Def Stan 59-411 Part 1

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Defence Standard 59-411 Part 1

Issue 2 Date: 31 March 2014
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Electromagnetic Compatibility
Part 1: Management and Planning
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DEF STAN 59-411 Part 1 Issue 2 UK OFFICIAL
Contents
Foreword .........................................................................................................................................................vii
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................viii
1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................1
2 Warning.................................................................................................................................................2
3 Normative References .........................................................................................................................2
4 Abbreviations and Definitions ............................................................................................................3
4.1 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................3
4.2 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................3
5 Operational Scenario and the EM Environment ...............................................................................3
6 Specification of EMC Contractual Requirements .............................................................................4
6.1 General.............................................................................................................................................4
6.2 The Impact of COTS/MOTS ............................................................................................................5
6.3 Government Furnished Equipment (GFE)....................................................................................5
6.4 Combined Service Procurement ...................................................................................................5
6.5 Quality Assurance ..........................................................................................................................6
6.6 Concessions....................................................................................................................................6
6.7 EMC and Functional Safety ...........................................................................................................6
7 Control and Management of EMC ......................................................................................................6
8 Management Roles and Responsibilities ..........................................................................................8
8.1 Applicability.....................................................................................................................................8
8.2 MOD Platform Project Managers (PPM) and Equipment Project Managers (EPM) Roles and
Responsibilities ..............................................................................................................................8
8.3 EM Manager Appointee ..................................................................................................................8
8.4 Equipment EM Manager Responsibilities ....................................................................................9
8.5 Platform EM Manager Responsibilities ........................................................................................9
8.6 EM Working Group .......................................................................................................................10
9 EM Control Plan .................................................................................................................................10
9.1 Purpose of an EM Control Plan ...................................................................................................10
9.2 Applicability of an EM Control Plan ............................................................................................11
9.3 Contents of EM Control Plan .......................................................................................................11
9.3.1 General ..........................................................................................................................................11
9.3.2 Management and Organisation...................................................................................................12
9.3.3 Design Policy and Risk Assessment .........................................................................................12
9.3.4 Demonstration and Assurance of EM Performance .................................................................13
9.3.5 Quality Assurance........................................................................................................................13
9.4 Delivery of the EM Control Plan ..................................................................................................13
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10 EM Test Plan.......................................................................................................................................14
11 EM Test Report...................................................................................................................................15
12 EM Test Certificate.............................................................................................................................16
13 Selection of Tests ..............................................................................................................................16
13.1 Man Worn / Man Portable Equipment Testing ...........................................................................17
13.2 LRU and Sub-System Testing .....................................................................................................17
13.2.1 Type 1 – Equipment Containing Electronic Components........................................................17
13.2.2 Type 2 – Motors, Generators and Electromechanical Units (excluding items under Type 3)17
13.2.3 Type 3 – Relays, Solenoids, Transformers and Induction Motors..........................................17
13.3 Platform and Large System Testing ...........................................................................................17
13.4 Support Equipment ......................................................................................................................17
13.4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................17
13.4.2 Aerospace Ground Equipment (AGE)........................................................................................18
13.4.3 Land Service Support Equipment ..............................................................................................18
13.4.4 Sea Services Support Equipment ..............................................................................................19
13.4.5 General Purpose Support Equipment........................................................................................20
14 Selection of Limits .............................................................................................................................20
14.1 General...........................................................................................................................................20
14.2 Air Systems ...................................................................................................................................21
14.3 Land Systems ...............................................................................................................................21
14.3.1 Differential Classifications ..........................................................................................................22
14.3.2 Additional Classifications ...........................................................................................................22
14.4 Sea Systems..................................................................................................................................22
14.4.1 Below Deck Limits .......................................................................................................................22
14.4.2 Above Deck Limits .......................................................................................................................22
14.5 Support Equipment ......................................................................................................................23
15 Total System Trials Requirements...................................................................................................24
16 Post Design Services Requirements ...............................................................................................24
17 In-Service Maintenance .....................................................................................................................24
18 Change of Role...................................................................................................................................25
19 Health and Safety...............................................................................................................................25
Annex A Related Documents ........................................................................................................................26
Annex B List of Definitions Applicable to this Standard............................................................................32
Annex C Applicability Of Tests By Equipment Type ..................................................................................41
Annex D An Example of a Standard EMC Test Certificate .........................................................................45
Annex E Sea Service Whole Platform Electromagnetic Engineering Management ................................48
E.1 The EME Management Plan .........................................................................................................48
E.2 The EME Design Intentions Specification..................................................................................48
E.3 The EME Design Study Plan ........................................................................................................50
E.4 The Identification of Platform EME Risks ..................................................................................50
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E.5 The EME Risk Management Plan ................................................................................................51
E.6 The Platform Design Studies.......................................................................................................51
E.7 The Upper Deck EME Design Study............................................................................................51
E.8 The Below Decks EME Design Study .........................................................................................52
E.9 The Screening Study ....................................................................................................................53
E.10 The Grounding Study ...................................................................................................................53
E.11 The EME Installation Policy .........................................................................................................53
E.12 EME Risk Reduction Design Tools .............................................................................................54
E.13 The EM Safety Assessment .........................................................................................................54
E.14 The EME Control Plan ..................................................................................................................55
E.15 EME Risk Management Schedule ...............................................................................................56
E.16 Configuration Control of EME Design Changes........................................................................56
E.17 The Equipment EME Acceptance Schedule...............................................................................57
E.18 The Platform EME Acceptance Schedule...................................................................................57
E.19 EME Documentation .....................................................................................................................58
E.20 EME Central Library and EME Database ....................................................................................60
E.21 EME Documentation Management Plan .....................................................................................60
E.22 EME Information Data Pack .........................................................................................................60
E.23 Procurement Check List ..............................................................................................................61
Annex F Compliance of MOD Material with the EMC Directive (2004/108/EC) and the Defence
Directive (2009/81/EC) .......................................................................................................................63
F.1 Executive Summary – Notes to Project Managers ....................................................................63
F.2 Background ...................................................................................................................................64
F.3 EMC Directive................................................................................................................................64
F.4 Flow Diagram of the Route to Compliance ................................................................................65
F.5 Apparatus ......................................................................................................................................65
F.6 Fixed Installations.........................................................................................................................66
F.7 Mobile Installations.......................................................................................................................67
F.8 Exclusions to the EMC Directive as Defined in the UK Regulations 2006..............................68
F.9 Conditions for Exemption of Military Equipment to the EMC Directive..................................68
F.10 How to Apply Article 346 TFEU ...................................................................................................69
F.11 The Defence Directive ..................................................................................................................70
F.12 Less Reason to use Article 346 TFEU ........................................................................................71
F.13 Supply of Equipment Over an Extended Period of Time ..........................................................71
F.14 Legacy Equipment ........................................................................................................................71
F.15 Importing Equipment from Outside the EU................................................................................72
F.16 Equipment for MOD Own Use......................................................................................................72
F.17 Declaration of Conformity............................................................................................................72
F.18 Overview of CE Marking and Other Directives ..........................................................................72
F.19 Other Equipment Related Directives ..........................................................................................73
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F.20 Documentation..............................................................................................................................74
F.21 Responsibilities ............................................................................................................................74
F.22 Frequently Asked Questions .......................................................................................................75
Annex G Risk Assessment for COTS/MOTS Procurement ........................................................................79
Annex H EMC And Functional Safety ...........................................................................................................88
H.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................88
H.2 Over Testing ..................................................................................................................................89
H.3 Configuration Management .........................................................................................................89
H.4 Software Radios............................................................................................................................89
H.5 Limit, Concessions and Tailoring ...............................................................................................89
H.6 EMC Safety of COTS / MOTS Equipment Used in the Military Environment ..........................90
H.7 Guidance on Defence Standard 00-56 and EMC........................................................................90
H.8 MOD Publications .........................................................................................................................91
H.9 Acquisition Safety and Environmental Management System (ASEMS) .................................91
H.10 Safety Standards ..........................................................................................................................91
H.11 MOD Safety Management Offices ...............................................................................................93
H.12 Other Information .........................................................................................................................93
Annex I Example URD Electromagnetic Environment Statement .............................................................94
Annex J Default Defence Standard 59-411 Contractual Requirements ....................................................98
Annex K Points of Contact ..........................................................................................................................102
Annex L List of Abbreviations Applicable to this Part of the Standard..................................................104
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Figures
Figure 1 Flow Diagram of the Route to Compliance.................................................................................65

Figure 2 Risk Assessment of COTS/MOTS Procurement Main Flow Chart ...........................................80
Figure 3 Define Environment Flow Chart...................................................................................................81
Figure 4 Evaluate EMC Specification Flow Chart .....................................................................................82
Figure 5 Assess Risk against Functional Criticality Flow Chart .............................................................85
Figure 6 Mitigate Risk Through Design and/or Retest Flow Chart..........................................................87
Tables
Table 1 Example of EMC Activities within Projects ..................................................................................7

Table 2 Support Equipment Limits ...........................................................................................................23
Table 3 CE Marking Directives ..................................................................................................................73
Table 4 EMC Gap Analysis Factors Affecting Test Severity ..................................................................83
Table 5 Guide to Minimum Acceptable Risk Resulting from EMC Gap Analysis ................................86
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Foreword
AMENDMENT RECORD
Amd No. Date Text Affected Signature and Date
REVISION NOTE
This part of the standard is raised to Issue 2 to update its content. The sponsor of this standard should be
consulted for a full description of the changes.
HISTORICAL RECORD
This standard supersedes the following:
Defence Standard 59-411 Part 1, Issue 1 Amendment 1, dated 31 January 2008
Defence Standard 59-411 Part 1, Issue 1, dated 23 January 2007
Defence Standard 59-41 (Part 1) Issue 7 - dated 1 December 2002
Defence Standard 59-41 (Part 2) Issue 5 - dated 1 December 2002
a) This standard provides requirements for Ministry of Defence (MOD) Project Officers and defence
contractors to assist them in the specification and selection of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
requirements and describes the requirements for EM control plans, test plans and test reports which will
be necessary to satisfy the mandatory documentation requirements for MOD purposes.
b) This standard has been produced on behalf of the MOD by UK Defence Equipment & Support (DE&S)
Defence Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Authority (DE3A).
c) This standard has been reached following broad consensus amongst the authorities concerned with its
use and is intended to be used whenever relevant in all future designs, contracts, orders etc. and
whenever practicable by amendment to those already in existence. If any difficulty arises which
prevents application of the Defence Standard, DStan shall be informed so that a remedy may be
sought.
d) Please address any enquiries regarding the use of this standard in relation to an invitation to tender or
to a contract in which it is incorporated, to the responsible technical or supervising authority named in
the invitation to tender or contract.
e) Compliance with this Defence Standard shall not in itself relieve any person from any legal obligations
imposed upon them.
f) This standard has been devised solely for the use of the MOD and its contractors in the execution of
contracts for the MOD. To the extent permitted by law, the MOD hereby excludes all liability whatsoever
and howsoever arising (including, but without limitation, liability resulting from negligence) for any loss
or damage however caused when the standard is used for any other purpose.
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0 Introduction
0.1 EMC is an essential feature of any specification for electrical equipment and is defined as the ability of
electrical and electronic equipment, sub-systems and systems to share the electromagnetic spectrum and
perform their desired functions without unacceptable degradation from or to the specified electromagnetic
environment.
0.2 The aim of Defence Standard 59-411 is to standardise EMC management and control procedures,
EMC test methods and limits and provide EMC design guidance for all Defence procurement. It should be
invoked for all UK Defence Projects containing electrical/electronic equipment and will have relevance
throughout the acquisition cycle and should form a part of the through life management plan.
0.3 The main objective is that, through compliance with this Standard, the contractor will be able to
provide progressive assurance that equipment, sub-system and total system compatibility will eventually be
achieved and that it will be maintained throughout the equipment's In-Service life.
0.4 The scope of this Standard is constantly under review to keep abreast of changing technology and
changing User requirements. Opportunities to harmonise with other national and international standards are
regularly being appraised.
0.5 Where equipment is required to operate in a military environment, then Defence Standard 59-411 shall
be invoked and the appropriate test methods and limits identified in order to ensure acceptable equipment
performance in their intended environment.
0.6 This Standard has been prepared in five parts:
Part 1: Management and Planning. This Part provides advice on the selection and specification of EMC
requirements for military equipment and systems, advice on Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) equipment
procurement and provides a list of Electromagnetic Environment Effects (E3) definitions and terms. It also
describes the management responsibilities and the essential requirements for control and test plans, test
reporting and records.
Part 2: The Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Environment. This Part details methods of how to identify
and quantify the Electromagnetic Environment present for a variety of Defence scenarios. Detailed
descriptions of the environment for some particular scenarios are also given.
Part 3: Test Methods and Limits for Equipment and Sub-Systems. This Part details appropriate test methods
and limits to be specified and gives technical details of the tests and describes the minimum performance
criteria for test equipment specific to this Standard.
Part 4: Platform and System Test and Trials. This Part provides requirements for EMC test and trials of
platforms and large systems for Air, Land or Sea service.
Part 5: Code of Practice for Tri-Service Design and Installation. This Part describes the recommended
design practices to ensure EM compatibility in equipment, systems and platforms for Air, Land and Sea
service.
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Electromagnetic Compatibility - Part 1 - Management

and Planning
1 Scope
The requirements of this Standard apply to the limitation of propagated electromagnetic energy, whether
conducted or radiated, and to the limitation of the susceptibility of electrical and electronic equipment, sub-
systems and systems to such energy.
This Standard outlines the typical electromagnetic environmental requirements for electrical/electronic
equipment used in the Services and guidance is given covering documentation which ensures management
and control procedures are implemented during all acquisition stages of any given project.
This Standard does not address exceptionally severe electromagnetic situations (e.g. equipment mounted on
the mast of a warship). The severity of these environments should be established by modelling, prediction or
measurement, see Clause 5 and Part 2. The test limits should then be tailored accordingly.
This Standard also includes some simulated Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP), lightning strike and
electrostatic discharge tests at Line Replacement Unit (LRU) level.
This Standard is not concerned with the allocation of radio frequencies, performance tests on communication
equipment or the direct ignition of fuel/ordnance by electromagnetic energy. Guidance on these can be
sought from the DE3A, Joint Spectrum Authority (JSA) or Defence Ordnance Safety Group (DOSG).
This Part of the Defence Standard provides advice on the selection of EMC requirements for all military
equipment and the application of the complete Standard throughout all phases of the acquisition process. It
concentrates that advice under the following headings:
a) Operational scenario and the electromagnetic environment

b) Specification of EMC contractual requirements
c) Control and management of EMC
d) Management roles and responsibilities
e) EM control plan
f) EM test plan
g) EM test report
h) EM Test Certificate
i) Selection of tests
j) Selection of limits
k) Total system trials requirements
l) Post design services requirements
m) In-service maintenance
n) Change of role
o) Health and safety
To cater for particular interests of each of the Three Service Arms of the MOD, their special requirements are
noted as they arise, under the headings above.
The default Defence Standard 59-411 contract requirements and Project Managers checklist is given in
Annex J.
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Although Part 1 is concerned primarily with EMC, the management and control procedures described can be
applied across the E3 disciplines e.g. EMC, EMP, Radio Hazards (RADHAZ), TEMPEST, Electronic Counter
Measures (ECM), etc. The MOD should ensure that their Prime Contractor recognises and exploits the
economies arising from the degree of commonality which exists between EMC and these kindred subjects,
with respect to equipment design, management and control procedures, and even test requirements where
possible.
Within the Land Environment, DSTL have produced and maintain a FP ECM EMC Control Plan
(Ref Dstl/DOC33211). This Control Plan is a ‘living’ document and as such will be maintained as necessary
to reflect the evolution of the FP ECM project. The FP ECM EMC Control Plan should be called up in all FP
ECM contracts for EMC requirements.
The purpose of the FP ECM EMC Control Plan is to organise and document the methods that will be used to
identify and mitigate EMC risks for FP ECM equipments and installation kits. This EMC Control Plan is in
advance of formal specifications; however priority will be given to managing EMC risks and performance in
the following order:
a) Safety e.g. platform driver and safety system control, weapon control and operation, RADHAZ to electro-
explosive devices (EEDs), RADHAZ to personnel, RADHAZ to fuels and lubricants, functioning of
scenario safety related systems, etc.
b) Performance of FP ECM equipment
c) Interoperability with communications equipment
d) Platform installed mission critical systems
e) Interoperability with other scenario equipment and systems
f) Security
The control plan defines the management and engineering procedures and techniques that are used to
control EMC and EMC related design and validation activities. It details specific requirements and tailored
limits to meet the various EMC operational environments and all safety requirements with specific
consideration given to platform integration.
Should additional advice be required, this can be obtained either from the Equipment Sponsor or from DE&S
DE3A. There are also several agencies and commercial companies within the UK who can be contacted via
the DStan Helpdesk. A list of points of contact can be found in Annex K.
2 Warning
The MOD, like its contractors, is subject to both United Kingdom and European laws regarding Health and
Safety at Work. Many Defence Standards set out processes and procedures that could be injurious to health
if adequate precautions are not taken. Adherence to those processes and procedures in no way absolves
users from complying with legal requirements relating to Health and Safety at Work.
3 Normative References
3.1 Related publications referred to in the text of this Standard are detailed at Annex A of this Standard.
Note: Def Stan’s can be downloaded free of charge from the DStan web site by visiting
<http://www.dstan.dii.r.mil.uk> for those with rli access or <https://www.dstan.mod.uk> for all other
users. All referenced standards were correct at the time of publication of this Standard (see Clauses 3.2, 3.3
& 3.4 below for further guidance), if you are having difficulty obtaining any referenced standard please
contact the DStan Helpdesk in the first instance.
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3.2 Reference in this Standard to any normative references means in any Invitation to Tender (ITT) or
contract the edition and all amendments current at the date of such tender or contract unless a specific
edition is indicated. Care should be taken when referring out to specific portions of other standards to ensure
that they remain easily identifiable where subsequent amendments and supersession’s might be made. For
some standards the most recent editions shall always apply due to safety and regulatory requirements.
3.3 In consideration of Clause 3.2 above, users shall be fully aware of the issue, amendment status and
application of all normative references, particularly when forming part of an ITT or contract. Correct
application of standards is as defined in the ITT or contract.
3.4 DStan can advise regarding where to obtain normative referenced documents. Requests for such
information can be made to the DStan Helpdesk. Details of how to contact the helpdesk are shown on the
outside rear cover of Defence Standards.
4 Abbreviations and Definitions
4.1 Abbreviations
A summary of all abbreviations present in this part of this Standard is located in Annex L.
4.2 Definitions
For the purpose of this Standard the definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 2 ‘Standardization and Related
Activities –General Vocabulary’ and in Annex B of this Standard will apply.
5 Operational Scenario and the EM Environment

The Electromagnetic Environment (EME) encompasses both natural and man-made emissions from DC
magnetic and electrostatic fields up through the radio and radar bands to infrared and laser frequencies. In
general, however, military equipment does not normally exhibit incompatibility above 40 GHz.
The fundamental starting point for the development of equipment with the necessary EMC performance is a
definition of the circumstances and environment under which it is required to operate, including storage,
transportation and repair. This should be contained within the User Requirements Document (URD)
prepared by the Capability Area Plans (CAP) or other equipment sponsor, see example in Annex I.
The operational scenario shall describe those equipment types (and their operational minimum approach
distances from the subject equipment) which might interfere with or suffer interference from the subject
equipment. It shall include a list of those systems deployed nearby (e.g. less than 100 m) which are
intentional emitters or receivers of electromagnetic radiation. When appropriate the scenario will nominate
the platforms on which the equipment is mounted and its probable separation from antennas, antenna leads,
tuning units or other critical items. This enables the degree of electromagnetic shielding between the subject
equipment and others in the scenario, to be investigated prior to establishing the electromagnetic
environment. The scenario shall specify any Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) with which the subject
equipment must exhibit EMC.
The operational scenario shall also define the degree to which the equipment must be hardened against
other Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3), such as Lightning (direct or indirect), NEMP, Electrostatic
Discharge (ESD), etc.
The operational scenario should then be converted into a definition of the electromagnetic environment, in
terms of field strength against frequency and relevant time domain threats, in which the individual equipment
and the system as a whole shall be designed to operate. It should specifically take into account the
environment that will be generated by the equipment itself, and any relevant components of the civil
environment. The modulation characteristics of transmissions within the Operational Scenario and EM
Environment should be as accurately defined as possible, to ensure that appropriate types of modulation are
used for susceptibility tests, especially with regard to safety and mission critical systems. The responsibility
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for converting the operational scenario into the electromagnetic environment should be specified in the
contract and may be either MOD or the Prime Contractor. The derived EM environment statement should be
contained in the System Requirements Document (SRD).
The JSA will be required to determine the frequency allocation for any military transmitting equipment that
forms the complete requirement or part thereof.
The definition of the electromagnetic environment may be updated during early stages of the project to
reflect trade-off decisions and approved system enhancements in response to changes in the URD. It is
base-lined as necessary to allow the approval of the planned system, or system upgrade, and progressive
development of solutions.
Further guidance on defining the EME can be found in Part 2 which provides examples of Service specific
environments for a number of typical scenarios.
Equipment incorporating Electro-Explosive Devices (EED) must remain safe in that Service environment
which is derived by taking account of all the environmental conditions that may arise during the manufacture-
to-target sequence, in possible world-wide use, by any Service. This design electromagnetic environment
may thus be more severe than that derived from the operational scenario. Information on determining
maximum safe environments for EED may be sought from the DOSG.
6 Specification of EMC Contractual Requirements
6.1 General
It is essential that the contract for any project containing equipment designed to radiate electromagnetic
energy or which may give rise to, or suffer from electromagnetic interference, should contain an EMC
statement. This should call for all materiel comprising the total system to achieve EMC within the operational
scenario and the electromagnetic environment expected when the system is in operational service. Before
completion of the project, EMC should be demonstrated to the mutual satisfaction of the MOD Project
Manager and the Prime Contractor.
The default Defence Standard 59-411 contract requirements and Project Managers checklist is given in
Annex J.
It is essential that all contracts define an EMC standard against which the Prime Contractor will be able to
provide progressive assurance throughout all stages of the project so that the fundamental requirement will
eventually be met. This can be achieved by requiring the Prime Contractor to adopt the management and
planning procedures specified in this Standard. It must also require him to test all equipment and sub-
systems/systems using the relevant test methods as specified in the various Annexes of Part 3 and where
applicable, perform platform and system test and trials using the methods as specified in Part 4 of this
Standard. Compliance with UK Regulations related to EMC and CE marking also needs to be considered
and further guidance is given in Annex F.
As part of this requirement for assurance, the Prime Contractor shall prepare an EMC risk assessment and
relevant EMC documentation for the project as guided by Table 1. All documentation is, of course, likely to
be of a general nature in the early stages, but must be increasingly refined as the project progresses.
The Prime Contractor shall seek specialist advice, if not available within his own company, particularly when
sub-contractors offer equipment designed to comply with other EMC standards. Differences between EMC
standards (or between issues of the same standard) can be considerable and must be assessed and the
implications fully understood before alternative standards to Defence Standard 59-411 are accepted. With
the widespread use of word processing office equipment, MOD Project Managers initiating new projects
must take care and check all references to standards before block copying text from previous project
procurement documents.
Due to the nature of transmission and coupling of electromagnetic interference it is difficult to relate
equipment or sub-system EMC test results to total system performance. Hence, there can be no guarantee
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that equipment and systems developed to comply with the requirements of this Standard will be mutually
compatible when installed in the host platform. However testing to the appropriate sub-system levels in this
Standard will significantly reduce the risk to Platform EMC.
Testing at equipment/system level does not release the MOD Project Manager from ensuring the EMC of the
total platform, it only serves to reduce the programme risk within the terms of the contract. Responsibility for
Platform EMC shall be assigned to the Prime Contractor where appropriate. Total platform level EMC is an
essential requirement. The MOD Project Manager and the Prime Contractor are therefore required to agree
a trials/clearance programme to demonstrate an acceptable level of EMC. The appropriate methods and
procedures defined in the various Annexes of Part 4 shall be used.
It is possible that some equipment may become damaged when undergoing certain susceptibility tests.
Equipment sponsors and prime contractors are warned that test houses cannot be held responsible for
damage occurring as a result of mandated Defence Standard 59-411 tests.
GFE, COTS, Military Off The Shelf (MOTS) or legacy equipment may have been procured to a less
demanding EMC standard than that required of a new development. This in itself should not be taken as a
reason to accept a lower EMC performance standard from the new system. Good EMC installation practices,
improved screening of cables, a segregation policy, in-line filtering and careful selection of the operating
frequencies of all new equipment, can go a long way to improve compatibility without a re-design of the basic
equipment or its packaging.
6.2 The Impact of COTS/MOTS
The push towards the use of COTS and MOTS equipment could lead to systems that are more vulnerable if
incorrectly assessed. Overall most COTS equipment has lower EME requirements than military equipment
and could therefore be more vulnerable to upset or damage when exposed to high level RF fields or could
interfere with legacy systems. MOTS equipment may not meet the full severity of the contract EMC
requirement. Therefore the use of COTS/MOTS introduces additional risk of incompatibility and can result in
problems, plus associated extra costs, in maintaining performance through life and for re-use in other
scenarios. For equipment that is to be used in safety critical/related systems or environments then the
decision to use COTS/MOTS and the risk mitigation shall be recorded in the systems safety case.
A method of assessing the risk of procuring COTS/MOTS is provided in Annex G.
6.3 Government Furnished Equipment (GFE)
Before a Prime Contractor can be expected to accommodate an item of GFE he should be provided with
details of its EMC performance and any relevant design data. If it can be demonstrated that the total system
EMC requirements cannot be met after suitable EM integration with the inclusion of GFE, the MOD Project
Manager will need to determine what action should be taken.
6.4 Combined Service Procurement
The possible requirement for joint-service application of equipment must be considered at an early stage, to
ensure that the correct and possibly more demanding operational scenario is drawn up. An electromagnetic
environment, appropriate for a joint-service application, can then be determined for inclusion in the project
specification.
Joint-Service application may affect the selection of equipment level tests or even total system trials. There
may also be a significant effect on the selection of appropriate limits and frequency ranges of most
equipment or system level tests. In general, the appropriate limit for each Service should be selected and the
worst case combination chosen unless cost constraints enforce a compromise. It should be remembered that
failure to meet the fundamental EMC requirements invariably gives rise to operational penalties, which are
likely to be unacceptable to at least one of the potential users.
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6.5 Quality Assurance
As part of the overall Quality Assurance (QA) requirements the following quality assurance issues relate to
EMC (also see Clause 9.3.5):
All equipment shall undergo complete functional performance testing both prior to and after EMC
qualification testing. Any functional performance test failures shall be resolved prior to qualification. If
equipment fails functional performance testing after EMC qualification testing, the failure and possible cause
should be investigated and reported to the Project Team as a possible design fault or limitation to
deployment. All EMC testing to prove contractual compliance shall be carried out by a UKAS accredited Test
House.
Test requirements may vary depending on the type of equipment being procured and its Service use, from
single item qualification to 100% testing of equipment as they leave the production line. When 100% testing
is a contractual requirement, it is permissible to limit this to those specific tests and frequency ranges which
were marginal during qualification or for which compliance is absolutely essential as determined by the
contracting authority.
It is normal practice in EMC to test a single production example of the equipment and assume QA will ensure
that the rest of the production will meet the same standard. However, consideration should be given to EMC
testing a random sample of production equipment to identify and investigate any significant variations in
EMC performance.
It is the responsibility of the Project Team to ensure all design changes are reviewed for their EMC impact to
ensure on going quality assurance throughout service life, see also Clauses 16, 17 and 18.
6.6 Concessions
Concessions are written in accordance with Def Stan 05-61 Part 1. If an EMC performance concession has
to be granted, consideration shall be given to the requirement for production testing. Generally EMC
concessions are justified on the basis that the known EM environment is not a threat considering the
particular concession and resulting EMC performance. However it should be considered that the known EM
environment will change over time due to the introduction of new systems and technologies and that the
equipment may have a role change into a new environment. Therefore over time the concession will add to
the through life costs of the equipment due to the need to track the concession and analyse any hazard
when each change to the environment occurs.
6.7 EMC and Functional Safety
MOD Project managers and contactors are reminded that under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
they have a duty of care to provide; a safe place of work, safe equipment and safe instructions for its use.
This applies to all equipment not just safety critical systems. Refer to Annex H.
7 Control and Management of EMC

