vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE 2
1.3 STRENGTH 3
1.4 ADMIXTURES 3
1.4.1 Types of Admixtures 4
1.4.1.1 Chemical admixtures 4
1.4.1.2 Mineral admixtures 5
1.5 WATERPROOFING ADMIXTURES 6
1.5.1 Mechanisms of Actions of Superplasticisers 7
1.5.2 Mode of Action of Waterproofing
Admixtures 10
1.5.3 Corrosion Mechanism 11
1.5.4 Integral Waterproofers 13
1.6 NECESSITY OF WATERPROOFING 14
1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 15
1.8 SCOPE OF THE WORK 16
1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS 19
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 20
2.1 GENERAL 20
2.2 RESEARCH ON WATERPROOFING
ADMIXTURES 20
2.3 RESEARCH ON POLYMER BASED
SUPERPLASTICIZER 26
2.4 RESEARCH ON CORROSION OF
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE 27
2.5 RESEARCH ON VARIOUS STRENGTH
TESTS 31
2.6 RESEARCH ON PERMEABILITY OF
CONCRETE 33
2.7 RESEARCH ON DRYING SHRINKAGE
OF CONCRETE 35
2.8 RESEARCH ON ACID RESISTANCE OF
CONCRETE 35
2.9 RESEARCH ON CHLORIDE PENETRATION
TEST IN CONCRETE 36

3 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 38
3.1 GENERAL 38
3.2 MATERIALS AND MIX 38
3.2.1 Cement 38
3.2.2 Fine Aggregate 39
3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate 40
3.2.4 Water 40
3.2.5 Admixtures 41
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.2.5.1 Naphthalene based admixtures 41

3.2.5.2 Ligno based admixtures 41
3.2.5.3 Melamine based admixtures 41
3.2.5.4 Polymer based admixtures 42
3.2.5.5 Steatrate based admixtures 42
3.2.7 Mix Design 44
3.3 CASTING AND CURING 48
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 49
3.5 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE 51
3.5.1 Workability Studies 51
3.6 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE 51
3.6.1 Compressive Strength 52
3.6.2 Split Tensile Strength 52
3.6.3 Modulus of Rupture 56
3.6.4 Modulus of Elasticity 58
3.7 TESTS FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 60
3.7.1 Permeability Test of Concrete 60
3.7.2 Rapid Chloride Penetration Test 66
3.7.3 Accelerated Corrosion Study 69
3.7.4 Acid Resistance Test 71
3.7.5 Chloride Resistance test 73
3.8 SHRINKAGE STUDIES 74
3.8.1 General 74
3.8.2 Mechanism of Shrinkage 74
3.8.3 Factors Affecting Shrinkage 75
3.8.4 Drying Shrinkage Test 76
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 77

4.1 GENERAL 77
4.2 WORKABILITY PROPERTIES 77
4.2.1 Slump Test 78
4.2.1.1 Effect of various waterproofing
admixtures 80
4.3 STUDIES ON MECHANICAL STRENGTH 87
4.3.1 Compressive Strength 87
4.3.1.1 Effect of Naphthalene based
admixture on compressive strength 93
4.3.1.2 Effect of Melamine based
admixture on compressive strength 93
4.3.1.3 Effect of Ligno based admixture
on compressive strength 94
4.3.1.4 Effect of Polymer based admixture
on compressive strength 94
4.3.1.5 Effect of Stearate based admixture
on compressive strength 95
4.3.1.6 Comparison between various
admixtures on compressive
strength 95
4.3.2 Split Tensile Strength 97
4.3.2.1 Effect of naphthalene based
admixture on split tensile strength 99
4.3.2.2 Effect of melamine based
admixture on split tensile strength 99
4.3.2.3 Effect of ligno based admixture
on split tensile strength 103
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.3.2.4 Effect of polymer based admixture

