PROPOSED COMMUNITY LIBRARY FOR SABON GARI LGA, KADUNA

STATE

BY

ABDULLAHI IBRAHIM MUSTAPHA

N/ARC/19/03826

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ARCHITECTURE, NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC, ZARIA IN
PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL
DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY.

JUNE, 2022
 DECLARATION
I, Abdullahi Ibrahim Mustapha of the department of Architectural technology,
Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria, Hereby declared that this project titled
“Proposed Community Library for Sabon Gari LGA” written and submitted by
me to Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of National Diploma in Architectural Technology under the guidance of
Arc. Mahmud Jabir, it is my original work and interpretations drawn therein are
based on material collected by myself.

___________________ ______________________
Abdullahi Ibrahim Mustapha Date
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that, this project titled “Proposed Community Library for Sabon
Gari LGA” is an original work undertaken by Abdullahi Ibrahim Mustapha
(N/ARC/19/03826) and has been compiled in accordance with the regulation
governing the award of National Diploma (ND) in Architecture Technology in
Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria.

___________________ ___________________
Project Supervisor Date
(Arc. Mahmud Jabir)

___________________ ____________________
Project Coordinator Date
(Arc. Jonathan Luke Bobai)

___________________ ____________________
Head of Department Date
(Arc. Dr. Modi Z. Sule)
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the Glory of Almighty Allah, who is my source of
everything in life and in whom I put my entire trust. I also dedicated it to my
Father Mal. Ibrahim Shattima Mustapha, and my mother Malama Salamatu Shehu,
My Uncle Mal. Idris Amin, brothers Murtala, Nasir, and Bukhari and my sisters
Maryam, Maimuna, Balaraba, Hauwa‟u, Safiya, Khadija and to the entire Ibrahim
Mustapha Shattima‟s family. I thank them all.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere gratitude goes to all those who assist me morally, financially,
academically and otherwise. To start with, I would like to appreciate my
supervisor, Arc. Mahmud Jabir whose correction, criticism and guidance make
this projects a success. My thanks also goes to my department lecturers; Arc
Abubakar Umar, Arc. Abubakar Mu‟azu. Arc. Jonathan L. Bobai, Arc. Dr. Modi
Zango, Arc. Daniel Yohana, Arc. Lukman Mu‟azu, in Different ways which make
this project a success.
I will not also forget to express my gratitude to all my course mates and others, too
numerous to mention for their support, prayers and encouragement given to me
during program. May God Almighty in his infinite mercy bless and reward them
richly and grand us long life.
 ABSTRACT
The construction of a library building is of initial and foremost step for designing a
library or info centre because it cannot exist while not a correct building. The
library building ought to be planned. The outside ought to be invitatory and
therefore the interior ought to be engaging. The building ought to be useful and at
identical time aesthetic. It ought to be useful one providing enough area for varied
functions to fulfill the wants. The library building conjointly ought to be standard
and will have the availability of future growth. New coming up with principles
square measure needed to fulfill the dynamic wants of the users of the library of
the longer term. The digital revolution has modified the looks of today’s libraries
entirely. The bulk of today’s data resources square measure of a non-physical
nature and accessing data is additional varied and complicated. The normal role
as quality keeper is one in every of several tasks these days. In this chapter briefly
discussed about why library building should be well planned with basic principle
of library building design and some standards of library building design. Finally a
discussion about space allocation, utilization and management with some new
areas in modern library.
 CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Library building is one amongst the necessary factors required for the event
of the libraries. Library is a growing organism. It grows in all spares of
service and resources, i.e., staff, collection and buildings. The space
requirement is a primary need and it is determined by its purpose. Two
questions come in mind, what work is to be done in the building, and what
service it will render. Even constructing our privatehouse, we consider
the family members house holdings, function of the family and the future
programs, e.g., sleeping, eating, bringing up a family, recreation, quite and
noisy space, indoor and outdoor and various likings of the persons.
Library has multiple functions and often faced with the problem of maintaining
works and events of the past into the present, and the curiosity of today„s world
and the future into a space. It is often said that, Libraries remain one of the
institutions that guide her past works, watch over her present works and
welcomes the works of years to come, according to Library Management
California (2004). Therefore, there is need for my proposed Community library
Sabon Gari LGA to have a functional library design and equally adaptable in
order to accommodate future needs of our ―dream library. Redesigning of
spaces in an existing Library is a big task, especially when the spaces have
been statically configured, which might only fulfill and meet the present needs
within the library without a provision to accommodate future change.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study defines interest in elaborating the fiction which dwells in
interactivity and collaboration in the user„s mind within the library
environment. The shift in information resources from print to electronic and
services from manual to electronics, calls for critical examination of the
concepts, principles and features of library as space and place. This will in no
doubt position the present library and library of the future in the same line with
the trend. For Academic librarians, architects and library administrators have
to collaborate to ensure library as space and place where convenient learning
and research environment is provided. Library design, whether in the public
arena, collages, schools, office or at home, it is necessary to understand how
humans feel about space and how they act within it. With that behavioural
(psychological) knowledge, it is important to provide or rearrange space so that
it works better for people of all kind and subsequently, employing means
through which people could work better within it, even in the event of ever
constant technological development and advancement. In the same event, it
requires proper design approach bearing in mind the possibility of change in
organization, planning, user ability and adaptability. For people to easily find
what they want in the library, according to Cohen (1979), the interior design
aspect such as furniture and equipment layouts, people and material traffic
patterns, workflow, lighting, acoustics, and even colour should affect how
users and staff work in the library. Interior design and management of library
building determine, to a large extent, the rate of concentration of activities,
accessibility of people and materials. Inherently, a quiet space where lighting is
adequate makes it easier for people to concentrate in the library than in a
perpetually noisy and dimly lit place. This study reviews three elements of
space configuration which in my opinion are as follow: Firstly, a space for
 variety of library materials and expansion or addition of collections. Secondly,
it has to be comfortable for both the users and staff. The users should find
library inviting and staff having enough and inviting space too, rather than be
relegated to subterranean spaces and treated as second-class citizens. This is to
accommodate the functionality, aesthetical and behaviuoral principles of
library building. Conservation and utilization of space in the interior of the
library is very important.
A change has occurred in the last 20 years. When we first started we were a
subject based library. Each floor had two subjects. This was pre-internet. We
had big service desks on each side of the floor. We had several staff at those
desks just to deal with the number of enquiries. Around 12-15 years ago we
combined those service desks per floor. So there was one desk.
In 2013 we launched a service where we got rid of all the desks, and
introduced roaming. The staff have a small station with a tablet and mobile
phone. She will roam the floor, answering questions from patrons, wherever
they are in the building. This reduces the number of staff on the floor at any
one time… which is a result of a decline in requests over the years. No one
calls to ask about the answer to a cross-word puzzle any more‟. Collection