There is no simple and foolproof route through the procurement cycle for achieving EMC. However, many
options exist, provided the achievement of EMC is tackled as a total system activity and planned at the
outset. Retrospective EMC palliatives or system performance limitations are not cost effective. Management
of EMC is essential and is just as applicable to an individual equipment/subsystem as it is to the total system
and should be interactive.
The requirements for the control and management of EMC in MOD procurement needs to be co-ordinated
with the acquisition cycle. The degree of control and management will depend on the size and complexity of
the project. Table 1 shows an example of EMC activities required with regard to the size and complexity of
the project. The default Defence Standard 59-411 contract requirements and Project Managers checklist is
given in Annex J.
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Table 1 Example of EMC Activities within Projects
EMC ACTIVITYa PROJECT TYPEc,d
CADMIDb
Platform, Large Simple Platform, LRU, Sub- Minimum
System, Medium System, System & Requirement
Complex EME Simple EME Simple System.
C
Define operational scenario and EM
environment (see Clause 5) 9 9 9 9
ADM
EM control plan (see Clause 9)
9 9 *
ADM
Appoint EM Manager
(See Clause 8) 9 9 9
ADM
Appoint Platform EM Manager

(See Clause 8)
9 *
ADM
Form EM working group

(See Clause 8)
9 *
9 9 9 9
AC
Specified EM requirements
(see Clause 6)
ADM
Risk assessment
(see Clauses 6 & 9)
9 9 9 9
AD
Test plans (see Clause 10)

9 9 9 9
AD
Trials plans (see Clause 10)

9 * *
DM
Development and qualification

testing and reporting (see Part 3) 9 9 9 9
M
Production sample testing and

reporting (see Part 3 & Part 4) * * *
DMI
System and platform trials and

reporting (see Part 4) 9 * *
DMI
Platform Mutual Interference trials

and reporting (see Part 4) 9 9 *
MI
Modification assessment
(see Clause 16) 9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
I
Post design services

(see Clause 16)
9 9 9 9
I
EM maintenance (see Clause 17)
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EMC ACTIVITYa PROJECT TYPEc,d
CADMIDb
Platform, Large Simple Platform, LRU, Sub- Minimum
System, Medium System, System & Requirement
Complex EME Simple EME Simple System.
a EM Management continues throughout all procurement stages

b CADMID refers to the Smart Acquisition Processes i.e., Concept, Assessment, Demonstration, Manufacture, In-Service &
Disposal
c 9 indicates that the activity is to be applicable unless agreed with the MOD Project Manager
* indicates that the activity may be applicable
d Each project, regardless of size, complexity and cost must be assessed on its own merits and EME. Further advice can be
obtained from DE&S DE3A (Annex K)
8 Management Roles and Responsibilities
8.1 Applicability
Responsibility for EMC is a management level function for equipment projects, system projects and whole
platforms. An EM Manager or EM Co-ordinator is to be appointed for any equipment or system that uses
electronics. These include power generation, machinery control, internal and external communications,
navigation aids, weapon equipment and combat systems.
In addition to the general management requirements defined within this Defence Standard, specific
management activities relevant to sea service procurement are required by the sea service directorate.
Detailed guidance for sea systems whole platform electromagnetic engineering is given in Annex E.
Annex E can be used for general guidance for air or land service if required.
The discipline of EM management is to be introduced from the very onset of any electrotechnical equipment,
system or platform design. It is imperative that it retains a high priority throughout the concept, assessment
and demonstration stages as well as during the manufacture and in service stages and ultimate modification
and update programmes of the platform, equipment or system.
A properly managed EM control plan is to be initiated from the very start of the platform or complex LRU
acquisition cycle to forestall interference problems. Countermeasures applied when problems occur are
generally more expensive and less efficient.
8.2 MOD Platform Project Managers (PPM) and Equipment Project Managers (EPM) Roles
and Responsibilities
It is important that close liaison is maintained between the PPM and EPM to ensure that the E3 performance
and risks on a platform are coherent. The EPM shall consult with the PPM before offering concessions or
tailoring of the EMC requirement. It is the duty of the PPM to consider requests for concessions/tailoring of
EMC requirements and the related risks along with the mitigations from EPMs. Where agreement cannot be
reached then the normal MOD systems for escalating issues are to be used.
For equipment that is to be used in safety critical/related systems or environments then the decision to use
COTS/MOTS and the risk mitigation shall be recorded in the systems/platforms safety case.
8.3 EM Manager Appointee
Each Delivery Team (DT) is to clearly identify a team member who will be responsible for EM engineering
and who will act as EM Manager for their project(s). For small equipment and system projects the
responsibility will normally be with the Equipment Project Manager however for large projects this would
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need to be a separate EM Manager with specialist knowledge. For Platform projects a separate Platform EM
Manager may be required in addition to individual EM Managers for each equipment or system.
Where responsibility for the procurement of the capability is placed with industry the prime contractor is to
appoint a suitable person to act as EM Manager. The EM Manager will be accountable, through company
management, to the MOD for the implementation of EM management.
The EM Manager appointed is to have recognised expertise and experience in EM engineering and also to
hold a position of adequate responsibility to ensure that the EM design requirements are addressed,
procedures affected and EMC/MI matters are resolved in the most cost effective manner.
The primary requirement of EM management is to ensure that all electrotechnical systems and equipment
can perform to their full operational design capability with minimal degradation caused by EMI. This
management can be divided into two primary areas, equipment and platform.
8.4 Equipment EM Manager Responsibilities
The EM Manager is the focal point for all EM Engineering requirements for the project and is responsible for
the EM aspects of the design, procurement, integration, installation, testing and acceptance of his equipment
or system. The EM Manager is to ensure that sufficient resources are made available to enable the timely
and cost effective discharge of the project EM requirements. The EM Manager’s responsibilities include the
following;
a) Establish effective communication between MOD and Prime Contractor project managers, sub
contractors, supply contractors, equipment sponsors, design authorities and/or other organisations
where relevant
b) Establish an EM Working Group if necessary and chair its meetings
c) Develop, maintain and implement the EM requirements, EM control plan, EM test plan(s) and other
supporting documentation throughout the life of the project
d) Review test reports, recommend acceptance/concessions and produce overall system EM performance
report
e) Ensure that systems and equipment under their control are electromagnetically compatible and can
operate without degradation in performance because of EMI
f) Ensure that any system or equipment within their responsibility does not cause degradation of other
systems or equipment because of EMI
g) Liaise with other Equipment EM Managers, through the Platform EM Manager, to resolve any identified
mutual interference problems
h) Instigate equipment changes necessary for the reduction and resolution of EMI issues
i) Provide information on the operational implications on the equipment or system resulting from changes
introduced for either EM engineering or any other reason
8.5 Platform EM Manager Responsibilities
The Platform EM Manager will be responsible for the management of the EM aspects of the design,
procurement, installation, testing and acceptance of the platform. This is to encompass the integration of all
electrotechnical equipment and is to meet the operational requirements of the platform System
Requirements Document (SRD).
The principal responsibilities of Platform EM Management are outlined below.
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a) To ensure the integration of all electrotechnical equipment into the platform to meet the requirements of
the platform design policy papers
b) To ensure that all EM considerations and their influence on platform effectiveness are fully addressed as
part of the total platform design activity and that procedures to resolve EM matters are achieved cost-
effectively
c) To oversee the production of the EM Documentation as required by this Defence Standard, and any
other necessary documentation
d) To initiate any design studies to ensure the best possible integration of all systems.
e) To ensure that the EM requirements are incorporated into the platform design at the earliest possible
time.
f) To define and implement a work schedule to support the EM design task for the platform, its combat
systems and electrotechnical equipment – the schedule is to include studies, calculations and modelling
activities, as required to resolve EM conflicts and to optimise the installed performance of the combat
system and its subsystems
g) To act as a central authority and consultancy for all EM matters and to liaise with other design groups
and authorities on EM aspects relating to the platform, its combat system and equipment
h) To act as chairman of an EM Working Group with responsibility to coordinate the EM requirements and
views of Equipment EM Managers
i) To deal with widespread platform issues of EM and the resulting impact on the combat system or
platform effectiveness
j) To report on any major EM issues, particularly any potentially major risks or constraints to the combat
system or platform design
8.6 EM Working Group
Where required, the EM Working Group will comprise representatives whose separate activities may have a
bearing on the EM performance of the complete project. The EM Working Group should co-ordinate these
individual activities to assist the EM Manager in the performance of his duties. It should also anticipate and
resolve potential difficulties in meeting the project EM requirements and establish/agree the requirements for
sub-systems with particular emphasis on EM related interface issues. The EM Working Group shall be active
throughout all stages of procurement from concept to disposal. The Chairman of the Group shall be
responsible for ensuring adequate representation from equipment/sub-system suppliers and MOD specialists
and coverage of all EM requirements. Records of Group decisions shall be kept throughout the project and
the DT shall be informed of any difficulties.
9 EM Control Plan
9.1 Purpose of an EM Control Plan
A large project such as a ship/plane is complicated and expensive hence in accordance with SMART
procurement practices the procedures listed here help identify and control risk as early as possible in the
acquisition process.
An EM control plan defines the requirements necessary to implement an effective EM control strategy. EM
control plan(s) serve to demonstrate an understanding of EM risks, expose any inadequate specifications,
assess required resources, permit detailed progress monitoring and define responsibilities. In addition they
serve to co-ordinate the documentation, integration and testing necessary to achieve EMC. An EM control
plan should NOT be produced just for the sake of contractual compliance. It is a ‘living’ document and should
be periodically updated to reflect any changes that occur during subsequent phases of the contract.
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An EM control plan is the document which communicates to each person involved in the project, the design
guides to be utilised to avoid practices that may cause serious EMI problems. It is the document that will
establish the engineering and management milestones – the tools of effective control. It is also the document
that assures the MOD Project Manager that relevant steps are being taken to ensure the eventual
achievement of an electromagnetically compatible system.
Management should leave no doubt that they expect their technical personnel to implement the plan and
delegate the necessary authority to accomplish this. Management should also extract certain milestones
from the control plan and use these as progress checks to assure the orderly advance of the project and
have the necessary assurance that EM risks have been appropriately considered.
9.2 Applicability of an EM Control Plan
All platform, large system or complex projects, (see Table 1) which have an EM requirement shall produce
an EM control plan. Although the requirements specified in this part of the Defence Standard are principally
aimed at complex systems or projects where there may be a significant EM risk, the same principles apply to
less complex systems although the control plan may be considerably less comprehensive.
Before a contract is awarded the MOD Project Manager shall ensure it obliges the Prime Contractor to
produce a cost-effective EM control plan within an agreed specified period from contract award (see
Clause 9.4). This control plan then becomes a central management tool that progressively guides materiel
development, but will change in detail as the development proceeds. The Prime Contractor will use the
control plan to progress the EM aspects of the contract and any subsequent amendments thereto shall at all
times be agreed with the MOD Project Manager.
Contractors may decide to separate the EM management into a separate EM management plan (see
example in Annex E) or to include additional information in order to provide more effective control.
9.3 Contents of EM Control Plan
9.3.1 General
EM control plan(s) should include, but not be limited to, the following information. Further guidance is given
in Part 5 relating to Air, Land and Sea service specific design requirements;
a) Technical Description – defining the platform/system/equipment, its purpose, interfaces, signal/data,

clocks and a block diagram – should refer to technical description documents as applicable.
b) Applicability – Statements defining the applicability of the control plan, i.e. state if the plan is sub-ordinate
to any other control plan or whether it is applicable to only a certain part of the procurement cycle. EM
control plans should normally include all EM effects such as EMP, ESD, RADHAZ, TEMPEST
LIGHTNING, MEMIC, etc. since measures to protect against them will frequently be common and need
to be considered as a whole. Justification for excluding them will need to be provided.
c) Requirements – the EM requirements and scenarios included in the URD/SRD or tender documents.
Where relevant these should be stated for both a complete system and how they have been flowed
down to sub-system/equipment level.
d) Management and Organisation – Statements defining the project management and organisation
necessary to implement effective EM control (see Clause 9.3.2).
e) Documentation – Statements defining the standards which will be applied and any other documents
which need to be produced by the contractor to meet the EM requirements of the contract.
f) Design Policy – Statements defining the design policy (see Clause 9.3.3) which shall include, but not be
limited to:
1) An assessment of EM risks
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2) Proposed solutions to contain such EM risks
g) EM Verification – Statements defining the programme for the demonstration and assurance of EM
performance (see Clause 9.3.4)
h) The Quality Assurance Programme (see Clause 9.3.5)
i) Glossary of definitions and abbreviations used in the EM control plan
9.3.2 Management and Organisation
This section of the control plan should describe the project organization, responsibilities, lines of authority
and controls necessary to provide an effective EM control strategy. It should identify key personnel within the
project by appointment, name, address, qualifications, etc. including, where relevant, membership of any EM
Working Group(s).
For large projects the contractor may prefer to create a separate EM management plan to describe in more
detail the management procedures and overall EM policy for the project.
9.3.3 Design Policy and Risk Assessment
This section of the control plan should describe the technologies and design intentions to be exploited by the
project to achieve EMC. The development of a design policy stems from an assessment of the EM risks
when the equipment is deployed in the stated EM scenario(s). A design strategy to contain the perceived
risks can then be developed and specific solutions selected.
a) The risk assessment should consider, but not be limited to, the following:
1) The EM environment, both internal and external to the materiel procured
2) The use of GFE, COTS or MOTS equipment
3) Potential interfering sources and victims (and level of severity)
4) Coupling modes and paths between potential sources and victims of EM threats
5) Build states in which the material is operated (including development, production, test,
maintenance and training)
b) The rationale for the design policy to be adopted should be stated in the EM control plan including
supporting statements on the following:
1) The materials and construction methods selected for the design and the criteria for this
selection
2) Physical segregation, between and within installations and equipment
3) The shielding, grounding and bonding intentions
4) Methods of interconnecting units e.g. radio, wire or fibre optic, including cable and waveguide
selection and segregation policy
5) Frequency planning, for both intentional and non-intentional radiators
6) The design tools and methods for predicting, quantifying and assessing the operational
constraints of unresolved EMI
7) The EM control plan shall also identify specific maintenance activities in order to ensure
adequate EM performance throughout service life
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9.3.4 Demonstration and Assurance of EM Performance
This section of the control plan should describe the program of studies, tests and trials which will be carried
out to demonstrate and give assurance of the desired EM performance. These should not be left to the end
of the programme but be conducted at intervals during development.
This is to ensure a progressive increase in confidence that the EM measures being incorporated in the
development will lead to total compliance with the EM performance requirements of the contract. The EM
control plan should describe the following aspects with detailed test requirements being covered in the
various test plans;
a) A description of the testing/trials philosophy and management
b) A list of the tests and standards to be adopted
c) An explanation of the rationale for any tailoring of tests or limits
d) A list of the items to be tested at equipment, sub-system and total system level
e) A description of the total test programme and its management from development through to full
compliance and production testing
f) A description of the resources required, e.g. subject models, functional test equipment, test facilities,
cables, simulators, loads, software etc
g) A statement of the functional performance requirements
h) A statement defining the procedure to be followed if failure under test occurs
i) A description of any reporting procedures during and after tests
9.3.5 Quality Assurance
This section of the control plan should outline the quality control measures to be implemented and will
require the following activities or reference to how they are to be controlled as a minimum;
a) Definition of the build standard of every item of materiel to be tested
b) Conduct of materiel performance tests before EM certification testing
c) Determination of the overall functional tolerances for acceptance
d) Definition of concession procedures if required
e) Definition of approval procedures for certification by the Contractor/Project Manager
f) Definition of configuration control measures with regard to completion and freezing of drawings and
control of modifications
g) Installation and in-service maintenance
9.4 Delivery of the EM Control Plan
Where there is a requirement for the delivery of an outline EM control plan, see Table 1, it should be
submitted by a Contractor when tendering for the supply of materiel to demonstrate to the MOD Project
Manager his understanding of the EM risks associated with the bid proposal or contract. He should assess
the EM risks, how they are to be contained and how the required EM performance is to be specified and
demonstrated.
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An EM control plan should normally be produced by the Contractor within 4 weeks of placement of the
contract. Approval of the plan and compliance thereto does not relieve the contractor of the responsibility of
meeting the contract EM requirements.
10 EM Test Plan
In order to achieve consistency throughout the phases of EM testing it is essential to formalise details of the
test procedures used in the project. The test methods described in Part 3 and Part 4 of this Standard are
necessarily generalised and do not specify their detailed application to particular items of materiel. Part 3
covers equipment level tests for “conventional” EMC. Tests against other EM threats e.g. lightning or NEMP
(particularly at system level) are not included. Part 4 covers platform and system level tests and trials. Thus
the test plan to be drawn up shall state the interpretation of each test requirement adopted and specify
sufficient details of the test procedure to ensure its repeatability, when required. It shall show in detail the
equipment configuration, the methods of applying power to the equipment, the application of stimulus signals
and the application of electrical or mechanical loading.
Test repeatability is essential for audit purposes and to assess accurately the effects of modifications to
materiel. The test plan should be sufficiently detailed to enable any test to be repeated by an accredited test
house. If no test plan exists then the test house must document (in sufficient detail to allow another test
house to repeat the testing) how the EUT was configured, function, cable layout, etc either in the formal test
report or in a separate test set up report. Photographs are an acceptable documentation method. Note that
the absence of a test plan runs the risk that misunderstandings will occur resulting in incomplete or
inappropriate testing necessitating an expensive retest.
The Contractor should develop a formal test plan for all materiel that is to be tested for acceptance or QA
purposes. Less detailed plans are acceptable for EM evaluation testing. Formal test plans however should
be agreed with the Project Manager prior to the commencement of EM testing.
As a minimum requirement the test plan must include a full description of the materiel to be tested, a list of
the tests to be conducted and acceptance limits, resources needed to implement the tests, QA monitoring
arrangements, test report requirements. More detailed, but not exhaustive, considerations are included in the
following checklists:
a) Description of materiel to be tested, including;
1) Power supply requirements
2) Output parameters
3) Modes of operation
4) Electrical and/or mechanical loading
5) Necessary functional (‘exercising’) equipment and interface requirements
6) Connectors and connections, cables and harnesses
7) Dimensions and weight of materiel and functional equipment
8) Any operational safety or security requirements
9) Build standard of hardware and software and development status e.g. development, prototype or
production
b) Description of test layout, showing cable lengths, cable type, routing and earth bond arrangements
c) List of tests and test procedures to be adopted
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d) Modulation requirements for susceptibility testing
e) Sweep speeds and dwell times
f) Limits for each test including degradation criteria in susceptibility tests
g) Isolation requirements for functional test equipment
h) Organisational matters, including
1) Policy when failure under test occurs
2) Statement of need for QA representative’s attendance during tests
3) Points of contact with contractor e.g. EM Manager, Trials Officer, QA Manager
4) Requirements for and distribution of test reports
5) Projected start and finish dates
6) Security classification of report
11 EM Test Report
An EM test report contains a record of the tests carried out by an accredited test house as specified in the
EM test plan.
The aim of a test report is to provide evidence that the Contractor has worked to the agreed procedures
detailed in the EM control plan and, finally, to provide the proof of compliance with the EM requirements of
the project and hence his contractual obligations.
The test report will first identify the project contract number, the materiel which was tested and then describe
the tests to which it was subjected. The details should confirm the test procedures specified in the test plan
but will note and give reasons for any deviation from that plan. The test report will provide evidence that
properly calibrated test equipment was used and present the test results indicating their relationship to test
limits. Test participants and attendees must be clearly identified.
The following indicates the minimum amount of detail that must be included in a test report:
a) Identification of equipment or installation tested, including serial numbers and software version where
applicable.
b) Tests conducted including:
1) Photographs illustrating the test layout
2) Test layout details relating to cable layout, bond strap and bonding arrangements, bonding
measurements, ground plane
3) List of all test equipment with calibration dates
4) Computer software references where applicable
5) Test equipment settings e.g. bandwidth, frequency, detector function, sweep rate, scan time, dwell
time
6) Confirmation that test procedures were in accordance with the test plan except for specified
deviations
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c) Test results including:
1) Tables summarising pass/fail results
2) Figures and charts indicating test results and limits
3) Conclusions to be drawn from the test results, if applicable
4) Recommendations to improve the equipment tested when failures have occurred (if the test house
has been so tasked)
d) Dates of start and completion of tests
e) Test participants and attendees including:
1) Test engineers and test house supervisory staff (names and signatures)
2) Contractor representatives (names only)
3) QA representatives (names only)
f) The test report shall have a unique project reference and be filed with the test house records
g) The test report shall show the distribution to be made. A copy shall be issued to DE&S DE3A as an input
to the Defence Standard 59-411 database
A hard copy in addition to a soft copy of the EM test report shall be made available to the MOD Project
Manager in an agreed format. A softcopy will be archived by DE&S DE3A to aid EM risk evaluation for other
projects which may utilise the equipment tested.
12 EM Test Certificate
An example EM test certificate is given in Annex D. An EM test certificate is a document issued and signed
by the test facility confirming the successful completion of testing or trials in accordance with this Standard.
The EM test certificate may be issued separately from the EM test report or it may be combined with the EM
test report. The distribution of the EM test certificate is the same as for the EM test report.
13 Selection of Tests
Part 3 of this Standard comprises EMC test methods, covering the measurement of radiated and conducted
emissions and susceptibility. The methods include limits for compliance, which are based on a mixture of
theoretical considerations and field measurements.
Part 4 of this Standard comprises EMC test methods, mutual interference and compatibility trials applicable
to platforms and systems.
In general, the tests in the Part 3 and Part 4 have been developed against an EMC requirement of a
particular service (i.e. Air, Land or Sea). In some cases the same test has been deemed appropriate for use
by all Services, possibly with different limits, while some test methods are only suitable for procurements by
one or two Services. The first task is to identify the appropriate tests relevant to the particular Service or the
scenario defined in the URD.
This selection criterion is summarised in the Table at Annex C.
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13.1 Man Worn / Man Portable Equipment Testing
Man worn / man portable equipment shall be tested in accordance with Part 3 Annex A. This equipment is
defined as equipment worn or carried by land service military personnel that is in the main, small
self-contained and self powered units or systems which contain electronic and active components
particularly non-linear items such as transistors or integrated circuits. Some equipment may be connected to
a host equipment by a conductive multi-core cable.
Where man worn / man portable equipment is used on, or interfaced to, vehicle platforms (or aircraft or
ships), then the equipment shall be tested in accordance with Part 3 Annex B as described below.
13.2 LRU and Sub-System Testing
LRU and sub-system equipment shall be tested in accordance with Part 3 Annex B. All electrical/electronic
equipment should be subject to emission testing but only materiel incorporating electronics need be subject
to susceptibility testing. Materiel is therefore divided into three types:
13.2.1 Type 1 – Equipment Containing Electronic Components
For Type 1 equipment all test methods in Part 3 (relevant Annexes) which are applicable to the service
should be carried out.
13.2.2 Type 2 – Motors, Generators and Electromechanical Units (excluding items under Type 3)
Type 2 equipment are generally non-susceptible to EMI therefore only conducted and radiated emissions
and exported and imported transient test methods need to be considered. If electronic control forms part of
the EUT however it shall be considered as Type 1 equipment.
13.2.3 Type 3 – Relays, Solenoids, Transformers and Induction Motors
Type 3 equipment are generally immune to most forms of EMI and do not cause continuous interference
hence only imported and exported transient tests apply to this classification. It is advisable however that
Type 3 equipment fed with ac power be also subjected to the low frequency magnetic field test DRE02 (at
power frequency only) to determine whether a minimum separation distance needs to be enforced. If
electronic control forms part of the EUT however it shall be considered as Type 1 equipment.
13.3 Platform and Large System Testing
Platforms and large systems shall be tested and assessed in accordance with Part 4. Large systems are
defined as those systems that cannot be tested in accordance with the test conditions required by Part 3 due
to size or complexity.
13.4 Support Equipment
13.4.1 Introduction
All three Services may have a requirement to procure support equipment for use in areas where the need for
(and consequent cost of) the stringent EMC measures described in this Standard is not warranted.
In some scenarios the support equipment should be tested using Defence Standard 59-411. In other cases
the applicable current statutory EMC requirements may be suitable, for example, compliance with the
European EMC Directive, but the likely proximity of mobile military transmitters needs to be considered.
The selection of standards will be dependent on the support equipment environment. Support equipment is
categorised below and Table 2 specifies the limits applicable.
Refer also to the COTS/MOTS risk assessment Clause 6.2 and Annex G.
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13.4.2 Aerospace Ground Equipment (AGE)
AGE EMC requirements are defined for three categories of equipment as determined by criticality.
a) Category E1
This is where the aircraft is powered and the AGE is categorised as safety/mission critical related or directly
interfaced to aircraft systems and is used in the following conditions:
1) On aircraft applications directly connected to the aircraft
2) On aircraft applications but not directly connected to the aircraft
3) Off aircraft applications but directly connected to the aircraft
4) Off aircraft applications but not connected to the aircraft
b) Category E2
This is where the AGE is not electrically interfaced with the aircraft but used in close proximity and is
categorised as non safety/ mission critical and is used in the following conditions:
1) On aircraft with the aircraft unpowered
2) Off aircraft and directly interfaced (not electrically) to aircraft systems with aircraft unpowered
c) Category E3
This is where the AGE (maintenance levels 2 & 3) is used off aircraft and off the flight line. Any AGE that is
not categorised as E1 or E2 shall be categorised in this group.
13.4.3 Land Service Support Equipment
The requirements are defined for categories of equipment as determined by location.
Support equipment used in the field (1st and 2nd line maintenance) requirements is determined according the
Land services equipment classifications:
a) Class A: Equipment that will be operated between 0.5 m and 2 m of a radio transmitter/receiver
b) Class B: Equipment that will be operated between 2 m and 15 m of a radio transmitter/receiver
c) Class C: Equipment that will be operated between 15 m and 100 m of a radio transmitter/receiver
d) Class D: Equipment that will be operated more than 100 m of a radio transmitter/receiver
Support equipment used in maintenance and repair facilities (3rd line maintenance) fall into two sub-
categories defined as:
1) Repair facilities and workshops
2) Protected installations
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13.4.4 Sea Services Support Equipment
The requirements are defined for categories of equipment as determined by location.
a) Above Decks Support Equipment
Support equipment is designated ‘Above Decks’ where:
1) It is to be used on the exposed upper deck of a surface ship
2) It is to be used in compartments on non-metallic ships (except where use is restricted to

