E15660 V40 ESIA00 Box 385449 B00 PUBLIC0

Public Disclosure Authorized
E1566 V4
ESIA o f the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER LINES EXPANSION AND REHABILITATION IN
THE KALITI CATCHMENT
(Final Report)\
(Volume I)
Client:
Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)
Water, Sanitation Rehabilitation and Development Project Office
Consultant:
Beles Engineering P.L.C

(Experts in Water, Land & Environment)
October 2014
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC
ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................. II
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................ VI
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................................... VIII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. IX
ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................................... X
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ XII
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF ESIA STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 General Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 Scoping Method ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4.2 Baseline Investigation Methods .................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Impact Assessment Methodology ........................................................ 4
2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 7
2.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 National Environmental Protection Authority .............................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Regional Environmental Agencies ................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Sectoral Environmental Units ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 NATIONAL POLICY AND STRATEGIES ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proc. No.1 /1995) ................................ 8
2.2.2 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (1997) .................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1997) ........................................... 9
2.2.4 National Policy on Biodiversity Conservation and Research (1998) ........................................................... 9
2.2.5 Sectoral Policies ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS AND REGULATIONS ....................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs No. 295/2002 .......................... 11
2.3.2 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 299/2002 ........................................................... 11
2.3.3 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control No. 300/2002 ............................................................. 12
2.3.4 Industrial Pollution Regulation No. 159 /2008 ........................................................................................... 12
2.4 INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Administrative Framework ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES .................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 ESMF AND RPF REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.6.1 ESMF Requirements ................................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.2 RPF Requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 15
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 17

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3.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................................ 18

3.2.1 The Sewer Lines .......................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant ......................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 Proposed Technology for the New WTP ..................................................................................................... 28
3.3 DOWNSTREAM AREAS FROM THE TREATMENT PLANT ........................................................................................ 48
3.3.1 Farming Areas ............................................................................................................................................ 48
3.3.2 Settlement Area ........................................................................................................................................... 48
3.3.3 Riparian Vegetation .................................................................................................................................... 48
4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ............................................................................ 50
4.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 50

4.1.1 Topography and Drainage .......................................................................................................................... 50
4.1.2 Land use / land cover .................................................................................................................................. 51
4.1.3 Climate ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
4.1.4 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.1.5 Geology ....................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.1.6 Water Resource and Quality ....................................................................................................................... 62
4.1.7 Wastewater Quality ..................................................................................................................................... 63
4.2 THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE CONDITIONS ................................................................................... 64
4.2.1 Vegetation and Flora .................................................................................................................................. 64
4.2.2 Plantation Forest ........................................................................................................................................ 64
4.2.3 Vegetables and Plants ................................................................................................................................. 64
4.2.4 Birds and Wildlife ....................................................................................................................................... 64
4.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF ADDIS ABABA ............................................................................................ 65
4.3.1 Institutional and Administrative Context of Addis Ababa ........................................................................... 65
4.3.2 Demographic Structure ............................................................................................................................... 67
4.3.3 Housing Conditions .................................................................................................................................... 68
4.3.4 Major economic Activities .......................................................................................................................... 69
4.3.5 Land use Pattern ......................................................................................................................................... 70
4.3.6 Educational Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 70
4.3.7 Health Facilities.......................................................................................................................................... 71
4.3.8 Road Facilities ............................................................................................................................................ 71
4.3.9 Telecommunication Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.10 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................................... 72
4.3.11 Sanitation Facilities .................................................................................................................................... 72
4.4 GENDER ISSUE ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
4.5 PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS .............................................................................................................................. 73
4.5.1 Fully Affected Persons ................................................................................................................................ 73
4.5.2 Partially Affected Persons and Organizations ............................................................................................ 73
5 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................. 75
5.1 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 75

5.2 NO ACTION/ WITHOUT PROJECT ALTERNATIVE .................................................................................................. 75
5.3 AS PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE ............................................................................................................................... 76
5.4 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OPTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 76
5.4.1 Sewer trunk Lines ........................................................................................................................................ 76
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5.5 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................................ 78

5.5.1 Comparison of the commonly used wastewater treatment systems ............................................................. 79
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION

MEASURES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 82
6.1 CHECKLIST OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................................................... 82

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................................... 102
6.2.1 Impacts in Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project ....................................................................................... 102
6.2.2 Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant ............................................................................................. 107
6.2.3 Impacts Downstream of the WTP .............................................................................................................. 115
6.3 MITIGATION MEASURES .................................................................................................................................... 121
6.3.1 Mitigation Measures in the Sewer trunks Line Part ................................................................................. 121
6.3.2 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts of the Wastewater Plant ................................................................. 124
6.3.3 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater Plant ............................................ 127
6.1.1 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................................. 127
7 STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 128
7.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 128

7.2 SCOPE OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY............................................................................................................. 128
7.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 128
7.4 THE MAIN STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROJECT AREA AND THE CONSULTATION PROCESS .................................... 129
7.4.1 Consultation with sub city administrations ............................................................................................... 129
7.4.2 Consultations with the Project Affected Persons ...................................................................................... 130
7.5 TYPE OF STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................................................................................... 130
7.5.1 Internal stakeholders ....................................................................................................................................... 130
7.5.2 External Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................... 131
7.6 ROLES OF MAIN STAKEHOLDERS AND STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 131
7.6.1 Internal Stakeholders ....................................................................................................................................... 131
7.6.2 External Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................... 132
7.7 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 132
7.8 CONCLUDING REMARK ...................................................................................................................................... 133
8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS ................................. 134
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS ...................................................................................... 134

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................................... 146
8.3 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT OF THE EMMP............................................................................................ 153
8.4 TRAINING ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................................... 154
8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUDGET........................................................................................................ 154
9 SUMMARY OF THE COST ESTIMATES FOR THE PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES .............. 158
10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 160
10.1 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 160

10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 162
SELECTED REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 163

ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 165
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ANNEX 1 LIST OF PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE AND PROPERTY ..................................................................................... 165

ANNEX 2. PROFESSIONALS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 181
ANNEX 3 HISTORICAL WATER QUALITY RECORDS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...................................................................... 182
ANNEX 4: FAO GUIDELINE FOR WASTEWATER USE IN AGRICULTURE......................................................................... 184
ANNEX 5: USEPA, NPDES AND EC EDR FOR DISCHARGES FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ................... 187
ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT .................................................................. 188
ANNEX 7. FORMAT FOR ASSET SURVEY ALONG THE SEWER LINES ................................................................................. 196
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List of Tables
Table 1.1: Physical Environmental Receptors ...................................................................................................................... 4
Table 1.2: Biological Environmental Receptors ................................................................................................................... 4
Table 1.3: Socio-Economic Environmental Receptors ......................................................................................................... 4
Table 1.4: Criteria Used in the Evaluation of Impacts .......................................................................................................... 5
Table 3.1: Proposed Sewer Trunk and Manhole Diameters ............................................................................................... 21
Table 3.2: Summary of Proposed Sewer Trunks For Kaliti Catchment. ............................................................................. 21
Table 3.3: Characteristics of the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant .......................................................................... 28
Table 3.4: Wastewater Characteristics for Detailed Design ............................................................................................... 30
Table 3.5: Treated Effluent Characteristics for Design ...................................................................................................... 30
Table 3.6: Trickling Filter Size ........................................................................................................................................... 39
Table 3.7 Common Anaerobic Digesters ............................................................................................................................ 42
Table 3.8 Types of Sludge Drying Beds and Lagoons........................................................................................................ 44
Table 4.1: Summary of Mean Monthly Long-Term Meteorological Data of Addis Ababa Area. ...................................... 55
Table 4.2: Basic Statistical Description For Historical Raw Wastewater At The Kaliti Wtp. ............................................ 63
Table 4.3: Water Quality Analysis Results Of The Project Area ....................................................................................... 63
Table:4.4 Basic Demographic Data of Addis Ababa .......................................................................................................... 67
Table 4.5: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa, ......................................................................................................... 68
Table 4.6 Housing Types in the Three Affected Sub-Cities ............................................................................................... 69
Table: 4.7 Housing Conditions and Number of Houses of PAPs ....................................................................................... 69
Table 4.8: Sectoral Distribution of Urban Employment ..................................................................................................... 69
Table 4.9: Economically Active Persons 10 Years and Above........................................................................................... 70
Table 4.10: Status of Education .......................................................................................................................................... 71
Table 4.11Health facilities in the City Administration of Addis Ababa ............................................................................. 71
Table 4.12 Number of health service providers .................................................................................................................. 72
Table 4.13 Road Facilities of the City ................................................................................................................................ 72
Table 5.1: Selection Matrix Results .................................................................................................................................... 79
Table 5.2: Construction Cost Estimates for Top Three Options ......................................................................................... 79
Table 5.3 Comparison of The Commonly Used Wastewater Treatment Systems .............................................................. 81
Table 6.1 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Sewer Trunk Line Part .................................................. 83
Table 6.2 List Of Properties that iill be Affected/Damaged During the Mobilization Phase .............................................. 85
Table 6.3 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant ......................................... 85
Table 6.4 Check list of Potential Environmental Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater treatment plant ....................... 87
Table 6.5 Summary of Important Negative Impacts ......................................................................................................... 119
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Table 6.6 Summary of Important Positive Impacts .......................................................................................................... 120

Table 7.1: Opinion of the Would Be Affected Households About the Project Along The Trunk Lines........................... 132
Table 7.2: Opinion of the Would Be Affected Households About theProject Around and Downstream of the WTP ..... 132
Table 8.1Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Sewer Trunk Line Part of the Project ............................. 136
Table 8.2Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Wastewater Treatment Plant .......................................... 139
Table 8.3Environmentala Social Management Plan for the Area Downstream of The WTP ........................................... 145
Table 8.4Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................................... 147
Table 8.5 Summary of The Budget for Environmental Management ............................................................................... 154
Table 9.1: Estimated Cost for Compensation ................................................................................................................... 158
Table 9.2: Estimated Administration Cost of RAP Implementation For District 7 .......................................................... 159
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List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Administrative Sub Division of Addis Ababa City .......................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.1 Plates Showing Grave Situations of Liquid Waste Management in the Project Area ....................................... 18
Figure 3.2: Spot Image Showing the Western Trunk .......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.3: Spot Image Showing the Eastern Trunk ........................................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.4: Spot Image Showing the Southern Trunk ......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.5: Location Map of the Proposed Trunk Lines and Existing Sewer Lines ........................................................... 24
Figure 3.6: Spot Image of the Kaliti WTP .......................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.7: Plates Showing Some Features of the Kaliti WTP ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 3.8: Kaliti Wtp Flow Diagram. ................................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 3.9: Draft Lay out of the Treatment Plant................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 3.10: the Proposed Wastewater Treatment System ................................................................................................. 32
Figure 3.11: Some Features of Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant ................................................................... 49
Figure 4.1: Digital Elevation Model and Simplified Drainage Map of the Akaki River Basin with City Boundary .......... 50
Figure 4.2: Drainage Map Showing the Little Akaki and Big Akaki Rivercatchments With Project Area ........................ 51
Figure 4.3: Simplified Digital Elevation Model With N-S Sections of the Akaki River Basin .......................................... 52
Figure 4.4: Simplified Land Use/Cover Map of Addis Ababa Area ................................................................................... 53
Figure 4.5: Typical Vegetated Land Cover Types in the Project Area ............................................................................... 53
Figure 4.6: The Two Sensitive Areas That Are Going To Be Affected Bythe Sewer Lines............................................... 54
Figure 4.7: Hydrograph of Big Akaki and Little Akaki Rivers ......................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.8: Simplified Geological Map of the Study Area ................................................................................................. 58
Figure 4.9: Typical Fractured Permeable Volcanic Rocks Along the Eastern Proposed Sewer Line. ................................ 60
Figure 4.10: Simplified Soil Map of Addis Ababa Area .................................................................................................... 61
Figure 4.11: Photographs Showing Some of the Biological Elements O the Project Area. ............................................... 65
Figure 4.12: Map of Addis Ababa City Showing the Division by Sub-Cities and District................................................. 66
Figure 4.13: Growth Trend of Addis Ababa Between 1975 and 2000................................................................................ 67
Figure 4.15: Some Field Activities Related to Socioeconomic Surveying, Asset Enumeration and Project Area
Observations. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 8.1 Proposed Organization Chart for the Implementation of the Emmp ............................................................... 153
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are highly indebted to the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA), Water,
Sanitation Rehabilitation and Development Project Office for providing valuable documents for the
project and facilitating the field visits. Many experts in the AAWSA project office cooperated and
provided available information for the working team. Our appreciation extends to AAWSA
laboratory for analyzing water samples on time. In this regard, our particular appreciation goes to
AtoZelekeTeferi. In general, the client’s cooperation is extremely appreciable. We are also indebted
to all Sub city and District administration officials in the project area for organizing meetings and
focus group discussions and the experts from the various sectoral offices in the Addis Ababa city
administration for providing valuable information. The Addis Ababa Roads Authority, Engineering
Design Division provided valuable information on current costs for the assets that will be affected by
the project. We are also thankful to the community which also participated in meetings and provided
valuable verbal information indicated in the RAP and socioeconomic report. All who provided verbal
and written information for this report are highly appreciated.
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ACRONYMS
AAEPA Addis Ababa city administration Environmental Protection Authority
ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
AAHB Addis Ababa city administration Health Bureau
AALSAB Addis Ababa city administration Labor and Social Affairs Bureau
AAWSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority
ACC Awareness Creation Committee
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOD5 5 day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BoLAEP Bureau of Land Administration and Environmental Protection
CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSA Central Statistics Agency
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
CW Constructed Wetland
DEM Digital Elevation Model
EBCS Ethiopian Building Code Standard
EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EISs Environmental Impact Statements
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
EMU Environmental Management Unit
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ETB Ethiopian Birr
EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resource Management Policy
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FOG Fats, Oil and Grease
FWS Free Water Surface
Gm/m2 Gram per meter square
HH Households
HRT Hydraulic Retention Time
IBA Important Bird Area .-
ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
MBBR Moving Bed BioReactor
MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry
MoH Ministry of Health
MoM Ministry of Mines
MoTI Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
MoTC Ministry of Tourism and Culture
MoWE Ministry of Water and Energy
MoWUD Ministry of Works and Urban Development
NRS National Regional State
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OLR Organic Loading Rate