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

This covers both external and internal circulation. In external circulation, it is of
essence to consider the conflict that is likely to arise when vehicular and pedestrian
movement is not properly designed. The issue of dead sightlines from public
service area in the library hall and making the internal spaces flexible to
accommodate different activities and furniture should be paramount consideration.
Evacuating people from the building during emergency should be linked to the
circulation core even in the event of regular activities in the library hall. Other
architectural problems set to be tackled include Lighting, Ventilation and many
others commonly found in library design.
 Accessibility (both physical and visual)
 Circulation (horizontal and vertical)
 Acoustics
 Solar radiation
 Security
 Fire protection
 Façade Uniqueness
 Landscaping

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES.

1.4.1 AIM
The aim of this project is to explore the concept of sustainable design strategies
in an attempt to achieved energy efficiency through devices and ecology for
improved building performance in library for the community.
1.4.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives include;
 Identifying problems
 Carrying out a physical interview (case study)
 Making research on project topic by reading related projects/books.
 Finding lasting solutions to identified problem by producing a suitable
Architectural design and research work.
1.5 ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE.
The proposal behind space configuration in library design, commonly explores the
unique creation of distinctness in the function and activity networking of a library
space. Public library utilization and the principles behind it establishment should
express extending academic benefits to the members of the public. The benefits do
not necessary mean the library structure; ‗but, a well-structured spaces with full
functionality in spatial arrangement both for the present and future development in
the library system. This new learning system is virtual, distributed, problem
solving and this significance is facilitated by global information networking. The
significance focuses on the reshaping of library services, which might equally
affect the library as a place, especially in this world that is full of dynamism. A
library is a citadel of learning which collects, organizes, preserves and provides
access to knowledge and information. In our contemporary world, libraries have
been digitalized by the introduction of the internet. Yet libraries are not patronized
and this is not due to insufficient study materials or facilities but because of the
disorderliness and lack purposeful spaces.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS.

1.6.1 SCOPE
A Community library building that works is a product of its designers or clients
that understands and applies the behavioral element of planning process. For
example, if standards require that a library offer so many seats per user, it matters
very much how those seats are placed.. Psychologically or behavioural wise, chairs
too near to each other are poorly utilized. In this respect, a library should provide
free, convenient and rapid services to the users. Therefore, the design of a library
building should consider the efficiency of space and place. There is a shift from
closed access to open access in this modern librarianship.
1.6.2 LIMITATIONS
The study focuses on establishing various design advice of space configuration for
effective in ner working of library and its environment. Specific reading areas
should be provided in positions that can easily be seen and reached with open
stacks with large space. This abridges the gap between the reader and books,
creating a convenient access to the books thereby encouraging serendipity and
brows ability. This is very important in designing a new library, renovation or
space management to accommodate changes.
Some libraries are most times looked up as ―sterile or simply ―uncomfortable.
Some problems that enunciated these unpalatable words include space inactiveness
and motionlessness. Another important element of note is the functional design
which takes the function of a library into consideration in the planning process.
The functional design takes into account the space for books to expand.