specialist screened rooms on such ships)
3) It is used in areas or compartments, such as the bridge and hangar that have openings to the
upper deck and are not afforded notable levels of attenuation to electromagnetic field by the
structure of the ship
4) It is used in the space between the pressure hull and outer casing of a submarine, or on deck
when surfaced
b) Below Decks Support Equipment
Support equipment is designated ‘Below Decks’ where:
1) It is to be used in areas that are surrounded by an enclosed metallic structure which provides
significant attenuation to electromagnetic radiation
2) It is located within the pressure hull of submarines
In below deck locations other than the following compartments, electric field strengths are unlikely to exceed
3 V/m unless equipment is installed within 1 m of operating arc welders, mobile phones, mobile radios and
electric generators:
i) Wireless Telegraphy Office
ii) Operations Room
iii) Computer Room
iv) Bridge/ Control Room
v) Sonar Cabinet Space and Navigation Radar Suite
vi) Propulsion Room
vii) Manoeuvring Room
viii) Machinery Control Centre
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c) Land Based Sea Services Support Equipment
Support equipment is sub categorised into:
1) On-board ship dockside:
i) Alongside – transmitters and radar potentially operational; major systems operational
ii) Laid up – transmitters and radar powered down; all major systems powered down
2) Test and integration facility
3) Maintenance and repair facilities and workshops
13.4.5 General Purpose Support Equipment
General Purpose Support Equipment (GPSE) is equipment used across all three services. GPSE includes
COTS and special to type equipment. EMC requirements apply according to the above categories. When
used in 3rd line maintenance applications, or in conjunction with adequate additional protection, compliance
with European harmonised EMC standards is acceptable.
14 Selection of Limits
14.1 General
The limits for the test methods given in the Annexes of Part 3 and Part 4 of this Standard are based on
experience and typical environments and are open to revision under the conditions stated below. Some of
the tests described in the Annexes of Part 3 and Part 4 of this Standard have more than one limit, because
environments of different severity exist in any one service.
Part 4 introduces methods for mutual interference trials that are primarily concerned with compatibility of
platforms, as described in Clause 15. In this case the mutual interference methods do not always have limits
but are dependent on the understanding and definition of the performance of platform systems during a
mutual interference trial and any allowable degradation.
When the electromagnetic environment appropriate to the project is finalised, it may be that some aspects of
an otherwise satisfactory test may be inappropriate. For example, it might be desirable to change the
frequency coverage, or vary the limits of a test. It is the responsibility of the Prime Contractor to select and
justify test requirements appropriate to the project. The Prime Contractor may consider that his objective
would be better met by some modification to the tests selected. This tailoring of test requirements may, for
example, offer cost or time savings without prejudice to confidence in demonstrating adequate EMC
performance. The Prime Contractor is able to make such proposals provided the rationale for tailored
requirements is included in the control plan, and he secures written approval from the MOD Project Manager
before implementation.
The tailoring of tests and limits is acceptable where the test or limit is modified to address a more severe EM
environment. The reduction in severity of a test or limit below that contained in Part 3 or Part 4 is not
recommended as the equipment cannot then claim to meet Defence Standard 59-411. Where the MOD
Project Manager agrees to a reduced test severity, the resulting qualification verification documentation shall
only claim to meet this Standards requirements if all caveats are included stating the limited compliance
status. The Test Certificate must clearly show which tests have been tailored.
Guidance is now given for limit selection appropriate to procurements by each of the three Service Arms.
20 UK OFFICIAL
14.2 Air Systems
All tests have a single limit apart from the following:-
Test DCS02 has more than one limit level, one for contractual purposes (accept/reject), one for non-safety
critical equipment (test level) and one for safety critical equipment (test level). An additional accept/reject
limit, 6 dB above the basic accept/reject limit, shall be applied to equipment feeding external stores.
Test DCS09, Imported lightning, transient susceptibility, applies only to equipment installed in an aircraft.
The test limits depend on the installation location and bonding of the subject equipment within the aircraft.
Four categories of limit are based on these parameters so once the installation details are known the
appropriate limit can be selected.
Test DRS02 has a default limit for Internal Systems (which should be tailored for specific applications). Limits
for External Systems should be the same value as the external environment.
14.3 Land Systems
EMC requirements for Army equipment are dominated by the need to protect the receiver sensitivity of
equipment against unwanted in-band emissions from nearby emissions or equipment sources. In many
operational scenarios, these transceivers are both man-carried and vehicle-borne in large numbers. Equally,
on the battlefield these associated transmitters are often the strongest sources of electromagnetic fields
irradiating potentially susceptible equipment. The physical separation between the subject equipment and
the nearest antenna is thus an important factor governing undesirable coupling effects. Accordingly limits are
classified in terms of this separation (see also Clause 14.3.1):
a) Class A These are the most stringent limits applying to equipment which must operate at a distance of
less than 2 m from the nearest RF antenna and where there is no scope for increasing that separation.
Equipment internal to a well screened structure however (e.g. metal hulled vehicle) can use Class B
limits. The Land Class A limits provide a baseline requirement for ECM vehicles and equipment however
this is a dynamic area with some unique requirements therefore advice regarding any specific tailoring
should be obtained from either DE&S DE3A or DSTL.
b) Class B Applicable to equipment which is to operate between 2 m and 15 m from the nearest antenna.
This Class includes equipment which may be sited closer to such an antenna but is simple and
operationally acceptable to move away e.g. a vehicle which is not itself equipped with radio but may be
sited next to another which is so equipped.
c) Class C Applicable to equipment, which is to operate between 15 and 100 m from the nearest antenna.
d) Class D Applicable to equipment, which is to operate at more than 100 m from the nearest antenna. This
classification includes:
1) Equipment which would normally be subject to Class B or Class C limits but is electro-magnetically
screened to give a shielding equivalent to a separation of at least 100 m from the nearest antenna.
2) When commercial equipment that is intended for use only in non-operational areas complies with
current statutory EMC requirements (e.g. the EC EMC Directive) it may, at the discretion of the
MOD Project Manager, be exempted from further testing, (see Table 2).
UK OFFICIAL 21
14.3.1 Differential Classifications
The frequency range of interest in a particular EMC scenario is likely to be covered by several RF antennas
in different frequency bands, at different separations. When separate antennas are used for transmission
and reception the Prime Contractor in agreement with the MOD Project Manager may decide to introduce a
differential classification for different frequency bands and conditions of use. For example, an equipment
which is deployed within 2 m of a transmitting antenna, but over 100 m from the nearest receiving antenna,
might have Class A limits imposed for radiated susceptibility tests whilst Class D would be appropriate for
emission tests. Alternatively, consider equipment that is installed within 2 m of a VHF antenna but 20 m from
the nearest HF antenna. Such equipment might have Class A limit at VHF, Class C at HF and Class D at all
other frequencies. The Class A to D classifications are appropriate to tests DCE01, DCE02, DRE01, DRE03
and DRS02.
14.3.2 Additional Classifications
Test DCS02 has three limit levels, one for contractual purposes (accept/reject) and two, which are desirable
to meet for non-safety critical equipment and safety critical equipment as appropriate.
14.4 Sea Systems
Ships and Submarine limits are broadly divided into two categories ‘below deck’ and ‘above decks’.
14.4.1 Below Deck Limits
Apply to areas on the vessel which are surrounded by a closed metallic structure, or an area which provides
significant attenuation to electromagnetic radiation, such as the specialised screened rooms described in
Part 5 of this Standard.
Note: Some equipment under this category intended for the Navy may be regarded as non essential to the
“float, move or fight” functions of the platform (e.g. galley, laundry, crew entertainment equipment, etc.). In
these circumstances refer to the limits in Table 2 and also refer to Clause 6.2 and Annex F.
14.4.2 Above Deck Limits
Apply to all other areas which are not considered ‘below deck’ as defined above. This includes areas on the
exposed upper-deck, compartments in non-metallic ships (except in specialised screened rooms), bridge
and hangar areas and the space between the pressure hull and the outer casing of a submarine.
22 UK OFFICIAL
14.5 Support Equipment
The following limits apply to the categories of support equipment listed as defined in Clause 13.4.
Table 2 Support Equipment Limits

Service and Ground Support Limits
Equipment Category
Air – Category E1 The limits to be selected from the following options in the order of priority shown:
1. Existing Aircraft Specification

2. Existing Aircraft Platform or Program AGE Specification
3. Part 3 Annex B Air Service tests
Air – Category E2 The limits to be selected from the following options in the order of priority shown:
1. Existing Aircraft Specification

2. Existing Aircraft Platform or Program AGE Specification
3. European Harmonised Standards as specified in the OJEU and limited Part 3
Annex B Air Service tests (DRE01.B & DRS02.B). DRS02.B to be applied at a
tailored peak field level of 50 V/m with a pulse modulation of 30 µs pulse width
and a PRF of 1 kHz in the frequency band 1 GHz – 18 GHz, when support
equipment is likely to be exposed to radar fields
Air – Category E3 European Harmonised Standards as specified in the OJEU and limited Part 3
Annex B Air Service tests (DRS02.B) to be applied at a tailored peak field level
of 50 V/m with a pulse modulation of 30 µs pulse width and a PRF of 1 kHz in
the frequency band 1 GHz – 18 GHz, when support equipment is likely to be
exposed to radar fields
Land – Used in the field (1st and 2nd Part 3 Annex B Land Class A, B, C or D limits as applicable
line maintenance)
Land – Used in maintenance and Part 3 Annex B Land Class D limits or European Harmonised Standards as
repair facilities specified in the OJEU
(3rd line maintenance)
Sea – Above decks Part 3 Annex B Ship Above Deck limits
Sea – Below decks Part 3 Annex B Ship Below Deck limits
Sea – Below decks Part 3 Annex B Ship Below Deck emission limits, DCS06.B and DCS12.B and
Non essential to "float, move or fight" compliance with relevant European Harmonised Standards as specified in the
OJEU
Sea – Land Based Support Part 3 Table 5 "Land Based Sea Service Limits"
Equipment
General Purpose Support Equipment For third line maintenance applications refer to European Harmonised
Standards as specified in the OJEU
UK OFFICIAL 23
15 Total System Trials Requirements

Part 4 of this Standard describes platform and system test and trials with separate Annexes applicable to
Air, Land or Sea service.
Where Air, Land or Sea systems are developed, comprising many units and subsystems, trials of the total
system are essential to demonstrate that the required EMC performance has been achieved.
Complete validation of the EMC performance of a system, in all its various modes of operation, against a
complex environment, is likely to be prohibitive in time and cost. A less rigorous validation may be
acceptable by combining limited system level testing with evidence that the system has been designed with
a thorough understanding of the EMC risks to which the system will be subjected, in its intended
environment. If the results of testing at equipment and subsystem level show that the major risks have been
contained, confidence can be progressively built to justify limitations in the scope of system trials.
Alternatively where the approach is based on the integration of COTS or MOTS equipment, this approach
requires a more thorough assessment of the complete system or platform due to the limited testing at
equipment and subsystem level. It is for the Prime Contractor to win prior approval from the MOD Project
Manager for the chosen approach by ensuring complete visibility of the design, the test rationale, all test
plans and results, throughout system development.
The EM design of the installation or platform will have a significant impact on the total system or platform
EMC performance. The design can compensate for limited equipment EMC performance, e.g. by using an
EM barrier for COTS equipment, or even to overcome specific equipment EMC weaknesses e.g. as a result
of test failure and concession. Design guidance is given in Part 5.
16 Post Design Services Requirements

The EMC performance of equipment or installations that was achieved during development or initial
production can be compromised by subsequent poorly designed or unauthorised modifications.
Risk activities include second-sourcing of components without regard to their EMC performance, re-routing
wiring or changing the earth-bonding arrangements that could increase emissions or susceptibility. Even
mechanical changes can affect EMC performance due to changes in the coupling path of RF currents in the
equipment cases or surrounding metallic structures. It is therefore important that modification control
procedures are imposed which always include consideration of possible EMC effects and require any
necessary EMC tests to be carried out before and after the modification is implemented.
17 In-Service Maintenance
During equipment or installation life, the EMC performance is likely to degrade due to such factors as
oxidation or corrosion of earth bonds, gasket degradation and unobserved failures of certain protective
components.
Maintenance and servicing manuals should stress the need for remaking both RF joints and earth bonds in
the correct manner. RF gaskets should be inspected and replaced where necessary. Contact surfaces
whether metal to metal or metal to gasket must be correctly cleaned prior to refitting and bolts must be
torqued to the correct force. After the repair of damaged cables or harnesses, their original physical routing
must be reproduced. Following a major overhaul, consideration should be given to re-assessing the EMC
performance of the affected item(s) by an appropriate EMC test or trial.
24 UK OFFICIAL
18 Change of Role
It is sometimes necessary to consider the implementation of a new operational requirement by using an
existing system in a different role from that for which it had been designed. There is a risk that the new role
will involve a different EMC scenario with which the system might not be compatible.
The existing EMC performance should be compared to that of the new scenario, to determine whether the
existing EMC precautions are adequate. If unacceptable, amendment to the operating procedures may be an
option, however, if equipment modification is required then it may be necessary to conduct further EMC
trials.
19 Health and Safety

Everyone concerned with the procurement of military equipment must be aware of their responsibilities under
the statutory health and safety regulations. No equipment shall be designed such that a hazard is presented
to military and civilian personnel when being operated in its required and approved manner.
The Annexes of Part 3 and Part 4 of this Standard deals with the specific RF safety risks to personnel during
EMC testing in accordance with the methods defined by this Standard.
UK OFFICIAL 25
Annex A
Related Documents
Designation Title
AECP 2 NATO Naval Radio and RADAR Radiation Hazards Manual
AECTP 250 Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publications

Electrical and Electromagnetic Environmental Conditions
AECTP 500 Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publications

Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Test and Verification
AEP 4 Allied Environmental Publication 4. Nuclear Survivability Criteria

for Armed Forces Materiel and Installations
AEP 29 Protection of Aircraft Crew and Sub-Systems in flight against

Electrostatic Discharge
BR 2924 Volume 1 & 2 RF Hazards in the Naval Service
BR 9463 MCTA Trials Guide
BRF 800 (4A)(5) AVL AVM Aerial Outfit Installation
BRF 1625 (4A)(2) Whip Aerial Outfit Installation
BRF 8279 (4A) AVK Aerial Outfit Installation
BRF 1610 (4A)(3) AJL VHF Aerial Outfit Installation
BRF 1610 (4A)(1) AJK UHF Aerial Outfit Installation
BS 3G 100 Specification for general requirements for equipment for use in

aircraft. All Equipment. Environmental conditions
BS EN 515 Aluminium and aluminium alloys: Wrought products, temper

designations
BS 613 Specification for components and filter units for electromagnetic

interference suppression
BS 1473 Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys – rivet,

bolt and screw stock
BS 1597 Specifications for Limits and Methods of Measurement of

Electromagnetic Interference Generated by Electrical Equipment
and Installations
26 UK OFFICIAL
Designation Title
BS 4727 Glossary of Electro-technical, Power, Telecommunication,

Electronics, Lighting and Colour Terms
BS 5260 Code of Practice for Radio Interference Suppression on Marine

Installations
BS 6299 Methods of measurement of the suppression characteristics of

passive radio interference filters and suppression components
(BS EN 55017)
BS EN 62305-2 Protection against lightning. Part 2, Risk management
BS 6656 Prevention of Inadvertent Ignition of Flammable Atmospheres by

Radio Frequency Radiation
BS 6657 Guide to Prevention of Inadvertent Ignition of Electro-explosive

Devices by Radio Frequency Radiation
BS EN 55012 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engine driven devices.

Radio disturbance characteristics. Limits and methods of
measurement for the protection of receivers except those installed
in the vehicle/boat/device itself or in adjacent
vehicles/boats/devices
BS EN 55014-1 Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household

appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus, Part 1 emission
BS EN 55014-2 Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household

appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus, Part 2 Immunity
BS EN 55022 Information Technology Equipment-Radio Disturbance

Characteristics- Limits and Methods of Measurement
BS EN 60801-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility for Industrial Process Management

and Control Electro-Static Discharge Requirements
BS EN 61000-2-9 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Environment Description of

HEMP environment – Radiated Disturbance – Basic EMC
Publication
BS EN 61000-4-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility, Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test
BS EN 61340-5-1 Electrostatics Part 5-1 Protection of electronic devices from

electrostatic phenomena – general requirements
CISPR 16-1-4 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring

apparatus and methods. Radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus. Ancillary equipment. Radiated disturbances
(BS EN 55016-1-4)
UK OFFICIAL 27
Designation Title
CISPR 17 Methods of measurement of the suppression characteristics of

passive radio interference filters and suppression components
(BS EN 55017)
CLC/TR 50426:2004 Assessment of inadvertent initiation of bridge wire electro-

explosive devices by radio-frequency radiation.
CLC/TR 50427:2004 Assessment of inadvertent ignition of flammable atmospheres by

radio-frequency radiation.
CLC/FprTR 50538:2010 CENELEC Report, Guide to EMC Directive conformity of

equipment designed for military purposes
Defence Standard 00-35 Environmental Handbook for Defence Material
Defence Standard 00-56 Safety Management Requirements for Defence Systems Part 1
Issue 2
Defence Standard 00-970 Design and Airworthiness Requirements for Service Aircraft
Defence Standard 01-5 Fuels, lubricants and associated products
Defence Standard 02-162 Requirements for the Manufacturer, Test and Installation of Guard
Stanchions, Rails and associated Safety Fittings, Part 1 Weather
Decks
Defence Standard 02-512 Guide to Cables, Electrical and Associated Items
Defence Standard 02-529 Nuclear Hardening Guide, Electrical Installations in Surface Ships
Part 2
Defence Standard 02-706 Welding and Fabrication of Ship's Structure
Defence Standard 02-791 Requirements for Weldable Structural Steels
Defence Standard 05-61 Part 1 Quality Assurance Procedural Requirements Part 1 - Concessions
Defence Standard 05-123 Technical Procedures for the Procurement of Aircraft, Weapon and
Electronic Systems
Defence Standard 07-85 Design Requirements for Weapons and Associated Systems
Defence Standard 07-266 Requirements for the Application of Radar Absorbent Material
(RAM)
Defence Standard 08-4 Nuclear Weapons Explosions Effect and Hardening
28 UK OFFICIAL
Designation Title
Defence Standard 08-50 Installation Guidance for Meeting Requirements of Naval

TEMPEST
Defence Standard 08-107 General Requirements for the Design of Electro-technical and
Naval Weapon Equipment
Defence Standard 08-108 Nuclear Hardening Guide
Defence Standard 08-123 Requirements for the Design and Testing of Equipments to Meet
Environmental Conditions
Defence Standard 08-127 Surface Ships, Part 2 Surface Ships
Defence Standard 08-130 Visual/sound signalling equipment (including navigation lights etc)
Defence Standard 08-134 Requirements for the Design and Preparation of Aerial and Visual
Signalling Rig and RADHAZ Drawings
Defence Standard 08-160 Requirements for Electrical Installations
Defence Standard 21-5 Code of Practice for Protective Finishes
Defence Standard 21-8 Safety Requirements for the Design of Electrotechnical and Naval
Weapon Equipment
Defence Standard 21-50 Requirements for Waveguide
Defence Standard 21-51 Requirements for the Installation of Corrugated Copper Air –
Spaced RF Cable
Defence Standard 21-53 Requirements for the Installation of Corrugated Copper Foam
Dielectric RF Cable
Defence Standard 59-113 Lightning Strike Protection Requirements for Service Aircraft
Defence Standard 59-114 Principles for the Design and Assessment of Electrical Circuits
Incorporating Explosive Components
Defence Standard 61-5 Low Voltage Electrical Power Supply Systems – Ground
Part 2 Generating Set Characteristics
Defence Standard 61-5 Low Voltage Electrical Power Supply Systems – Quality of
Part 4 Electrical Power Systems in HM Ships
Defence Standard 61-5 Electrical Power Supply Systems Below 650 Volt – 28 Volt DC
Part 6 Electrical Systems in Military Vehicles
UK OFFICIAL 29
Designation Title
Defence Standard 68-69 Silicone compound electrical insulating NATO Code S – 736 Joint
Service Designation XG – 250
DERA/S&P/SAS/CR990132 Unified Electromagnetic Environmental Protection: A Design Guide
DSTL/DOC33211 Force Protection Electronic Counter Measures Electromagnetic

Compatibility Control Plan
EN 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic

safety-related systems
ICNIRP Guidelines International Commission on Non Ionising Radiation Protection

(ICNIRP) Guidelines for limiting Exposure to time varying Electric,
Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields up to 300 GHz, 1998
IEC 60533 Electrical and Electronic Installations in Ships - Electromagnetic

Compatibility
IEC 61000-2-1 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 2: Environment – Section

1: Description of the environment - Electromagnetic environment
for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public
power supply systems
IEC 61000-2-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 2-2: Environment –

Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and
signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems
IEC 60945 Maritime Navigation and Radio Communications Equipment and

Systems – General Requirements - Methods of Test and Required
Test Results
ISO 11452-5 Road Vehicles – Electrical Disturbances by Narrowband Radiated

Electromagnetic Energy – Component Test methods – Part 5
ISO 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories
ITU-R P.368-9 Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz

and 30 MHz
JSP 392, Volume 2, Leaflet 35 Radiofrequency Radiations
JSP 430 MOD Management of Ship Safety and Environmental Protection
JSP 440 Defence Manual of Security
JSP 454 Procedures for Land Systems Equipment Safety Assurance
30 UK OFFICIAL
Designation Title
JSP 518 Regulation of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme
JSP 520 Ordnance, Munitions and Explosives Safety Management System
JSP 538 Regulation of the Naval Nuclear Weapons Programme
LAB 12 The Expression of Uncertainty in Testing
LAB 34 The Expression of Uncertainty in EMC Testing
M3003 The Expression of Uncertainty and Confidence in Measurement
MAA01 Military Aviation Authority Regulatory Policy
MIL-STD-461 Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference

Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment
NPL Measurement Good Calibration and use of antennas, focussing on EMC applications
Practice Guide No. 73
NRPB Volume 15, No. 2 Advice on Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (0 - 300
GHz), 2004, National Radiological Protection Board
SAE ARP 958 Electromagnetic interference measurement antennas - standard

calibration method
STANAG 1380 NATO Naval Radio and RADAR Radiation Hazard Manual - AECP-
2(C) & AECP-2(C) Supplement
STANAG 4145 Nuclear Survivability Criteria for Armed Forces Materiel and
Installations
STANAG 4234 Electromagnetic Radiation (Radio Frequency) - 200 kHz To 40 GHz

Environment - Affecting The Design Of Material For Use By NATO
Forces
STANAG 4235 Electrostatic Discharge Environment
STANAG 4370 Environmental Testing
UK Mil AIP - UKMLFHB UK Military Aeronautical Information Publication - The UK Military

Low Flying Handbook
UK OFFICIAL 31
Annex B
List of Definitions Applicable to this Standard
Accept/Reject Level The test level below which an EUT susceptibility is deemed to fail to comply
with the test requirements
Above Decks Equipment Any equipment installed or used on the exposed upper deck, or outside the
EM Citadel. This includes such areas as the Hangar, the Bridge or FRP
structures of a metal ship and any compartment on a non-metallic ship that
does not incorporate an electromagnetic screen.
Aerial Synonymous with antenna.
Ambient Noise The background levels of electromagnetic energy emanating from sources
other than the equipment under test. This energy may arise from atmospheric
or man-made noise. The ambient noise level is the level present with the
equipment under test de-energised and all ancillary test equipment operating.
Antenna A device designed for radiation or reception of electromagnetic wave energy.
Antenna correction factor The factor which when applied to the voltage appearing at the measuring
instrument gives the field strength at the antenna.
Antenna counterpoise A ground reference plane for a monopole antenna.
Antenna power gain (Gp) The ratio of the radiation intensity, φ (power/unit solid angle) radiated in a
given direction, to the antenna input power (Wt) divided by 4π.
Gp = 4 π φ/Wt
Note that the gain is directional and includes losses in the antenna.
The Antenna Power Gain may be expressed in decibels by multiplying its

logarithm (to the base 10) by 10. The Power Gain has been defined with
respect to an isotropic radiator so that it is convenient to report the decibel
value in the unit (dBi).
Care should be taken to distinguish between the use of an isotropic reference

antenna and practical antennas such as the half-wave dipole. The power gain
of a (loss-less) half-wave dipole in its equatorial plane normal to its axis, is
2.15 dBi.
Antenna radiation pattern The radiation pattern of an antenna is a graphical representation of the
radiation of the antenna as a function of direction, at a fixed distance from the
antenna.
Omni directional antennas are usually intended to provide a uniform field

strength, for all directions in a horizontal plane.
A useful representation of radiation pattern in this case is one in which the field
strength (at a fixed horizontal distance) is plotted radially against the azimuthal
direction which is conveniently measured with respect to the platform heading.
This representation is a polar plot.
32 UK OFFICIAL
Antenna system The items comprising the antenna system usually include the intentional
radiating element (e.g. a vertical rod), the antenna base, connecting cable to
the matching/tuning unit(s), connecting cable to the radio antenna port. The
antenna system may sometimes include a specially provided ground plane on
which the radiating element is mounted
Apparatus Same definition as "Equipment" for the purposes of this Standard.
Note that "apparatus" has a particular meaning under the EC EMC Directive
and means any finished appliance or combination thereof made commercially
available as a single functional unit, intended for the end user and liable to
generate electromagnetic disturbance, or the performance of which is liable to
be affected by such disturbance
Asset A generic term referring to the platform complete with all its systems or a
collection of platforms such as a Brigade HQ
Average detector A detector, whose, output voltage is the average value of the envelope of an
applied signal. Note: The average value must be taken over a specified time
interval.
Balun A network for coupling between an unbalanced transmission line or system

and a balanced line or system.
Bandwidth (of a receiver, The extent of a continuous range of frequencies over which, the gain does not
amplifier or network). differ from its maximum value by more than a specified amount.
Below Deck The enclosed portions of a ship not exposed to weather, including the interior
of metal masts.
Blind Arcs Specific areas, protected from a relevant transmission beam, or site line,
within the horizontal or vertical plane of that beam or line.
Bond A term applied to metal parts that are adequately connected together to
ensure an electrical low impedance path.
Bond Strap The device used to affect a low impedance bond.
Broadband emission An emission, which has a spectral energy distribution sufficiently uniform and
continuous so that the response of the measuring receiver, in use, does not
vary significantly when it is tuned over a range of frequencies of several times
the receiver bandwidth.
Bushing Capacitor A capacitor with a central current-carrying conductor or the conductor

connected with a current-carrying rod surrounded by the capacitor element
which is symmetrically bonded to the centre conductor and to the outer casing
to form a coaxial construction - it is to be mounted co-axially.
Cable A single or a number of circuit conductors harnessed together.
Cable loss The attenuation of a signal, along a cable’s length, due to the characteristics of
the conductor.
Certain apparatus EC EMC Directive definition that means an apparatus intended for
incorporation into a given fixed installation and that is not otherwise
commercially available.
Circuit The means by which components are electrically connected together.
UK OFFICIAL 33
Commercial off the shelf Commercial equipment procured for military purposes without modification.
(COTS)
Common Mode Interference An interference current or voltage which is common to two or more terminals
Current or Voltage of a circuit with respect to a reference terminal
Component The smallest element from which equipment is built – e.g. semiconductor,
connector, gasket, filter, cable etc.
Conducted emission Electromagnetic energy which is propagated along a conductor.
Conducted susceptibility Assessment of the immunity of the equipment under test to potentially
interfering signals propagated by conduction.
Continuous Noise Electromagnetic disturbance (noise), the effect of which is not resolvable into a
succession of discrete pulses in the normal operation of the particular system
concerned and whose average amplitude does not vary significantly with time
Contractor A firm or organization which is in receipt of a contract issued by the MOD for
the provision of stores, equipment or service.
Crosstalk the unwanted transfer of energy from one circuit, called the 'disturbing' circuit,
to another circuit, called the 'disturbed' circuit
Current probe A sensor which can be clamped around a conductor or conductors and which
produces an output proportional to the net current flowing in that conductor or
conductors.
Design Authority The approved firm, establishment or branch responsible within the terms of the
contract, or other formal agreement, for all aspects of the design of a system,
sub-system or item of equipment to approved specifications, and authorised to
sign a certificate of design or to certify drawings. The responsibilities of the
Design Authority will normally continue until the end of the in-service phase.
Differential Mode Interference An interference current or voltage which appears between any two terminals of
Current or Voltage a circuit
Directional coupler A device which when inserted in series with a transmission line will sample an
incident or reflected wave.
Discontinuous Noise Electromagnetic disturbance (noise) occurring during some periods (bursts)
alternated with noise-free intervals
Earth Any conductor system which makes direct electrical connection with the sea or
earth.
Earthing The process of ensuring a satisfactory electrical connection between the

structure including the metal skin of an object or vehicle and the surface of the
earth.
Electromagnetic Compatibility The ability of electrical and electronic equipments and systems to share the
(EMC) electronic spectrum and perform their desired functions without unacceptable
degradation from or to the electromagnetic environment.
Electromagnetic Disturbance Any electromagnetic phenomenon that may degrade the performance of a
device, equipment, or system, or adversely affect living and inert matter.
34 UK OFFICIAL
Electromagnetic The totality of electrical and magnetic field strengths (or power flux
Environment densities), voltages and current, whether intentional or unintentionally
generated, at a given location.
Electromagnetic interference Impairment of the functioning of a device, equipment or system caused by an

(EMI) electromagnetic disturbance.
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP) - The electromagnetic radiation
associated with a lightning discharge.
Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP) - The electromagnetic radiation

caused by Compton-recoil electrons and photoelectrons from photons
scattered in the materials of the nuclear device or in a surrounding medium as
a result of a nuclear explosion. When produced by an exo-atmospheric
nuclear detonation the EMP is called high altitude EMP (HEMP). When
produced by an endo-atmospheric nuclear detonation the EMP is called a
source region EMP (SREMP).
The resulting LEMP or NEMP electric and magnetic fields may couple with
electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) The passage of a pulse of current between an electrostatically charged object
and a conducting body having capacitance to, or being connected to, earth.
Electrotechnology for Any entity employing electrical and/or electronic technologies that provides
Functional Safety (EFS) one or more functions having a direct impact on safety
EM Citadel The boundary in a (Sea) platform's structure at which it is necessary to

stop the currents induced in the upper deck structure, or fittings, from
entering the platform and cross-coupling to other systems within the
citadel. The EM citadel is not necessarily the same as the gas-tight/NBC
citadel.
Equipment Normally a single electrical/electronic box. However in the new modular

electronics concept, the modules forming the equipment may not be
located in the same box.
Note "Equipment" has a particular meaning under the EC EMC Directive and
means either an apparatus or a fixed installation.
Equipment Under Test (EUT) Equipment being assessed for procurement purposes. It may comprise
complete systems, subsystems or single units. The exact extent of equipment
to be assessed shall be that detailed in the test plan.
EWEMIT Enhanced Weapon Electronic Mutual Interference Trial, the requirements of

which are given in BR 9463 (see also WEMIT).
Field strength In radio wave propagation, the magnitude of a component of any specified
polarization of the electric or magnetic field, may be expressed in volts per
metre or amps per metre respectively.
Filter An assembly of components intended to be connected in electric circuits for

the purpose of reducing unwanted currents and voltages
Fitted For Radio (FFR) Applied to all Land vehicles that have a 24 volt electrical system, additional
radio batteries and RFI suppression components fitted to all electrical
automotive systems.
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Fixed Installation EC EMC Directive definition that means a particular combination of several
types of apparatus and, where applicable, other devices, which are
assembled, installed and intended to be used permanently at a pre-defined
location.
Forward power The power into the load.
Functional EMC The ability of electrical and electronic equipment, subsystems and
systems, with any sensors or aerials in operational condition, to share
the electromagnetic spectrum and perform their desired functions without
unacceptable degradation from or to the specified electromagnetic
environment.
Fundamental EMC The ability of electrical and electronic equipment, subsystems and
systems, with any sensors or aerials in dummy load condition, to share
the electromagnetic spectrum and perform their desired functions without
unacceptable degradation from or to the specified electromagnetic
environment.
Grounding The bonding of an equipment case or framework to an object or vessel

structure to ensure a common potential.
Ground plane A metal plate or sheet used as a common reference point for the equipment
under test.
Immunity The ability of an equipment, sub-system or system to operate satisfactorily in

the presence of electromagnetic interference
Impulse bandwidth The average bandwidth of the impulse response curve. It is approximately
equal to 1.05 times the bandwidth at 6 dB below maximum response.
Initial Nuclear Radiation (INR) Gamma and Neutron radiation which can produce a variety of permanent and
transitory effects on electrotechnical equipment
Insertion Loss (of a The ratio of voltage before and after the insertion of the suppressor as
suppressor) measured at the terminals of an appropriate test circuit
Installation Under Test (IUT) The installed equipment, system or whole platform that is the subject of a test
or trial.
Intermodulation The modulation of the components of a complex wave by each other, as a

result of which waves are produced that have frequencies equal to the sums
and differences of integral multiples of those of the components of the original
complex wave
Lead-through Capacitor A capacitor in which the supply current flows through or across the electrodes
Line Impedance Stabilising A network inserted in the power supply and on power load leads of the
Network (LISN) equipment under test to provide specified measuring impedance for
electromagnetic noise measurements and to isolate the equipment under test
from the power source or load at radio frequencies.
Line Replacement Unit (LRU) An equipment that is readily replaced in the field.
Magnetostatic field A time invariant magnetic field e.g. that produced by a conductor carrying
direct current or by a permanent magnet.
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Malfunction A condition when the equipment under test suffers a significant loss of
performance due to interference. The failure criteria shall be defined in the test
plan.
MEMIC (Mobile Broadband radio frequency interference resulting from movement of a vehicle
Electromagnetic causing abrupt changes in the magnitude of radio frequency currents induced
Incompatibility) in the structure of that vehicle by the radiated field from a transmitting antenna
mounted on the vehicle.
Military Off The Shelf Military specific equipment that has been designed to meet a military
equipment (MOTS) requirement or specification. This may include equipment designed to meet a
different requirement or specification within Def Stan 59-411 or alternatively,
another country’s requirement or specification.
Mission Critical A characteristic or function of an equipment or system in which a failure can

cause the task or operation demanded from the materiel to be abandoned or
severely impaired.
Module A sub-unit of a piece of equipment, which is reliant on the equipment for

functionality.
Narrowband-emission An emission which manifests itself at a discrete frequency. Narrowband

emissions generally arise from the harmonics produced by equipment
generating continuous oscillations. Impulsive emission which would normally
be regarded as broadband can manifest itself as narrowband provided that the
generation of impulses is regular and that the pulse repetition frequency is
comparable with, or greater than, the bandwidth of the measuring equipment.
Narrowband emissions may be identified because they are sharply tuneable.
Non Fitted for Radio (NFFR) Applied to military vehicles (e.g. light and medium utility trucks) without radios.
The electrical supply is normally 12 volt DC.
Non-linear Device A device characterised by an electric parameter, which depends upon the
magnitude of the current, which it carries, or upon the voltage across its
terminals, or upon both
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse A secondary output of nuclear weapons resulting from the interaction of the
(NEMP) prompt gamma rays with the atmosphere.
Passive antenna Any antenna on a multi-antenna installation which is NOT the immediate
subject of radiation pattern or power gain tests.
Peak detector function A detector which gives an output signal equivalent to the peak value of an
input signal.
Platform In the context of installations, "platform" refers to the basic structure on which
electric or electronic systems are installed e.g. a vehicle, container body, ship
or aircraft could form the platform for an installation.
Power flux density Power flow per unit area through a surface normal to the direction of flow,
usually expressed as watts per square metre.
Powerline A line conveying electrical power between power bus bars and equipment
under test.
Primary installation earth Usually the largest single metal part of the platform on which the installation is
mounted. Parts which are welded or brazed together are regarded as a single
entity but not those joined by bolts or rivets.
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Primary mounting hardware The primary mechanical interface between the platform and two or more
installed equipments e.g. the Z-rails in a Container Body; the Radio Table or
the Dexion Angle Framework in a "fitted-for-radio" (FFR) Landrover.
Project Manager The individual to whom responsibility has been assigned for the overall
management of technical, time and cost aspects of a project or group of
projects and the motivation of those concerned.
Prime Contractor The company or organization who is in receipt of a contract issued by the
MOD for integration of all systems on to a weapon platform or major
equipment procurement. This is usually but not always the largest contractor
for the weapon platform or total system
Radiated emission Signals and/or noise propagated by radiated fields.
Radio Hazards ( RADHAZ ) Relates to the risk of harmful effects in humans, and to the inadvertent
ignition of flammables or EED resulting from electromagnetic radiation in
the radio frequency band up to 300 GHz.
Radiated susceptibility The immunity of the equipment under test to potentially interfering signals
propagated by radiation.
Responsible Person EC EMC Directive definition that means the person who, by virtue of their
ownership or control of the relevant fixed installation is able to determine that
the configuration of the installation is such that when used it complies with the
protection requirements.
Safety Bond The bond between a cabinet or the metalwork of equipment and the structure
for electrical safety. This bond is intended to prevent shock hazard to
personnel in the event of a system fault.
Safety Critical A characteristic or function of an equipment or system in which a failure or

malfunction may cause a direct hazard to personnel and/or loss of materiel.
Safety Related A characteristic or function of an equipment or system whose correct operation

contributes to the safety of personnel or material.
Screen A device, usually structural in nature, sited at source and/or in line, used to
constrain electromagnetic fields.
Screening Effectiveness The ratio of the field strengths at a point in the protected region before and
after the insertion of the screen, with the applied field remaining constant
Secondary mounting hardware The mechanical means by which an individual equipment may be physically
mounted on another equipment or be attached to the primary mounting
hardware. Sometimes provision is made for quick release of equipment from
secondary mounting hardware.
Spectral Amplitude The magnitude of the spectrum per unit frequency bandwidth
Sponsor Department That department responsible for defining the user’s requirement for the
equipment to be procured.
Spurious Response A response of an electronic circuit to energy outside its designed reception
bandwidth
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Support Equipment Equipment necessary to operate and service weapon platform systems
without running the propulsion engines or in-flight power sources. It also
includes all performance and recording test equipment that can be directly
coupled to the weapon platform, its systems or its stores.
Surface Transfer Impedance The ratio of the voltage induced in the centre conductor per unit length to the
(of a Coaxial Cable) current on the external surface of the screen
Susceptibility The unacceptable response or malfunction of equipment, sub-systems or

systems when subject to electromagnetic energy
System A combination of equipment or outfits.
TEMPEST A short name referring to unintentional radiation/ conduction of compromising

emanations from information-processing equipments. It is sometimes used
synonymously for the term "compromising emanations"; e.g. TEMPEST tests,
TEMPEST inspections.
Threshold Of malfunction or susceptibility, the lowest level of signal or noise which will
produce unacceptable degradation of performance.
Transfer impedance (current The ratio of the voltage delivered by the probe across a specified load, to the
probes) current flowing in the conductor around which the probe has been clamped.
Transfer Impedance (of a two The quotient of the voltage appearing across one pair of terminals when
terminal- pair network) terminated in a specified manner and the current applied to the other pair
Transient A large amplitude, short duration, pulse of electromagnetic energy.
Transient Radiation Effects on The transient and permanent effects of nuclear radiation on electronic
Electronics (TREE) components and circuits
Unintentional Emissions Emissions from electronic equipment that cause a compromise of the
platforms emission control (EMCON) policy, e.g. leaky dummy loads or
intermediate frequencies of receivers radiating from the aerial.
Unit Under Test (UUT) A physically separated and grounded unit, forming part of a functioning EUT,
to which the test stimulus is applied.
Unwanted Emissions Emissions that radiate from electrotechnical equipment other than those
for which the equipment was designed to radiate, e.g. unwanted
harmonics, sidelobes from aerials or broadband electromagnetic
interference.
Upper Deck The whole exposed area of a ship above the main deck. This includes all
weatherdecks, superstructure and masts.
User Requirement Document An all-embracing, structural expression of the user needs for a bounded
(URD) operational capability. It is generated from the single statement of need
identified through the equipment capability strategy process.
Voltage standing wave ratio The ratio of the rms voltage at the crest of a standing wave to the rms voltage
(VSWR) at the trough.
Weapon Equipment Naval equipment that includes sensors, data processors, decoys,
weapon launchers and the appropriate naval armament stores,
communications, electronic warfare and navigation equipment for both
surface and underwater systems.
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Weatherdeck Shipboard areas or decks, such as the main deck and above, which are
exposed to the direct radio frequency (RF) radiation fields from the ship's own
aerials. Weatherdeck includes flight decks, lift wells and aerial decks. Hangar
decks and interior sponson deck areas are not considered to be weatherdeck.
Zero Volt Line A low resistance reference connection point generally taken as being at zero
potential - the potential at any point in the equipment can be measured in
respect to this line
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Annex C
Applicability Of Tests By Equipment Type
Test Frequency Range Purpose Applicable to Equipment Typea
DCE01
Air 20 Hz – 150 MHz To measure and control differential 1 & 2. Not required for self-contained
and common mode emissions on battery powered equipment unless
Land 500 Hz – 100 MHz individual primary power lines. there is an externally connected
recharge mode.
Sea 500 Hz – 100 MHz
DCE02
Air 20 Hz – 150 MHz To measure and control common 1 & 2. Also consider for other
mode emissions from signal, control equipment with control cables.
Land 500 Hz – 150 MHz and power cables.
Sea 500 Hz – 100 MHz Note: Special secondary power

cables for sub-systems are to be
considered as control and signal
cables.
DCE03
Air Transient To measure and control amplitude All

and duration of transients appearing
Land on power leads caused by normal
operation of the equipment.
Sea
DCS01
Air 20 Hz – 50 kHz To measure and control susceptibility 1 and consider for support equipment.
of EUT to mains borne interference in
Land differential mode at low frequencies.
Sea Note: Not applicable to battery

powered equipment unless there is a
recharge mode.
DCS02
Air 50 kHz – 400 MHz To confirm that the EUT is not 1

susceptible to interference on power,
Land control and signal cables in common
mode at higher frequencies.
Sea
UK OFFICIAL 41
DCS03
Air 20 Hz – 50 kHz To confirm that the EUT is not 1

susceptible to low frequency
Land interference on control and signal
leads.
Sea
DCS04
Air Transient To confirm that the EUT will withstand All

transients injected onto power supply
and interconnecting cables. Note: If DCS08 is a requirement then
only the type 2 transient test is
required
DCS05
Land Transient To confirm that the EUT will withstand All

short transients produced by local
Sea switching or NEMP coupled to its Also consider for support equipment
power supply, control and signal where EMP hardening is a
cables. requirement
DCS06b
Land Transient To confirm that long transients typical All

of those produced by group switching
Sea of equipment will not will not cause
damage, malfunction or degradation
of performance.
DCS08
Air Transient To confirm that induced transients All

resulting from any NEMP or the high
frequency components of LEMP will
not cause damage, malfunction or
unacceptable degradation of
performance. The test is applicable
to all power, control and signal looms.
DCS09
Air Transient To confirm that coupled transients All

resulting from a direct lightning strike
will not cause damage, malfunction or
unacceptable degradation of
performance.
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DCS10
Air Transient To confirm that ESD transferred to All

equipment by personnel contact will
Land not cause damage, malfunction or Land and Sea equipment if operated
unacceptable degradation of in an air-conditioned or protected
Sea performance. environment.
DCS12
Sea Transient To confirm that mains borne low All

frequency transients generated by
high power switching will not cause
damage, malfunction or degradation
of performance.
DRE01
Air 10 kHz – 18 GHz To measure and confirm E field 1&2

emissions from an EUT have been
Land 14 kHz – 18 GHz controlled Under special circumstances,
consider for all equipment types.
Sea 14 kHz – 1 GHz
DRE02
Air 20 Hz – 100 kHz To measure and confirm H field 1 & 2.

emissions from an EUT have been
Land 20 Hz – 250 kHz controlled. To establish the minimum Type 3 if fed with AC Power and for
separation distances for cables and support equipment
Sea 20 Hz – 100 kHz equipment for compatibility.
DRE03
Land 1.6 MHz – 88 MHz To measure and confirm E field 1&2

emissions have been controlled to
prevent degradation of adjacent radio Applicable to both subsystems and
receiving equipment performance. complete vehicles
DRE04
Land Operating frequency To measure and confirm E field 1&2

range for the receiver emissions coupled from a platform
under test. onto an installed antenna have been Applicable to all installed receiver
controlled to prevent degradation of equipment at platform level only
the receiver equipment performance.
DRS01
Air 20 Hz – 100 kHz To confirm the EUT will not 1

malfunction when subjected to H
Land fields. If malfunction occurs at the
test antenna separation from the
Sea EUT, the separation at which the
malfunction ceases is recorded.
UK OFFICIAL 43
DRS02
Air 10 kHz – 18 GHz To confirm the EUT will not 1

malfunction when subjected to high
Land 10 kHz – 18 GHz level radiated E fields.
Sea 150 kHz – 18 GHz
DRS03c
Land High level static To confirm the EUT will not Type 1 equipment containing
magnetic field (and malfunction when subjected to high components sensitive to high level
Sea rate of change of level magnetic fields such as those magnetic fields e.g. cathode ray
field). produced by degaussing coils. tubes, photo multipliers, sensitive Hall
Effect devices, magnetic tape
equipment, etc.
a Equipment types are:

Type 1 - Equipment containing electronic components
Type 2 - Motors, generators and electromechanical units (excluding items under Type 3)
Type 3 - Relays, solenoids and transformers
b The requirements of test DCS11 shown in previous issues of the Standard has now been combined with test DCS06.
c The test DMFS01 shown in previous issues of the Standard has been renamed DRS03
44 UK OFFICIAL
Annex D
An Example of a Standard EMC Test Certificate
NOTE This example is a minimum requirement.
Project Name:
Customer Details:
Details of Equipment Under Test (EUT), to include Serial Number(s) and Build / Modification State(s):
Changes to EUT during test:
EMC Test Plan Reference:
EMC Control Plan Reference:
Test Report Reference:
Test House Details (inc. Accreditation details):
Tested by:
Test Start Date:
Test Finish Date:
Test Specification, issue and date:
Equipment Type (1, 2 or 3):
Equipment Feeding External Stores (Airside only):
Additional Information:
Name of Test House:
Signature of Test House:
Date of Signature:
UK OFFICIAL 45
TABLE OF TEST RESULTS (Refer to Key at foot of Table)
Test Suffixa Air Service Land Service Limit Class Sea Service Limit
Criteriaf
Performance
Class
A B C D
Decks
Above
Decks
Below
Based
Land
DCE01 n/a
DCE02 n/a
DCE03 n/a
DCS01
DCS02b A B C A B C A B A B A B
DCS03
DCS04
DCS05c
DCS06
DCS08
DCS09d Pulse SP IP LP
Cat 1
Cat 2
Cat 3
Cat 4
DCS10 Safety Critical Mission