O&M Operation and Maintenance
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PIM Project Implementation Manual
PSC Project Steering Committee
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RTD Residence Time Distribution
RPF Resettlement Policy Framework
REAs Regional Environmental Authorities
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TF Trickling Filter
TSS Total Suspended Solids
UASB Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
WHO World Health Organization
WTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. Introduction
The project focuses on the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) on the Kaliti
wastewater and sewer line expansion project. Spatially three important components exist. These
are the treatment system, the new sewer lines and the immediate areas downstream of the
treatment plant. The ESIA study has focused on the study of the impacts of the project on the
biological, physical and social environments and their mitigation measures.
Background
The population of Addis Ababa City and provision of water supply and other socio economic
developmental activities are increasing from time to time. In line with this, the amount of
domestic and industrial wastewater is also increasing. The Kaliti wastewater treatment plant
which was designed for a maximum capacity of 7,500m3/d of wastewater is currently operating
beyond its design limit. However, it is not in a position to satisfy the needs of the city. As a
result, sewage waste overflows on to streets and into the water courses. Septic pump-out trucks
do not access all areas to service the new high volume customers. Sewage from septic tanks and
latrines continue to pollute groundwater. There are uncontrolled and open wastewater disposal,
illegal connections of sewerage to storm drainage lines and to nearby rivers. The situation is
affecting public health and aesthetics of the city.
In order to alleviate this big problem, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)
has embarked for study and design of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal systems in
the Kaliti catchment area.
Following the design and rehabilitation of the existing wastewater facility, AAWSA invited
consultants to bid for environmental and social impact assessment of the Kaliti wastewater
treatment and sewer line rehabilitation and expansion project. Beles Engineering PLC has won
the bid and started the ESIA study of the project.
Accordingly two documents, ESIA (Volume I) and RAP (Volume II) are prepared.
Objective of the Study
The general objective of the study is to conduct detailed environmental and social impact
assessment of the wastewater treatment expansion and sewerage line within the Kaliti catchment
area. The present report is based on Terms of Reference (TOR) provided to the consultants as
part of their contract document. The report is prepared taking into account the guidelines of the
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FDRE Environmental Protection Authority and the World Bank OperationalPolicies (OP) 4.01 –
Environmental Assessment and OP 4.11 – Physical Cultural Resources.
Methodology
Scoping Method
The scoping exercise has identified the activities that have the potential to interact with the
environment. The scoping consisted of the following:
 Collection and review of the existing documents relevant to the proposed project
 Collection and review of environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the proposed
project,
 Review of relevant legislative requirements, national and international environmental
standards and guidelines pertinent to the project and,
 Consultation with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties.
The scoping assisted in the identification of gaps and setting the scope of the work.
Baseline Investigation Methods
The synthesis of the environmental and socio-economic data of the project area was undertaken
through accomplishing a number of tasks.
Pertinent data from relevant institutions were collected and critically evaluated before the
baseline survey. Published regulations, guidelines, national policy papers and documents as well
as World Bank guidelines for wastewater treatment and general ESIA study were reviewed.
Site visits were made to collect data and update baseline information of the project area.
Observations were made on biophysical and socio economic aspects. Photographic images that
depict key environmental features were taken and GIS was used. Effluent and related water
samples were collected and analyzed. House-to-house survey (total numeration) was conducted
along the 18kms sewer line to address the socioeconomic impacts and prepare the RAP. Field
observations in the downstream areas were also conducted.
During the field visits, discussions were held with local community, community leaders and key
informants in the affected districts. Opinions and attitudes of PAPs were assessed through
questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews and Focused Group Discussions. Furthermore,
consultations with Addis Ababa and Federal EPA and AAWSA were made.
The environmental and social impacts of the project were identified by considering all proposed
activities during the mobilization, construction, post-construction, operation and
decommissioning phases and the concerns and issues raised by stakeholders. The interactions
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(impact) of each activity with the environmental and socio-economic receptors were assessed
using a matrix. Impact evaluation were made using the following key elements:
 Spatial Scale (site specific, local, city wide)
 Duration (short term, medium term and long term)
 Reversibility (reversible, irreversible)
 Probability (the likelihood that an activity will occur)
 Direction beneficial or adverse)
 Significance (low, medium, high)
II. Polices, Legal, Institutional and Administrative frame work
National and international environmental policies, standards, regulations and guidelines provide
a framework for the current ESIA Study. Therefore, relevant policies, legislations and
regulations were reviewed.
National policy and regulatory frame work
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, adopted in August 1995, has a
number of provisions, which have direct policy and legal relevance to environmental protection
matters in connection with development projects. The concepts of sustainable development and
environmental rights are entrenched in the rights of the people of Ethiopia through Articles 43
and 44. Among the important principles stated in the Constitution are the citizens’ right to
development and to live in a clean and healthy environment, the duty to protect the environment,
and the people’s right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning and
implementation of policies and projects that affect them directly.
The other important policy document is the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE), which has
an overall policy goal to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, to
promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of
natural, human-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole. The EIA policies
contained in the EPE emphasize the early recognition of environmental issues in project
planning, public participation, mitigation and environmental management, and capacity building
at all levels of administration.
In addition, the Ethiopian Government has issued a number of legislations that are aimed at
advancing environmental protection and sustainable use of the Country’s natural as well as man-
made resources. Among these laws, the most relevant ones include the Proclamation on
Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Protection, Proclamation on EIA, Proclamation on
Environmental Pollution Control, and Proclamation on Ethiopian Water Resources Management.
The Institutional Arrangement Proclamation is aimed at ensuring sustainable use of
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environmental resources, by assigning responsibilities to separate organizations for

environmental development and management activities on one hand, and environmental
protection, regulations and monitoring on the other, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of
interests and duplication of efforts.
The EIA Proclamation makes an EIA mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken
either by the public or private sectors and is the legal tool for environmental planning,
management and monitoring. The planned Kaliti WTP has been assigned under the category of
projects that are likely to bring some adverse impacts and thus, require further ESIA. Therefore,
in accordance to this legislation, ESIA has been conducted to determine the project’s potential
impacts and to develop appropriate mitigation measures to avoid or minimize the significant
negative impacts to acceptable levels. The recommended mitigation measures are presented in an
environmental and social management plan (ESMP) which will be part of the project
implementation plan.
The Pollution Control Proclamation is based on the right of each citizen to have a healthy
environment, as well as on the obligation to protect the environment. Its primary objective is to
provide the basis from which the relevant ambient environmental standards applicable to
Ethiopia can be developed, and to make the violation of these standards a punishable act.
Proclamation No. 197/2000 provides legal requirements for Ethiopian water resources
management, protection and utilization. Its main objective is to ensure that water resources of the
country are protected and utilized for the highest social and economic benefits, to follow up and
supervise that they are duly conserved, ensure that harmful effects of water use is prevented, and
that the management of water resources is carried out properly.
Institutional and Administrative frame work
Addis Ababa is the largest as well as the dominant political, economic, cultural and historical
city of the country. It has the status of both a city and a state. It is the capital of federal
government and a sit of a number international organizations and institutions like AU, UNECA,
etc. The city is divided in to ten sub-cities. The sub-cities are sub-divided in to 99 Districts,
which are the smallest administrative units in the city.
The management of water supply and sewage disposal is the responsibility of AAWSA. Ministry
of Water and Energy (MoWE), Ministry of Health, and Environmental Protection Authority are
mainly responsible for quality control and regulatory aspects of pollution protection of water
bodies.
The Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority has the following duties and
responsibility within the Addis Ababa City boundary:
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 Follow up the implementation of the national policy and laws;

 Prepare regional environmental protection and directives and upon approval follow up
and supervise their implementation;
 Regulate and follow up that any development shall conduct ESIA prior to the project
implementation and undertake review of the project ESIA;
 Undertake environmental. auditing of industries for the safe disposal and management of
liquid and toxic wastes;
 Prepare appropriate standards to protect the environment that include soil, water and air
as well as the biological system in the City.
Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)
AAWSA was first established through the proclamation no. 68/1971 G.C as Addis Ababa Water
and Sewerage Service Authority and it was reestablished through the proclamation no. 10/1995
G.C as Addis Ababa Water & Sewerage Authority. It has the power and responsibility of
supplying safe and adequate water as well as management of wastewater (sewage) and
sludge collection and disposal for the Addis Ababa City.
World Bank’s Safeguard Policies
The World Bank environmental assessment (EA) requirements are based on a three-part
classification system such as Category A, Category B, and Category C. A project designated as
Category A requires a full environmental assessment followed by Independent Environmental
Review. Category B projects require a lesser level of environmental investigations. Category C
projects require no environmental analysis beyond that determination.
The planned Kaliti WTP falls under Category B Project […its potential adverse impacts on
human populations or environmentally important areas are less adverse than those of Category A
projects] since it is likely that the adverse environmental and social impacts can be controlled to
acceptable levels by designing and implementing appropriate mitigation measures. Hence, as per
World Bank requirements, this ESIA has been prepared.
III. Salient features of Kaliti treatment plant and sewer line to be developed
About 49 million m3 of wastewater is annually generated in the city of Addis Ababa. Wastewater
is mainly of domestic origin with 13.4% industrial. Most of this grey water is disposed into the
rivers and streams flowing through the city, like the Akaki River.
AAWSA has two water treatment plants in Addis Ababa, one of which is the Kaliti WTP which
is located in southern Addis Ababa. In connection with this AAWSA planned to rehabilitate and
expand the Kaliti wastewater treatment system. This new project is expected to play important
role in enhancing the major wastewater treatment and disposal problems the city is facing. The
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project area (Kaliti sewer catchment) is dominantly confined in Bole, “Kirkos”, Akaki-Kaliti and
“Nefas Silk-Lafto” sub-cities. The treatment plant is located in the Akaki Kaliti sub-city,
“Kebele” 7.
The project has sewer collection part that extends into the city and that is to be expanded by
installing trunk sewer lines. The other important component of the project is the installation of a
new wastewater treatment plant with improved technology and treatment capacity. The third
important part of the project is the area downstream of the WTP which will be affected by the
effluent coming out of the treatment plant. Accordingly the project is subdivided spatially into
these three areas.
The Sewer Lines
The Akaki river basin has high elevation differences in the north–south direction, which is the
general direction of the proposed sewer line. This characteristic has been taken in designing the
new sewer line as a system that functions by gravity only. In most places, the new system
follows the alignment of the existing sewer line.
Three trunk sewer lines have been identified (Western, Eastern, and Main/southern Kaliti
Catchment Sewer Trunks) to be installed on phase-by-phase basis. In particular:
 Western Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to north of Lafto bridge and is supposed to
give service to the Western Kaliti Catchment.
 Eastern Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to Bole Bridge on African Avenue and will
give service to the eastern Kaliti Catchment (“Wollo Sefer” and “Bole Medahnealem” areas and
around “Nefas Silk”).
 Southern Main Trunk is the line that extends from the ring road at Kaliti to the Kaliti WTP. This
trunk is proposed to twin the existing 800 and 700mm trunk mains.
The existing sewer trunk was originally provided with a utility right-of-way, which is encroached
on illegally over time by squatter settlements. This will necessitate much effort to establish a new
right-of-way and provide sufficient space for construction and access for future operation and
maintenance.
The proposed sewer lines (trunk lines) are expected to serve much the newly built southern and
south central Addis Ababa. The total length of the sewer line is 18kms.
Relation of Existing Sewer Line with the Proposed Sewer Line
The proposed sewer line is expected to pass parallel to the existing system in many places.
This may help to reduce the impact on infrastructures. However, a number of houses are illegally
constructed even on the existing sewer lines at some places. In most places, it is difficult to trace
the existing sewer line. This will necessitate tracing the old system before the construction of the
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new system to avoid damage.