1.7 METHODS OF RESEARCH

The method of research will involve both primary and secondary sources of data
collection. The primary sources of data collection include case studies through
direct observation and oral interviews while the secondary source of data include
books, published reports journals, magazines , newspapers and the internet,
newspapers and internet. Descriptive in the sense that it will partly be concerned
with identifying, interpreting and describing existing conditions, from a design
point of view, with special emphasis on the Public library Asaba and analyzing the
life situation as to what improvement the study would impact on it.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The concept of space configuration in the library design was actually drawn from
vast multifunctional benefit and ability of space to adapt to wide range of operation
in the modern library. Therefore, the idea of configurability and massing of space
in this study has been shaped by the architectural need of adaptability for changes
of functions in a wider space of library in satisfaction, due to constant needs of
new activities, year in and year out.
More so, establishing space identity in one hand, and observations of ‗dynamic
spatial relations of design materials„ as an important aspect of design practice on
the other hand. The analysis, illustrations and case study hope to further widen our
understanding of the concept of adaptation of function ―change‖ in a configured
space considering the developmental changes in the present public library.

2.1 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK: FACTOR NECESSITATING THE

IDEA OF A CONFIGURED AND ADAPTABLE SPACE
This type of study represents the starting point for a public library building project
in its functional adaptable state. Library service needs, service area demographics
and other related information that are projected and translated into library space
requirements. Then, the available alternatives are evaluated and a course of action
selected. The development of a library building program, selection of architects
and the design of the selected building alternative can then follow. This framework
addresses libraries as facilities, how library facilities undergo changes as a result of
changes in the environment in which they find themselves, how those changes
sometimes affect library organization, and how changes in library organizations
affect library space. In attempt to balance the usefulness of configuring a space for
adaptability of purpose and functions in various aspect of library design, this
framework must be comprehensively itemized and simplified. To achieve this,
various modes through which the formation and integration of space within the
cores and center of library must be configured to justify and satisfy the needs of
Public in the use of library. The methodology for study of this theoretical
framework, identify the below factors:
 An existing and projected gross square foot requirement.
 Locally defined library design criteria.
 Functional operation of the facility.
 User accessibility and ease of access.
 Capacity for shelving, seating and staff requirements.
 Provision and equipment for future technology.
 Expansion potential, present and future.
 Library Building Program Space Summary.

2.2 CONFIGURED SPACE UTILITARIAN IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY

DESIGN
In determining the smooth functionality of a given space in the modern and
complex library design, the utilitarian of these configured spaces have to be
itemized. The occupants of the space are made up of following; Access Services,
Reader, Book, Roaming, Services cape and Way finding.
2.2.1 Access Services: the set of library activities having to do with directly
providing access to library materials and services to readers, either physically or
electronically. Access services include circulation; interlibrary loan; reserve and
current periodical reading rooms; listening, viewing, and microform workstations;
computer workstations; document delivery; outreach and home delivery;
management of meeting and study rooms; reader„s assistance; and stack
maintenance. In the last two decades, many academic libraries have created a
unified department responsible for the full range of access services, and the
concept is also applicable to special, school, and public libraries Due (2000).

Figure 2.1: Algorithm for finding various accessible modules (Source: Planning Graph journal 1995)

The hatched cells correspond to circulation areas from which at least one more workstation is
made accessible by the addition of a circulation line in the public service area that experience an
increase of at least one accessible workplace with the addition of a circulation line to the support
service area (as indicated in this figure).
Figure 2.1.1Change of accessibility due to an extended bus network on the home to work (W) via
daycare (D) travel
2.2.2 Book: the physical or electronic units that make up a library collection.
These units are manifested in a variety of formats in which it setting, arrangement,
etc defines the flow of function. Books collection section is flexible in nature and
equally adaptable in function. For convenience, and to emphasize the space
definition in an open library hall, the movable nature of book stacking makes it
adjustable for easy circulation and substitution for other activities within the given
configured space. ―Book‖ is used here as a single term to refer to all library
materials in whatever format. A related term is ―text,‖ which refers to the
intellectual and emotional content of the unit.

2.2.3 Reader: Placing and locating a reader in an ideal environment with required
forms of comfort a library can burst within his reading perimeter, and even
juxtaposition the important of adaptable space creation. A person who uses the
collections and services of a library, require to be provided with configured spatial
satisfactions. These provisions help in spatial interactions with a common interest
in the user, patron, borrower, customer or reader, which is more evocative of the
underlying public purpose of the library and the manner in which people
experience it. The use of the term does not exclude texts in the library which are
experienced by ―listeners or ―viewers. There is a transformative sense in which
texts in all formats are ―read by those who experience them, and it is this learning
experience which underlies the designation of people who visit libraries in person
or electronically as ―readers.