Critical
DCS12
DRE01e n/a X Y Z
DRE02 n/a
DRE03 n/a
DRS01
DRS02
DRS03
46 UK OFFICIAL
Test Air Service Land Service Limit Class Sea Service Limit
Suffixa
Criteriaf
Performance
Class
A B C D
Decks
Above
Decks
Below
Based
Land
a Annex suffix in Part 3, e.g. If testing Man Worn / Man Portable Equipment, add an ‘A’ in this column against the relevant test or
‘B’ for LRUs/sub-systems.
b For DCS02, test levels:
A = Accept / Reject Level
B = Test Level – Non-Safety Critical
C = Test Level – Safety Critical
c
For DCS05, Land Service EMP pulse only, two different categories apply 1 and 2.
Cat 1 : Equipment mounted within armoured vehicles
Cat 2 : Equipment mounted in unprotected locations
d For DCS09 four different position categories apply 1, 2, 3 & 4.
CAT 1 Equipment and cabling installed in a protected electromagnetic environment such as a completely enclosed avionics bay in a
metallic aircraft.
CAT 2 Equipment and cabling installed in a partially exposed electromagnetic environment such as a cockpit of an aircraft with a
large metallic structure.
CAT 3 Equipment and cabling bonded to the same part of the aircraft structure and installed in an exposed electromagnetic
environment where large portions of the airframe are constructed from poorly conducting or CFC materials.
CAT 4 Equipment and cabling bonded to different parts of the aircraft structure and installed in an exposed electromagnetic
environment where large portions of the airframe are constructed from poorly conducting or CFC materials.
For DCS09 Application of test waveforms:
SP = Short pulse: All EUTs
IP = Intermediate pulse: EUTs installed in a well bonded, low impedance, largely metallic structure
LP = Long pulse : Carbon Fibre Composite (CFC) airframes/panels
e
For DRE01, Air equipment category :
X = Fixed wing internal greater than 25m nose to tail
Y = Fixed wing internal less than 25m nose to tail
Z = Fixed wing external and helicopters
f
Refer to Part 3 Clause 6.18
NOTE Key to Table
P = Pass F = Fail (For tests DRE02 and DRS01 record the actual distance)
T = Pass Tailored test (requirement has either been reduced or reduced and enhanced e.g. reduced freq range but
more stringent levels)
T+ = Pass Tailored test (enhanced meets the minimum requirement given in this Standard and additional requirements
e.g. extended frequency range and/or more stringent levels).
C = Concession N = Not Tested
N/A = Not Applicable
UK OFFICIAL 47
Annex E
Sea Service Whole Platform Electromagnetic Engineering Management
E.1 The EME Management Plan

An EME management plan is to be provided specifying the management procedures and means by which
individual electrotechnical equipment and systems or the platform with its associated equipment and
systems will meet the URD without operational deterioration being caused by EMI, NEMP, the EM effects of
lightning strike and ESD, while simultaneously providing protection from the effects of RADHAZ on
personnel, fuel and ordnance.
The EME management plan is to include the EME design study plan, the EME risk management plan and an
EME documentation management plan. The plan is to be produced within one month of placement of the
contract and is to be updated regularly and re-issued at six monthly intervals or as required by the contract.
The platform or equipment EME management plan is also to describe how the following activities are to be
achieved.
a) The review of the equipment, system or platform EME requirements and the specification of the EME
design intentions and the standards to be used (see Clause 6 and Part 5)
b) The carrying out of equipment, system or platform EME design studies (see Part 5)
c) The monitoring and control of the equipment, system or platform EME risk reduction actions (see EM
working group Clause 8.5)
d) The development of the EME acceptance schedule for the equipment, system or platform
e) The compilation of the EME documentation
f) The provision of formal progress reports
g) The provision of configuration control of the EME design and documentation
The analysis of any EME impact caused by design changes as required in support of a platform
configuration control process.
E.2 The EME Design Intentions Specification

An EME design intentions specification for the equipment, system or the platform is to be produced within
three months of placement of the contract, or as specified in the contract. The document is to be updated six
monthly or as required by the contract.
The specification is to include:
a) The design intentions and standards to be applied to the platform and all electrotechnical equipment and
systems for the regulation of radiated and conducted emissions and susceptibility
b) The design intentions and standards to be applied to the installation and integration of electrotechnical
equipment and systems, for example:
1) Screening (structures, compartments and cabling)
2) Bonding
48 UK OFFICIAL
3) Grounding
4) Cabling
5) Waveguides
6) Pipework and ventilation trunking
c) The design intentions and standards to quantify the potential effects of fundamental and functional
interference through modelling and tests. This is to cover areas such as:
1) RF environment modelling
2) Interference simulation
3) Signal injection
4) Spectrum time and spatial measurement
5) General system response recording activities
d) The different design intentions and standards for the reduction of EMI between the platform's
electrotechnical and electronic equipment and systems fitted:
1) Within the EM citadel, i.e.
i) Below decks
ii) Within TEMPEST coupling zones
2) Outside the EM citadel, i.e.
i) On the upper deck
ii) In compartments with openings onto the upper deck, e.g., bridge, hangar and internal
passageways
iii) In FRP structures and housings
e) The design intentions and standards for the reduction of intermodulation products
f) The design intentions and standards for the limitation of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) damage to
subassemblies containing electrostatic discharge sensitive devices when removed from equipment for
maintenance operations
g) The design intentions and standards to minimise the transfer of interference through ground loops
h) The design intentions and standards to minimise the effects of NEMP
i) The design intentions and standards to minimise the effects of non-ionising radiation on personnel, fuel
and ordnance
j) The design intentions and standards to minimise the EM effects of a lightning strike on the ship
k) The design intentions and standards to minimise the effects of unintentional emissions, including the
application of EMCON and EMSEC
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l) The design procedures to ensure that the platform and combat system have taken appropriate account
of potential future developments. This is to include sufficient suitable sites for additional systems and a
combat system architecture capable of integrating changes to systems easily without EMC performance
penalties
m) The design tools and method for predicting, quantifying and assessing the operational constraints of
unresolved EMI
The specification is to state the requirements detailed in this section, as applicable to platform or equipment,
or as specified in the contract. Where applicable, minimum standards for the above are to be stated in the
contract or SRD.
E.3 The EME Design Study Plan

An EME design study plan is to be produced to control studies, investigations, analysis and modelling
activities as required to identify and resolve EM conflicts, to optimise the installed performance of the
platform's systems and electrotechnical equipment and to meet the EME specification.
EME design study plans are to be produced for both equipment and platform projects. The requirements for
an equipment study plan will comprise the relevant sections of the following platform requirements:
a) The identification of the platform EME risks
b) An EME risk management plan
c) The use of risk reduction design tools
d) An EME safety assessment
The studies are to take account of TEMPEST requirements.
E.4 The Identification of Platform EME Risks

The identification of the platform EME risks involves the reviewing of the known characteristics of the warship
and its equipment with the aim of establishing the potential risks through the analysis of the use of the EM
spectrum and of compatibility matrices.
The EME data for the platform and its equipment, brought together in the EME database, is to be used as
the source of EME characteristics and parametric data. This data is to be subject to configuration control.
A spectrum utilization chart is to be produced identifying each equipment and its utilization of the spectrum.
This chart is to be kept up to date as the source data changes. The analysis of the utilization of the
spectrum, includes Frequency Channel Allocation, provisional Communications Plans (COMPLAN) and likely
War Reserve Mode (WARM) emissions.
Platform compatibility matrices are to be produced to identify where the individual equipment and systems
may potentially affect each other through EMI based upon their utilization of the same spectrum and their
known EME characteristic data. The matrices are to list the equipment, by generic types known to be
sources of EMI, against those known to be generically susceptible to EMI. The matrices and the
characteristic data in the EME database are to be used to establish the EME risks. These risks are to be
graded high, medium and low based on their potential effects on the platform's integrated performance.
The spectrum utilisation charts and the compatibility matrices are to be collated into an EME risk report for
submission to MOD.
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E.5 The EME Risk Management Plan
An EME risk management plan is to be provided. It is to specify the means by which the EME risks identified
in the EME risk report will be analysed and resolved. The relative priority for this risk reduction work is to be
based upon the grading given in the EME risk report. The plan will require regular review and possible
amendment and is to cover:
a) Platform design studies of:
1) The upper deck design
2) The below decks design
3) The use of screening
4) The application of grounding techniques
5) The EME installation policy for cabling, waveguides, pipework and ventilation trunking
b) The application of EME risk reduction design tools
c) Progress reports as required by the project
E.6 The Platform Design Studies

Platform design studies are to be undertaken to review the identified EME risks. The relevant characteristics
and circumstances involving the integration of the equipment and systems into the platform, and where
necessary their operational drills, are to be analysed to determine possible solutions. Interference
investigations are to include considerations of harmonics above and below the nominal frequencies of the
receivers and unwanted emissions outside the equipment bandwidth. The investigations are to be based on
the ability of the equipment to reject the unwanted frequencies.
Reports of the platform design studies are to include the analysis of the potential EME risk and, through an
iterative design process involving liaison between equipment, system and platform designers, propose
solutions to reduce the risk. The proposed solutions will be subject to review, amendment and approval or
rejection by the project management group. Where no acceptable solution can be determined for specific
EME risks they are to be incorporated in the residual EME risk management schedule.
E.7 The Upper Deck EME Design Study

An upper deck EME design study is to be undertaken. The study will require the EME manager to be closely
involved with the upper deck design team providing EME impact analyses of their design proposals. The
studies are to be updated at regular intervals to record the iterations of the design work.
The study is to include:
a) The integration of the combat system and all other equipment into the upper deck design
b) The optimisation of the locations of emitter and sensor aerials and their respective weapon delivery
system to demonstrate the maximum system effectiveness
c) The optimisation of the locations of emitter and sensor equipment to minimise the length of RF feeder
cables and waveguides and ensure EMI protection from other sensors and emitters
d) Techniques to be employed to avoid unwanted interaction between aerials. Including consideration of

the use of Collocation Interference Cancelling Equipment (COLICE) to reduce EMI
UK OFFICIAL 51
e) Predictions of the upper deck EM field level at the specific locations of equipment, (including cabling,
waveguides and pipework), and personnel working areas to determine potential EMI risks to equipment,
and potential RADHAZ risks to personnel, ordnance and fuel. These locations are to include the
enclosed areas of the Bridge, all FRP structures and housings, the Hangar and openings to internal
passageways and ventilation trunks
f) The use of radar absorbent materials and radar fences
g) Location and installation of upper deck equipment and fittings to minimise re-radiation
h) The use of alternative non metallic materials for upper deck fittings, e.g. guard-rails, is to be investigated
to reduce intermodulation products. Any restriction in the use of such non-metallic materials and their
installation is to be stated
i) Design considerations for the reduction of the radar cross section of the platform
j) The provision of additional aerial sites for future equipment fits, for example spare yardarms or platforms
that will allow development of the platform without detriment to the existing EM environment
The study results are to show the effect of the surrounding structure on radiation patterns.
If FRP is used for part of the superstructure, calculations are to be included to show the adequacy of aerial
ground planes for efficient operation.
The predicted environment is to be compared with the EME database susceptibility characteristics to
determine any requirement for design changes to achieve compatibility. This comparison is to be part of the
EME basis for the location of the equipment.
A model of the platform is to be constructed; the model is to include the aerials and structure. The modelling
approach may be by computer modelling or scale modelling. Part 4 describes testing of a full sized mock-up
or scale modelling. Part 5 Annex C describes electromagnetic environment prediction.
Any changes that are recommended as a result of modelling are to be considered against the overall
requirements and, if acceptable, incorporated in the upper deck design.
The EME upper deck design report is to include an upper deck configuration drawing and a resultant
RADHAZ drawing. These drawings are to include the areas designated for the application of radar absorbent
material.
E.8 The Below Decks EME Design Study

As part of the location of equipment within compartments, the proposed compartment lay out is to be used,
in conjunction with the compatibility matrices, to generate compartment interference matrices.
The compartment interference matrices are to be studied, drawing upon equipment characteristics in the
EME database, to determine the level of the potential interference and its impact on other equipment fitted in
the compartment. These studies are to be reviewed, as the definition of the compartment design matures, to
ensure that the EMI impact on cabling, waveguides, pipework and ventilation trunking within the
compartment is included. Solutions are to be proposed to reduce the level of potential interference below the
susceptibility level.
For EME risk reduction purposes, passageways between watertight bulkheads are to be considered as
individual compartments. Additionally the use of non-metallic bulkheads may require equipment in adjacent
compartments to be included while generating compartment interference matrices.
The Below Decks EME design study report is to include the compartment interference matrices with
appropriate comments on the location of equipment, fittings, cables, waveguides, pipework, ventilation trunks
and grounding points. The report is to be included in the EME database and will require regular review and
possible amendment as the platform design progresses.
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E.9 The Screening Study
Where screening is proposed as a risk reduction solution, studies are to be undertaken to determine the
level of attenuation and the bandwidth required, the screening techniques proposed and the prediction of
their long term efficiency.
A study is to be carried out into the applications of FRP for structures and housings, and the methods of
providing screening and bonding. The long term efficiency of the screening and bonding is also to be
considered.
Where screening is proposed for compartments, cables or equipment, either as a total enclosure or as a
fence, the efficiency of the screen is to be predicted as follows.
a) The attenuation level and frequency response afforded by the screen is to be determined
b) The attenuation level and frequency response afforded by any filters (electrical and ventilation) fitted to
screened compartments is to be determined
The screening characteristics of any enclosure incorporating glass windows, e.g., the bridge or equipment
viewing apertures (for meters etc), is to be determined. The reports of the screening studies are to be
included in the EME database and will require regular review and possible amendment as the platform
design progresses.
E.10 The Grounding Study

A study is to be carried out into the grounding techniques to be applied for the suppression of interference. It
is to include the grounding of structure, screens, equipment, cables, conduit, waveguides, pipework and
ventilation trunks. The study is to consider the provision of several different system EMI grounding nets to
reduce the coupling of potential sources of interference through ground connections. It is also to consider if
separate safety and EMI grounding schemes are required.
The interference threshold within equipment is to be reviewed to ensure that the location of the chosen EMI
grounding points of the equipment, its cable screens and conduits do not raise the thresholds to the point
where interference results in unacceptable performance.
A report is to be provided of the analysis of the grounding requirements and of the proposals for grounding
as an EME risk reduction measure. The report is to be included in the EME database and will require regular
review and possible amendment as the platform design progresses.
E.11 The EME Installation Policy

A comprehensive EME installation policy is to be defined for the classification, separation and routing of the
following components.
a) Cables, including fibre optic cables
b) Waveguides
c) Pipework including conduit
d) Ventilation trunking
Predictions of the EM impact of the installation policy of the items above, i.e. between each other and
adjacent structures and equipment, is to be provided as part of the upper deck and below deck studies.
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A specification is to be produced for each of these categories of items classifying them into like groups for
installation purposes, listing the proposed separation between the groups and other equipment and fittings to
reduce EMI coupling.
The specification is to include information on the methods of identification to be used and the routing
throughout the ship. Details are to be provided where cables are to be run in conduit. The installation policy
and specifications are to be included in the EME database and will require regular review and possible
amendment as the platform design progresses.
E.12 EME Risk Reduction Design Tools

EME modelling tools selected for use during the platform design studies are to be identified. Their
capabilities and limitations along with their verification and validation methods are to be described and
reported. The use of models held within the platform CAD system is to be considered for use in conjunction
with the EME modelling tools. The use of the Shore Integration Facilities (SIF) is to be considered for specific
EME studies, subject to the degree to which the facility represents the platform installation.
An EME risk reduction design tools report is to be included in the EME database and will require regular
review and possible amendment as the platform design progresses.
A schedule is to be produced for the use of EME modelling tools, the platform CAD model, the SIF and
scaled copper models for the evaluation of the EME design options.
The following EMI and RADHAZ predictions should be undertaken as applicable and results provided.
Aerial coupling model, including prediction of near field and far field coupling, at emitter and sensor locations,
with RF near field prediction capability supported by a validation programme.
a) Aerial to cable coupling model
b) Cable to cable coupling model, including cable grouping and routing
c) Platform upper deck model, including radar and communications systems field strengths and RADHAZ
field strengths, incorporating a 3D display of RF hot spots and high level system interference predictions
d) Platform effectiveness model, including a high level assessment of EMI effects on combat system
effectiveness
e) EM energy (including NEMP) penetration of the bridge and hangar
f) Aerial propagation patterns, taking into account upper deck design
g) Field strengths in FRP structures and housings
h) Attenuation of glass windows and equipment viewing apertures
E.13 The EM Safety Assessment

An assessment of the EM hazards is to be undertaken using the predicted field strengths and the associated
implications for personnel, fuel and ordnance. Where the predicted fields change, for whatever reason, a
reassessment of the hazards is to be undertaken and reported.
The aspects of aerial beam patterns and movement, related to working on the upper deck and masts are
also to be considered.
An EM safety assessment report is to be provided. The report is to be included in the EME database and will
require regular review and possible amendment as the platform design progresses.
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E.14 The EME Control Plan
An EME control plan for the ship is to be produced to ensure that the implementation of the agreed
recommendations of the EME studies is incorporated into the platform design at the earliest possible time.
Typically the plan will incorporate the following topics:
a) The production of an EME risk management schedule
b) The procedures for configuration control of EME design changes
c) The monitoring of design actions incorporating the EME risk reduction measures for the platform and in
its equipment as follows:
1) Platform arrangements and compartment lay out
2) Upper deck lay out, masts, fittings, bonding and aerial arrangements
3) System and equipment specifications
4) System and equipment EME testing
5) Platform and combat system integration
6) Control of proposed changes to the platform's systems and equipment
7) Emission and reception spectrum management
8) Separation and routing of cables, waveguides, pipework and ventilation trunks
9) Application of grounding, bonding and shielding techniques
10) Electrotechnical and combat system equipment installation
11) Prevention of EM safety hazards
d) The overseeing of the realization of the EME risk reduction measures during platform and equipment
design and construction. This is to include suitable testing and simulation procedures for the individual
equipment and the whole platform. Such activities are to be started sufficiently early in the design and
build stages to allow resolution without major time or cost penalties.
e) The acceptance of the EME design of the First-of-Class and the SIF through the following inspections
and trials:
1) Installation inspections
2) Platform and equipment functional and acceptance trials
3) The conduct of specific EME tests and trials
f) The liaison with appropriate specialist sections within the MOD, for example Equipment EME managers,
platform and equipment design and construction groups. This is to include assessment of the
operational implications of any unresolved EMC or MI problems. Suitable operational scenarios are to
be used when identifying the ramification of the interference within the combat system
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E.15 EME Risk Management Schedule

The EME risk management schedule is to be provided, listing each of the EME risks identified and is to
indicate the progress towards achieving each risk reduction measure. The data contained in the schedule is
to show the source of the problem, the victim, the proposed priority for action, the development of a solution
and its verification. It is also to include a brief description of the proposed solution, e.g.:
a) The installation characteristic required, i.e.:
1) The grade of screening
2) The grounding mechanism
3) The classification, grouping and separation
4) The location
b) The design change required
Following these studies and the adoption of the proposed EME risk reduction measures, the residual EME
risks, for which no engineering solution has been possible, are to be listed separately within the schedule.
Where considered appropriate, the operational implications of these unresolved EME problems are to be
assessed, using approved operational scenarios. Changes to operational procedures may be proposed for
the minimization of these residual risks.
The schedule is to specify the EMC/MI precautions to be taken and listed in the interference precaution
schedule produced for the platform.
The EME risk management schedule is to be included in the EME database and will require regular review
and possible amendment as the platform design progresses.
E.16 Configuration Control of EME Design Changes

The risk reduction measures proposed, resulting from the studies above, may include design change
proposals for the ship and/or its equipment. On submission of the study report, such design change
proposals are to be raised, in accordance with the design configuration control procedures, for formal
consideration by the appropriate working group. The working groups are to include EME managers or their
representatives.
A record is to be maintained of all EME initiated and related design changes. The record is to be included in
the EME database and will require review and possible amendment at regular intervals as the ship design
progresses.
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E.17 The Equipment EME Acceptance Schedule

An EME trials acceptance schedule is to be produced for equipment, subsystems and systems to establish
the EMI/EMC performance. The report is to detail:
a) Evidence of equipment and system EMC/EMI design, prediction and test
b) The EME characteristics of the equipment, including simulations and trials results
c) Trial requirements for the equipment, subsystem or system EME acceptance
d) The modes of operation of equipment during each phase of the EME acceptance trials
e) The provision of acceptable evidence, based on a) and b) above, where full system testing is not feasible
f) The acceptance criteria for interference suffered by each equipment during the EME acceptance trials
The results of these measurements with any deviations from the test methods are to be recorded and the
reports presented to the nominated acceptance authority and included in the EME database.
A trial schedule is to be produced for each trial.
A certificate of conformance is to be produced to confirm that the equipment or system meets the EMC
design requirements.
Where the equipment or system contains ESD sensitive devices, a certificate of conformance is to be
produced to confirm that it meets the ESD design requirements.
E.18 The Platform EME Acceptance Schedule

An EME trials acceptance schedule is to be produced for the platform to establish the EMI/EMC performance
of the equipment when integrated with each other. The report is to detail:
a) Evidence of equipment and system EMC/EMI design, prediction and test
b) The EME characteristics of equipment installations, simulations and trials results
c) Trial requirements for the platform EME acceptance
d) The modes of operation of equipment during each phase of the EME acceptance trials
e) The provision of acceptable evidence, based in a) and b) above, where full system testing is not feasible
f) The acceptance criteria for interference suffered by each equipment during the EME Acceptance Trials
The results of these measurements with any deviations from the test methods are to be recorded and the
reports presented to the nominated acceptance authority and included in the EME Database.
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EME acceptance of the platform will be achieved in two stages, shore acceptance trials and on-board
acceptance trials.
1) The shore acceptance trials are to include:
i) Measurement of EM field strength
ii) Fundamental and functional EMC, (determining the ability of equipment to operate without
degrading another equipment's performance or be degraded by emissions from their aerials)
iii) Assessment of interference between equipment
iv) Verification of radiation hazards
2) On-board acceptance trials are to include:
i) RADHAZ
ii) Measurement of EM field strength
iii) Functional EMC
iv) Assessment of interference between equipment
v) EWEMIT
A Trial Schedule is to be produced for each trial.
A certificate of conformance is to be produced to confirm that all equipment and systems, installed or carried
on the platform meets the EMC Design Requirements. Non-certified equipment is to be reported to MOD.
A certificate of conformance is to be produced to confirm that all equipment and systems containing ESD
sensitive devices, installed or carried on the platform meet the ESD Design Requirements. Non-certified
equipment is to be reported to MOD.
E.19 EME Documentation

A continuous and traceable record of all EME related activities associated with any equipment, system or
platform is to be maintained as part of the quality control functions of EME management.
This documentation is to be maintained throughout the equipment, system or platforms operational life to
enable future upgrades and modifications to be assessed against previous EME deliberations.
The EME documentation for platform applications is to consist of:
a) The management and organizational procedures by which the EME control programme will be
implemented and liaison effected, including lines of authority
b) A list of referenced documents and any other relevant documents or papers
c) A list of definitions of any special terms or abbreviations used
d) A statement outlining the MOD EME requirements
e) The EME specifications
f) The EME characteristics of the platform and its associated equipment
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g) The Platform EME management plan
h) The EME design intentions specification;
i) The Platform EME risk identification report including spectrum utilization charts and compatibility
matrices
j) The EME risk management plan
k) The Platform EME design study reports for:
1) Upper deck design
2) Below decks design
3) Screening
4) Grounding
5) Installations policy and specification for cables, waveguides, pipework and ventilation trunking
6) EM safety assessment
l) The EME risk management schedule
m) The EME models descriptive documentation, utilization schedule and reports:
1) EME risk reduction design tools report
2) EME risk reduction design tools schedule
n) The EME risk reduction progress reports
o) The EME control plan
p) The EME acceptance schedule
q) The EME central library and EME database procedures
r) The EME documentation management plan
s) The EME information data pack
EME documentation for equipment, subsystems and systems is to consist of those documents as applicable
from the above list or as called for in the contract.
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E.20 EME Central Library and EME Database

An EME Central Library is to be created as the central depository of all EME design information relating to
the platform and its equipment. It is also to include all EME Documentation as listed above. The library is to
be established as the main source of EME information required by all participants in the platform project. The
library's administrative procedures are to include the configuration control of the data and documents held
and cover the manner by which EME information is provided to, and dispensed by, the library. The library
and its administrative procedures are to be set up within one month of the placement of the contract.
The library's control of data is to be computer supported. The database is to be constructed and its control
procedure is to be provided within one month of the placement of the contract. The EME Central Library and
Database are to be populated, maintained and updated to record all EME design decisions and EME data
through the successive stages of the design and procurement.
E.21 EME Documentation Management Plan

An EME documentation management plan is to be provided on the award of a contract. The plan is to
include the production or acquisition of relevant documentation, its configuration control and addition to the
EME central library.
E.22 EME Information Data Pack

An EME information data pack is to be created as the repository for the complete collection of EME
information at each stage of the design and procurement. The EME information data pack is to include
documents and drawings as required by the contract. As a minimum it is to include:
a) The Platform EME design study reports
b) Drawings of:
1) The upper deck configuration
2) The RADHAZ zones
3) Radiation and sensor arcs
4) Provision of CAD models
c) The EME installations specifications
d) The EME acceptance trials schedule
e) The EME risk management schedule
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E.23 Procurement Check List