on split tensile strength 103
4.3.2.5 Effect of stearate based admixture
on split tensile strength 103
4.3.2.6 Comparison between various
admixtures on split tensile strength 104
4.3.3 Modulus of Rupture 105
4.3.3.1 Effect of naphthalene based
admixture on modulus of rupture 109
4.3.3.2 Effect of melamine based
admixture on modulus of rupture 109
4.3.3.3 Effect of ligno based admixture
on modulus of rupture 110
4.3.3.4 Effect of polymer based admixture
on modulus of rupture 110
4.3.3.5 Effect of stearate based admixture
on modulus of rupture 111
4.3.3.6 Comparison of various admixtures
on modulus of rupture of concrete 111
4.3.3.7 Load vs Deflection 112
4.3.4 Modulus of Elasticity 126
4.3.4.1 Action of admixtures on
modulus of elasticity of concrete 126
4.3.4.2 Effect of various admixtures on
modulus of elasticity 127
4.4 DURABILITY STUDIES 131
4.4.1 Permeability 132
4.4.1.1 Water permeability test 132
 xi

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.4.1.2 Rapid chloride Penetration test 141

4.4.2 Resistance against Chemicals 146
4.4.2.1 Accelerated Corrosion Test 146
4.4.2.2 Acid Resistance Test 153
4.4.2.3 Chloride Test 156
4.4.2.4 Drying shrinkage Test 160

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 172

5.1 SUMMARY 172
5.2 CONCLUSIONS 173
5.3 SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH WORK 177

REFERENCES 178

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 187

CURRICULUM VITAE 189

 xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Physical Properties of 53 Grade Ordinary

Portland cement 39
3.2 Grading of Fine Aggregate 39
3.3 Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate 40
3.4 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate 40
3.5 Dosage of Admixtures and admixture /cement ratio 42
3.6 Physical Properties of Waterproofing Admixtures 43
3.7 Assumed standard deviation as per IS 456-2000 45
3.8 Selection of w/c ratio for different exposures
As per IS 456-2000 46
3.9 Approximate sand and water contents /m3 of concrete
as per IS: 456-2000 46
3.10 Deviation in selection of water and sand content 47
3.11 Approximate entrapped air content as per IS: 456-2000 47
3.12 Quantities of ingredients of Concrete Mix 48
3.13 Chloride Ion Penetrability Based on Charge Passed 69
4.1 Slump Test Results 78
4.1(a) Statistical analysis of slump test values for w/c ratio 0.55 79
4.1(b) Statistical analysis of slump test values for w/c ratio 0.60 79
4.1(c) Statistical analysis of slump test values for w/c ratio 0.70 80
4.2 Compressive strength with and without admixtures 88
4.2(a) Statistical analysis of compressive strength test values
- 7 days 89
 xiii

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.2(b) Statistical analysis of compressive strength test values

-28 days 90
4.3 Average Compressive strength with and without
admixtures 91
4.4 Percentage increase of Compressive strength of
concrete than conventional concrete with various
admixtures 91
4.5 Average compressive strength (28 days) for various
admixtures and D/C ratio 96
4.6 Comparison of split tensile strength with and without
admixture 100
4.6(a) Statistical analysis of split tensile strength test values
-7 days 101
4.6(b) Statistical analysis of split tensile strength test values
-28 days 102
4.7 Average split tensile strength with and without
admixture 104
4.8 Percentage increase of split tensile strength of
concrete than conventional concrete with various
admixtures 105
4.9 Comparison of average flexural strength with and
without admixture 105
4.10 Comparison of flexural strength with and without
admixtures 106
4.10(a) Statistical analysis of flexural strength test values –
7 days 107
4.10(b) Statistical analysis of flexural strength test values –
28 days 108
 xiv

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.11 Percentage increase of flexural strength of concrete

than conventional concrete with various admixtures 109
4.12 Deflection of specimen at a particular load with and
without admixture 113
4.13 Test results of modulus of elasticity 128
4.13(a) Statistical analysis of modulus of elasticity test
values –7 days 128
4.13(b) Statistical analysis of modulus of elasticity
test values –28 days 129
4.14 Comparison of modulus of elasticity as per regular
Equation and experimental values for 28 days 130
4.15 Permeability of conventional Concrete-7 days 133
4.16 Permeability of conventional Concrete -28 days 133
4.17 Permeability of concrete with Melamine based
admixtures/Dosage-I / 7 days 134
4.18 Permeability of concrete with Naphthalene based
admixtures/Dosage-II /28 days 134
4.19 Permeability of concrete with and without admixtures –
7 days 135
4.20 Permeability of concrete with and without admixtures –
28 days 135
4.20(a) Statistical analysis of permeability test values - 7 days 136
4.20(b) Statistical analysis of permeability test values -28 days 136
4.21 Percentage decrease of Co -efficient of Permeability 140
4.22 Change in weight characteristics 141
4.23 Current penetrability characteristics 142
4.24 Comparison of chloride ion penetrability 143
 xv