Figure 2.3: Graphical illustration of a reader in adaptable and configure space. (Source: Green Pole 2000)

2.2.4 Roaming: As practiced in libraries, this might include routinely scheduled

walks through stack, study, and lounge areas; accompanying readers looking for a
title or topic to the stacks; seeking out readers who need help with the OPAC or
with Internet searching; and approaching readers who appear lost or confused with
an offer of help. Roaming is an active alternative to the passive practice of
assigning staff to a stationary service desk to await reader-initiated requests for
assistance. One implication of roaming is that readers will come to expect help
from library staff at the point of contact, so all staff should have the ability and
authority to provide basic assistance without referral to a specialized desk or
service.
Fig 2.4: Simulation process (Source: Harrison and Dourish, 1996)
 Space formed to collect spatial attribute data, constructed the simulation
space.
 Programming, the spatial information and attribute data to write the program
into the pedestrian, and establish pedestrian movement patterns.
 Testing program and constantly modify the way finding model

2.2.5 Wayfinding: the act of navigating from one place to another within a
configured space, generally in a built environment such as a city or building.
Wayfinding involves activities such as orienting to the environment, deciding on a
route, monitoring progress on the route, and recognizing the destination. In the
library service scape layout, lighting, architectural features, and signage all
contribute to the system which supports reader way finding. Access services staff
frequently provide way finding assistance to readers and deal with failures in a
library„s way finding system.).
2.3 APPROACHES TO SPACE CONFIGURATION USING ANALYTICAL
TOOL.
Qualitative Spatial Representation according to Smith White (2003) is analytical
tool use for space evaluation and magnitude of its configurative. There are many
different approaches within the Qualitative Spatial Representation (QSP), a space
analytical tool. This tool tried to identify the various modes, dimensions, grids,
transformational needs and formation of structured space. The tool is said to
further show how its usability can be configured and designed in order to create a
state where the configured space would be easily adaptable for present and future
changes in Public Library. Therefore, it is important at this junction to look at
some of the space determinants and representation. Qualitative Spatial
Representations (QSR) addresses different hierarchy of space namely, topology,
orientation, shape, size and distance.

2.3.1 Topology:
Topology is perhaps the most elemental aspect of space. Topology must form a
fundamental aspect of qualitative spatial reasoning since it certainly can only make
qualitative distinctions. Topology has been studied extensively within the
mathematical literature. However much of it is too abstract to be of relevance to
those attempting to formalize common-sense spatial reasoning. Although various
qualitative spatial theories have been influenced by mathematical topology, there
are number of reasons why such a wholesale importation seems undesirable in
general [Gotts et al., 1996].
2.4 ADAPTABILITY OF LIBRARY SPACE, FUTURE USE AND
ORGANIZATION: OPPORTUNITIES OR CONSTRAINTS?

2.4.1 Libraries Thrive in an Era of Change

Library environments and organizations are in a heightened state of change. Far
from becoming deserted or anachronistic in the digital age, libraries are enjoying a
renaissance which manifests itself in the widespread renovation and
conceptualization of library facilities. Modern libraries or historic buildings that
are rejuvenated to reflect contemporary functionality are experiencing immense
popularity as destination spots. The challenge of book storage of collections that
seem to grow inexorably offers opportunities to rethink the very nature of a library.
Is it necessary to own a title? Is it necessary to make it available for immediate
consultation and browsing? Responding to the pressure placed on buildings has
resulted in an array of creative solutions and services that alters the relationship of
libraries to each other and of patrons to collections. A trend to return library space
to users is occurring, with collections and staff being moved off site and new user
space being created out of unused terrain. Successful facilities are likely to
accommodate boundary spanning in organizations or to house multiple units that
engage in collaborative support for teaching and learning. Because the institutions
are so much in flux, library facilities are being designed to be flexible, capable of
further reconfiguration as the structure of organizations shifts and new needs
emerge. At the beginning of the 21st century, the public venerates the traditional
role of libraries as custodians of knowledge and culture, and they celebrate the
iconographic character of grand reading rooms. They seek out libraries for the
community space they provide at the social and intellectual crossroads of society.
To integrate into the digital information age, they require that the library
incorporate state-of the art information technology and services which bridge the
analogue and digital worlds. Both physical facilities and the organizations which
reside in them are still evolving. The transformation requires our imagination and
flexibility.

2.5.2 Expectations of the Modern Society

At the same time these shifts in the academy are occurring, individual members of
society are bringing with them to the community expectations that affect their
sense of what is possible, desirable, and necessary. Individuals are more mobile,
traveling and moving from location to location. They are becoming accustomed to
span geographic boundaries through the use of telecommunications and other
learning facilities.
The changing environment of the academic society and the new lifestyle embraced
by students are being adopted by faculty manifest themselves in both library
facilities and the organizations which occupy them. As noted above, the dominant
feature of libraries in the past had been its physical collections.

Plate 2.5: Influence of computer age in the library world

(Source: John Ryland library 2012)
2.4.3 The Effect of the Changing Environment on Libraries
The offsite storage library, with its highly efficient shelving of materials organized
by size and depending on delivery mechanisms of daily van service or scanning of
items has recently entered a new phase. As more and more of these ‗big boxes‖
have been constructed, at a fraction of the cost of onsite storage, they have forced
reconsideration of this approach.
The consequences are lower capital and operational costs, institutional
interdependence, and a greater ability to hold central libraries to zero collections
growth. Other benefits of remote storage are environmentally superior conditions
and protection against thieves.
Similarly, as libraries provided access to more electronic journals, the periodicals
room declined in popularity. Reference transactions have also fallen steadily,
perhaps a casualty of the greater independence of information seekers who conduct
much of their information seeking online. The vast amounts of floor space freed up
by removal of the catalog now are often occupied by computer workstations.
Libraries have converted periodical rooms into cafes or group study rooms, taking
into account the trend toward one-stop shopping and the blurring of the boundary
between reference and information, libraries unifying service points.