EME MANAGEMENT
TITLE REFERENCE ..............................................................
Check N° Check a Clause No b √ or NA c
EME Management
A1. Appointment Clauses 8.1 &
8.2
A2. Define Accountability Clause 8.3
A3. Define Responsibilities at Equipment Level Clause 8.4
A4. Define Responsibilities at Platform Level Clause 8.5
EME Management Plan
A5. Due Date Clause E.1
A6. Update Periodicity Clause E.1
A7. Define Requirements of Plan Clause E.1
EME Design Intentions Specification
A8. Due Date Clause E.2
A9. Update Periodicity Clause E.2
A11. Define Minimum Specifications Clause E.2
EME Design Studies
A13. Spectrum Utilization Chart Clause E.4
A14. Platform Compatibility Matrix Clause E.4
A15. EME Risk Report Clause E.4
A16. EME Risk Management Plan Clause E.5
A17. Platform Design Studies Clause E.6
A18. Upper Deck EME Design Study Clause E.7
A19. Compartment Interference Matrices Clause E.8
A20. Screening Studies Clause E.9
A21. Grounding Study Clause E.10
A22. Policy for EME Installation Clause E.11
A23. Identification of Risk Reduction Design Tools Clause E.12
A24. EM Safety Assessment Clause E.13
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Check N° Check a Clause No b √ or NA c
EME Control Plan
A25. Define Requirements of Plan Clause 9 &

E.14
A26. EME Risk Management Schedule Clause E.15
A27. Define Configuration Control Procedures Clause E.16
Equipment EME Acceptance Schedule
A28. Define Requirements Clause E.17
Platform EME Acceptance Schedule
A29. Define Requirements Clause E.18
EME Documentation
A30. Define Documentation Requirements Clause E.19
A31. Requirements for EME Central Library and Database Clause E.20
A32. EME Documentation Management Plan Clause E.21
A33. Contents of EME Information Data Pack Clause E.22
a This check list is to ensure that certain aspects of this Defence Standard are consulted when preparing a Statement of
Technical Requirements for a particular application.
b Clauses where a preference for an option is to be used or where specific data is to be added are included in the check list.
c Each item is to be marked either
√ = included
NA = not applicable
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Annex F
Compliance of MOD Material with the EMC Directive (2004/108/EC) and
the Defence Directive (2009/81/EC)
F.1 Executive Summary – Notes to Project Managers

As part of the procurement process of both military and COTS equipment, EMC compliance forms an
important aspect. Getting it wrong can result in catastrophic failures of hardware and it is therefore important
that these issues are understood by MOD Project Managers.
There will be instances where manufacturers supply equipment with CE marking and expect this to meet
MOD requirements. This may not necessarily be the case and as a consequence this Standard details what
the EMC requirements are and provides interpretations where relevant.
Meeting the requirements of the EMC Directive does not ensure that the apparatus (equipment) will work in a
military environment.
The manufacturer bases compliance with the EMC Directive, on ‘self-declaration’. The manufacturer makes
an ‘assessment’ that the apparatus (equipment) when used in its intended environment and in accordance
with the instructions will meet the essential requirements of the Directive. An ‘assessment’ does not have to
be a test, it could be theoretical, however all assessments need to be documented by the manufacturer and
kept for 10 years from the final supply date. Note however that the manufacturer does not have to release
this information to customers (MOD).
It is important that MOD project managers clearly state in the contract what verification evidence is required;
‘none’, ‘assessment documentation’ or ‘test results’.
IMPORTANT NOTE unlike the previous UK EMC Regulations (2005) neither the UK EMC Regulations 2006:3418
nor the EMC Directive 2004/108/EC include a specific military exemption.
There will be certain instances where compliance with the EMC Directive and / or the Defence Directive is
not applicable - equipment which is in the ‘essential interests of national security’ are exempted under Article
346 of the Treaty for the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and / or where the application of the
Defence Directive Regulations “would oblige the United Kingdom to supply information the disclosure of
which it considers contrary to the essential interests of its security” are exempted under Regulation 7(1)(a).of
the Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations (DSPCR) 2011. Under these circumstances, Project
Managers should use the main body of this Defence Standard to stipulate EMC requirements.
While every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this Annex is accurate, the MOD cannot
accept liability for any errors, omissions or misleading statements in that information.
This Annex provides information about the EMC Directive, Defence Directive and the UK Regulations. It is
for guidance only and cannot act as a substitute for the EMC Directive, Defence Directive and the UK
Regulations themselves. The guide has no legal force and is not an authoritative interpretation of the EMC
Directive, Defence Directive and the UK Regulations, which is a matter for the Courts.
You should refer to the EMC Directive, Defence Directive and the UK the Regulations themselves for a full
statement of the legal requirements and, if appropriate, seek your own independent legal advice. It is
intended to help suppliers of electrical equipment and MOD authorities to understand, in general terms, the
main features of the EMC Directive, Defence Directive and the UK Regulations. MOD project managers can
obtain specific legal advice from Central Legal Services - Commercial Law Division or the Directorate of
Business Resilience.
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F.2 Background
This Annex gives specific guidance on the application of the EMC Directive 2004/108/EC, the Defence
Directive 2009/81/EC and where applicable, other CE marking Directives as applied to equipment supplied
to or used by MOD.
The following represents the current interpretation of the legislation with respect to MOD procurements.
Should additional advice be required, this can be obtained either from the DE&S DE3A or from DOSG. There
are also several agencies and commercial companies within the UK who can be contacted via the DStan
Helpdesk. A list of points of contact can be found in Annex K.
This document covers legal exemptions and compliance requirements for the majority of situations that are
likely to exist from day to day on MOD procurements for new stores, spares, follow on orders etc. It should
be noted that this guidance applies only to UK law. If contracts are made (or equipment placed on the
market) in other EU countries additional advice should be sought as they may have implemented the
Directive differently.
Note neither the EMC Directive nor the UK regulations include a specific military exemption.
The EMC Directive is only one of many directives to which the equipment may have to show conformance in
order to affix CE marking to apparatus. It is essential that project staff have a full understanding of CE
marking requirements and the legal and operational implications of the CE marking directives so that they
can ensure appropriate compliance for ALL electrical and electronic material.
F.3 EMC Directive

The original EMC Directive (89/336/EC) was repealed on 20 July 2007 and replaced by 2004/108/EC. The
revised Directive was taken into UK law and implemented as Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations
2006, Statutory Instrument 2006: 3418.
2004/108/EC applies to all equipment contained within the scope and made available on or after the 20 July
2007. During a transitional between old and new Directives, legacy equipment placed on the market before
20 July 2007, may continue to be CE marked to 89/336/EEC until 20 July 2009, after which date it must
comply with 2004/108/EC.
All relevant apparatus placed on the EU market, or taken into service within the EU, has to comply with these
regulations and manufacturers, importers and procurement officers in the UK are legally responsible for
ensuring compliance.
The text of the new Directive improves on the original Directive by better definitions, new conformity
assessment procedures and voluntary use of Notified Bodies.
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F.4 Flow Diagram of the Route to Compliance
Figure 1 Flow Diagram of the Route to Compliance
F.5 Apparatus
The EMC Directive requires all relevant apparatus to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in that environment.
Note - Apparatus means any finished appliance or combination thereof made commercially available as a single
functional unit, intended for the end user and liable to generate electromagnetic disturbance, or the performance of which
is liable to be affected by such disturbance;
Compliance to the EMC Directive is demonstrated by performing an ‘EMC Assessment’ in order to ensure it
meets the protection requirements of the Directive.
Four methods are possible for the EMC assessment:
a) Application of EMC harmonised standards
b) An EMC assessment where no harmonised standards have been applied and the manufacturer applies
his own methodology or uses equivalent Defence Standards
c) Mixed assessment, combining the two previous methods. For example, one could use the harmonised
standards to cover emission phenomena and a detailed technical EMC assessment for immunity
aspects
d) A theoretical assessment
A Notified Body can be used on a voluntary basis to provide an opinion regarding the suitability of the EMC
assessment and review all or parts of the technical documentation.
Components and sub-assemblies are considered as apparatus when they are used or integrated into other
equipment by the end-user. When the component is so simple by its nature (for example, resistors,
capacitors etc) they fall outside the scope of the Directive. Spare parts use the same set of criteria for
establishing whether or not they are covered.
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Suppliers to MOD will need to ensure that if Defence Standards are used as the basis of demonstrating
compliance to the EMC Directive that all the phenomena contained with the Directive is covered. For further
guidance on this issue please refer to the EU guidance notes on the Directive1 .
NOTE A compliance spreadsheet assessment tool may be provided by the DE&S DE3A upon request to assist for
certain phenomena.
Where harmonised standards are used to demonstrate compliance, suppliers should take into account the
operating environment of the equipment supplied. The standards listed in the Official Journal of the
European Union (OJEU) typically reference ‘domestic, commercial and light industrial’ or ‘industrial’
environments and hence do not reflect all MOD environments. Under these circumstances an additional
EMC assessment will be required.
F.6 Fixed Installations

Fixed installations are a concept that was introduced with 2004/108/EC and was not covered previously. As
a result there is no transitional period for fixed installations and hence these must comply with the Directive
with immediate effect. Any changes to an existing fixed installation require compliance to the Directive to be
demonstrated immediately.
‘Fixed Installation’ means a particular combination of several types of apparatus and, where applicable, other
devices, which are assembled, installed and intended to be used permanently at a pre-defined location.
Where an apparatus is intended for incorporation into a given fixed installation and is not otherwise
commercially available, it is known as 'certain apparatus'. Certain apparatus does not require an EMC
assessment, Declaration of Conformity or CE Marking where the following requirements are met; the fixed
installation is identified and its EMC are documented, the incorporation of the certain apparatus does not
compromise the conformity of the fixed installation and the certain apparatus and its manufacturer are
identified in the documentation.
Fixed installations do not require 'free movement' within the EU, therefore are not subject to a formal EMC
assessment, Declaration of Conformity or CE Marking but have specific requirements to ensure compliance
with the essential protection requirements that include; applying good EMC engineering practices to the
installation, respecting the information on intended use of its components (sub systems) with a view to
meeting the essential protection requirements of the Directive. The good engineering practices shall be
documented. A responsible person shall hold such documentation for as long as the fixed installation is in
operation.
NOTE - Essentially ‘good engineering practices’ is the expression of sound technical custom, based on accumulated
understanding and experience.
'Responsible person' means, the person who, by virtue of their ownership or control of the relevant fixed
installation is able to determine that the configuration of the installation is such that when used it complies
with the protection requirements;
It will be necessary for operators of fixed installations to identify the responsible person before the installation
is taken into service, since they are responsible for holding and providing the documentation demonstrating
the application of good engineering practices.
1) EU guidance notes are available from the EU’s web site at

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/electrical/files/emc_guide__updated_20100208_v3_en.pdf
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F.7 Mobile Installations

Mobile installations are considered as apparatus by the EMC Directive. Since ships, Demountable Rack
Offload and Pickup System (DROPS) containers, portable generators and the like are moveable they are
considered as apparatus.
The compliance philosophy for a mobile installation should be defined by the contractor in the EMC Control
Plan and agreed with the MOD Project Manager. Refer also to Clause F.17 concerning automotive EMC
requirements.
In practice there are two options regarding compliance philosophy:
a) Systems level approach: Assemble the whole mobile installation with EMC Directive compliant
apparatus, adopting good EMC engineering practices. Perform an overall assessment of the installation
and issue a Declaration of Conformity and apply CE Marking or;
b) Holistic approach: Ignore individual apparatus approval, adopt good EMC engineering practices and
assess the whole mobile installation as one entity and issue a Declaration of Conformity and apply CE
Marking.
Both scenarios have positive and negative aspects as detailed below.
Systems Level Approach
Positive Negative
Upgrades can easily be dealt with More expensive for supply chain
Easier to specify requirements to the supplier Requires large amount of data to be held on file
Holistic Approach
Positive Negative
Reduced cost at point of handover. Will require significant amount of testing at final integration
Equipment/system level failures will only be determined at

the end of the project
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F.8 Exclusions to the EMC Directive as Defined in the UK Regulations 2006

The following categories of equipment are excluded from the requirements of the EMC Directive:
a) Electromagnetically benign equipment
b) Aeronautical products parts and appliances in the field of civil aviation coming under the Regulation EC
No. 1592/2002, of the European Parliament and of the Council on common rules in the field of civil
aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency
c) Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment coming under Directive 1999/5/EC,
EMC requirements are included in this Directive
d) The Measuring Instruments Directive 2004/22/EC
e) Radio amateur equipment used by radio amateurs and not available commercially
f) Equipment wholly covered by other Directives
g) Apparatus for export outside the EEA which will not be used in EU states
h) Equipment presented at trade fairs or similar events
F.9 Conditions for Exemption of Military Equipment to the EMC Directive

According to EU law, defence contracts fall under Internal Market rules and hence CE marking applies.
However, an exemption may exist for military equipment under Article 346 of The TFEU (which replaced
Article 296 of the Treaty of Amsterdam and Article 223 of The Treaty of Rome)
Article 346 TFEU reads as follows:
1. The provisions of the Treaties shall not preclude the application of the following rules:
a. no Member State shall be obliged to supply information the disclosure of which it considers
contrary to the essential interests of its security.
b. any Member State may take such measures as it considers necessary for the protection of the
essential interests of its security which are connected with the production of or trade in arms,
munitions and war material; such measures shall not adversely affect the conditions of
competition in the internal market regarding products which are not intended for specifically
military purposes.
2. The Council may, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission, make changes to the list,
which it drew up on April 1958, of the products to which the provisions of paragraph 1(b) apply.
68 UK OFFICIAL
The Council Decision 255/58 (EC Council List Of Items Defining The Scope Of Article 346 Of The Treaty for
the Functioning of the European Union (EU) (formerly Article 223 of The Treaty of Rome))2 defines
equipment that is considered to fall within the scope of Article 346 however it has been further interpreted3
that in addition to equipment being included on the list, there also needs to be a clear justification that
Member States’ essential interests of security will be compromised if it were to apply the requirements. This
means that other interests (financial, economic etc) are not sufficient to justify an exemption.
The MOD can use the Article 346 exemption in the award of defence contracts, provided that the conditions
laid down in the Treaty (as interpreted by the Court of Justice are fulfilled). The scope of Article 346(1)(b)
TFEU is limited by the concept of "essential security interests" and the list of military equipment drawn up by
the Council of Ministers in April 1958 (Council Decision 255/58).
The nature of the products on the 1958 list and the explicit reference in Article 346 TFEU to "specifically
military purposes" confirms that only the procurement of equipment which is designed, developed and
produced for specifically military purposes can be exempted from Community rules on the basis of Article
346(1)(b) TFEU.
Moreover, Article 346 TFEU refers not to the protection of security interests in general, but to the protection
of ‘essential’ security interests. This specification underlines the exceptional character of the derogation and
makes it clear that the specific military nature of the equipment included in the 1958 list is, by itself, not
sufficient to justify exemption from EU rules. On the contrary, the particularly strong wording ("essential")
limits possible exemptions to procurements that are of the highest importance for Member States' military
capabilities.
F.10 How to Apply Article 346 TFEU

In the area of defence procurement, the only way for Member States to reconcile their prerogatives in the
field of security with their Treaty obligations is to assess for each procurement contract on a case-by-case
basis whether an exemption from the Directive is justified or not. European case law indicates that
exemptions should be construed restrictively and applied in a proportionate manner.
This means in particular that contracting authorities have to evaluate:
a) Which essential security interest is concerned?
b) What is the connection between this security interest and the specific procurement decision?
c) Why is the non-application of the Directive in this specific case necessary for the protection of this
essential security interest?
Where an exemption is applied to a particular procurement, the rationale for its use must be kept in a
registered file. Keeping proper records is important in the event of a challenge from the European
Commission and/or Industry. The European Commission may seek to verify whether the conditions for
exempting contracts from the Regulations are being applied correctly by MOD. In such cases, the MOD will
have to provide, at the Commission's request, the rationale for use of an exemption for a specific contract.
It is the responsibility of the MOD senior commercial officer and project manager to keep the necessary
records since any challenge will ultimately be based on how the exemption was derived.
2) See web link for list of items defining the scope of Article 346 TFEU:
http://www.aof.dii.r.mil.uk/aofcontent/tactical/toolkit/downloads/ecregs/ecregs_annd1.pdf?zoom_highlight=%22article+34
6%22#search="article 346"
3) See web link for MOD interpretation in full:
http://www.aof.dii.r.mil.uk/aofcontent/tactical/toolkit/downloads/ecregs/ecregs_annd.pdf?zoom_highlight=%22article+346
%22#search="article 346"
UK OFFICIAL 69
F.11 The Defence Directive
The Defence Directive (2009/81/EC) was introduced on 13 July 2009 and was taken into UK law and
implemented as The EU Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations (DSPCR) 2011: Statutory
Instrument 2011: 18484.
2009/81/EC concerns the gradual establishment of a European defence equipment market on the basis that
thjs is essential for strengthening the European Defence Technology and Industrial Base and developing the
military capabilities required to implement the European Security and Defence Policy. The Directive applies
to military equipment (as specified in the Council Decision 255/58), civil equipment adapted for military use
and equipment designed for non-military security.
A Guidance Note5 on the Field of Application of the Defence Directive 2009/81/EC on the award of contracts
in the fields of defence and security is available.
The DSPCR 2011 transposed Defence Directive (2009/81/EC) for advertising requirements, treaty
exemptions / general exclusions and procurement procedures relating to military and sensitive security
procurements with effect from 21 August 2011.
Guidance documents on the DSPCR 20116 define what procurements are covered (i.e. the field of
application) and who it applies to (i.e. which bodies must comply with the DSPCR). The DSPCR governs
procurements within its scope in the fields of defence and sensitive security covering contract award
procedures applicable to contracts and framework agreements for:
a) The supply of military equipment, including any parts, components or sub-assemblies of military
equipment
b) The supply of sensitive equipment, including any parts, components or sub-assemblies of

sensitive equipment
c) Work, works, goods and services directly related to the equipment referred to in sub-paragraphs
(a) and (b) for any and all elements of its life cycle
d) Work, works and services for specifically military purposes or sensitive works and sensitive
services
including the supply of specific tools, test facilities or support for items a. to d as referred to in Recital 12 of
the 2009/81/EC Directive.
The DSPCR also provides extensive guidance on the definition of both military and sensitive equipment,
treaty exemptions and general exclusions to the DSPCR 2011 as well as extensive guidance on the
application of Article 346 TFEU and its relationship with the DSPCR 2011.
4 See web link for SI 2011: 1848

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1848/pdfs/uksi_20111848_en.pdf
5 See web link for the Guidance Note on the Field of Application for the Defence Directive 2009/81/EC
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/publicprocurement/docs/defence/guide-scope_en.pdf
6 See web link for the Guidance documents for the DSPCR 2011
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-european-union-defence-and-security-public-contracts-regulations-
dspcr-2011
70 UK OFFICIAL
F.12 Less Reason to use Article 346 TFEU
The DSPCR provides measures specifically created to meet the particular needs of defence and security
procurements, including safeguarding some essential security interests of the Member State concerned,
through provisions for protecting security of information and security of supply.
Previously a Member State would have used the requirement to protect security of information and security
of supply as a justification for a treaty exemption using Article 346 TFEU.
Procurers must apply the procedures set out in the DSPCR rather than using the Article 346 TFEU
exemptions where those procedures adequately protect the UK’s essential security interests.
The DSPCR should provide sufficient safeguards for the protection of essential security interests in most
cases except, for example, if the minimum measures to protect these interests would result in a failure to
comply with any of our TFEU obligations.
F.13 Supply of Equipment Over an Extended Period of Time

The regulations are not retrospective and therefore apparatus supplied (i.e. placed on the market) before 20
July 2007 and compliant with 89/336/EEC can continue to be declared to that Directive until 20 July 2009 as
long as there are no changes to the apparatus or declared standard. If supplied after 20 July 2009 the
apparatus must comply with 2004/108/EC and will require a new Declaration of Conformity.
All new equipment (including apparatus and fixed installations) supplied for the first time since 20 July 2007
must comply with 2004/108/EC.
Where a contract has been let prior to the introduction of 2004/108/EC and has not been delivered before 20
July 2007, compliance with 2004/108/EC will be required.
Spare parts are deemed to already be in the supply chain at the point that they were first placed on the
market and hence are required to comply with the EMC requirements in force at that time. However, if the
spare part is modified in any way, it becomes a new spare part and must comply with 2004/108/EC.
If the MOD contract requires equipment to be supplied over an extended period of time or is a follow on
order, consideration needs to be given to compliance with the correct Directive. This may have technical and
financial consequences as the requirements (standards) listed by 2004/108/EC may well be different to
those originally tested against.
The OJEU must be consulted at the time of supply for shipment (put into service) of apparatus to ensure that
the referenced standard is valid.
F.14 Legacy Equipment

Equipment supplied prior to the EMC Directives 89/336/EEC or 2004/108/EC is exempt since that contract of
supply is finished. However if the equipment is supplied as new equipment then 2004/108/EC applies as the
delivery date is within the in-force date of the new Directive.
UK OFFICIAL 71
F.15 Importing Equipment from Outside the EU

The EMC Directive applies to all equipment offered for sale or taken into service throughout the EU
irrespective of the country of origin. Since the Directive is not retrospective it only applies to equipment when
it is first introduced to the EU’s market.
In the case of equipment sourced from outside the EU, irrespective of the date of manufacture or supply
status (i.e. if it is new or second-hand), it is the first time that the equipment will be put onto the EU market
and hence the EMC Directive will apply and CE marking will be required for apparatus.
CE marking will apply to military equipment supplied by foreign governments that is not covered by the
exemption of ‘essential interests of national security’ described in Clause F.9.
F.16 Equipment for MOD Own Use

Where an apparatus is manufactured for MOD own use, placing on the market is considered to take place at
the moment of putting into service; the obligation to comply with the Directive begins with first use and hence
application of the Directive applies at this time.
F.17 Declaration of Conformity

Compliance with the EMC Directive, like many of the other CE marking Directives is based on ‘self-
declaration’. This declaration is made using a Declaration of Conformity (DoC) and provides formal
notification that the equipment complies with the relevant Directive(s).
A DoC must be completed for each type of equipment and must include all the information detailed on the
example. The DoC is generated and signed by the manufacturer (or importer/ authorised representative)
who is empowered to bind the company on such issues.
F.18 Overview of CE Marking and Other Directives

CE marking is a requirement of New Approach Directives concerning relevant electrical equipment offered
for sale throughout the whole of the EU. It is a single mark that is displayed on equipment that signifies that a
given equipment complies with ALL relevant CE marking Directives. This means that multiple Directives can
cover the same equipment. If however the phenomenon is wholly covered within another Directive, only one
Directive needs to be applied. Further guidance is provided in the relevant Directives.
All CE marking Directives are written in essentially the same way using what is known as the ‘New Approach
Directive’. This ensures that all Directives follow the same basic principles of how compliance to a given
Directive is demonstrated and to a certain extent harmonises technical documentation requirements.
The Directive is a high level document that states its objectives but does not, on the whole, contain technical
details including methods, limits and test procedures. These are contained in ‘harmonised standards’ which
give a presumption of conformity to the Directive.
A non-exhaustive list of CE marking Directives is given in Table 3 and the reader is urged to consider the
applicability of all of these before affixing CE marking to the equipment.
72 UK OFFICIAL
Table 3 CE Marking Directives

2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive (LVD) 2006/95/EC seeks to ensure that electrical equipment within
(formally certain voltage limits both provides a high level of protection for European citizens and enjoys
73/23/EC) a Single Market in the European Union. The Directive covers electrical equipment designed
for use with a voltage rating of between 50 and 1000 V for alternating current and between 75
and 1500 V for direct current. It should be noted that these voltage ratings refer to the voltage
of the electrical input or output, not to voltages that may appear inside the equipment. For
most electrical equipment, the health aspects of emissions of Electromagnetic Fields are also
under the domain of the Low Voltage Directive.
2006/42/EC Machinery Directive. Machinery is described in the Directive as "an assembly of linked parts or
components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate actuators, control and power
circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular for the processing,
treatment, moving or packaging of a material". The manufacturer is responsible for verifying
whether a particular product falls within the scope of the Machinery Directive.
1999/5/EC Radio and Telecom Terminal Equipment (R&TTE) Directive. All radio equipment is covered by
this Directive including receivers. The Directive covers three aspects; radio parameters, EMC
and safety (references the LVD but modifies it by removing the lower voltage limit). Military
equipment is specifically exempt.
96/98/EC Marine Equipment Directive covers equipment that is concerned with safety at sea and
reduction of marine pollution. Equipment that is not covered by this Directive (i.e. not detailed
in Annexes A1 and A2 of 96/98/EC then is covered by other relevant CE marking Directives).
93/42/EEC Medical Equipment Directive.
2004/22/EC Measuring Equipment Directive. Measuring instruments are an essential tool of ensuring
accuracy of measurement, notably for transactions by consumers and industry in every day
life: water meters, taximeters, electricity meters, weighing machines, etc.
2000/14/EC Noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors.
CE marking Directives must be transposed into National Law of the EU Member State before they are
effective. In the case of the UK these transpose as Statutory Instruments (SI’s) and form the Regulation.
Failure to comply with these regulations can amount to a criminal offence and there are a number of
penalties that can be served if found in breach of the requirements. Each UK regulation details these
penalties.
F.19 Other Equipment Related Directives