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.24(a) Statistical analysis of chloride ion penetrability

test values 144
4.25 Loss of weight of specimens without admixtures 147
4.26 Specimens with Polymer based admixtures 147
4.27 Specimens with Naphthalene based admixtures 148
4.28 Specimens with Ligno Based admixtures 148
4.29 Specimens with Melamine Based admixtures 149
4.30 Specimens with Stearate Based admixtures 149
4.31 Comparison table for percentage variation in loss of
weight 150
4.31(a) Statistical analysis of accelerated corrosion test values
with and without admixtures 150
4.32 Results of acid test on concrete specimens with and
without waterproofing admixtures after 90 days
immersion in acid 154
4.32(a) Statistical analysis of acid test values 154
4.33 Results of chloride test on concrete specimens with
and without waterproofing admixtures after 90 days
immersion in NaCl 157
4.33(a) Statistical analysis of choride test values 157
4.34 Test results of drying shrinkage 160
4.34(a) Statistical analysis of drying shrinkage test values –
28 days 162
4.34(b) Statistical analysis of drying shrinkage test values –
60 days 163
4.34(c) Statistical analysis of drying shrinkage test values –
90 days 163
 xvi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Contact angle of water droplet with Concrete surface 11

3.1 Chart of Experimental Programme 50
3.2 Loading diagram 53
3.3 Experimental set up 55
3.4 Cylindrical Moulds 56
3.5 Experimental set up 56
3.6 Prism moulds 57
3.7 Loading arrangement of flexural test specimen 58
3.8 Compression Test using Compressometer 59
3.9 Experimental set up 63
3.10 Functional view of permeability test 64
3.11 Rapid chloride penetration test set up 66
3.12 Specimens before test 67
3.13 Specimens after test 68
3.14 Accelerated corrosion test set up 70
3.15 Schematic view of electrochemical system 71
3.16 Specimens immersed in acid 72
3.17 Specimens after 90 days of immersion in acid 72
3.18 Specimens immersed in chloride 73
3.19 Specimens after 90 days of immersion in chloride 74
3.20 Drying Shrinkage experimental set up 76
4.1 Comparison of slump with various Water- cement
Ratios/various dosages (Melamine based) 83
 xvii

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.2 Comparison of slump with various Water- cement

ratios/various dosages (Polymer based) 83
4.3 Comparison of slump with various Water- cement
ratios/various dosages (Ligno based) 84
4.4 Comparison of slump with various Water- cement
ratios/various dosages (Naphthalene based) 84
4.5 Comparison of slump with various Water- cement
ratios/various dosages (stearate based) 85
4.6 Comparison of slump with various admixtures of
same water- cement Ratio (0.55/DI) 85
4.7 Comparison of slump with various admixtures of
same water- cement Ratio (0.60/DI) 86
4.8 Comparison of slump with various admixtures of
same water- cement Ratio (0.60/DII) 86
4.9 Comparison of slump with various admixtures of
same water- cement Ratio (0.70/DIII) 87
4.10 Compressive strength of specimen with and
without admixture/7 days 92
4.11 Compressive strength of specimen with and
without admixture / 28 days 92
4.12 Compressive strength Vs admixture –cement ratio/
7 days 96
4.13 Compressive strength Vs admixture –cement ratio/
28 days 97
4.14 Comparison of Split tensile strength with and
without admixtures -7 Days 98
4.15 Comparison of Split tensile strength with and
without admixtures -28 Days 98
 xviii