2.4.4 Rethinking Core Library Services

One of the most important developments now occurring is the rethinking of what is
essential to offer for library services. This reordering of priorities, coupled with the
evolution of strategic alliances, has an impact on library space and is, in part, a
reaction to the limits libraries are experiencing on library space. As librarians
contemplate and implement shared storage facilities and regional depositories, they
join their collections in ways that present new service options and new
relationships. They can imagine increased reliance on a third-party for document
delivery, ceding responsibility for storage and preservation of materials to other
entities, either commercially operated or collaboratively with other institutions.
They can expand their use of the cataloging of others developed through their
experience with utilities, outsourcing ever-greater portions of it. They can redefine
their priorities to concentrate on those services that are most valuable to their
public, and for which local knowledge and specialization is critical. They can focus
on teaching and instruction, for example, rather than developing, in a multitude of
institutions, production facilities for digitization.

2.4.5 Restructuring and Merging Organizations to Optimize Service and

Facilities
The relationship between form and function is often apparent in library facilities.
The relationship between facility and organization is sometimes less visible, but
equally important. The collapsing of service points in libraries can be the result of
organizations being consolidated or can lead to the reconsideration of
organizational arrangements. For example, rather than having separate service
points for reference, information, newspapers, microfilms, and media centers,
some libraries are seeking to combine departments or locate them in proximity to
one another. This enables the library to have more efficient staffing and makes it
simpler for them to reach the service he needs quickly, without being directed to
different areas of buildings.
Figure 2.10: Exemplary Floor Plan with Regions in Different Meshes

2.5.6 Architectural Solutions to Spatial Constraints

In their quest to accommodate the variety of dimensions of the library and its users,
communities and architects have presented many ingenious solutions that respond
to the constraints of space.
Most frequently, libraries move books off-site to high-density storage facilities,
then transformed the former cataloguing workroom into an inviting current
periodicals reading room.
Many other institutions are re-examining the necessity of locating all staff near
public spaces. One solution to total separation is to establish an area in a central
location for ―hoteling‖, where staff can reserve temporary offices and business
services to use for a few hours or days. Divestment is a more drastic form of
dealing with overcrowding, but some libraries have chosen to contract out services
such as cataloguing with the consequent savings in staff space.

2.5.7 New Roles and Partners for Libraries

In the past several years libraries have taken on new roles and partners in order to
serve their public„s needs and to meet their expectations. Both the library„s
physical environment and the library organization have changed as a result. The
need for ubiquitous technology and deep technological expertise and the rising
number of electronic resources have led to the collocation of information
technology and library staff in neighboring service points, team teaching, and in
some cases, the merger of units. Expertise gained by librarians in the management
of digital resources has made them key resources in other cultural units who are
just developing digital activities or products. Thus librarians assume responsibility
for museums or university presses, with the consequence that both facilities and
staff can overlap. The preparation for classes, meetings with other professionals
and students, and laboratory space all place new demands on library facilities for
different configurations. In addition to more square footage, the fluid and dynamic
organizational changes create a need for space that is very flexible and easily
altered.

2.5.8 Modern Libraries being the Beehive of Activity:

Although headlines in newspapers often suggest that Internet traffic has supplanted
the physical library, the fact is that at research libraries, visits remain steady or are
even on the rise. The library, far from being a mere warehouse for books checked
out by clerks, is a critical component of social and intellectual fabric of the
university. The inspirational reading rooms of the 19th and 20th centuries still
exert a powerful pull on readers. The University of Washington has just celebrated
the restoration of its magnificent Gothic reading room, and Columbia, Yale and
Harvard have all invested significantly in maintaining the tradition of the reading
and reference room, albeit in an updated form with access to power and data.
Access to physical collections is one reason to use the library, but equally
important is the need for discourse and discovery with others engaged in academic
pursuits. Cyber cafés, imported from progressive bookstores, have taken off like
wildfire in U.S. libraries, taking advantage of relaxed prohibitions on mixing books
and food, and drawing on the pleasure of human interaction in an ever more
technological world. Libraries have expanded their role in creating exhibitions,
sponsoring lectures, and planning other activities that attract people celebrating the
life of the mind.
Correspondingly, libraries are expanding the amount of space dedicated to these
activities.