Whilst CE marking provides conformity assessment procedures for the vast majority of equipment there are
other Directives that are a legal requirement, however do not fall under the heading of a new approach
Directive and hence fall outside CE marking.
An example of this is the Automotive EMC Directive (2004/104/EC – modification of 72/245/EC) which
applies to cars, trailers and their electronic sub-assemblies, and in time other on-highway vehicles.
Compliance with 2004/104/EC is demonstrated by affixing ‘e-marking’ to the equipment or vehicle.
The Automotive EMC Directive is considered a safety related Directive and hence should be applied to MOD
material unless a specific exemption exists. With the exception of electrical/electronic sub-assemblies fitted
to any vehicle under an authorization having effect under Part III of the Police Act 1997 or Part II of the
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 all other equipment is covered by the Directive.
Refer to DSTL contact, see Annex K for further details of automotive EMC requirements for military vehicles
and equipment.
UK OFFICIAL 73
F.20 Documentation
Documentation requirements across all new approach Directives are essentially the same and hence do not
need to be duplicated where they overlap. The manufacturer draws up technical documentation (in some
Directives called a Technical File), providing evidence of the conformity of the equipment with the essential
requirements of the Directive. The purpose of the technical documentation is to enable the conformity of the
equipment with the protection requirements (in the case of EMC) to be assessed. It must contain all
necessary practical (technical) details, including the following:
a) An identification of the equipment covered by the technical documentation. This identification should
allow unambiguously linking between the technical document and the equipment
b) A general description of the equipment. The amount of information required will depend on the
complexity of the equipment, simple apparatus may be fully defined in one line whereas more
complex fixed installation may need a complete description (a picture may be included)
c) If European harmonised standards have been applied, then evidence of compliance is required. At
a minimum this will be a dated list of the European harmonised standards applied and the results
obtained on their application
d) If European harmonised standards have not been applied or have been applied only in part then a
description of the steps taken to meet the essential requirements – an EMC Assessment described
in Annex II of the Directive - must be included. The documentation includes test reports, design
calculations made, examinations carried out etc.
e) If a manufacturer is using the procedure of Annex III of the EMC Directive, then the Notified Body
statement shall be included
F.21 Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of the manufacturer, authorised representative or importer to generate and sign the
declaration of conformity relating to CE marking and to hold the technical documentation.
The responsible person for a fixed installation may change when it is handed over to the MOD or the
commercial company responsible for the installation.
It is the responsibility of the MOD senior commercial officer and project manager to hold any justification for
an exemption of the Directive(s) based on the application of Article 346 TFEU.
Care should be exercised when bringing equipment into the UK when it was first deployed in an overseas
territory since this may be the first time it has entered the EU and hence will need to comply with the
regulations – see above in this Annex.
74 UK OFFICIAL
F.22 Frequently Asked Questions
Question Question Answer

Number
1 Do spares – components or Components and sub-assemblies are considered as apparatus when

equipment have to meet the they are used or integrated into other equipment by the end-user.
Directive? When the component is so simple by its nature (for example, resistors,
capacitors etc) they fall outside the scope of the Directive. Spare parts
use the same set criteria for establishing whether or not they are
covered.
2 The DT need to buy Foreign All apparatus covered by the scope of the Directive and not covered by
Military Equipment via a the exemption of ‘essential National security’ must comply with the
government-to-government Directive irrespective of who sells/buys it.
sale does this need to comply?
3 The contractor has stated that Since ships, Demountable Rack Offload and Pickup System (DROPS)
the Ship is a fixed installation containers, portable generators and the like are moveable they are
and does not need to comply considered as apparatus.
is this correct?
4 The platform production run All equipment must meet the Directive on or before 20 July 2009. An
extends past 20 July 2009 and EMC assessment will be required to be performed using the methods
it contains GFE. How can it described in this Annex before this time. Given the platform comprises
comply? of equipment with unknown CE compliance level, it may be prudent to
use the mobile installation options.
5 The contract includes MOD The GFE is not being ‘placed on the market’ since it has already been
supplying legacy GFE (some manufactured and supplied. It hasn’t however been ‘put into service’.
are in stores – MOD or Since the Directive applies to equipment ‘put into service’ the MOD will
industry, some are new be responsible for ensuring compliance to the Directive.
manufacture) does the GFE
have to comply and if so is it a
MOD responsibility?
6 Do radio/RADARs need to Yes – Radio products are covered by the R&TTE Directive
meet the Directive? (1999/5/EC). This directive specifically exempts military equipment.
However, Article 1(2) of the EMC Directive only exempts equipment
from its scope which is covered by R&TTE Directive. As radio
equipment is exempt from the R&TTE for military equipment, the EMC
Directive would apply.
7 The contract has stated that Whilst there may be an argument to exempt the product from the EMC
the equipment is exempt from Directive, the MOD has signed up to all relevant health and safety
the EMC Directive due to ‘the legislation – this means the LVD for the majority of electrical
protection of the essential equipment. There may also be other safety related Directives that need
interests of UK security’ but it to be applied (machinery, ATEX, noise etc)
needs to connect to public
utilities does it need to meet
any Directives?
UK OFFICIAL 75
Number
8 The contract is to supply At the point of supply the equipment is not used or sold in the EU
COTS equipment directly to an market and hence CE marking is not applicable (local regulations may
overseas (non EC) deployment however be applicable). If that same equipment is later brought back to
it may or may not return to the the UK, CE marking will apply since it will be the first time it is brought
UK does it have to meet the into service within the EU.
EMC Directive?
9 There is a need to fit USA Since the Directive covers both ‘offering for sale’ and ‘taking into
owned but UK operated service’ compliance with the Directive is required.
equipment to a platform does
it need to meet the EMC
Directive?
10 The contract is a ‘contracting Yes – however since the asset is not owned by the MOD, the supplier
for availability type’ the is responsible for compliance. If it is a fixed installation there will need
equipment has been provided to be agreement on who is the ‘responsible person’.
as required since Dec 2005 will
be supplied after the 20 July
2009 does it need to meet
2004/108/EC?
11 Are barracks a fixed Yes (although the equipment used within it would be either apparatus
installation? or a fixed installation dependant on its nature)
12 Does second hand equipment New approach directives apply to products which are intended to be
need to meet the Directive if it placed (or put into service) on the Community market for the first time.
is modified (the gun made Consequently, the directives apply to new products manufactured in
safe)? the Member States, and to new, as well as used and second-hand,
products imported from third countries.
Products that have been subject to significant changes may be

considered as new products that have to comply with the provisions of
the applicable directives when placed on the Community market and
put into service. This has to be assessed on a case-by-case basis,
unless otherwise provided for.
13 The contract stated that No – since a non-harmonised standard has been used (i.e MIL-STD-
compliance with 2004/108/EC 461) an EMC assessment is required. This assessment needs to look
was essential but the at the tests that have been performed and compare these to the
contractor is offering phenomena contained in the Directive. If all these phenomena have
equipment to MIL-STD-461 been adequately been assessed then the assessment would document
instead is this OK? this and compliance to the Directive can be demonstrated. In all
circumstances an assessment against the Directive is required.
14 We are manufacturing one off Since the Directive covers equipment both offered for sale and taken
jigs/interfaces for use on our into service compliance with the protection requirements of the
production line (they will not directive is required. If the jig is designed for a specific fixed installation
be placed on the market) do the CE marking does not need to be applied (although the protection
they need to be CE marked? requirements need to be demonstrated).
76 UK OFFICIAL
Number
15 The contract is for a one-off If the apparatus is used for demonstration purposes (at a trade fair etc)
prototype to demonstrate then the Directive does not apply – suitable warnings and labels must
proof of concept does it need be displayed. If however the apparatus is being used (for example,
to meet the UK EMC trials) then it has been ‘taken into service’ and hence the Directive will
regulations? apply. Reference from the Blue book - “Putting into service takes place
at the moment of first use within the Community by the end user.
Where the product is put into service at the workplace, the employer is
to be considered as the end user”
16 A computer is to be fixed No, in the case of a ship, it makes it a mobile installation. Mobile
inside a ship or vehicle does installations are considered as apparatus. Equipment going into
this make it a fixed vehicles is exempt from the EMC Directive and must comply with the
installation? Automotive EMC Directive 2004/104/EC.
17 Does following the advice While every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this
given in Defence Standard 59- Annex is accurate, the MOD cannot accept liability for any errors,
411, Part 1, Annex F give the omissions or misleading statements in that information.
‘Defence of due diligence’
under the UK EMC Regulations This Annex provides information about the EMC Directive and UK
2006. Regulations. It is for guidance only and cannot act as a substitute for
the EMC Directive and UK Regulations themselves. The guide has no
legal force and is not an authoritative interpretation of the EMC
Directive & UK Regulations, which is a matter for the Courts.
You should refer to the EMC Directive and UK Regulations themselves

for a full statement of the legal requirements and, if appropriate, seek
your own Independent legal advice. It is intended to help suppliers of
electrical equipment and MOD authorities to understand, in general
terms, the main features of the EMC Directive and UK Regulations.
MOD Project Managers can obtain specific legal advice from DG Legal
Services.
18 Can exemption to the Directive No – contractual requirements do not have precedence over
be claimed simply by a clause legislation.
in the contract?
19 Does the new Directive apply There is no blanket exemption for CVF or any other large equipment.
to military projects such as The MOD Project Manager needs to confirm which aspects are in the
CVF or has the military essential interests of national security and which are not. The project
exemption been removed. A will need to be broken up into subsystems and apparatus and decide
clear statement is required on on a case by case basis if an exemption can be justified.
whether the military exemption
still applies or not.
20 If the new Directive applies, is Any type of moveable installation is not a fixed installation by virtue of
a naval vessel a fixed the fact it moves. Moveable installations are considered as apparatus.
installation? or, do we treat
major CVF sub-systems i.e. the
High Voltage Distribution and
Propulsion system as a fixed
installation regardless of there
being a military exemption or
not?
UK OFFICIAL 77
Number
21 Can pull-through equipments Legacy equipment supplied prior to the first EMC Directive 89/336/EC
from legacy vessels which is exempt unless it is supplied as new equipment. Legacy equipment
have been qualified to older, supplied prior to 20 July 2007 can continue with its existing compliance
superseded standards and to 89/336/EC until 20 July 2009 after which date new supplies must
also the outgoing EU Directive, comply with 2004/108/EC.
be accredited to the new EU
Directive by Technical In order for equipment to comply with the new EMC Directive
documentation (simple paper 2004/108/EC, existing qualification can be read across with additional
exercise) or does the testing limited to tests where the method and/or limits have changed or
equipment need to be retested where new test methods have been introduced. Supporting technical
to the latest EMC standards? documentation must be prepared providing rationale.
If the equipment is already in use (or in stores) then the compliance

data needs to be updated [to 2004/108/EC] if it is incorporated into new
equipment.
If the whole vessel is to be declared compliant with 2004/108/EC then

an assessment is performed on the whole vessel and its subsystems
including the legacy equipment.
22 If a vehicle meets the Yes if the electromagnetic environment scenario of the vehicle is more
Automotive Directive is any severe, in which case additional testing will be required.
further testing to Defence
Standard 59-411 required?
78 UK OFFICIAL
Annex G
Risk Assessment for COTS/MOTS Procurement
IMPORTANT — It is essential that Equipment EM Managers seek the agreement of the Platform or
Facilities EM Manager before the following risk assessment procedure is used. This is because the
Platform or Facilities manager will carry the risk and any associated extra costs through the whole
life of the project. For safety critical/related equipment, platforms or facilities (such as Aircraft,
Submarines and fire detection systems) this prior agreement must be in writing and added to the
safety case along with any mitigation.
The risk assessment method is described in a series of flowcharts and tables. The main flowchart is shown
in Figure 2. Each of the main flowchart processes is expanded as a separate flow chart in Figure 3 to
Figure 6. A description of the main processes and considerations is given below.
a) Define Environment: (Figure 3) In order to evaluate the acceptability of the COTS/MOTS EMC
performance, it is necessary to define the electromagnetic (EM) environment in which the equipment will
be operated. If the electromagnetic environment is to be derived for a new scenario then refer to
Clause 5 of this Standard. For existing platforms the EM environment may already be defined or may be
represented by the service categories and limits given in Part 3.
b) Evaluate EMC Specification and Compliance Evidence: (Figure 4) This process or gap analysis
identifies the shortfalls in the existing EMC performance of the COTS/MOTS equipment. In order to
achieve this, the EMC standards, test methods and limits applied to the COTS/MOTS equipment must
be identified and compared to the equivalent test given in Part 3. The detailed comparison of test
methods is complex and guidance on the relevant factors to be considered is given in Table 4. Once the
gaps and missing tests have been identified they can be assigned a risk rating of Low, Medium or High
depending on the extent of the deviation.
NOTE a compliance spreadsheet assessment tool may be provided by the DE&S DE3A upon request to assist for
certain phenomena.
c) Assess Risk against Functional Criticality: (Figure 5) The risks identified in the previous process
must now be compared to the criticality of the COTS/MOTS equipment and the criticality of the
environment or platform in which the COTS/MOTS equipment will be operated. Nil to Low risk will
generally be acceptable. In some non-critical situations Low to Medium risk may be acceptable. In all
cases a High risk is unacceptable unless some mitigating action is applied.
d) Mitigate Risk through Design and/or Retest: (Figure 6) This process comprises two options:
1) Test the COTS/MOTS equipment to determine compliance with this Standard or the target
standard. Refer to Part 3 and Part 4 for the test requirements. This is technically a good approach
as any subsequent required protection can be properly specified and over-protection will be
avoided. However the disadvantage of this approach is the cost implications of the additional testing
required.
2) Remedial design can be achieved by adding the appropriate protection “barriers” to reduce the
“worst case” coupled RF fields or currents the equipment could be exposed to or could emit, to
below the levels it was originally required to meet. The barrier protection concept is described in
Part 5. Where a COTS/MOTS equipment is modified through the use of a barrier, the resulting
modified system needs to verified against the EMC requirements and may need to meet UK
Regulations related to EMC and CE marking as a “new apparatus" in its own right. Further guidance
is given in Annex F.
The processes described above are described in outline only and in order to implement these processes
effectively, it is necessary to ensure that the environment definition, evaluation, risk assessment and
mitigation are performed by personnel with relevant EMC competencies.
UK OFFICIAL 79
Each of the following processes is expanded in the subsequent flowcharts:
Define environment
(see Figure 2)
Evaluate EMC
specification and
compliance
evidence
(See Figure 3)
Assess risk against

functional criticality
(See Figure 4)
Mitigate risk through

design and/or retest
(See Figure 5)
Accept/Reject
End of process
Figure 2 Risk Assessment of COTS/MOTS Procurement Main Flow Chart
80 UK OFFICIAL
Define
environment
No
Derive
environment?
Yes
Select default Def Stan 59-411
Limits:
Identify on-platform transmitters Air (safety/non-safety critical)
Identify co-sited transmitters Land category A/B/C/D
Sea above/below decks
or select project/civil EMC standard
Determine maximum EME at location

for susceptibility requirement
(e.g. via calculation, modelling, site
survey)
Identify on-platform sensitive

receivers/systems
Determine permitted EME at location

for emission requirement
(e.g. via calculation, modelling)
Identify power supply and determine

power line susceptibility and
emission requirement
Identify platform status when

equipment will be used (powered/
unpowered/operational status) to
determine potential risk to platform
Proceed to evaluate EMC

specification
(See Figure 3)
Figure 3 Define Environment Flow Chart
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Evaluate EMC specification

and compliance evidence
Identify EMC standards to which

equipment complies using e.g:
Declaration of conformity
Declaration of conformance
EMC test reports/certificates
List EMC tests that have been

performed against corresponding Def
Stan 59-411 tests
For each test, perform a gap analysis

to identify shortfalls in performance
against the test parameters
(See Table 3 for factors affecting
severity of test)
Identify any missing tests
Score the resulting risk as Low,

Medium or High against each test
Proceed to assess risk

(See Figure 4)
Figure 4 Evaluate EMC Specification Flow Chart
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Table 4 EMC Gap Analysis Factors Affecting Test Severity

Test Type EMC Gap Analysis Factors Affecting Test Severity (Not all may be applicable)
Conducted Scope of lines under test (power and/or signal, control)

Emission
Frequency range
Detector (average/peak/quasi peak)
Measurement device (LISN/Current probe/AMN/ISN)
Measurement distance from EUT along cable
Limit units (current/voltage)
Circuit impedance for converting between current and voltage
Limit level
Radiated Frequency range

Emission
Antenna test distance
Extrapolation method
Detector (average/peak/quasi peak)
Test set-up (ground plane/EUT height/Bonding)
Limit level
Conducted Scope of lines under test (power and/or signal, control)

Susceptibility
Frequency range
Modulation
Coupling device (Current probe/Coupling Decoupling Network/Shield Injection)
Coupling distance from EUT along cable
Circuit impedance for converting between current and voltage
Calibration technique (CW/peak envelope/monitor open circuit/monitor in circuit)
Limit level
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Test Type EMC Gap Analysis Factors Affecting Test Severity (Not all may be applicable)
Radiated Frequency range

Susceptibility
Modulation
Test set-up (ground plane/EUT height/Bonding)
Calibration technique (CW/peak envelope/pre-calibrated volume/field monitored)
Limit level
Transient Scope of lines under test (power and/or signal, control)

Susceptibility a
Peak (absolute) Voltage/Current (Impedance conditions)
Peak (absolute) value of rate of rise
Peak (absolute) Impulse – impulse equivalent maximum energy in a single polarity
Rectangular Impulse – impulse equivalent of total energy
Root action integral – total energy
Time to peak value
Frequency spectrum
Calibration technique (pre-calibrated level/monitored in circuit)
Differential or common mode coupling
a The current policy of DE&S DE3A regarding transient tests is that none of the Defence Standard 59-411 transient tests can be
replaced by civilian standards for military environment applications unless the risk is acceptable as defined in Table 5.
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Assess risk against

functional criticality
Identify whether equipment is

safety/mission critical or non-
critical
Identify whether platform/

environment is safety/mission
critical or non-critical
Determine acceptability of
risks with respect to citicality
(See Table 4)
List unacceptable risks, i.e.

All high risks
All unacceptable medium risks
Proceed to mitigate risks

(See Figure 5)
Figure 5 Assess Risk against Functional Criticality Flow Chart
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Having determined the risk as Low, Medium or High from the previous evaluation process, the acceptability
of these risks must be assessed. To assist in this process the following table provides a guide to the
acceptable risk dependent on the criticality of the equipment under assessment and the criticality of its
intended platform or environment. Having determined the criticalities, the corresponding intersection on the
table provides the acceptable risk. The risk is shown separately for emission and susceptibility phenomena.
The concept is that if the platform or environment is safety/mission critical, the emissions from the equipment
under assessment could act as a threat to the platform or environment and must therefore be controlled as a
Nil to Low risk.
Secondly if the equipment under assessment is safety/mission critical, then its susceptibility must be
controlled as a Nil to Low risk.
In the case of non-critical platform or environment, the emissions from the equipment under assessment can
be accepted with a Low to Medium risk.
In the case of non-critical equipment under assessment, the susceptibility of the equipment under
assessment can be accepted with a Low to Medium risk.
In all cases a High risk is unacceptable.
Having determined the acceptability of the risks, the unacceptable risks must be mitigated as shown in
Figure 6. This will comprise a list of unacceptable Medium and/or High risks.
Table 5 Guide to Minimum Acceptable Risk Resulting from EMC Gap Analysis
Environment/platform criticality
Safety/mission critical Non-critical
Safety/mission critical Emission = Low Emission = Low to Medium

Equipment criticality
Susceptibility = Low Susceptibility = Low
Non-critical Emission = Low Emission = Low to Medium
Susceptibility = Low to Susceptibility = Low to

Medium Medium
NOTE High risk unacceptable for any combination without mitigation
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Figure 6 Mitigate Risk Through Design and/or Retest Flow Chart
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Annex H
EMC And Functional Safety
H.1 Introduction
This section is not intended to replicate MOD Health and Safety advice or policy that is provided elsewhere,
it is however intended to provide an overview and discuss some of the issues affecting EMC and safety.
MOD Project Managers and Contactors are reminded that under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
they have a duty of care to provide; a safe place of work, safe equipment and safe instructions for the
equipments use (at all times including during: maintenance, operation, and storage). Safe instruction
includes the use and environment the equipment was designed for and any limitations. This applies to all
equipment not just safety critical systems.
Consideration must be given to how the equipment operates in its intended RF environment and whether it
will; be adversely affected by that environment or adversely affect that environment (does the equipment
transmit or generate transients on power or signal lines) to the detriment of collocated equipment.
Although this Standard gives some guidance and more stringent levels for safety critical systems it shall not
be considered a safety standard. The levels and tests given in this Standard were selected for EMC in the
normal use environment, and might not be appropriate for safety requirements. The military EM environment
can be both complex and variable therefore it is impossible to produce a generic standard to cover every
situation.
The enhanced safety levels given in Part 3 are based on historical past experience. The enhanced safety
levels given in Part 4 are intended to address the uncertainty associated with the various test methods
described.
An example of safety related system checks on a vehicle for compatibility with on-board transmissions is
given in Part 4, Clause B.6.4.
Equipment incorporating EED must remain safe in all RF environmental conditions from manufacture to
target. Advice on this specialist area must be obtained from the DOSG.
Clause H.12.c (Institution of Engineering and Technology – EMC for Functional Safety) provides the latest
advice on how to achieve EMC for Functional Safety in practise.
Essentially it recommends ensuring the susceptibility to the foreseeable EM threats expected in the
operational environment is achieved over the complete lifecycle by appropriate EM mitigation (filtering,
shielding, surge and transient suppression, galvanic isolation, etc.) that reliably complies with the relevant
susceptibility tests.
These should take into account reasonably foreseeable issues such as:
a) EM disturbances occurring simultaneously
b) EM disturbances combined with faults, ageing and misuse, etc.
These are dealt with by safety functions that use hardware and software design techniques and measures to
detect and/or correct for all consequences of EMI, for example by switching equipment into a safe state
(where it has one) or switching to a backup system (if it does not have a safe state).
In the MOD safety issues are managed through risk assessments and decisions recorded in a ‘Safety Case’
(for further advice on safety management in the MOD contact the appropriate Safety Management Office).
Safety is usually divided into physical (dropping, failing, dangerous materials etc) and functional safety (what
a system does).
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Apart from the RF RADHAZ from intentional transmitters EMC should be considered as part of the functional
safety of any system. EMC is similar to computer software in that it cannot cause harm directly but can cause
hazards indirectly such as the loss of flight control in an aircraft. It is also impossible in practice for complex
electronic/computer systems to be tested in every possible mode of operation. Therefore it is essential that
the risk assessment identifies any safety critical or safety related functions and how the EMC hazard to these
functions can be controlled. These controls may be physical (screening) or procedural (prohibiting
transmissions during refuelling). This information should be used for the EMC control plan and recorded in
the safety case.
In most instances once a safety analysis has identified the hazards complying with the levels and test
methods given in this Standard will provide sufficient evidence that the As Low As Reasonably Practicable
(ALARP) principles have been met although in some instances the equipment may need to be operated in
additional modes as described below.
H.2 Over Testing

For safety critical systems over testing by any amount cannot address inherent design weakness such as the
failure of a cable screen or filter which could result in a 60 dB increase in interference levels. Over testing
addresses variations and uncertainties inherent in the test methods. Any potential points of failure identified
should be assessed ‘worst case’ with the screen or filter removed, the level of risk can then be quantified and
if necessary remedial action taken (a change in operating procedure, strict maintenance use of inter locks or
extra secondary protection e.g. filtering and/or screening of the victim circuit board as well as the LRU).
NOTE These secondary protection methods must be 'designed in' as part of a homogeneous solution, just adding
extra filters in series or parallel can given unpredictable results that may actually reduce the EMC performance.
H.3 Configuration Management

Normal practice in EMC is to test a single production example of the equipment and assume quality control
will ensure that the rest of the production will meet the same standard. For equipment that is safety critical or
has a safety function consideration needs to be given to monitoring its EMC through its whole life (in general
this will involve verifying its performance with a limited subset of the original tests).
H.4 Software Radios

Software radios are radios whose RF performance (output power, bandwidth, modulation, etc) can be altered
by software; this can significantly degrade the EMC of the radio or collocated equipment.
H.5 Limit, Concessions and Tailoring

When considering EMC and safety it is important to note that this Standard has different tests for Land, Sea
and Air with several limits of varying severity (e.g. Sea above/below deck). There is no legislative
requirement to meet this Standard just a contractual one, hence the Contractor and the MOD Project
Manager can agree to a less severe requirement through concessions and tailoring (see Clause 6).
Therefore for safety critical systems it is important to establish and document exactly which tests and limits
an equipments performance has been/will be verified against before determining if this will give adequate
safety assurance.
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H.6 EMC Safety of COTS / MOTS Equipment Used in the Military Environment
The MOD procures a wide variety of COTS and MOTS equipment, which by definition will not have been
designed to meet the military RF environment.
CE marking is only a claim by the manufacturer/importer that they have met all the applicable EU
regulations. In EMC there are nearly a hundred generic or product specific standards that are approved and
harmonised with different levels of stringency that could have been applied. The manufacturer will have
carried out a safety analysis to demonstrate the safety of the product assuming it would be used for civilian
purposes in a civilian environment. If there are significant differences between the civilian and military
environments or the equipments use, then a safety analysis/assessment will have to be made. This may
involve testing the equipment in accordance with this Standard so that any failures are know and if
appropriate mitigating action can be taken. Similar considerations apply to MOTS equipment.
H.7 Guidance on Defence Standard 00-56 and EMC