In the southern trunk, the two systems pass parallel to each other until they join the treatment
plant. In the eastern trunk, the new system follows the existing system in the northern end and
diverges to the east to accommodate new inbuilt areas along the Kebena River. In the western
trunk area, the existing system extends far to the north and northwest. In much of the places the
two systems have the same alignment and in few places they cross each other. This demands
serious consideration during the construction of the new system.
Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant
The existing Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant is a lagoon treatment system built in the late
1970’s and commissioned in 1983. The Kaliti WWTP has a design capacity of treating 7,500
m3/day of wastewater and 3,500 kg/day of biochemical oxygen demand. This is equivalent to a
population of 50,000. The actual Kaliti site is large but most of the space is occupied by the
existing facultative and maturation ponds as well as the sludge drying beds. The treatment plant
consists of inlet screens and grit chambers, two settling cambers, and two parallel pond systems,
and eight drying beds. The hydraulic retention time of the wastewater in the stabilization ponds
is approximately 30 days at maximum flow rate and the effluent from the ponds flow by gravity
and is finally discharged to Little Akaki River. Some of the effluent is directed to small channels
and used to irrigate fields between the site and the river.
About 5,600 m3 of trucked waste per week arrives at the plant. This consists of a combination of
latrine and septic tank waste. This waste is simply dried in the drying ponds.
It is planned to keep the existing lagoons in operation during the construction of the upgrades
and to replace most of the existing infrastructure.
Proposed Technology for the New WWTP
The following treatment processes were evaluated in the feasibility study document:
 Oxidation ditch
 Trickling Filter
 Upgrading the existing waste stabilization Lagoons
 UASB with Trickling Filter
 Moving Bed Bioreactor
 Conventional Activated Sludge
Important factors considered to select the most appropriate technology or combinations of

technologies were:
 The design treatment capacity of 100,000 m3/day
 Space requirement for the proposed treatment capacity
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 Average BOD concentration of 740 mg/L which corresponds to the BOD load of 74,000kg/day
 Variation of the BOD load
The top ranked three technologies were Oxidation Ditch, Trickling Filter, and upgrading of the
existing waste stabilization lagoons. In terms of cost, upgrading of existing lagoon is the least
whereas the oxidation ditch was the highest. Trickling Filter stood second with an estimated
construction cost of ETB 1,246,356,500.
Based on these, the feasibility study recommended Trickling Filter process as suitable
technology which can provide the required amount of BOD removal and accommodate the
expected fluctuations in BOD loads.
The major planned activities in the project include:
 Construction of a Trickling Filter treatment system as per the design;
 Rehabilitate and/or modify the existing treatment infrastructure to increase life cycle
 Cleaning of all of the existing facultative and maturation lagoons, dewater the collected bottom
sediment disposed the solid in a landfill,
 Modify the lagoons for use as constructed wetlands for additional treatment enhancement;
 Clean out the two northernmost sludge drying ponds and use this area for construction of the
thickeners and digesters;
 Build new head-works trains including screens with smaller openings;
 Install system for collection and dispose of solids collected from the screens and grit to minimize
nuisances;
 Provide trucked waste disposal site and treat trucked waste with the anaerobic digesters ;
 Remove the toilet and carwash and rebuild near the head-works so that their effluent flows can be
directly connected to the sewage treatment facilities;
 Continue using sludge lagoons to dewater sludge;
 Allow for future biogas recovery (by others) by making use of a standard rate anaerobic digester;
 Abandon or demolish and remove structures that are no longer required or that do not have
sufficient capacity for the proposed treatment process;
 Flare the biogas from anaerobic digesters until future methane capture systems are installed by
others;
The treated effluent is expected to be used for irrigation and when irrigation is not required, it is
to be discharged into the river. To meet irrigation needs, the treated effluent treatment levels
have been set in conjunction with various factors such as protection of human health, protection
of the environment (river and crops to be irrigated), etc. within the constraints of the
technologies selected.
Wetlands have been designed to remove pathogens and particularly helminth eggs to meet
recommended treatment levels for irrigation usage.
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The proposed series of treatment processes is very interesting and designed in suitable manner to
adapt to the specific situation. It comprises a centralized and integrated sewer collection system
and a single WWTP. It will be constructed where the existing plant structures are located.
The selected technology will consist of the following units/processes:
 Intake structure
 (Bar screen, Grit chamber
 Primary Clarifiers
 Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process
 Trickling filters
 Secondary clarifiers
 Anaerobic sludge digesters
 Constructed Wetland (Tertiary Treatment)
 Thickening and Stabilization of Sludge
 Sludge drying beds
 Biogas system
Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant
West of the treatment plant the area is mainly occupied by vegetable gardens and grassland. The
local community is growing vegetables (mainly cabbage) in these areas. The Little Akaki River
seems to be more polluted than the water being released from the treatment plant. Interviewed
people in downstream areas stated that the river water is much polluted and they are not
interested to use it even for irrigation compared with the effluents from the treatment plant.
Much of the open ground which was considered as command area in the irrigation feasibility
document is now occupied by many houses. There are many mud houses along the right bank of
the Little Akaki River. The vegetable gardens along the course of the river are owned by the
residents of these areas.
The course of the little Akaki River is highly vegetated. This becomes important habitat for birds
and animals. Some of the trees (eucalyptus) are owned by local residents. The presence of the
treatment plant has favored the growth of different vegetation in the area.
IV. Impact categories of the treatment plant and sewer line development
Impacts arise due to the interaction of the project with the environment and the society. The
interaction of the project can come from the project location and from the various activities of
the project in the different phases. The receptors are the physical and the biological environments
and the society.
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Biophysical Impacts
This category of impacts includes impacts on air, water, land, flora and fauna.
Impacts on air quality
The impact on air quality comes from dust emission because of excavation works,
construction materials transport and handling, dust generation by vehicular movement,
vehicular emission, and emission of gases from the treatment plant during its operation.
The emissions of air pollutants include airborne particulates (dust), fugitive emissions, exhaust
and combustion emissions.
The composition of dust is often inorganic and of non-toxic nature. The vehicular emissions
constitute such gaseous pollutants as oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, CO2,
some unburned hydrocarbons. The dust may accumulate on the ground and on vegetation nearby
while the gasses may disperse and get diluted.
The potential effects are influenced by the weather conditions (rain and wind direction) and by
preventive measures implemented during construction to minimize emissions. These include:
Impacts on water
The impacts can be on surface water or ground water and can be adverse or beneficial. Adverse
impacts on water quality can be through increased sediment load as a result of the construction
activities. Fuel leakages from storage tanks or vehicles and inappropriate disposal of wastes can
cause pollution incidents. Leakage can be from sewage pipes, from the WTP during operation,
from sludge production, and uncontrolled release of waste. Contamination will result when
theses pollutants are transferred to water bodies through leaching and washing. There may be
contamination of Little Akaki river due to run off, overflow and leakage from such units if there
happen operation and maintenance failure or other unprecedented environmental calamities.
Beneficial impact on water bodies result from the collection and treatment of sewage that is
currently discharged haphazardly and that is polluting the environment including water bodies.
Impacts on land
The impacts on land include changes in land use and land cover especially upstream of the WTP.
The installation of the sewer trunks and the institution of the buffer zone will impact the current
land use and land cover. Site clearing and excavation activities, particularly on steep slopes, on
or near riverbanks during minor and major drainage works, and furrow ditch constructions can
lead to erosion and slope instability. Removal of vegetation, trees and shrubs, particularly in
sloppy areas may bring soil erosion and land slide.
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The impacts on soil are due to soil erosion and soil contamination by leaked substances, littering
and irresponsible disposal of waste.
Impacts on flora and fauna
Loss of vegetation and trees may result due to site clearing activities within the existing Kaliti
WTP site but mainly upstream of the treatment plant in the sewer trunk area, along riversides,
inside residential houses, near fences, inside institutional compounds and forest sites. Unwise
and inappropriate dumping of soils in the forest sites may aggravate the loss of forest tree
species. The impact will include loss of vegetables and crops planted by people residing on the
riverside.
Socio-economic impacts
Job creations and emergence of small business activities around the plant are the main beneficial
socio-economic impacts. Increase in the number of people and industries to be served by sewer
network, use of flush toilets instead of pit latrine, avoiding odor and visual nuisance due to open
and uncontrolled release of wastewater from domestic and industrial facilities are possible
benefits. The WTP development will provide water of a quality for irrigation to the downstream
area. The sludge can also serve as soil fertilizer.
There will be property loss (houses, farmlands, trees, fences, etc) in some areas. The project
work can cause temporary disruption to residential area at a small section of the “Bole Bulbula”
sewer area. Asphalted and non-asphalted roads will be dug at few places where the sewer line
crosses the roads.
Noise pollution
The noise pollution can be from operation of heavy machinery and excavation equipments
during excavation work and construction, due to loading-unloading operations, material
handling, machine operation, equipment & vehicular movement. Pumping station, diesel
generator and flaring activities also create noise.
Safety
Exposure to hydrogen sulfide, spills, process upset, natural hazards, power failures, fires, injury
and accidents of various nature are among the safety concerns.
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V. Main impacts and proposed mitigation measures
Main Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure
Sewer trunk Part of the Project
excavation/trenching • Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and

other earthworks to dry seasons (if possible)
Soil • Covering the trench as soon as possible
• collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in
pre-planned sites
• Implement erosion prevention mechanisms
site clearing • awareness creation to the workers
• building soft communication between the residents and
workers
Flora • encouraging residents to collect their vegetables before
the project activities
vegetation removal • implement replanting program
• Only marked trees are to be felled within the sewage
trunk main alignment
soil erosion/siltation- • covering the trench as soon as possible
excavation/trenching • collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in
pre-planned sites
Water • Implement erosion prevention mechanisms
• Limiting the excavation and other earth works to the
dry season (if possible)
• Installing silt traps during construction
Property loss • A compensation and resettlement plan has been
Some persons will be displaced prepared for project affected persons who will be
Socio- relocated as a result of the intervention. This covers
economy all costs of loss of properties. Such compensation and
resettlement plan will be completed before the start of
construction.
Accidents loading and unloading • Provision and using of protective wear
operations, reversing machinery, • Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas
falling from culverts, in trenches, where accidents are expected to occur
• Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by
Health and unauthorized personnel
Safety • isolating the work areas
• following safety procedures, including ongoing
awareness campaign among contractors and
surrounding communities.
• introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic
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regulation
STD, HIV/AIDS • Awareness creation on HIV/AIDS and other STDs

among project implementers and surrounding
community
Saudi Arabia Embassy • The client decided to realign the sewer line
Behere Tsige Park • Only marked trees are to be felled
Others • Implement a plantation program
Mosque (fence) • The client decided to realign the sewer line
Existing sewer system • Discovering the existing sewer line prior to
excavation
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Odor from septage receiving station, • Unpaved access roads shall be regularly water sprayed
grit removal chambers, trickling
filter, anaerobic digesters, sludge • Setting low speed limits on unpaved access road
handling systems, etc. • Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction
equipment
• proper housekeeping procedures (regular cleaning of
the grit and screenings)
Air Quality • proper operational practices including process control
and chemical treatment
• continuous process of the operation
• Running the UASB at optimum condition
• Planting shrubs and trees along the periphery
• Use of personal protective equipment (e.g. masks),
when necessary
sewage overflow • Efficient drainage system for leachate and flood
protection structures must be constructed
• provision of buffer zones between the plant and the
rest,
• proper planning of the project operation and
Soil/land maintenance,
• proper implementation of the Environmental
Management Plan.
Unsafe sludge disposal • dispose sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary
landfill
loss of original function •
sewage overflow • sludge should be properly disposed in a sanitary landfill
Water • Connection of untreated/substandard industrial
wastewater to the sewer line must be strictly prohibited.
• Adequate care should be taken to avoid leakages in the
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plant.
• All pipe work and fittings should be a class rating in
excess of the maximum pressure attained in service
including any surge pressure.
Unsafe sludge disposal • dispose sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary
landfill
Flora vegetation removal • Demarcation and fencing off the construction areas
Accidents • giving orientation to workers about safety procedures
• Provision and using of protective wear
• Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas
where accidents are expected to occur
• Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by
unauthorized personnel
• isolating the work areas
• following safety procedures
Health and • erecting traffic signs in the WTP site
Safety • availing first aid services
STD, HIV/AIDS • Awareness Creation on HIV-AIDS and STDs among
workers and surrounding communities
Health risk • provision of buffer zones between the plant and the
rest,
• proper planning of the project operation and
maintenance,
• proper implementation of the Environmental
Management Plan
Area Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant
inappropriate waste disposal • The whole treatment should avoid leakages of
Unlined drying beds wastewater to groundwater
• Sludge drying beds should be impermeable
• temporary sludge disposal sites should be impermeable
and protected from flood
Water
• Only partly divert treated water for irrigation use not to
significantly reduce the discharge into the Little Akaki
River
sewage overflow • Efficient drainage system for leachate and flood
protection structures must be constructed
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Summary of Main Positive Impacts
Receptor Impact
Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project
Water Reduction of contamination of surface and ground water
Soil Reduction of contamination of soil
Employment
Improved habitability of the City
Socio-economy improved public health
Water Reduction of contamination of surface and ground water
Soil Reduction of contamination of soil
Employment
Improved habitability of the City
Socio-economy improved public health
Biogas for energy use
Sludge for fertilizer use
Sludge for electricity generation through pyrolysis
Air quality improved air quality
Soil/land improved fertility
improved water quality of Little Akaki
Water surface/underground
Availability of water for agricultural and industrial use
more vegetation due to increased fertility and availability of cleaner water,
Flora
healthier vegetables
more income due to improved farming
Socio-economy
cleaner environment
Health and Safety improved public health
VI. Environmental and social management and monitoring plan
ESMP is the key to ensure that the environmental quality of the project area does not deteriorate
due to the implementation of the proposed development project. Environmental monitoring is an
essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides the basis for rational
management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should be performed during all
stages of the project (namely: mobilization, construction, post construction, operation and
decommissioning) to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted, and to verify the
impact predictions.
xxvi
The ESMP for the Project has been developed to meet long-term objectives of the project
activities and operations. The ESMP is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementations of
the ESIA findings highlighted in this report through the provision of project execution and
mitigation guidelines, monitoring plan, responsibilities and training procedures. The plan
provides a general outlay of the activities, associated impacts, mitigation action plans and
appropriate indicators for monitoring. Implementation timeframes and responsibilities are
defined, and where practicable, the cost estimates for recommended measures are provided. The
ESMP has also proposed institutional arrangement for its implementation.
VII. Cost estimate of the proposed mitigation measures
A summary of the environmental management and compensation costs is given in the following
table.
Category Individual Cost Category Cost
Implementation 18,368,609.23
RAP Administrative 85,393.00 18,454,002.23
mitigation and enhancement 440,000
EMP Monitoring and training 410,300 850,300
Total 19,304,305
About 95.6% of the total cost is for compensation/RAP.