2.6 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN NIGERIA

A library is an agency, which engages in the collection, Processing, preservation
and dissemination of recorded information in the various formats most convenient
to its target users (Olanlokun and Salisu, 1993). It can also be defined as a building
established for the purpose of collecting and storing books and related materials for
reading and research. According to Chamber's Encyclopedia. (1977) the word
library which is from the Latin word ―liber‖ signifies a place set aside for reading
or reference and by extension, a collection of books. Library's Glossary Dictionary
(1997) defines a public library as a library established by local, state or central
government for the use of the general public. However, there are some individuals
or organizations that establish libraries for the general use of the people. A public
library is therefore a library that offers services to the public free of charge and it
also provides educational, social and political information to people in a particular
community. In the words of Olanlokun and Salisu (1993), public libraries are
libraries set up to provide free but traditional ―service to everyone‖. A public
library serves the community and is generally referred to as a layman's library or
university. The library is a service-oriented institution with set goals to be achieved
within the resources made available by the parent institution, usually the
government.
The development of public libraries in Africa reflects the various library systems
of the colonizing countries. For instance, the development in public libraries was
highly influenced by the colonial masters and the level of economic viability of the
countries in Africa (Olanlokun & Salisu, 1993). Nnaji (1986) observes that before
1946, the only libraries of importance were in Lagos. According to the writer, the
very notable and first subscription library in Lagos was founded from the estate of
Mr. Tom Jones and the oldest libraries are the present day high court library and
the Federal Ministry of Justice library both of which were launched in 1900. There
was the Lagos library, which was a subscription library and which had a reference
collection, and the Tom Jones Library, which was donated to the Government by a
Lagos citizen. In the 1946, the Lagos public library, jointly owned by the Lagos
Town council and British Council, replaced the Lagos library. A travelling library
scheme was also launched in Lagos the same year.
Towards the end of the 1950s, The Federal Government at the instance of West
Africa
Library Association (WALA) founded a federal library advisory committee "to
advise the Federal and Regional Governments and the Government of southern
Cameroon on library and bibliographical policy and problems (Nnaji 1986). This
committee, as well as successive British council librarians, had put forward
different proposals for a national library service. The crash education programme
which worked out with some degree of success, created a favourable climate for
library development in Nigeria.

2.7CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARIES
Library collection is varied as are their purposes and clientele. Most developed
nations have libraries of several types. Generally, all libraries of one type within a
country are linked through professional associations and lending agreements
Libraries of different types are connected through a number of interlibrary systems,
through loan arrangements, and through other cooperative programmes.
There are two ways in which libraries can be classified
 Institutional framework (ownership or purpose): e.g. national, country or
municipal, academic research, industrial, club, private etc.
 Contents (specialty) e.g. special libraries [including architecture, medicine,
law, theology, science, music etc.
With advancement in science and technology there has been witnessed and still
continuing, a great change in library operations recently especially in the areas of
production, acquisition, preservation and presentation of millions of tons of
volume of library material in different forms at the same time with ease.
Libraries today have been categorized into different areas or specialization due to
their advancement, sophistication and intuitional frame work:

2.7.1 National Libraries:

National libraries, such as the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, the Library of
Congress in Washington, D.C, or the British Library in London, National library
Abuja, National library Enugu are primarily supported by public funds and exist to
serve the needs of the government and of a general scholarly public by collecting,
organizing, storing and preserving the country„s intellectual resource in its entire
ramification.

2.7.2 State Libraries:

These are central or city libraries that serve the states, which form part of a country
with federal constitution. Sometimes they have the duty of providing central
support (either in funding or in organization) for the state„s public library system in
different degrees.
2.7.3 Research Libraries:
Research or reference, libraries are often supported by private endowments and
contributions and mainly serve the needs of scholars. Because such collections
contain mainly rare and valuable materials, use is almost exclusively confined
within the library building. Such libraries often sponsor lectures, and arrange
exhibitions of their most important holding.

2.7.4 Academic Libraries :

These are academic libraries located within and owned by academic institutions.
They are of three categories in hierarchy order:
 University Libraries: These academic libraries located within university
campuses. They are large and elaborate to accommodate the different
functions,
 College Libraries: These are post – secondary libraries. They include
libraries of mono and polytechnic collages of education, colleges of
technology etc. They vary in size and in function as determine by size and
function of the institute.
 School Libraries: These are primary and post – primary libraries. They are
also regarded as learning resources centers with additional functions to
normal library service. Like academic libraries, school libraries support the
curricula of their parent institutions. They also provide extra – curricular
books to encourage the development the development of reading skills.

2.7.5 Public Libraries:

Public libraries attempt to meet a wide variety of readers„ needs. In addition to
traditional literature, their collections contain social services information, reference
works, phonograph records and CDs and recreational books and films. Many
public libraries sponsor lectures, group discussions, musical, or film presentations,
and exhibitions. Service to children, provision of reading machine and audiotapes
for blind people and large – print books for visually impaired people are found in
these libraries. Material in the libraries can usually be borrowed without charge,
although some charge may be made for film or CDs, for example.

2.7.6 Special Libraries:

Some countries have special libraries, which are designed to serve specific
professional needs. Members of staff of a special library are usually trained in
appropriate subject areas as well as in library science. They are supplement to the
service of national, public and academic libraries in service.
2.7.7Mobile Library:
They are indispensable arms of the public libraries. This division implores mobile
means (vehicles, boats, caravans etc) to convey material to users. Through mobile
libraries the public libraries are able to extend their services to educational
institutions and communities.
2.7.8 Storage Libraries:
Due to overcrowding, these libraries are established only for the storage of print
graphics. They do not perform the function of consulting libraries rather they
perform the following functions:
 To house stock for national inter- loan purposes
 To cooperatively store parts of the stock of a number of libraries
 To house stocks of a particular library which is over –crowded.
An example is the Biblitheque National storage library in Versailles.
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This research is based on two main sources of data collection. It primarily collects
data through:
 Direct observations; a situation where the author observes the
possession and use of fuel generators by even the smallest scale
commercial building in Nigeria. They are operated during work hours for
tasks and interior comfort due to unavailability of electricity in the
country.
 Oral interviews;
This discloses the cost of running commercial buildings in Nigeria under
conventional fuels.

