete; recycling; waste materials; environmental sustainability; advanced

materials

(Rahman, M. T., Mohajerani, A., & Giustozzi, F. (2020). Recycling of waste materials
for asphalt concrete and bitumen: A review. Materials, 13(7), 1495.)

Waste plastics in asphalt concrete: A review

Brian P. Grady
School of Chemical, Biological, andMaterials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma,
USA

Abstract
Among possible applications for post-consumer waste plastics, one criterion is that the
application should be able to use very large amounts of material because the amount of
plastic waste is so large. Another key issue is economics; very little cost should be
involved in preparing waste plastics for a specific application. One of the few
applications for post-consumer waste plastics that could possibly meet both
requirements is filler in asphalt concrete. Specifically, if waste plastics in asphalt
concrete were ∼ 10 wt%, then this application alone could use all plastic waste currently
being produced in the world. This review examines the progress that has been made to
incorporate waste plastics into asphalt concrete and identifies key issues preventing this
technology from being applied commercially.

KEYWORDS: asphalt, bitumen, plastic, recycle

(Grady, B. P. (2021). Waste plastics in asphalt concrete: A review. SPE Polymers, 2(1),
4-18.)