VIII. Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
The Kaliti WTP which started operating in 1983 has a design capacity of about 7,500 cubic
meters per day. The present coverage of the wastewater management of the city is not greater
than 9.8%. The existing sewer lines cannot accommodate the high volume of sewage waste.
Sewage overflows on to streets, and into the watercourses. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines
pollute groundwater. There is open wastewater disposal. Illegal connections of sewerage to storm
drainage lines are not rare. This situation is affecting the public health and the aesthetics of the
city. In light of these, the need for an improved wastewater treatment plant and collection system
is indisputable.
The preference for use of gravity system for sewage collection is commendable since it will
avoid problems associated with power interruptions and will minimize the operating cost of the
sewer lines. The analysis of various alternatives carried out indicates that selected options/routes
are appropriate.
The new plant will have a capacity to treat 100,000m3/d, which is more than 13 times greater
than the existing capacity. The new sewer trunks that will be built will relieve the existing sewer
xxvii
lines. The comparison of the selected technology for the Kaliti WTP with other technologies has clearly shown that
the selected process combination of Kaliti WTP is very good in terms of technical,
environmental, economic and socio-cultural performance criteria.
Most of the environmental impacts identified in the sewer trunk line area, are of minor to
medium significance and of short-term duration. As regards the socio-economic impacts, both
positive and negative impacts have been identified. The negative impacts include land, property
and social issues. Moreover, the PAPs have shown positive attitude for the project so far as they
get proper compensation. Accordingly, a compensation and resettlement action plan with a
grievance accommodation mechanism has been developed to respond for the PAPs.
Many of the adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts in the WTP site are minor and
can be mitigated.
Downstream of the WTP, the impacts are mainly positive. There is no existence of endangered
species of flora and fauna in the project area. The proposed project will give a long-term solution
to the sewage disposal needs of Addis Ababa. With proper maintenance and environmental
monitoring, the project is not expected to have adverse effects on the environment and on the
surrounding community.
The positive impacts by far outweigh the negative impacts. The implementation of the project
will improve the health and livelihood of the city residents and downstream users of polluted
river waters as it reduces the prevalence of waterborne diseases.
After a careful review of the design document and the existing and generated environmental
baseline data, the consultant has come to the conclusion that it is possible to mitigate almost all
of the environmental and socio economic impacts due to the implementation of the proposed
project with about ETB 19,305,000 (compensation and environmental and social management
and monitoring plan).
Recommendations
Therefore, it is recommended to implement the project with strict observation to the

environmental and social management and monitoring plans.
However, the project supervision consultant once mobilized should prepare “Construction
Supervision Plan” before the beginning of construction works and this plan should be part of the
contract. In addition, the environmental management plans should be made part of contract
documents of contractor so that ESMP compliance is ensured.
xxviii
1. INTRODUCTION
The project focuses on the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) of the Kaliti
wastewater treatment plant and sewer line expansion and rehabilitation project. Spatially three
important components exist. These are the treatment system, the new sewer lines and the immediate
areas downstream of the treatment plant. The present study is a full-fledged ESIA covering the
biological, physical and social environments conducted as per the requirements the
regulations/legislations and environmental policy of Ethiopia and the World Bank Safeguard
Policies.
1.1 Background
The population of Addis Ababa City and provision of water supply and other socio economic
developmental activities are increasing from time to time. The amount of domestic and industrial
wastewater generated is also increasing. Currently, there is a sewerage system and a wastewater
treatment plant serving some parts of the city in the Kaliti catchment. These include Bole, “Ledeta”,
Old Airport, “Arada”, “Kirkos”, Mekanisa and “Kera” areas. Nevertheless, the present coverage of
the wastewater management of the city is not greater than 9.8%.
The existing sewer lines in this catchment cannot accommodate the high volume of sewage waste.
As a result, sewage overflows on to streets and into water courses.Septic pump-out trucks do not
access all areas to service the new high volume customers. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines
continue to pollute groundwater. There are uncontrolled and open wastewater disposal, illegal
connections of sewerage to storm drainage lines and to nearby rivers. The situation is affecting
public health and aesthetics of the city.This situation has become one of the major challenges of the
city of Addis Ababa. It will remain a big problem for the years to come unless proper interventions
are made.
In order to alleviate this problem, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)has
embarked on a project for study and design of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal systems
in the Kaliti catchment area.
Following the design and rehabilitation of the existing wastewater facility, AAWSA invited
consultants to bid for environmental and social impact assessment of the Kaliti wastewater treatment
and sewer line rehabilitation and expansion project. Beles Engineering PLC has won the bid and
started the ESIA study of the project. This document is the final report of the ESIA (Volume I). The
work also includes Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), which is presented in volume II.
1
1.2 Objective of ESIA study
1.2.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is to conduct detailed environmental and social impact assessment
of the wastewater treatment plant and sewer line rehabilitation and expansion within the Kaliti
catchment.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives are:
 To define and evaluate the immediate and long term environmental impact of the proposed project on
the physical, biological and socio economic/cultural environment at different phases of the project
development;
 To propose mitigation measures and prepare environmental management, environmental monitoring
and resettlement action plans.
 To assess the viability of Kaliti wastewater treatment plant and sewer line expansion in line with
environmental and social point of view for subsequent action by decision makers
1.3 Scope of the Study

The present report is based on Terms of Reference (TOR) provided to the consultants as part of their
contract document. The report is prepared taking into account the guidelines of the FDRE
Environmental Protection Authority and the World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 –
Environmental Assessment.
The scopes of work of the present EIA study were as follows.

 Conduct environmental baseline survey;
 Identify environmental and social components likely to be impacted by the project;
 Assess and evaluate of impacts;
 Conduct public consultation to obtain people’s perception about the project;
 Propose Mitigation measures;
 Prepare RAP;
 Prepare detail Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP);
 Prepare detail Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP);
1.4 Methodology
1.4.1 Scoping Method

The scoping exercise has identified the activities that have the potential to interact with the
environment. The scoping consisted of the following:
 Collection and review of the existing documents relevant to the proposed project (project design
documentation, similar projects implemented elsewhere through literature review),
 Collection and review of environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the proposed project,
2
 Review of relevant legislative requirements, national and international environmental standards

and guidelines pertinent to the project and,
 Consultation with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties.
Description of the project action including a clarification of the purpose and rationale of the project,
and an understanding of its various characteristics including the stages of development, location and
processes were performed through document review during the scoping process.
The scoping assisted in the identification of gaps in the environmental and socio-economic
information that needed to be addressed. This in turn led to the formulation of an informed impact
assessment in the subsequent ESIA process.
1.4.2 Baseline Investigation Methods

Following scoping, environmental and socio-economic data were assessed in more detail to ensure
that all of the proposed activities and their consequences were considered in full. The synthesis of the
environmental and socio-economic data of the project area was undertaken through accomplishing
the following main tasks.
i. Collection of Secondary Data and Desk Study
Pertinent data from relevant institutions were collected and critically evaluated before the baseline
survey. The client availed all pertinent documents that include the detail design of the proposed
wastewater treatment system, rehabilitation and expansion project. In addition, at the federal level,
published regulations, guidelines, national policy papers and documents as well as World Bank
guidelines for wastewater treatment and general ESIA study were reviewed.
ii. Field Investigation
Site visits were made to collect data and update baseline information of the project area, with special
attention to the Kaliti waste water treatment plant, proposed sewer lines and downstream areas by
giving due emphasis to the social and biophysical environments that are likely to be affected directly
by the project. Observations were made on biophysical and socio economic aspects such as soil,
water resources, topographic feature, present land use, vegetation cover, settlement pattern, public
infrastructures etc. Pictures that depict key environmental feature were taken and incorporated in this
report. Effluent and related water samples were collected and analyzed in laboratory. House-to-
house survey (total numeration) was conducted along the 18kms sewer line by taking buffer zone of
6 meters from the center of the sewer line to address the socioeconomic impacts and prepare the
RAP. Downstream areas were also visited.
iii. Consultation with the Stakeholders and the Public

During the field visits, discussions were held with local community, community leaders and key
informants from affected District to update the baseline information and obtain their views about the
project implementation. Furthermore, consultations with Addis Ababa and Federal EPA and
AAWSA were made on relevant environmental topics related to project ESIA review, monitoring
and supervision of effluents from industrial facilities and about their capacity to undertake routine
water quality monitoring during the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) operation.
3
1.4.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Impact Assessment Methodology

Identification of key impacts brings together the previous steps with the aim of ensuring that all
potentially significant environmental impacts (adverse and beneficial) are identified and taken into
account in the process.
To identify the project environmental and social impacts, all proposed activities during the
mobilization, construction, post- construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project
have been considered. In addition, concerns and issues raised by members of the community and/or
project stakeholders during consultation were included in the process.
Following identification of all project activities, environmental and socio-economic receptors were
identified (Tables 1.1- 1.3). The key inputs for the identification of receptors included the legislative
review, the environmental baseline, the socio-economic baseline and stakeholder consultation.
Table 1.1: Physical environmental receptors
Physical
Receptors Description
Air Air quality in and around the proposed project development sites
Surface water The surface waters in which project activities are proposed to occur
Soil The soils of areas in which project activities are proposed to occur
Land Landforms that can be modified by earth moving machines and
construction.
Table 1.2: Biological environmental receptors

Biological
Flora Plant species that occur in areas where project activities are proposed
to take place
Terrestrial fauna Animal species that inhabit the terrestrial habitats where the project
activities are proposed to occur
As previously described, the environmental and socio-economic baseline data were compiled using a
combination of existing data and the results of baseline survey and stakeholder consultation
programs. All key issues that were raised by members of the community or by a stakeholder group
during the consultation program to date, were recorded and included as environmental and socio-
economic impact regardless of the scientific, commercial or factual validity of the claim. In this way,
it is assured that the ESIA process has addressed every community and/or stakeholder concern.
Table 1.3: Socio-economic environmental receptors
Socio-economic
Population growth Population growth will take place within the project site
Employment Employment opportunities are the perceived benefits within the
project site and the nearby areas.
Access to modern sewage system Part of the city will have better access to sewage services
Economic development Promotion of various small and micro businesses
Resettlement Dislocated people will resettle
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Socio-economic
Social organizations could be disrupted
Vulnerable people Aged and orphans are vulnerable
Diseases Incidence of communicable diseases
Through such steps, the activities involved in the development of the project and the possible
interactions of each activity with the environmental and socio-economic receptors were assessed
using a simple matrix.
In the prediction and evaluation stage, estimates of the magnitude of impact over each of the impact
variables identified during different phases of the projects’ lifecycle were made. In assessing the
level of impact that an activity may cause, five key elements are considered.
 Spatial Scale (site specific, local, city wide)
 Duration (short term, medium term and long term)
 Reversibility (reversible, irreversible)
 Probability (the likelihood that an activity will occur)
 Direction beneficial or adverse)
 Significance (low, medium, high)
Table 1.4: Criteria used in the evaluation of impacts

CRITERIA SIGNIFICANCE
Spatial scale Site specific Local City wide -
Duration Short term Medium term Long term Permanent
Probability of Occurrence Improbable Possible Highly Probable certain
Significance None Low Medium High
The criteria are defined as follows:

i. Spatial Scale: Site specific (restricted to the site) Local (the site and surrounds), City wide (affecting
parts of the city).
ii. Duration: Short-term (up to 1 year), medium-term (1 year to 2 years), long-term (life cycle of the
project) or permanent.
iii. Probability of occurrence: Improbable (unlikely), probable, highly probable or definite (certain).
iv. Significance: Based on a synthesis of the information contained in (i) to (iii) above, and taking
mitigation measures into account, an evaluation of the significance of the impact is undertaken in
terms of the following significance criteria:
 No significance-requires no further investigation and no mitigation or management;
 Low Significance -an impact which has little importance and is not sufficient to warrant further
reduction if this involves unreasonable cost.
 Medium Significance -an impact which should be mitigated, if possible, to reduce it to
acceptable levels;
 High significance -an impact which requires extensive mitigation and management to reduce
impacts to acceptable levels.
5
The environmental and social management and monitoring plans for the proposed project consist of a
set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during all phases to eliminate the
adverse environmental and social impacts identified and predicted, offset them, or reduce them to
acceptable levels. The plans also include the actions and resources needed to implement these
measures.
Estimation of costs for various mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures were performed
based on the current knowledge of the issues and market prices.
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2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
2.1 Institutional Arrangements