Guidance on safety management requirements for defence systems is given in Defence Standard 00-56,
however the standard does not specify the means by which compliance should be achieved. The
recommended general steps applicable to safety management in relation to the EMC performance of
defence systems hardware are summarised below, taken from Clause H.12.c.2:
a) Assess the foreseeable worst case EM threats to the EUT/IUT (Clause 5)
b) Test the EUT/IUT to achieve compliance with the susceptibility test standards relevant to the EM threats
from Clause H.7.a above. Use overtesting as necessary to deal with measurement uncertainty to the
required testing confidence level. Overtesting by even more than this can help to deal with two or more
different EM disturbances occurring simultaneously.
c) Ensure that the EUT/IUT continues to comply with the tests in Clause H.7.b over the whole of its
anticipated lifecycle, taking into account all effects of its foreseeable physical lifecycle. (Repeating
susceptibility testing of the EUT/IUT after highly-accelerated simulation of its lifecycle can help
demonstrate that this has been achieved.)
d) Identify the severity of the consequence of co-located safety related equipment being susceptible to EM
emissions from the EUT/IUT and the resultant risk
e) Design actions are required to mitigate the risk to an acceptable level in accordance with the ALARP (as
low as reasonable practical), are as follows:
1) Hazard reduction by design: design so that the hazards are less, so that the safety functions
have less demanding requirements, for the whole lifecycle
2) EMC risk-reduction by design: the EMC performance of the protection measures should be
designed to be reliable over the EUT/IUT whole lifecycle (see Part 5 and Clause H.7.c above)
3) Use appropriate design techniques and measures taken from Clause H.12.c.2, to achieve the
required level of tolerable safety risk, taking into account the fact that both of the following can
occur simultaneously or in any critical time sequence:
i. EMI can cause any signals and/or data, and/or or controls to suffer from an almost infinite
variety of: degraded; distorted; delayed; intermittent and/or false values; and similar or
different degraded, distorted, etc. values to occur on some (possibly all) signals, data
and/or controls; simultaneously, or in some critical time sequence.
ii. EMI can cause any power supplies to suffer from an almost infinite variety of:
waveform distortions; overvoltages; undervoltages (dips, dropouts, interruptions, etc.), and
similar or different degradations to occur on some/all power supplies; simultaneously, or in
some critical time sequence.
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4) Use appropriate verification and validation techniques and measures taken from
Clause H.12.c.2, to achieve the required level of tolerable safety risk, taking into account
Clause H.7.e.3 above.
5) Maintenance of safety performance in serial manufacture, maintenance and repair (Clause 17,
see also the relevant part of Clause H.12.c.2)
6) Maintenance of safety performance despite modifications and upgrades (Clause 16, see also
the relevant part of Clause H.12.c.2)
f) Compile EMC documentation (e.g. Clauses 9, 10, 11 and 12 referring to the relevant part of
Clause H.12.c.2) and analysis studies to show that ‘due diligence’ has been applied and submit to the
project safety case
g) Independent assessment of the project safety case by a competent person or persons with appropriate
seniority, making as many revisions to the safety case as are necessary until they are satisfied with it.
H.8 MOD Publications

The 'White Booklet,' An Introduction to System Safety Management in the MOD, is an entry-level reference
for system safety management. Its purpose is as an introduction to system safety management concepts,
terms and activities. It is intended to allow MOD and contractor personnel to quickly understand how safety
issues affect them. It is not intended as a contractual document.
The current version of the book is Issue 3, dated January 2011.
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/27552/WhiteBookIssue3.pdf
H.9 Acquisition Safety and Environmental Management System (ASEMS)

The Acquisition Safety and Environmental Management System is a comprehensive information site
embodying the principles of good Safety and Environmental Management in Smart Acquisition.
http://defenceintranet.diif.r.mil.uk/Organisations/Orgs/DES/Organisations/Orgs/FuncDir/Technical/Pages/QSEP-ASEMS.aspx
H.10 Safety Standards
Defence Standard 00-56 Safety Management Requirements for Defence Systems
JSP 375 MOD Health and Safety Handbook
JSP 430 Management of Ship Safety and Environmental Protection
JSP 454 Land Systems Safety and Environmental Protection
JSP 518 Regulation of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme
JSP 520 Ordnance, Munitions and Explosives Safety Management System
JSP 538 Regulation of the Naval Nuclear Weapon Programme
MAA01 Military Aviation Authority Regulatory Policy
JSP 815 Defence Environment and Safety Management
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IEC 61508 Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic
Safety-related Systems
IEC/TS 61000-1-2:2008 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 1-2: General – Methodology for
the achievement of the functional safety of electrical and electronic
equipment with regard to electromagnetic phenomena
STANAG 4297 Ed2 (AOP-15 Guidance on the assessment of the safety and suitability for service of non-
Ed3) nuclear munitions for NATO Armed Forces
Mil-Std 882 D Standard Practice for System Safety
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H.11 MOD Safety Management Offices

Further guidance and information on Safety Management can be obtained from the relevant MOD Safety
Management Office.
a) Acquisition Safety and Environmental (ASE)
ASE, Elm 1b, #4128, MOD Abbey Wood, Bristol, BS34 8JH
b) Defence Safety and Environment Authority (DSEA) – Corporate Policy and Assurance (CPA)
DSEA – CPA, Floor 1, Zone J, Main Building, Whitehall, London, SW1A 2HB
c) Defence Maritime Regulator (DMR)
DSEA – DMR, Elm 1c, #4136, MOD Abbey Wood, Bristol, BS34 8JH
d) Defence Land Safety Regulator (DLSR)
DSEA – DLSR, McIntosh 0, #0014, MOD Abbey Wood, Bristol, BS34 8JH
e) Military Aviation Authority (MAA)
MAA, Juniper 1, MOD Abbey Wood (North), Bristol, BS34 8QW
f) Defence Ordnance Safety Regulator (DOSR)
DSEA – DOSR, McIntosh 0, #0014, MOD Abbey Wood, Bristol, BS34 8JH
H.12 Other Information

a) MOD AOF Safety and Environmental Protection Homepage
http://www.aof.dii.r.mil.uk/aofcontent/tactical/safety/index.htm
b) MOD Safety Manager's Toolkit
http://www.aof.dii.r.mil.uk/aofcontent/tactical/safety/content/asems/smt.htm
c) Institution of Engineering and Technology – EMC for Functional Safety
http://www.theiet.org/factfiles/emc/
Including:
1) Introductory Managers Guide to EMC for Functional Safety (2013)
2) Overview of techniques and measures related to EMC for Functional Safety (2013)
3) Electromagnetic Compatibility for Functional Safety guidance (2008)
4) Overview of the EMC for Functional Safety process for a Simple EFS
5) Overview of the EMC for Functional Safety process for a Simple EFS
6) EMC Checklists
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Annex I
Example URD Electromagnetic Environment Statement
a) The URD consists of a complete set of individual User requirements supported by other documents.
URDs are the means by which the CAP develops, communicates and maintains the User’s requirement
throughout the life of the system. Further information can be found in the Acquisition Handbook and on
the ‘Requirements Management’ web page within the AOF.
b) One approach that may be used is identifying Functional and Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs).
The systems engineering definitions of Functional and NFRs are as follows: -
1) Functional Requirement: a requirement for a specific system action or response.
2) NFR: a requirement that stipulates a physical or performance characteristic.
c) Therefore, NFRs provide 'context' to the 'capability' focused URD. The information contained in a NFR
does not add to the capability but it does set parameters within which the system will have to operate.
NFRs ensure that the system can be used to the required level in certain conditions, they are common
to many different programmes but not every programme will need to consider every NFR. NFRs that
are known when the URD is written must be captured.
d) NFRs are often expensive but add quality; early identification will avoid costly changes and facilitate the
trade-off process leading to a cost-effective solution. Blanket application of individual NFRs will be
unnecessarily costly and should be avoided therefore they should be expressed as unique statements of
requirement with the same attributes as system functions.
e) EMC should generally be considered as a NFR, which may sit within one or more areas of a URD,
depending on the type of system, i.e. Integration and Environment.
f) It is therefore important to accurately define the circumstances and EME under which the system is
required to operate. Assistance in assessing generic EMEs can be found in Part 2 and example URD
statements are shown below.
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DEFINITION OF PRIORITIES
PRIORITY DEFINITION
KUR - Key User Requirement Mission critical requirements. These will require re-endorsement if they are to be traded during the assessment phase
M - Mandatory Requirements that must be met and represent legal obligations.
1 - Priority 1 Requirements of great importance but which are subject to affordable technical capability. Must not be traded without user agreement
Example URD Statement Regarding EMC in the Land Environment
KEY USER REQUIREMENTS
KUR 5 The User shall be able to operate the system: without interfering with; or being susceptible to; other Service equipment, from the EMC perspective.
Ser System Requirement Justification Acceptance Criteria/ Remarks Pri

Validation Test
5.1 The User shall be able to operate the To enable use in Mutual compatibility Equipment to be used in mutual compatibility testing: KUR
system: without interfering with; or close proximity with testing with in-service
being susceptible to; other Service communications and comms/navigation Including (List scenario equipment) when configured within
equipment, from the EMC other electronic equipment. vehicle harness for (List Platforms).
perspective. equipment mounted
on the man.
5.2 The User shall be able to operate the To enable use in close EMC Compliance with Part 3 Annex A ‘Man Worn, Man Portable Equipment’ refers. 1
system: without interfering with; or proximity with Defence Standard 59-411
being susceptible to; other Service communications and (Provide Issue No & Date). Minimum operational distance from co-located equipment to be
equipment, from the EMC perspective. other electronic stated.
equipment mounted on
the man.
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95
Example URD Statement Regarding EMC in the Sea Environment
KUR 4 The User shall be provided with a capability that will operate in the defined (Platform) electromagnetic environment

Validation Test
4.1 The User shall be provided with a Maximise capability Technical Evaluation at Modelling and Simulation - to be conducted independently KUR
capability that will operate in the availability. Design Review. prior to Main Gate submission.
defined (Platform) electromagnetic Initial Modelling validation during Land Based Trials.
environment. Modelling validation via First of Class Sea Trials.
4.2 The system shall not cause To ensure operational Technical Evaluation at The contractor is to provide evidence that the system will meet 1
unintentional interference, or be flexibility and Design Review. the EMC requirements of Defence Standard 59-411 Part 3
susceptible to, any electronic effectiveness. and/or Part 4 Annex B (Provide Issue No & Date) for
equipment aboard (Platform) (including First of Class Sea Trials & equipment type 1- above deck limits for sea systems.
communications equipment, RADAR EWEMIT.
and rotary wing aircraft. (Define The contractor is required to produce an EMC test plan
scenario equipment)). including susceptibility testing in accordance with Defence
Standard 59-411.
The contractor is to provide evidence demonstrating the

satisfactory integration of the system, and produce an EM
control plan in accordance with Defence Standard 59-411.
Minimum operational distance from co-located equipment to be

stated.
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Example URD Statement Regarding EMC in the Air Environment
KUR 6 The User shall be provided with a capability that can provide safe operation in the defined (Platform) electromagnetic environment.

Validation Test
6.1 The User shall be provided with a Maximise capability Military Aircraft Release In accordance with Defence Standard 00-970. KUR
capability that can provide safe availability. Procedures.
operation in the defined (Platform)
electromagnetic environment.
6.2 The system shall not cause To ensure operational EMC Compliance with The contractor is to provide evidence that the system will meet 1
unintentional interference, or be flexibility and Defence Standard 59-411 the EMC requirements of Defence Standard 59-411 (Provide
susceptible to, any electronic effectiveness. (Provide Issue No & Date). Issue No & Date) - Aircraft limits.
equipment on board the aircraft.
Minimum operational distance from co-located equipment to be
(Define scenario equipment)). stated.
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Annex J
Default Defence Standard 59-411 Contractual Requirements
This Annex provides the Project Manager with a guide to the default Defence Standard 59-411 contractual
requirements in the form of a checklist against each of the major EMC activities within a project. In addition a
guide to the default responsibility for each activity is shown. The Project Manager should consider whether
the default is applicable to their project or should select the appropriate requirement using the guidance
within Defence Standard 59-411 Part 1.
PROJECT MANAGER CHECKLIST
Project Title: ...............................................................................................................................................................
Project Reference:......................................................................................................................................................
CHECK CHECK DEF STAN 59- DEFAULT REQUIREMENT DEFAULT

NO. 411 RESPONSIBILITY
REFERENCE
NOT REQUIRED
CONTRACTOR
DEFERRED
MOD
1 Operational scenario Part 1 Clauses Define Key User Requirement in
5 & 6.4 URD: Specify in URD scenarios
*
in which equipment is required to
remain safe and to operate. May
be in terms of operation from or
near specific platform(s) or
transmitters. Safe and operate
scenarios may be different and
for weapons need to include all
phases of storage/use.
2 Convert operational Part 1 Clauses Scenarios to be translated into

scenario into EM 5, 6.4 & Part 2 specific EM environments in SRD
*
environment statement in (using Part 2 and expert advice).
SRD
3 EMC contractual Part 1 Clause EMC compliance with Def Stan

requirements 6 59-411 Part 1 (management &
*
planning), Part 3 (equipment and
sub-system testing), Part 4
(platform and large system test
and trials). Test limits depend on
service and environment
statement.
4 Determine list of applicable Part 1 Clause Refer to activities listed in Table

EMC activities 7 & Table 1 1 for Project Type: LRU, Sub-
*
system & Simple System
5 EM Manager appointment Part 1 Clauses EM Manager to be appointed

at equipment level 8.3 & 8.4
*
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98
Project Title: ...............................................................................................................................................................
Project Reference: .....................................................................................................................................................

REFERENCE
NOT REQUIRED
CONTRACTOR
DEFERRED
MOD
6 EM Manager appointment Part 1 Clauses EM Platform Manager to be
at platform level 8.3 & 8.5 appointed for platform
*
procurement
7 EM Working Group Part 1 Clause EM Working Group may not be

8.6 required for simple equipment
*
procurements
8 EM Control Plan Part 1 Clause EM Control Plan to be issued

9
*
9 EM Control Plan Part 1 Clause EM Control Plan to be agreed
Agreement 9 with the Project Manager
*
10 EM Test Plan Part 1 Clause EM Test Plan to be issued for
10, 13 & 14 each equipment
*
11 EM Test Plan agreement Part 1 Clause Test Plans to be agreed with the
10 Project Manager prior to test
*
12 QA witnessing of test and Part 1 Clause Not mandatory
trials 10
*
13 EM Test Report and/or EM Part 1 Clauses EM Test Report and EM Test
Test Certificate 11 & 12 Certificate to be issued
*
14 Justification for tailored test Part 1 Clause Tests may not be tailored to a
requirement and limits 14.1 lesser severity unless justified by
*
the Contractor
15 Approval of tailored test Part 1 Clause The Contractor's justification of

requirement and limits 14.1 tailored test requirement and
*
limits to be approved
16 Demonstration that Part 1 Clauses Risk analysis study required to

COTS/MOTS equipment 6.2 & 8.2, assess COTS/MOTS
*
has adequate EMC Annex G compatibility
performance
17 Provision of GFE EMC Part 1 Clause GFE EMC performance details

performance details 6.3 should be provided
*
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Project Title: ...............................................................................................................................................................
Project Reference:......................................................................................................................................................

REFERENCE
NOT REQUIRED
CONTRACTOR
DEFERRED
MOD
18 Trials / clearance Part 1 Clauses Tests and Trials required in
programme for 6.1, 13.3 & 15 accordance with Def Stan 59-411
*
installation/platform EMC Part 4 Part 4
19 Determine need for sea Part 1 Clause Only applicable to Naval

service whole platform EM 8.1 & Annex E platforms
*
engineering management
approach
20 Production sample testing - Part 1 Clause 0% sampling

level of sampling required 6.5
*
21 EMC performance during Part 1 Clause EMC to be maintained during
Post Design Services 16 PDS in accordance with Def Stan
*
59-411 Part 1
22 EMC performance during Part 1 Clause EMC in-service maintenance

In-Service Maintenance 17 procedures to be specified in
*
accordance with Def Stan 59-411
Part 1
23 EMC and functional safety Part 1 Clause No EMC impact on equipment,

6.7, Annex H platform or installation safety
*
24 Exemption from relevant Part 1 Annex F Compliance with EU Directives
EU Directives due to required, unless exemption
*
essential national security applicable
interests (i.e. is CE Marking
applicable)
25 Detailed application of Part Part 4 Clause EM Platform Test and Trials Plan
4 test and trials 1 to be issued
*
26 EM Trials/Test Plan Part 1 Clause EM Platform Test and Trials Plan
agreement 10 to be agreed prior to tests and
*
trials
27 Air service – Release to Part 4 Clause Dependent on project?

service route; Military 1
*
Aircraft Release (MA) or
Generic Aircraft Release to
Service (RTS)
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Project Title: ...............................................................................................................................................................
Project Reference: .....................................................................................................................................................

REFERENCE
NOT REQUIRED
CONTRACTOR
DEFERRED
MOD
28 Ground based air service Part 1 14.5, Determine the applicability of
system requirements Part 4 Clause Part 3 & Part 4 Land Service
*
1 Class C or D or alternatively Part
1 Support Equipment
requirements
29 Land service platform – Part 4 Clause Applicable to land service

Definition of DRE04 non- B.2.3.4 platforms with non-CNR
*
CNR communications communications equipment
equipment test limits
30 Land service platform – Part 4 Clause Decision required on the

applicability of "Immunity to B.2.8 applicability of the overtest to
*
on-board transmitters" mission critical equipment on
overtest to mission critical land service platforms, the
equipment (in addition to default being that it is not
safety critical) applicable.
31 Land service platform – Part 4 Clause Applicable to land service

"Bulk current injection B.2.8.2 platforms
*
enhanced level test"
decision to be taken where
safety margins are not met
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Annex K
Points of Contact
DE3A Contact Details
DE3A,
Blumlein Building,
Blandford Camp,
Dorset
DT11 8RH
Tel: +44 (0) 1258 485231
Fax: +44 (0) 1258 485461

Email: DESTECH-EG-EI-CM1@mod.uk
JSA Contact Details
JSA,
Blumlein Building,
Blandford Camp,
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Tel: +44 (0) 1258 485649
Fax: +44 (0) 1258 485461

Email: DESTECH-EG-EI-JSA-SPOC@mod.uk
102 UK OFFICIAL
DOSG Contact Details
DOSG,
Fir 3a, #4304
MOD Abbey Wood
Bristol
BS34 8JH
Tel: +44(0) 30 679 35818
Fax: +44(0) 30 679 31920
Email: DESWpns-DOSG-ST3@mod.uk
DSTL Contact Details
IO/EMC
Security Sciences Department
Building Q7, Room 24,
Dstl Fort Halstead
Sevenoaks,
Kent.
TN14 7BP
Tel: +44 (0) 1959 892903
Email: MINGRAM@dstl.gov.uk
DStan Contact Details
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UK OFFICIAL 103
Annex L
List of Abbreviations Applicable to this Part of the Standard
AECP Allied Environmental Conditions Publication

AECTP Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication
AGE Aerospace Ground Equipment
AIP Air Information Publication
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practical
AMN Artificial Mains Network
AOF Acquisition Operating Framework
ASE Acquisition Safety and Environmental
ASEMS Acquisition Safety and Environmental Management System
ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
BR Book of Reference
BS British Standard
C2 Command and Control
CAD Computer Aided Design
CADMID Concept, Assessment, Demonstration, Manufacture, In-Service, Disposal
CAP Capability Area Plans
CE European Conformity
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
CFC Carbon Fibre Composite
CISPR International Special Committee on Radio Interference
COLICE Collocation Interference Cancelling Equipment
COMPLAN Communications Plan
COTS Commercial Off The Shelf
CPA Corporate Policy and Assurance
CW Carrier Wave
DC Direct Current
dB Decibel
dBi Decibels relative to an Isotropic radiator
DCE Defence Conducted Emissions
DCS Defence Conducted Susceptibility
DE&S Defence Equipment & Support
DE3A Defence Electromagnetic Environment Effects (E3) Authority
DMR Defence Maritime Regulator
DoC Declaration of Conformity
DOSG Defence Ordnance Safety Group
DOSR Defence Ordnance Safety Regulator
104 UK OFFICIAL
DRE Defence Radiated Emissions
DREA Defence Evaluation & Research Agency
DROPS Demountable Rack Off-loading and Pick-up System
DRS Defence Radiated Susceptibility
DSEA Defence Safety and Environment Authority
DSPCR Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations
DSTL Defence Science Technology Laboratory
DT Delivery Team
ECM Electronic Counter Measures
EC European Community
EEA European Economic Area
EED Electro-Explosive Devices
EFS Electrotechnology for Functional Safety
EM Electromagnetic
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMCON Emission Control
EME Electromagnetic Environment
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
EMP Electromagnetic Pulse
EMSEC Electronic Emission Security
EMP Equipment Project Manager
EN European Standard
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
E3 Electromagnetic Environmental Effects
EU European Union
EUT Equipment Under Test
EWEMIT Enhanced Weapon Electronic Mutual Interference Trial
FFR Fitted For Radio
FP Force Protection
FRP Fibre Reinforced Plastic
GFE Government Furnished Equipment
GPSE General Purpose Support Equipment
HF High Frequency
HM Her Majesty
ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO International Standards Organization
ITT Invitation To Tender
IUT Installation Under Test
JSA Joint Spectrum Authority
JSP Joint Service Publication
UK OFFICIAL 105
KUR Key User Requirement
LEMP Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse
LISN Line Impedance Stabilization Network
LSSR Land System Safety Regulator
LRU Line Replacement Unit
LVD Low Voltage Directive
MAA Military Aviation Authority
MCTA Maritime Commissioning Trials and Assessments
MEMIC Mobile Electromagnetic Incompatibility
MI Mutual Interference
MIL-STD Military Standard
MOD Ministry of Defence
MOTS Military Off The Shelf
NBC Nuclear Biological Chemical
NEMP Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse
NFFR Non Fitted For Radio
NFR Non-Functional Requirements
NPL National Physical Laboratory
OJEU Official Journal of European Union
PPM Platform Project Manager
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
QA Quality Assurance
R&TTE Radio and Telecomm Terminal Equipment
RADHAZ Radio Hazard
RF Radio Frequency
RFI Radio Frequency Interference
SI Statutory Instrument
SIF Shore Integration Facility
SIL System Integrity Level
SRD System Requirements Document
STANAG Standardisation Agreement
TEC EU Combined Treaties
TFEU Treaty for the Functioning of the European Union
TREE Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UK United Kingdom
UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service
UOR Urgent Operational Requirement
URD User Requirements Document
UUT Unit Under Test
VHF Very High Frequency
106 UK OFFICIAL
WARM War Reserve Mode
WEMIT Weapon Electronic Mutual Interference Trial
UK OFFICIAL 107
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File Reference
The DStan file reference relating to work on this Standard is D/DStan/59/411/1
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UK OFFICIAL

Defence Standard 59-411 Part 1

Figure 1 Flow Diagram of the Route to Compliance.................................................................................65

Table 1 Example of EMC Activities within Projects ..................................................................................7

Amd No. Date Text Affected Signature and Date

0.6 This Standard has been prepared in five parts:

Electromagnetic Compatibility - Part 1 - Management

a) Operational scenario and the electromagnetic environment

b) Performance of FP ECM equipment

c) Interoperability with communications equipment

d) Platform installed mission critical systems

e) Interoperability with other scenario equipment and systems

4 Abbreviations and Definitions

5 Operational Scenario and the EM Environment

6 Specification of EMC Contractual Requirements

6.2 The Impact of COTS/MOTS

A method of assessing the risk of procuring COTS/MOTS is provided in Annex G.

6.3 Government Furnished Equipment (GFE)

6.4 Combined Service Procurement

6.7 EMC and Functional Safety

7 Control and Management of EMC

Appoint Platform EM Manager

Form EM working group

Test plans (see Clause 10)

Trials plans (see Clause 10)

Development and qualification

Production sample testing and

System and platform trials and

Platform Mutual Interference trials

Post design services

EM maintenance (see Clause 17)

a EM Management continues throughout all procurement stages

8 Management Roles and Responsibilities

8.3 EM Manager Appointee

8.4 Equipment EM Manager Responsibilities

b) Establish an EM Working Group if necessary and chair its meetings

8.5 Platform EM Manager Responsibilities

The principal responsibilities of Platform EM Management are outlined below.

8.6 EM Working Group

9.1 Purpose of an EM Control Plan

9.2 Applicability of an EM Control Plan

9.3 Contents of EM Control Plan

a) Technical Description – defining the platform/system/equipment, its purpose, interfaces, signal/data,

h) The Quality Assurance Programme (see Clause 9.3.5)

i) Glossary of definitions and abbreviations used in the EM control plan

9.3.2 Management and Organisation

9.3.3 Design Policy and Risk Assessment

1) The EM environment, both internal and external to the materiel procured

2) The use of GFE, COTS or MOTS equipment

3) Potential interfering sources and victims (and level of severity)

2) Physical segregation, between and within installations and equipment

3) The shielding, grounding and bonding intentions

5) Frequency planning, for both intentional and non-intentional radiators

a) A description of the testing/trials philosophy and management

b) A list of the tests and standards to be adopted

c) An explanation of the rationale for any tailoring of tests or limits

g) A statement of the functional performance requirements

h) A statement defining the procedure to be followed if failure under test occurs

i) A description of any reporting procedures during and after tests

9.3.5 Quality Assurance

a) Definition of the build standard of every item of materiel to be tested

b) Conduct of materiel performance tests before EM certification testing

c) Determination of the overall functional tolerances for acceptance

d) Definition of concession procedures if required