3.2 CASE STUDY ONE TAKEN AT ZARIA PUBLIC LIBRARY

LOCATION: Kofar Doka.
FUNCTION: Institutional Building.
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION: 1981.

Fig. 1: Showing the front view of Zaria Public Library Fig. 2: Showing the librarian office
Fig. 3: Showing the children section Fig. 4: Showing the adult section

3.2.1 CASE STUDY ONE CRITICAL APPRAISAL

MERITS:
 Proper functional arrangement in the building
 Adequate natural lighting and ventilation.
 Enough circulation space

DEMERITS:
 Insufficient Parking space
 Entrance not well define
 Inappropriate space location
 Lack of escape route.

3.3 MATERIAL USED

 Wall: 225mm x 450mm sandcrete hollow block wall.
 Ceiling: Hard board ceiling.
 Floor: 1200mm x 1800mm x 8mm terrazzo floor finish.
 Roof: 0.70mm tower aluminium longspan roofing sheet.
 Door: White tower Aluminium swing door.
 Window: White tower Aluminium projected window.
3.4 CASE STUDY TWO TAKEN AT ABDULLAHI M. PUBLIC LIBRARY
LOCATION: Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
FUNCTION: Institutional Building.
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION: 1993.

Fig. 1: Showing the front view of Zaria Public Library Fig. 2: Showing the librarian office

Fig. 3: Showing the children section Fig. 4: Showing the adult section

3.5 CASE STUDY TWO CRITICAL APPRAISAL

3.5.1 MERITS:
 Adequate lighting and ventilation in the building
 Adequate reading spaces for users
 Building well oriented
3.5.2 DEMERITS:
 Improper Landscaping
 Insufficient Landscape
 Accessibility to offices not well defined
 Lack of escape route.

3.6 MATERIAL USED

 Wall: 225mm x 450mm sandcrete hollow block wall.
 Ceiling: Hard board ceiling.
 Floor: 1200mm x 1800mm x 8mm terrazzo floor finish.
 Roof: 0.70mm tower aluminium longspan roofing sheet.
 Door: White tower Aluminium swing door.
 Window: White tower Aluminium projected window.
 CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN REPORT
4.1 Site Location
The proposed community library is to be located in Sabon Gari L.G.A, Kaduna
State Nigeria.

Figure 4.1: Site Location. (www.google earth.com)

Showing North View of the Proposed Site.

Showing West View of the Proposed Site.

Google Showing Locational Map

DESIGN BRIEF
With inevitable need of energy for social and economic development, Nigeria still
cannot satisfy its basic energy demands. This serious problem of economic
development is a major concern for our nation and therefore efforts are being made
to improve the economic situation, which brought of the need for Community
Library design in Sabon Gari L.G.A, Kaduna state Nigeria.
The proposed Community Library is to cater for the, needs of Sabon Gari L.G.A
and the immediate community.

4.2.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

The resultant plan is due to the arrangement of the site zoning concept is itemized
1. Site Zoning
Zoning of the site was based on the noise surrounding the site and areas which will
be proposed for various activities ranging from public areas to private areas.
Zone A is suitable for the proposed building because of its distance from sources
of noise. It is positioned on the central point of the site to avoid any form of
external wind effect. Zone B is suitable for functional outdoor activities and for
meetings as well as walk ways. Zone C is suitable for landscaping, parking lots and
security post.
2. Site Development Concept
The topography of the site informed the placement of facilities within the site. This
considered the ease of circulation and water drainage due to the undulating nature
of the site. The climatic conditions were also considered in positioning the building
in terms of building orientation.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
This shows the relationship between various spaces as well as the services and
most convenient linkage between various units and places in the building. The
proposed Community Library is been related with these concept and it is been
properly taken care of in the design.
5.3 BUBBLE DIAGRAM
The designed with bubble diagram significant important in the architectural
world it show the relationship between each part of the building. The bubbles are
in the form of interlocking circle showing various units of the designed.
5.4 SITE PLAN
The site is simple efficient and functional layout. The building on the site are
well oriented for solar radiation and prevailing winds. The short sides of all the
buildings face the east and west to reduce effect of solar radiation on interior
spaces. The longer sides of the building face the south and north, as such they are
inclined to the prevailing wind, thus achieving good cross ventilation.
4.1.1 The Rainfall;
Rain start late in March with little drip and increases gradually to its peak in the
month of August. Shading devices should be provided and buffers should be
planted.
 5

3
Levels

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months

Temperature; the temperature is low in the month of January and increases in the
month of March; buffers should be planted to reduce the effect of high
temperature.

3
Levels

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months

The topography of the site is relatively plane the site has very gentle slope that is
hardly noticeable with the naked eye and has no hill or out crops. There are no
depression on the site the gradient slopes towards the South of the site.