The current system of government in Ethiopia is organized into a federal structure, comprised of a
federal government and nine regional states. Government administration of EIA in Ethiopia is thus
shared between the federal government and regional states.
The environmental protection institutions in Ethiopia are established through the Environnemental
Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (No 295/2002). According to this proclamation, the
protection organs include the Environmental Protection Authority (now the Ministry of Forest and
Environment), Regional Environmental Agencies and the Sectoral Environmental Units.
2.1.1 National Environmental Protection Authority
The National Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was re-established under Proclamation No.
295/2002 as an autonomous public institution of the Federal Government of Ethiopia entrusted with
the protection and conservation of natural resources in Ethiopia. The general role of the EPA is to
provide for the protection and conservation of the broad environment, through formulation of
policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster social and economic development in a manner
that enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of the environment sustainable.
The federal EPA was an independent organization accountable directly to the Office of the Prime
Minister. The key functions of the EPA are:
 Prepare environmental protection policy laws and ensure their implementation;
 Prepare directives and devise systems and ensure their implementation;
 Prepare environmental protection standards directives concerning soil, water and air;
 Enhance environmental awareness and training programs;
 Ensure the implementation of international treaties concerning the environment to which Ethiopia is a
signatory;
 Provide advice and technical support to the regions on environmental matters;
EPA is responsible for:
 establishing a system for undertaking EIA
 developing a directive that identifies categories with negative impact
 issuing guidelines on EIA preparation and evaluation
 Evaluating EIA study reports, and
 Auditing and regulating EIA implementation.
A new arrangement has been laid where the EPA has delegated the ESIA authority and entrusts to
the ministries (MoM, MoARD, MoWUD, MoH, MoTI, MoTC and MoWE).
All the duties and responsibilities of the Federal EPA are now assumed by the new Ministry of
Forest and Environment.
2.1.2 Regional Environmental Agencies
These are established by national regional states as per Proclamation No. 295/2002.The national
7
regional states can also designate an existing agency that shall, based on the Ethiopian
Environmental Policy and Conservation strategy and ensuring public participation in the decision
making process, be responsible for coordinating the formulation, implementation, review and
revision of regional conservation strategies, and environmental monitoring, protection and
regulation. These are responsible for evaluating the EIA study reports on projects in regional states
and not likely to entail inter-regional impacts. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible
for auditing and regulating the implementation of such projects.
2.1.3 Sectoral Environmental Units
According to the Proclamation No. 295/2002, every competent agency shall establish or designate an
environmental unit that shall be responsible for coordination and follow up so that the activities of
the competent agency are in harmony with this Proclamation and with other environmental
protection requirements. However, sectoral environmental units have only been established in some
federal institutions, such as the Ethiopian Roads Authority, EEPCo and the MoWE.
The sectoral institutions relevant to EIA include:
 The Ministry/Bureaus of Trade: Responsible for issuing business licenses,

 Ethiopian Investment Agency and Regional Investment Commissions: Responsible for promoting,
coordinating and facilitating investment in the country,
 The Ministry/Bureaus of Mines: Responsible for the development and proper utilization of mineral
resources in the country
 Ministry/Bureaus of Agriculture: Responsible for both the development and management of natural
resources
 Ministry/Bureaus of Water and Energy: responsible for the conservation, utilization and development
of water resources and energy in the country
2.2 National Policy and Strategies

2.2.1 The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proc. No.1 /1995)
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE 1995), contains a number
of articles which are relevant to environmental matters in connection with development projects, as
well as to the environmental issues in general, and forms the fundamental basis for the development
of specific environmental legislative instruments related to development projects. Some of the
prominent Articles that are related to development and environment include (but not limited to) the
following:
 Article 43 gives the right to people to improved living standards and to sustainable development.
 Article 44 of states that all persons have the right for clean and healthy environment
 Article 92 of Chapter 10 includes the following significant environmental objectives:
 Development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment
 People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly
 Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment
8
 Article 40 states that ownership of both urban and rural land is vested in the State and the people, and
is common property which is not subject to sale or other means of exchange. Peasants have the right
to obtain land without payment, and are protected against eviction from land in their possession. Full
right to immovable property and permanent improvements to land is vested in individuals who have
built the property or made the improvements, but government may expropriate such property for
public purposes, subject to the payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the
property or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance.
The proposed project is designed to put in to effect some of the elements in the constitution that are
related to creating clean environment.
2.2.2 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (1997)
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are documented
in the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia. It provides a strategic framework for integrating
environmental planning into new and existing policies, programs and projects. It is an important
policy document, which views environmental management from several perspectives. In particular,
it recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from
the outset, so that planners may take into account environmental protection as an essential
component of economic, social and cultural development.
2.2.3 Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1997)
It is based on the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE), which was developed through a
consultative process over the period 1989-1995. The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous
policy failures and deficiencies, which in the past, have led to serious environmental degradation. It
is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic development strategy of the
country, known as Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI), and other key national
policies. The Environmental Policy has an overall goal to improve the health and quality of the life
of all Ethiopians, and promote sustainable social and economic development by adopting
environmental management principles, and key elements of the policy are:
 recognition of the need for ESIA to address social, socioeconomic, political and cultural impacts, in
addition to physical and biological impacts
 incorporation of impact containment measures within the design process, and for mitigation measures
and contingency plans to be incorporated within environmental impact statements (EISs)
 creation of an ESIA process legal framework with a coordinated institutional framework for the
execution and approval of ESIAs and environmental audits, and
 development of detailed technical sectoral guidelines for ESIA and environmental auditing, and
 ESIA and auditing capacity building within the EPA, sectoral ministries and agencies, as well as in
the regions.
2.2.4 National Policy on Biodiversity Conservation and Research (1998)
This provides for an Institute that undertakes conservation and promotes the development and
sustainable utilization of the country’s biological resources including plants, animals and microbial
genetic resources. On the basis of national legislation, the institute has the responsibility and duty to
9
implement international conventions, agreements and obligations on biodiversity to which Ethiopia

is a party.
2.2.5 Sectoral Policies
2.2.5.1 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (MoWR 2000)
The main goal of the Ethiopian Water Resources' Management Policy is to enhance and promote all
national efforts, equitable and optimum utilization of the available water resources of Ethiopia for
significant socio-economic development on sustainable basis without affecting the environment
significantly. The main objective of the water supply and sanitation policy is to enhance the well-
being and productivity of the Ethiopian people through provision of adequate, reliable and clean
water supply and sanitation services and to foster its tangible contribution to the economy by
providing water supply services that meet the livestock, industry and other water users' demands.
The policy gives highest priority to allocation of water for water supply and sanitation while
apportioning the rest for uses and users that result in highest socioeconomic benefits. It also
recognized that the basic minimum requirement, as the reserve for human and livestock needs as well
as environment reserve has the highest priority in any water allocation. The policy also gives
environmental considerations in the EWRMP with respect to pollution control, quality standards, and
limits of quantities of utilization. Thus, all water resource development projects shall undertake
environmental impact assessment (ESIA).
2.2.5.2 National Health Sector Strategy (1995)
The national health strategy focuses on communicable diseases, common nutritional disorders and on
environmental health and hygiene, in particular epidemic diseases like malaria and STDs,
particularly HIV/AIDS. Education on health care and sanitation through information, education and
communication, disease control, promotion of primary health care by community participation are
integral to the implementation of the strategy.
2.2.5.3 National HIV/AIDS Policy
Ethiopia is one of the countries in the world that is facing HIV/AIDS pandemics. Having understood
the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its paramount impacts on the socio-economic
development of the country, the FDRE issued a Policy on HIV/AIDS in 1998, which calls for an
integrated effort of multi-sectoral response to control the epidemic. The National HIV/AIDS Policy
urges communities at large, including government ministries, local governments and the civil society
to assume responsibility for carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns. The
general objective of the policy is to provide an enabling environment for the prevention and control
of HIV/AIDS in the country. In order to address the problem and coordinate the prevention and
control activities at national level, in 2000 National AIDS Council was established under the
Chairmanship of the country’s President, and in 2002 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office was
established.
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2.2.5.4 National Population Policy

This Policy was issued in April 1993 and aims at closing the gap between high population growth
and low economic productivity through a planned reduction in population growth combined with an
increase in economic returns. With specific reference to natural resources, the main objectives of
National Population Policy include making population and economic growth compatible and the
overexploitation of natural resources unnecessary; ensuring spatially balanced population
distribution patterns, with a view to maintaining environmental security and extending the scope of
development activities; and maintaining and improving the accommodating capacity of the
environment by taking appropriate environmental protection and conservation measures.
2.2.5.5 National Policy on Women
This Policy was issued in March 1993 emphasizing that all economic and social programs and
activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s resources and in the
decision making process, so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the
Federal and Regional Institutions. Among the main policy objectives is that laws, regulations,
systems, policies and development plans that are issued by the government should ensure the
equality of men and women, and that special emphasis should be given to the participation of rural
women.
2.3 Relevant Environmental Legislations and Regulations

2.3.1 Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs No. 295/2002
This proclamation established a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities
among environmental protection agencies at federal and regional levels. It clarifies the mandate and
responsibilities of the Federal EPA and the Regional Environmental Authorities (REAs) within the
governments of the regional states. The proclamation insists that each. Sector office shall establish an
environmental unit to assess and evaluate environmental performance by the sector. In line with this
proclamation, AAWSA has Water Quality and Catchments Management Unit.
2.3.2 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 299/2002
This proclamation makes ESIA mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken either by
the public or private sectors. The ESIA must be prepared by the proponent and reviewed by the
concerned environment organ. According to the Federal EPA, the following Project Schedule
categories are recognized:
 Schedule 1: Projects that may have significant environmental impacts and therefore require detailed
field investigation and a full ESIA.
 Schedule 2: These are projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to
cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full ESIAstudy.
 Schedule 3: These projects generally do not require environmental analysis because they have
negligible or minimal direct disturbance on the environment.
According to the Ethiopian EPA guidelines (EPA 2003), Construction of Municipal Sewage and
Wastewater Treatment Plant fall under Schedule 1 hence the Kaliti Sewer Catchments Wastewater
11
Treatment and Sewer line Expansion Project requires full ESIA.

2.3.3 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control No. 300/2002
This proclamation provides the basis for controlling wastewater discharges and developing
appropriate wastewater discharge standards, the violation of which would be a punishable act based
on the polluter pays principle. Environmental Inspectors are to be assigned by the concerned
environmental organ to monitor industrial effluent discharges. Guidelines for discharge standards
have been prepared for industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes (EP A 2003); national standard
limit of effluents has been prepared by EPA. The Addis Ababa EPA is presently approaching owners
of industrial facilities so as to plan for environmentally sound industrial wastewater treatment and
progressively reduce concentration of pollution load from each industrial facility.
2.3.4 Industrial Pollution Regulation No. 159 /2008
The Council of Ministers recently approved this Regulation to prevent industrial pollution in
accordance with Article 20 of the Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002. The
Regulation provides a gestation period of five years for existing industries to bring their effluent
discharge within the water quality standards. The Addis Ababa EPA has planned to work with the
industrialists towards this direction.
2.4 Institutional and Administrative Framework

2.4.1 Administrative Framework
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) comprises nine member States and two
administrative councils with their own legislative, executive and judicial powers. For administrative
purposes, the States are divided into Zones, which are in turn sub-divided into Districts. Each
The management of water supply and sewage disposal is the responsibility of Addis Ababa Water
and Sewage Authority (AAWSA), Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE), Ministry of Health, and
Environmental Protection Authority are mainly responsible for quality control and regulatory aspects
of pollution protection of water bodies. Ministry of Agriculture and the Urban Agriculture
Department under Addis Ababa City Administration are responsible for the provision of agricultural
extension services for peri-urban agriculture.
2.4.1.1 Addis Ababa City Administration
Addis Ababa is the largest as well as the dominant political, economic, cultural and historical city of
the country. It has the status of both a city and a state. It is the capital of the Federal Government and
a chartered city. It is where the African Union and its predecessor, the OAU are based. It also hosts
the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and numerous
other continental and international organizations. The city is divided in to ten sub cities which are the
second administrative units next to city administration. In terms of area coverage,Bole is the largest
sub-city followed by “Akaki- Kaliti” and “Yeka”. “Addis Ketema” is the smallest and followed by
Lideta and “Arada” Sub-cities.
12
The sub-cities are sub-divided in to 99 districts, which are the smallest administrative units in the
city. The number of districts in each sub city varies based on their size.
Figure 2.1: Administrative sub division of Addis Ababa City
The city administration has a cabinet with executive power led by a Mayor. The sub cities are
organized in a similar fashion. They are mandated to administer matters in their jurisdiction, and
provide support to Districts. The Districts are empowered to administer local matters such as
community mobilization, neighborhood improvement and building code enforcement.
2.4.1.2 Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority (AA EPA)
The Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority has the following duties and responsibilities
within the Addis Ababa City boundary:
 Follow up the implementation of the national policy and laws;
 Prepare regional environmental protection and directives and upon approval follow up and supervise
their implementation;
implementation and undertake review of the project ESIA;
 Undertake environmental. auditing of industries for the safe disposal and management of liquid and
toxic wastes;
 Prepare appropriate standards to protect the environment that include soil, water and air as well as
the biological system in the City;
13
The KalitiWTP and its swear line is entirely located in Addis Ababa City Administration, Akaki-
Kaliti sub city of District 07.
2.4.1.3 The Oromia NRS Bureau of Land Administration & Environmental Protection
The “Oromia” BoLAEP has been re-established according to the “Oromia” Region Proclamation No
147/2009. The bureau is entitled with the power and a wide range of duties related to environmental
protection. The most relevant to the proposed project include the following:
 Formulate policies strategies and standards pertinent to land and environmental protection;
 Administer the land resource of the region and prepare land use plan;
 Undertake cadastral survey register land holding and prepare land holding certificate;
 In collaboration with concerned organs determine compensation to a person whose land holding has
been expropriated for development work;
implementation;
 Undertake environmental auditing of industries for the safe disposal and management of liquid and
toxic wastes;
2.4.1.4 Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)
AAWSA was first established through the proclamation no. 68/1971 G.C as Addis Ababa water and
sewerage service Authority and it was reestablished through the proclamation no. 10/1995 G.C as
Addis Ababa Water & Sewerage Authority. It has the power and responsibility of supplying safe and
adequate water as well as management of wastewater (sewage) and sludge collection and disposal for
the Addis Ababa City. The proclamation articles 8 and 14 state that AAWSA shall have the power
and duties to ensure that any water sources are not polluted or contaminated, and rather work
towards their protection and conservation. The authority, however implements these activities in
collaboration with the concerned environment office, in this case the AAEPA and the Oromia
BoLAEP. AAWSA has a well-equipped laboratory to undertake sampling analysis and evaluation of
surface and ground water qualities.
2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank environmental assessment (EA) requirements are based on a three-part
classification system such as Category A, Category B, and Category C. A project designated as
Category A requires a full environmental assessment followed by Independent Environmental
Review. Category B projects require a lesser level of environmental investigations. Category C
projects require no environmental analysis beyond that determination.
The planned Kaliti WTP falls under Category B Project […its potential adverse impacts on human
populations or environmentally important areas are less adverse than those of Category A projects]
since it is likely that the adverse environmental and social impacts can be controlled to acceptable
levels by designing and implementing appropriate mitigation measures. Hence, as per World Bank
requirements, this ESIA has been initiated.
The WB safeguard policies triggered by the project are given below in Table 2.1.
14
2.6 ESMF and RPF Requirements