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.16 Comparison of flexural strength with and without

admixture /7 days 114
4.17 Comparison of flexural strength with and without
admixture /28 days 114
4.18 Flexural strength Vs Admixture Cement ratio /
7 days 115
4.19 Flexural strength Vs Admixture Cement ratio /
28 days 115
4.20 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
admixtures 7 days / mid span /Naphthalene based 116
4.21 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
admixtures 7 days / 1/3rd span /Naphthalene based 116
4.22 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
admixtures 28 days / mid span /Naphthalene based 117
4.23 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
admixtures 28 days / 1/3rd span /Naphthalene based 117
4.24 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7 days / mid span /Ligno based 118
4.25 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7 days / 1/3rd span /Ligno based 118
4.26 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days / mid span /Ligno based 119
4.27 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days / 1/3rd span /Ligno based 119
4.28 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7 days / 1/3rd span /Stearate based 120
4.29 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7 days / mid span /Stearate based 120
 xix

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.30 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without

Admixtures 28 days /mid span stearate based 121
4.31 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days /1/3rd span stearate based 121
4.32 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7 days / 1/3rd span /Polymer based 122
4.33 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7 days / mid span /Polymer based 122
4.34 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days / mid span /Polymer based 123
4.35 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days /1/3rd span /Polymer based 123
4.36 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7days / mid span /Melamine based 124
4.37 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 7days / 1/3rd span /Melamine based 124
4.38 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days / 1/3rd span /Melamine based 125
4.39 Comparison of deflection of specimen with and without
Admixtures 28 days / mid span /Melamine based 125
4.40 Relation between modulus of elasticity and admixture -
cement ratio with various admixtures for 28 days 131
4.41 Comparison of Permeability with and without
admixture /7 days 137
4.42 Comparison of Permeability with and without
admixture /28 days 137
4.43 Comparison of chloride ion penetrability with and
without admixtures 144
 xx

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.44 Comparison between average % loss of weight with

and without admixtures 151
4.45 Percentage loss of weight with and without
admixtures -acid test 156
4.46 Percentage loss of weight with and without
admixtures - chloride test 158
4.47 Relation between Admixture –cement ratio and
Shrinkage strain (Naphthalene based) 164
4.48 Relation between Admixture–cement ratio and
Shrinkage strain (Melamine based) 164
4.49 Relation between Admixture–cement ratio and
Shrinkage strain (Polymer based) 165
4.50 Relation between Admixture–cement ratio and
Shrinkage strain (Ligno based) 165
4.51 Relation between Admixture–cement ratio and
Shrinkage strain (Stearate based) 166
4.52 Comparison between drying shrinkage of specimens
with and without admixtures (Polymer based) 167
4.53 Comparison between drying shrinkage of specimens
with and without admixtures (Naphthalene based) 168
4.54 Comparison between drying shrinkage of specimens
with and without admixtures (Ligno based) 169
4.55 Comparison between drying shrinkage of specimens
with and without admixtures (Stearate based) 170
4.56 Comparison between drying shrinkage of specimens
with and without admixtures (Melamine based) 171
 xxi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A - Area of Cross section

Qs - Charged passed through a 95 mm diameter
Qx - Charged passed through a specimen of X inch diameter
E - Chord Modulus of Elasticity in Mpa
K - Co efficient of Permeability
P - Compressive load
fc - Conventional compressive strength of concrete
It - Current in amperes (after time‘t’ voltage is applied)
Io - Current in amperes (Immediately after voltage is applied)
D - Depth of Penetration
X - Diameter of the non standard specimen
D/C - Dosage of admixture- cement ratio
CR - Expected amount of Rebar Corrosion
DI - First Dosage of Admixture
fct - Flexural tensile strength
H - Head of water in Meter
Wo - Initial weight of bonded length of rebar
L - Length of Specimen
L - Length of the cylinder
C - Longitudinal strain produced by stress S2
E28 - Modulus of elasticity at the age of 28 days
E7 - Modulus of elasticity at the age of 7 days
P - Porosity of Concrete
Q - Quantity of percolated water in m3
 xxii

DII - Second Dosage of Admixture

ft - Split tensile strength of conventional concrete
S1 - Stress corresponding to 40% load
S2 - Stress corresponding to longitudinal strain of 50x10-6m/m
DIII - Third Dosage of Admixture
W - Weight of bonded length of rebar after removal of corrosion
products
W2 - Weight of cubes after immersion of solution
W1 - Weight of cubes before immersion of solution