SUNSHINE
The site experience considerable amount of sunshine in the month of January,
February, March and increase to its peak in the month of May which later drops
gradually to the lowest in the month of December.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The relative humidity is low in the months of January-August and increase to its
peak in September to November.

5
4
3
Levels

2
1
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months

4.9 SOIL TYPE

The soil is predominantly sandy mixed with clay soil.

VEGETATION
This site consists of low grass and trees typically of terrain forest region (NOSIR).
While some will be cleared others will be retained as landscape and buffers against
noise from glare.
SERVICES
There is a public power supply network of overhead power lines within the school.
There is a network of water mains too. However, Water can be source nearby from
an existing borehole and stream near the site. There is also functional telephone
network but there is network coverage of G S M telephone by different service
providers.
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
The existing site has electrical poles with electricity of 11kv passing along the
main access road. This will be convenient to tap electricity to the site.

4.1.4 SITE ANALYSIS

North East trade wind

This wind comes from the Sahara Desert and it come with dust, openings in
building should be well oriented, buffers should be planted to reduce its effect and
also shading devices should be used.
South West trade wind
This wind comes from the Atlantic Ocean with moist, landscape should be
provided on the site to reduce the effect.
Topography
The topography of the site is relatively flat toward the road.
Vegetation
There are lots of trees, shrubs and grasses within the site some of which will be
retained and some that may obstruct the erection of the structure should be
removed.
Infrastructures
There is electricity, telecommunication and water available around the site, all that
is needed is for electricity and water to be tapped after approval from the authority.
Accessibility
The site has accessible road which is leading to Potiskum Kaduna metropolitan.
Neighborhood
The site is neighbored by some residential houses and schools.
Site development concept
The general planning of the site and facilities are such that the activity relationship
is well co-ordinate to create a harmonious grouping and ease of circulation.
Accessibility to site is convenient and free from all obstruction. Access were
provided for easy and smooth movement to the site with a pedestrian walkways.
3. The Building form
The building adopts compact planning and forms that expose minimum area of the
buildings‟ envelope to solar radiation. In order to generate and accumulate heat
exchange (by conduction between the building and the ambient air, thus reducing
the energy demands of the buildings (especially when mechanically cooled or
heated).
4. The Building Plans Configuration
Generally, the more spread out a building is and the more irregular its shape, the
better is its potential for cross ventilation.
The building is designed to switch between compact and „spread out‟ plans. The
floors arrangement consist atrium and unobstructed floors. Thus the atrium of the
Community Libraryand the operable openings provided along the center of the
building to increase channels for ventilation and natural day light into the
commercial building.
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
The aim of this project was to explore the concept of sustainable design strategies
in an attempt to achieved energy efficiency through devices and ecology for
improved building performance in shopping mall. Observations like the planning
and function of spaces, Adequacy of natural lighting and ventilation, accessibility
and parking requirements, Aesthetics of facade and other useful information where
taken all in effort to produce a well functional and comforting shopping mall.
5.2 Conclusion
The quest to achieve thermal comfort within a building is the primary reason why a
lot of energy is consumed during the building‟s operational stage. This is true
because most electrical and mechanical devices within the building are usually
used for adjusting interior conditions to suite the users. Deductions made from
various literature shows that the application of sustainable design strategies can
reduce energy consumption in a building; this will maximize occupant health and
comfort and minimize energy use by relying less on mechanical and electrical
systems.
5.3 Recommendation
Buildings should be made to maximize the site‟s potential and to achieve the best
possible orientation for functional areas. Shading devices should be introduced to
those areas that face severe heat collection from the sun path or such walls should
be insulated to reduce heat emitted into the building.
 REFERENCES
Neufert, E (2000). Neufert Architects Data. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford
De Chiara, J. (Ed.) & Crosbie, M. J. (Ed.) (2001). Time-Saver Standards for
Building Types (4th edition). McGraw- Hill International Book, Company.
Singapore
De Chiara, J. (Ed.) & Crosbie, M. J. (Ed.) (2001). Time-Saver Standards for
Building Types (2nd edition) New York. McGraw- Hill International Book
Company, 1980.
Entertainment Center in Hot-Dry Climate of Nigeria. International Journal of
Energy and
Environmental Research (IJEER),2(1),55-74.Retrievedfrom www.ea-journals.org
Mark,D.,&G.Z.Brown.(2014).SUN,WINDANDLIGHTArchitecturaldesignstr
ategies.NewJersey: John Wiley and sons Inc.
 APPENDIXES

Site Plan. (Source: Studio work)

Ground Floor Plan. (Source: Studio work)

First Floor Plan. (Source: Studio work)

Roof Plan. (Source: Studio work)

Front View Plan. (Source: Studio work)

Right Elevation. (Source: Studio work)

Sections Plan. (Source: Studio work)

Site Plan Working Drawing. (Source: Studio work)

Floor Plan Working Drawing. (Source: Studio work)

Roof Plan Working Drawing. (Source: Studio work)

Section Working Drawing. (Source: Studio work)

Front Elevation Working Drawing. (Source: Studio work)

Details. (Source: Studio work)