The Government of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has prepared two safeguard policy documents
that were agreed and disclosed as part of the borrower’s legal commitment to the project. These
policy documents are an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) dated April 13,
2007, and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) dated May 4, 2007. These documents, in
conjunction with the guidance provided in the Project Implementation Manual (PIM), dated August
2007, need to be consulted directly during project implementation. The ESMF and RPF are briefly
described below and the ESIA study for the Kaliti WTP Project is carried out in accordance with the
ESMF and RPF requirements and the guidance provided in the PIM.
2.6.1 ESMF Requirements
The ESMF outlines an environmental and social screening process, which should be carried out in
parallel with other sub-project preparation activities such as technical, economic, and financial
analyses. The ESMF has been prepared because the Ethiopian guidelines do not make provisions for
the screening of small-scale sub-projects, which could have negative localized environmental and
social impacts that would require mitigation. Therefore, the provisions of OP 4.01 Environmental
Assessment for screening, assignment of environmental category, application of appropriate
environmental mitigation measures and/or preparation of separate Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) reports, review and clearance of screening results and/or separate EIA reports, consultations,
and monitoring are applied to the sub-projects.
The ESMF also includes requirements for the project implementers to incorporate measures for
protection of physical cultural resources in the project area. Such measures include chance find
procedures in the contractor bidding documents.
2.6.2 RPF Requirements
According to the World Bank’s OP 4.12, the development of a RPF is a requirement for projects that
may entail involuntary resettlement, impacts on assets, or loss of livelihoods. Any impact of the
Kaliti WTP Project on land and/or people (land acquisition, impact on assets, resettlement, and
livelihood restoration of affected people) will be addressed in compliance with the Constitution of
Ethiopia, with other Ethiopian regulations, and with the World Bank safeguard policy in involuntary
resettlement (OP 4.12).
Where gaps exist between Ethiopian laws and the Bank’s OP 4.12, the Kaliti WTP Project will
follow the requirements of the Bank’s policy. There is a gap between the existing Ethiopian laws and
the Bank’s OP 4.12 related to eligibility for compensation. According to the Bank’s OP 4.12, project
affected people are considered legitimate for resettlement assistance regardless of the legality of land
tenure. Whereas according to the Article 22 of the Ethiopian Regulations on Payment of
Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes (Regulations
No. 135/2007), any person who claims for payment of compensation in accordance with the
Proclamation No. 455/2005 and the Regulations No. 135/2007 is required to produce proof of
legitimate possession of the expropriated landholding and ownership of the property entitling
15
compensation. Therefore, in relation to the Kaliti WTP Project, the RPF will follow the requirements
of OP 4.12.
It would be appropriate and possible for the Kaliti WTP Project to follow the agreed Resettlement
Policy Framework as it is expected to be in conformity with the Bank’s OP on Involuntary
Resettlement. The policies or principles provided in the RPF including design procedures to
minimize displacement, compensation principles and eligibility for compensation will be applied for
the Kaliti WTP Project. It is considered that the Kaliti WTP Project will fully implement the
resettlement and compensation procedures recommended in relevant sections of the final ESIA
report.
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3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Introduction
About 49 million m3 of wastewater is annually generated in the city of Addis Ababa. Wastewater is
mainly of domestic origin with 13.4% industrial. Most of this grey water is disposed into the rivers
and streams flowing through the city, like the Akaki River. Farmers have been producing vegetables
using Akaki River for the last 50 years and 1240 ha of land are being irrigated, mostly by gravity
using furrow or flood irrigation. Rural areas are supplying Addis with almost all crops, livestock,
horticulture and fruits, while urban agriculture is providing 61% of the vegetables consumed in
Addis (lettuce, Swiss chard, cabbage, spring onion, potato, beat root, etc.). The main concerns are
pollution of the water sources, the health hazard related to the use of untreated water for irrigation,
the environmental degradation and allocation of agricultural land to other purposes.
Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) is the only institution in Addis responsible
for all aspects of water supply of the city residences and sewerage control and wastewater treatment.
AAWSA has two water treatment plants in Addis Ababa, one of which is the Kaliti water treatment
plant which is located in southern Addis Ababa.
In connection with this AAWSA planned to rehabilitate and expand the Kaliti wastewater treatment
system. Following the plan, Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant Expansion and Rehabilitation as well
as the Expansion of Sewer Lines in the Kaliti Sewage Catchment was initiated in January 2012.
This new project is expected to play important role in enhancing the major wastewater treatment and
disposal problems the city is facing. As compared to the size of the city and population, this project
alone may not solve the problem.
Brief description of the project is given below. The technical details are included in the detailed
engineering design document which was conducted by Morrison Hershfield International Inc.in
association with ARMA Engineering PLC. The engineering design was carried out in 2012. In
evaluating the environmental impact of the sewer lines, a six-meter buffer zone is considered as
suggested by the client (AAWSA).
The location and detailed biophysical environment of the project area is given in Chapter 4. Much of
the sewer catchment is located in the inbuilt area of the city of Addis Ababa in southern and south
central Addis Ababa. The inbuilt area of Addis Ababa is found in the Akaki river basin, which is the
major tributary of the Awash River basin. The Entoto mountain range forms the northern watershed
boundary separating the Abay (Blue Nile) and Awash River basins. The volcanic mountains, Mount
Furi located southwest of the city and Mount Yerer located southeast of the city, are high massive
volcanic mountains rising to 2839 and 3100 m.a.s.l., respectively. These two high areas form the
western and eastern drainage divides of the Akaki River basin. To the south, most of the area is flat.
This flat land is characterized by high groundwater potential. The most important Akaki well field
which supplies water to the residences is located south of the treatment plant.
The project area (Kaliti sewer catchment)is dominantly confined in Bole, “Kirkos”, Akaki-Kaliti and
“Nefas-Silk-Lafto” sub-cities. The treatment plant is located in the Akaki-Kaliti sub-city, “Kebele”
17
7.
The Akaki river basin has high elevation differences in the north–south direction, which is the
general direction of the proposed sewer line. This characteristic has been taken in the design of the
new sewer line to function by gravity only. In most places, the new system follows the alignment of
existing sewer line.
The Kaliti sewer catchment consists of the old city, which is currently under redevelopment and with
new establishments in its periphery. Most of the industries are located in the Kaliti catchment
situated along the river/stream courses which are currently turned up as an open sewer channel. The
rivers and streams are polluted by waste coming from domestic areas, institutions and industry that is
discharged directly without any treatment. The construction of condominiums and the redevelopment
activities are demanding better sewage collection system with adequate capacity. Most of the
industries discharge their waste in to the streams. The existing WTP is also not functioning properly.
At some places, wastewater from broken sewer pipes is released into streams (Figure 3.1 B).
Currently, liquid waste from the drying beds at the Kaliti treatment plant is being released directly
into the Little Akaki river (see Figure- 3.1). Therefore, the proposed project is vital for improving the
current grave situations related to waste water treatment and management.
Figure 3.1 Plates showing grave situations of liquid waste management in the project area
3.2 Components of the Project

In this study, spatially three important areas are considered. These are:
i. The sewer lines (trunk lines)
ii. The wastewater treatment plant, and
iii. Downstream areas from the treatment plant
3.2.1 The Sewer Lines
In the context of the Engineering Report, three sewer trunk lines have been identified to be installed
on phase-by-phase basis. For ease of identification, the selected sewer lines are designated as
Western, Eastern, and Main/Southern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunks.
 The Western Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to north of “Lafto” bridge and services the
Western Kaliti Catchment.
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 Eastern Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to Bole Bridge on African Avenue and services
the eastern Kaliti Catchment (“WolloSefer” and “Bole Medahnealem” areas and around “Nefas-
Silk”.
 Main/Southern Trunk is the line that extends from the ring road at Kaliti to the KalitiWTP. This
trunk is proposed to twin the existing 800 and 700mm trunk mains.
The proposed sewer trunk mains will enable expansion of sewerage network within the catchment
and alleviate the present overflowing of sewage into streams, open channels and roads. The existing
sewer trunk has had a utility right-of-way, which at present is encroached on illegally over time by
squatter settlements. This will necessitate much effort to establish a new right-of-way and provide
sufficient space for construction and access for future operation and maintenance. The proposed
sewer lines (trunk lines) are expected to serve much the newly built southern and south-central Addis
Ababa. The total length of the sewer line is 18kms. The details are given in Table 3.1.
3.2.1.1 Western Trunk
The western trunk main runs parallel to the existing trunk main from the junction of the Eastern and
Main Trunk towards north along the Little Akaki River up to the existing manhole MH-KL. Then it
crosses the river to the west near “Lafto” condominium and continues along the bank of the little
Akaki River past the 600mm “Jemo” sewer line. In doing so, it passes through forested areas and
houses mostly made of mud and hollow block. This trunk main provides service for large part of the
Kaliti catchment including “Lafto”, Mekanisa, “Kirkos”, Mexico, “Merkato” western “Gulele”, and
“Ayer Tena” areas. The total length of the trunk proposed under this phase is 4,912m of which
3,140m is 1350mm diameter reinforced concrete pipe and the remaining 1200mm diameter
reinforced concrete pipe. Above-ground crossing structure using steel bridge is proposed at both
river crossings using pipe WM-54 and pipe WM-41.
3.2.1.2 Eastern Trunk
This section starts from “Karamara” Hotel(close to the Djibouti Embassy) and follows the right bank
of the lower reaches of the “Kebena” river and passes through complex slum and industrial areas in
“Bole Michael” and “WolloSefer” areas and crosses the ring road two times and finally joins the
western trunk at the Kaliti ring road overpass bridge. This route also crosses Debrezeit Road and the
new railway under construction close to the “Commet” Transport compound. Since this route has to
cross number of local ravines, there are areas where the excavation depth could reach up to 10m to
maintain gravity flow. The eastern trunk will affect many residential areas as compared to the
western trunk. Unlike the western trunk, however, it does not affect much farming areas (vegetable
gardens).
The eastern trunk is the longest and most complicated route of the three sewer trunks. As it is
reported,the initial surveying work has been done from the old “Karamara” hotel running parallel to
the existing sewer line up to the main trunk at MH T-1. However, this route has been changed to a
new route departing from the existing sewer line at MH-ES-144, nearby the existing manhole MH-
DF towards “Bulbula” Bridge passing east of “Saris-Addis Sefer” before it crosses the ring road near
“Abo” Church to join the main trunk at MH-T (at Kaliti ring road crossing).This change was made to
19
serve St. Joseph church area, and “Saris-Addis Sefer” and areas near and around the Agricultural
Engineering area. This Trunk serves the eastern part of the Kaliti catchment including areas up to
“Lagahar”, “Arada”, Paulos”, “Kechene” and “Addisu Gebeya”. The eastern trunk main has a total
length of 10,557m reinforced concrete pipes of which 7,724m is of 1200mm diameter and the
remaining 2,833m length is of 1050mm diameter.
Figure 3.2: Spot image showing the western trunk
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3.2.1.3 Southern Main Trunk

This main trunk starts from Kaliti ring road (overpass) and ends at the KalitiWTP. It is confined
within the Akaki-Kalitisub-city. It follows the side of existing gravel road. The southern trunk does
not affect many houses as compared to the other two trunk lines.
The main trunk is 1650mm in diameter and 1930 meters long, and is proposed to operate parallel to
the exiting 800 and 700mm mains to service the ultimate Kaliti catchment flow rate. The main trunk
receives wastewater from the two major trunks of Kaliti catchment; eastern and western trunks.
The existing trunk will be in operation during the construction of the new trunk. Therefore, special
consideration should be given in determining the alignment of the new line as crossing from one side
to the other is impossible once one side is selected. The other issue is the width of right-of-way
required to install the 1650mm trunk parallel to the 800mm. This section of the trunk was provided
with a right-of-way, but currently it is used as a road. In addition, private properties have encroached
to this right-of-way from both sides and the actual width of the right-of-way varies from 5 to 15m. It
is not practically possible to install the trunk main within the available space while using the right-of-
way as a road unless some arrangement is made beforehand. In view of this alternative access road
should be provided during the implementation of the project.
Manholes are placed at changes in diameter, gradient or direction, or at a predetermined section
length on straight run. For the trunk mains, manholes are spaced at an interval of 50 to 80m. Precast
reinforced concrete circular manholes have been designed for trunk mains. Different size of
manholes proposed for different diameters of the trunk are indicated below.
Table 3.1: Proposed Sewer Trunk and Manhole diameters
Sewer Trunk Diameter, mm Proposed Manhole Diameter, m
1050 1.8
1200 2.1
1350 2.4
1650 2.4
Table 3.2:Summary of proposed sewer trunks for Kaliti catchment.

Sewer Trunk Proposed pipe Length, m Service Area Remarks
size, mm
Southern Kaliti Main Trunk (Kaliti 1650 1,950 The whole Kaliti Operate parallel to
Ring Road to KalitiWTP) Catchment area the existing 700/800
mm trunk
Eastern Trunk (Kaliti Ring Road to 1200 10,450 Eastern and Central-
Bole Bridge) Eastern Sub-
Catchments
Western Trunk (Dama Hotel to 1350 & 1200 950 & 1,900 Western and Central- Existing siphons KA-
Jemmo Trunk crossing) respectively Western Sub- KB and LF-LG
Catchments would be removed
Kaliti Main Trunk (Kaliti Ring Road 1350 2,230 Western and Central- Operate parallel to
to Dama Hotel), part of western trunk Western Sub- the existing 700 mm
Catchments trunk
21
Figure 3.3: Spot image showing the eastern trunk
22
Figure 3.4: Spot image showing the southern trunk
3.2.1.4 Relation of Existing Sewer Line with the Proposed Sewer Line
Figure 3.5 shows the existing and proposed sewer lines. The existing treatment system is working
over capacity. In a number of places, broken sewer pipes exist. Manholes are stolen. The leaking
pipes release untreated liquid waste in the open ground and drain to nearby streams.
The proposed system is planned to serve mostly the newly developed areas and will help the existing
23
system to operate as designed by releasing the hydraulic load. The proposed sewer line is expected to
pass parallel to the existing system in many places. This will help to reduce the impact on
infrastructures. However, a number of houses are constructed even on the existing sewer lines at
some places. In most of the places, it is difficult to trace the position of the manholes.
In the southern trunk, the two systems pass parallel to each other until they join the treatment plant.
In the eastern trunk, the new system follows the existing system in the northern end and diverges to
the east to accommodate new inbuilt areas along the Akaki/Kebena River. In the western trunk, the
existing system extends far to the north and northwest. In much of the places, the two systems have
the same alignment and in few places, they cross each other.
Figure 3.5:Location map of the proposed trunk lines and existing sewer lines
3.2.2 Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant

3.2.2.1 General
Kaliti WTP is located in the southern part of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The existing
Kaliti WTP is a lagoon treatment system built in the late 1970s and commissioned in 1983.
The Kaliti WTP has a design capacity of treating 7,500 m3/day of wastewater and 3,500 kg/day of
biochemical oxygen demand. This is equivalent to population of 50,000 P.E. At present, the
treatment plant is working with excessive hydraulic head.
24
Figure 3.6: Spot image of the Kaliti WTP
Sewage enters the existing Kaliti WTP via the gravity sanitary sewer piping system. Following
treatment in the lagoons, the treated effluent is discharged from the site through a natural drainage
channel to the river located to the west of the site. Some of the effluent is directed to small channels
and used to irrigate fields between the site and the river.
Trucked waste arrives at the plant and consists of a combination of latrine and septic tank waste. The
existing volume of trucked waste arriving to the site is approximately 5,600 m 3 of waste per week.
This waste is simply dried in drying ponds that ring the western edge of the lagoons.
It is planned to keep the existing lagoons in operation during the construction of the upgrades. Due to
the increase in age and scale of the plant, most of the existing infrastructure will be replaced. The
existing office building is near the new primary clarifiers and may be impacted during construction
by the loss of the garden area that insulated the office from the working portion of the plant. The
building should not be impacted other than the aesthetic view by the loss of the vegetation.
The actual Kaliti site is large but most of the space is occupied by the existing facultative and
maturation ponds as well as the sludge drying ponds and beds. This means that space is at a premium
for upgrades to the wastewater treatment infrastructure.
25
Figure 3.7:Plates showing some features of the Kaliti WTP (A: Partial view of open canal and removed solid waste at
the entry point; B: One of the drying beds; C: Partial view of the stabilization ponds; D: Solid wastes at the treatment
plant)
3.2.2.2 Overview of the Wastewater Treatment Process

The treatment plant consists of inlet screens and grit chambers, two settling cambers, and two
parallel pond systems, and eight drying beds. The pond systems are rectangular and slant. Each line
of the pond consists of one facultative pond with a depth of 1–3m, one maturation pond with a depth
of 1m and two polishing ponds with a depth of 1m. The hydraulic retention time of the wastewater in
the stabilization ponds is approximately 30 days at maximum flow rate and the effluent from the
ponds flow by gravity and finally discharged to little Akaki river. Sludge lagoons and drying beds
were constructed in 1999 with treatment capacity of 110,000 m3/year of sludge.
The main components of the plant are:
i. Screening and De-gritting Channel
The treatment plant has a screening and de-gritting channel dimensioned from the beginning for
treating an effluent of 200,000 equivalent inhabitants. This piece of equipment is composed of two
canals. Each channel is equipped with an inclined screen (650) of a width of 2.5m leaving a free
space of 25mm between bars. The canals are designed to function in parallel and can be isolated by
means of coffer dams.
The length of each de-gritting channel is 10.5m. The outlet of each channel is equipped with a linear
weir (Eiffel tower type) and allows the maintenance of a constant de-gritting speed. The downstream
26
part of this apparatus includes a partially flume with a recording and totalizing flow meter, which is
installed in a small cabinet on the edge of the canal.
Figure 3.8: Kaliti WTP flow diagram. (Reproduced From AAWSA, 2002)
ii. Distribution Cell

The treatment plant has also a distribution cell that allows a partial or total feeding of all the stabilized
ponds. The volume of water allowed to re-circulate in each treatment path is measured by an
indicating, recording, and totalizing flow meter.
iii. Stabilization Pond
The treatment plant has two rows of paralleled biological treatment comprising 4 stabilization ponds
each whose global characteristics are shown in Table 3.3.
iv. Treated Water Recirculation Station

The treatment plant has 3 Archimedes screws, each capable of raising an incoming flow of 80l/s with
the following specification;
 Diameter: 800mm
 Speed: 51rpm
 Motor power 7.5 and 10Hp
 Max first phase recycling capacity: 13,824m3/d
During the second phase, the rotation speed is increased to 610rpm and the input flow to 105l/s.
27
Table 3.3: Characteristics of the biological wastewater treatment plant
v. Night Soil Treatment

The treatment plant consists of a set of night soils treatment work comprising:
a. Night soil digestion tanks
The night soil treatment has 4 digestion tanks with a unit capacity of 1130m3and a sludge
extraction system which uses a submersible mobile pump having a capacity of 20m 3/h flow
rate at 15m total head.
b. Supernatant pumping station
This station is equipped with a submersible single vane impeller pump (with a capacity
of54m3/h flow rate of at 6.5m total head.
c. Drying beds
The night soil treatment has also a sludge drying area comprising 26 beds of 7.5m by 20.06m
area.
3.2.3 Proposed Technology for the New WTP
3.2.3.1 Treatment options evaluated during feasibility Study
The following treatment processes were evaluated in the feasibility study document:
 Oxidation ditch
 Trickling Filter
 Upgrading the existing waste stabilization Lagoons
 UASB with Trickling Filter
 Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR)
 Conventional Activated Sludge
Important factors considered to select the most appropriate technology or combinations of

technologies are:
 The design treatment capacity of 100,000 m3/day
28
 Space requirement for the proposed treatment capacity

 Average BOD concentration of 740 mg/L which corresponds to the BOD load of 74,000 kg/day
 Variation of the BOD load
Wastewater characteristics based on the data described in the feasibility study document indicates a
low strength wastewater with average values for BOD of 161 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) of 357 mg/L and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of 495 mg/L. As also noted in the feasibility
study document, the values are too low considering the characteristics of municipal wastewater.
The top ranked three technologies were oxidation ditch, Trickling Filter, and upgrading of the
existing waste stabilization Lagoons. In terms of cost, upgrading of existing lagoon is the least
whereas the Oxidation ditch was the highest. Trickling Filter stood second with an estimated
construction cost of ETB 1,246,356,500.
Based on these, the feasibility study recommended Trickling Filter process combined with USAB as
suitable technology which can provide the required amount of BOD removal and accommodate the
expected fluctuations in BOD loads.
The major planned activities include:
 Construction of a Trickling Filter treatment system as per the design;
 Rehabilitate and/or modify the existing treatment infrastructure to increase life cycle
 Cleaning of all of the existing facultative and maturation lagoons, dewater the collected bottom
sediment disposed the solid in a landfill,
 Modify the lagoons for use as constructed wetlands for additional treatment enhancement;
 Clean out the two northernmost sludge drying ponds and use this area for construction of the
thickeners and digesters;
 Build new head works trains including screens with smaller openings;
 Install system for collection and dispose of solids collected from the screens and grit to minimize
nuisances;
 Provide trucked waste disposal site and treat trucked waste with the anaerobic digesters ;
 Remove the toilet and carwash and rebuild near the head works so that their effluent flows can be
directly connected to the sewage treatment facilities;
 Continue using sludge lagoons to dewater sludge;
 Allow for future biogas recovery (by others) by making use of a standard rate anaerobic digester;
 Abandon or demolish and remove structures that are no longer required or that do not have
sufficient capacity for the proposed treatment process;
 Gas from anaerobic digesters will be flared until future methane capture systems are installed by
others;
3.2.3.2 Effluent Quality Criteria used to design the proposed treatment process
The wastewater characteristics used to design the proposed treatment processes is summarized in
Table 3.4.below.
29
Table 3.4: Wastewater Characteristics for Detailed Design

Parameter Unit Value
BOD mg/L 470
NH3 mg/L 45
TSS mg/L 600
Temperature °C 20
The feasibility study assumed that nutrient removal (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) is not a
requirement and that the proposed treatment plant will focus on BOD and TSS removal only. The
treated effluent is expected to be used for irrigation and when irrigation is not required, such as
during the rainy season, it is to be discharged into the river. The feasibility study also recommended
that possible applications of the treated effluent for industrial purposes would require further study.
To meet irrigation needs, the treated effluent treatment levels have been set in conjunction of various
factors such as protection of human health, protection of the environment (river and crops to be
irrigated), etc. within the constraints of the technologies selected.
Table 3.5: Treated Effluent Characteristics for Design
Parameter Unit Value
COD mg/L 100
BOD mg/L 35
TSS mg/L 35
Helminth eggs #eggs/L 11
E.coli E.coli/L 105
Wetlands have been designed to remove pathogens and particularly helminth eggs to meet
recommended treatment levels for irrigation usage. These wetlands will also remove nutrients
through plant uptake, which will assist in preventing algal blooms in the ponds and other water
bodies downstream of the plant.
The proposed treatment infrastructure layout is shown on Figure 1. This plan also shows a potential
location for future expansion of the same type of treatment process to 200,000m3/day. This would be
constructed in the future when the sewage collection system has been put in place to service the
population. The location for the future expansion would be where the current ponds exist and would
necessitate draining and filling in some of the proposed wetland area. The future expansion may
include newer and more efficient technology and the footprint may vary from the plan shown in
Figure 3.9.
The required level of treatment should be based on:
 Whether wastewater is being discharged to surface water or to use for irrigation
 National and local standards as reflected in permit requirements
 Assimilative capacity of the receiving water for the load of contaminant being discharged after
treatment such as pathogens, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and other inorganic
substances
30
 Downstream use of the receiving water body (e.g. as a source of drinking water, recreation, irrigation,
or other)
Figure 3.9: Draft lay out of the treatment plant (taken from the detail design report)
The proposed series of treatment processes is very interesting and designed in suitable manner to
adapt to the specific situation. As noted from the feasibility study, providing a better wastewater
system will reduce, if not prevent diseases associated with poor sanitation; improved treatment will
permit reutilization of treated effluent for irrigation and improve the quality of river water; by-
products of the treatment processes can be harnessed to produce an alternative energy source and
fertilizer.
3.2.3.3 The Proposed Treatment Process Description
The Kaliti Wastewater Treatment expansion project comprises a centralized and integrated sewer
collection system and a single WTP. The new treatment plant will be constructed where the existing
plant structures are located. All the land is currently occupied and owned by AWSSA.
The WTP includes the following unit processes:
• Intake
• Fine screening
• Grit removal
• Primary clarifiers
• Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process
• Trickling filter (TF) process
• Secondary clarifiers
31
• Constructed wetland treatment

• Sludge Digesters
• Sludge drying
• Sludge disposal
The proposed wastewater treatment system is schematically presented in Figure 3.10.
Figure 3.10: The proposed wastewater treatment system
3.2.3.3.1 Intake structure
Two concrete chambers will be built upstream of the existing head works. The first splitter box will
be installed to collect flows from the existing 800mm pipe upstream of the headwork system. This
entrance chamber will be sized to accept 100,000m3/day. It has been estimated that the existing pipe
can supply a maximum of approximately half this flow. The remaining 50,000 m3/day, to meet
capacity, is expected to be supplied to the plant when the 1650 mm trunk main is built.
32
The future 1650 mm trunk main will be connected to another concrete chamber located to the west of
chamber. The flows received by second chamber will be sent to the first chamber until the combined
flows being treated at Kaliti reach a total of 100,000m3/day. The second chamber will be designed to
split flows between the first two trains and future trains to treat the additional flows.
A duplicate of the first Phase Head works structure will be constructed adjacent to the new structure
and will add an additional 100,000 m3/day capacity for a total of 200,000m3/day. This component
will not be used until the second phase of the treatment process is designed and built. A stub pipe
will be constructed in the general direction of the future WTP expansion site to allow the future pipe
to be built without disturbing the headwork structure.
The design intent of the new pre-treatment system trains is for each train to be capable of handling
50,000m3/day. Once the first new train is in operation, the existing headwork stream will be
demolished and removed to make space for the second train.
Since the existing washroom near the thickeners will be demolished, a new bathroom has been
located and designed to be placed near the main guard house. Wastewater from the new bathroom
built near the guard house will be piped to the Train #1 screen chamber.
3.2.3.3.2 Primary treatment system

Bar screens: A grating of steel bars spaced about 2–4 cm on centers is placed at an angle to the flow
of sewage through an open channel. The raw influent first goes through a self-cleaning screen and
then into one end of a shallow and rather fast moving basin so that sand and gravel can settle out.
Often skimmers rotate around the surface of the basin to remove oils that may have been flushed into
the system. The screen removes coarse and floating solids from the sewage. The screen must be
cleaned regularly and the removed solids must be burned, ground and digested, or buried. Many
systems have a grinder known as a comminutor used either with or instead of a bar screen for
grinding large particles which might clog the pumps.
For the Kaliti upgrades, a coarse 2.5 cm opening bar screen will be installed which will be manually
cleaned. Following the coarse screen, a finer 1cm opening screen will be installed to remove smaller
detritus. The fine screen will be mechanically cleaned. Screenings will be discharged into hoppers
located above the channels where any water can drain back into the system.
Grit chamber: This operation removes gravel, sand, and fine mineral particles from raw wastewater,
in order to prevent deposits in channel and pipes, to protect, pumps and other machines against
abrasion, and in order to avoid problems in later treatment stages. It is a chamber in which the
velocity of waste flow is reduced to a point where the denser sand and other grit will settle out, but
the organic solids will remain in suspension. The settled material is buried or used for fill.
The screened wastewater will be conveyed in channels to the grit removal area. Grit will be removed
by mechanically induced vortex grit removal chambers. These chambers are designed to remove
greater than 80% of the silt, sand, and other inert material greater than 0.25 mm in size. The de-
33
gritted effluent continues to the bioreactor, while the collected grit is dewatered to approximately
75% solids content and stored for offsite disposal.
Rectangular horizontal flow grit channels will be constructed with each train including three
channels, each with the capacity to handle 25,000m3/d. The third channel is included for redundancy
to continue providing full flows during maintenance of the grit removal equipment. Grit collected in
the channels will be removed by a simple mechanical bucket conveyer system and can be mixed with
the screenings for disposal. As with the screenings, the grit will be collected into a container that
permits liquid to drain out but retains the solids. Surface area (A) of each channel is 23.1 m 2, the
length of each channel (L) is 25 m; the depth of flow (D) is 0.69 m
Primary settling tanks (or basins): These are usually large tanks in which solids settle out of water
by gravity where the settleable solids are pumped away (as sludge), while oils float to the top and are
skimmed off. The velocity of the flow is reduced to about 0.005 m so that the suspended material
(organic settleable solids) will settle out. Removal of suspended solids ranges from 50–65%, and a
30–40% reduction of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can be expected.
In the case of the proposed project, four circular primary clarifiers are included in the design to
remove readily settleable solids and floating materials and therefore to reduce the suspended solids
content.
Flow will be equally distributed into the four clarifiers using a splitter box with sharp-crested weirs.
Each clarifier is designed to be at the same elevation, have the same surface area, side water depth
and effluent weir length and configuration. The 90° v-notch effluent weirs will allow for slight
adjustments in elevation to account for any momentum or turbulence which can force more flow into
one tank than another adjacent tank.
The primary clarifiers will be used to co-thicken secondary sludge to improve the solids content of
the combined sludge to around 4% instead of using thickeners. Thus, sludge thickeners have been
removed from the detailed design and the sludge will be sent directly to the digesters which will be
slightly larger in size. Secondary sludge will be pumped back to the primary clarifier splitter box on
a continuous basis as described the detailed design drawing set.
Since the clarifiers are uncovered, some additional freeboard has been used in the design to minimize
the wind effect from stirring the contents of the clarifier and re-suspending any particles. This
additional freeboard also provides safety for the operators as the outside wall is designed to be 1m
above the finished grade. Further details of the primary clarifier design can be found on the drawing
set. Assuming 4 clarifiers are required, each clarifier will have a surface area of 478 m 2 and diameter
of 25 m.
The clarifiers are designed to remove the sludge and scum produced by the wastewater treatment.
Each clarifier will be equipped with a motor controlled traveling bridge with skimmers and spiral
plow scrapers. It is important to balance sufficient hydraulic detention time with preventing septic
conditions from occurring in the sludge blanket which could cause floating sludge. In a warm
climate, this is even more of a consideration than in colder climates therefore the clarifiers must
rapidly remove the sludge. The scrapers will scrape off the sludge that accumulates at the bottom of
34
the clarifier and convey it continuously to circular hoppers. The sludge will then be piped by gravity
to a collection chamber. The sludge blanket level will be controlled by cone valves located in the
collection chamber to regulate its depth. Scum consists of fats, oil and grease (FOG) and other
floating matter. Scum will be skimmed off the top of the wastewater by rotating skimmers into a
scum trough. It will then be piped to the same collection chamber as the sludge. From this chamber,
the sludge and scum will be sent by gravity to the anaerobic digesters for treatment. The quantity of
scum produced is estimated at 2% of the sludge produced.
3.2.3.3.3 Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

The up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process is the most successful new anaerobic reactor
design for various industrial and municipal wastewaters. Compared to other anaerobic treatment
systems, it offers high COD removal efficiency at shorter retention times, small land area
requirement, low construction cost, simple operation and minimal pumping requirement. Its ability to
retain high biomass concentrations in the reactor is its key advantage.
Characteristic of a high rate system, the UASB system hinges on a sludge retention mechanism in
order to maintain contact between the wastewater and a high concentration of active bacterial mass.
The UASB reactor operates on the principles of an effective separation of the biogas, the liquid and
sludge, formation of an easily settleable anaerobic sludge, and even distribution of raw waste over
the bottom of the reactor.
An UASB reactor is basically a tank that has a sludge bed in which organic material dissolved in the
wastewater is degraded, and as a consequence of this digestion, biogas is produced. Influent
wastewater is introduced from the bottom of the reactor, through evenly distributed nozzles. The
sludge bed at the bottom of the reactor is the active bacterial mass that digests the organic pollutants
in the wastewater. Production of biogas that resulted from the anaerobic digestion process induces
mixing in the sludge blanket. At the upper part of the reactor, above the sludge bed, a blanket zone is
formed where some particles of biomass are suspended. This zone acts as a separation zone between
the water flowing up and the suspended biomass. One of the advantages of this kind of reactor is the
low sludge production. Dispersed sludge particles are separated from the liquid and return to the
digestion compartment at the phase separator, while the liquid leaves the reactor via the effluent line
and the gas through the top of the phase separator.
UASB reactors are attractive in tropical countries because they work better at mesophilic conditions.
They are widely used to treat wastewater with a high organic load; and the treatment of wastewaters
from the food industry is therefore a typical application.
The up-flow velocity and rising biogas bubbles are the principal factors causing mixing in the
reactor. Mixing in the sludge bed induces shear forces which are the key factor influencing the
formation, stability and structure of the anaerobic granules. Agitation is developed in sludge bed due
mostly to upward movement of biogas and particle-to-particle collision. Fine biogas bubbles may
adhere to the granule and cause the granule to rise.
35
Factors influencing performance of UASB are:
 Wastewater pH
 Temperature
 Organic loading rate
 Hydraulic retention time
 Up flow velocity
pH: There are three principal bacteria involved in biogas production: bacteria responsible for
hydrolysis, acid-producing bacteria, and methane-producing bacteria. The acid producing bacteria
commonly tolerate a low pH, but their optimal pH range is from 5.0 to 6.0, on the other hand, most
methane-producing bacteria work well in a pH range of 6.7 to 7.4. If the reactor pH goes out of the
6.0 - 8.0 range, the activity of the methane-producing bacteria is reduced and this may negatively
influence the reactor performance. The bicarbonate produced by the methane-producing bacteria
normally controls the pH reduction caused by acid-producing bacteria.
Temperature - Methanogenic activity is seriously affected at temperatures below 30oC. In the range
from 37 to 55oC, sludge washout and an inefficient COD removal may occur. When the UASB
reactor temperature is above 55oC, the quality of the effluents is not as good as when the temperature
is under mesophilic conditions. Additional energy is then needed to heat the reactor and this
increases operation costs. The UASB reactor must operate under mesophilic conditions (30 to 35 oC)
for successful results, but thermophilic conditions (i.e. 55oC) can result in more successful treatment
performance.
Organic Loading Rate (OLR): The OLR is the mass of organic matter loaded per day per cross-
section area of the reactor. The degree of starvation of microorganisms in biological systems is
dependent on the OLR. At a high OLR, microorganisms are subject to fast microbial growth (but
intoxication may occur with high quantities of organic matter), whereas at a low OLR,
microorganism starvation takes place.
A practical approach for the rapid start-up of a UASB reactor is to operate the system at a COD
reduction of 80%, which can be reached by manipulating the OLR. However, if the applied OLR is
too high, the biogas production rate may increase, and the resulting strong agitation can then lead to
washout of the inoculated sludge.
Hydraulic Retention Time and Up-Flow Velocity: The HRT is the average time that the influent
water remains inside the reactor, and the up-flow velocity is the liquid velocity crossing a transverse-
cross section of the UASB reactor; its units are m3m-2h-1.
The stagnant film around a granule can be reduced by increasing the up-flow liquid velocity. The
goal is to reduce the mass transfer resistance in the stagnant liquid around the granule in order to
increase the diffusion from the liquid phase into the microorganism growth. The up-flow water
velocity usually ranges between 0.1 and 1.4 m.h-1 in a UASB reactor.
In a reactor treating wastewater, the sludge bed and the blanket have dispersed particles between
which the wastewater passes and gas bubbles flow upwards. Therefore, even if the inlet fluid enters
36
the reactor with a relatively slow velocity, the flow distribution is not uniform due to the presence of
these granules and to the agitation produced by the gas bubbles. These phenomena determine the
residence time distribution (RTD).
Full-scale high rate anaerobic reactors have been built for the treatment of industrial effluents since
the 1970s throughout the world. An overwhelming majority about 72% of all plants of the existing
full-scale plants are based on the UASB or expanded granular sludge bed design concept developed
by Lettinga et al., 1980 in The Netherlands. Unfortunately, anaerobic biological treatment alone
cannot achieve the performance levels required for direct discharge in receiving streams. In
particular, the process has little effect on nitrogen removal. An aerobic polishing treatment is
generally necessary. It can be employed as a cost effective pretreatment ahead of aerobic treatment.
The marriage of these processes brings two advantages: Simple design technology and minimization
of sludge production.
In the case of Kaliti wastewater treatment expansion project, the AWSSA Project Office (the Client)
informed the EIA team that UASB reactors will be installed prior to the Trickling Filter. The
inclusion of UASB will have an added advantage in terms biogas production and improves the
overall effluent quality.
3.2.3.3.4 Trickling filter process

A trickling filter is a process that converts dissolved and colloidal waste material into solids.
Trickling filters flow into clarifiers or settling tanks where the solid separation takes place. The
trickling filter utilizes slime producing organisms to convert liquid wastes into solid form. Slime
growth is one of the main functions of trickling filters. The slime is also called “bio-mass” or
“microbial layer” and “sludge” when the solid is disposed. The trickling filter system employs the
following units:
A trickling filter is a fixed bed, biological filter that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions. The
Trickling Filter is filled with a high specific surface-area material such as rocks, gravel, shredded
PVC bottles, or special pre-formed filter-material. A material with a specific surface area between 30
and 900m2/m3 is desirable. The filter is usually 1–3 m deep but filters packed with lighter plastic
filling can be up to 12 m deep. Pre-settled wastewater, in this case the effluent from UASB ,is
‘trickled’ or sprayed over the filter. Organisms that grow in a thin bio-film over the surface of the
media oxidize the organic load in the wastewater to carbon dioxide and water while generating new
biomass.
The incoming wastewater is sprayed over the filter with the use of a rotating sprinkler. In this way,
the filter media goes through cycles of being dosed and exposed to air. However, oxygen is depleted
within the biomass and the inner layers may be anaerobic.
The ideal filter material has a high surface to volume ratio, is light, durable and allows air to
circulate. Whenever it is available, crushed rock or gravel is the cheapest option. The particles should
be uniform such that 95 per cent of the particles have a diameter between 7 and 10 cm. Both ends of
37
the filter are ventilated to allow oxygen to travel the length of the filter. A perforated slab that allows
the effluent and excess sludge to be collected supports the bottom of the filter.
The media become coated with a zoogloea film (a jelly-like growth of bacteria, fungi, algae, and
protozoa), and air circulates by convection currents through the bed. Most of the biological action
takes place in the upper 0.5 m of the bed. Depending on the rate of flow and other factors, the slime
will slough off the rocks at periodic intervals or continuously, whenever it becomes too thick to be
retained on the stones. A secondary settling basin is necessary to clarify the effluent from the
trickling filter. The overall reduction of BOD for a complete trickling filter system averages around
80–90%.
Trickling filters are classified on the basis of their hydraulic and organic loads as low or standard,
intermediate, high, or super high rate.
Standard rate trickling filters normally are designed for hydraulic ratings of 1 to 4 mgd/ acre (1.1
to 4.3 m3/m2 • d) and organic loadings of 5 to 25 lb BOD/ day/ 1,000 cu ft (0.08 to 0.41 kg/m3 • d).
These filters are normally 6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.4 m) deep and rectangular or circular in shape. They
usually are dosed intermittently by dosing tanks with automatic siphons or by periodic pumping. The
interval between dosing will vary with the rate of wastewater flow, but should be short enough to
prevent filter growths from becoming dry. Some recirculation may become necessary to achieve this.
During normal operation, a thick growth develops in the filter until a temperature change or the flow
through the filter causes a large portion to slough off.
Intermediate rate filters normally are designed to treat hydraulic loadings of 4.3 to 10.8 m3/m2 • d
and organic loadings of 0.25 to 0.49 kg BOD/m3 • d including recirculation. In the past, there have
been some cases in which the organic loading in the intermediate range stimulated considerable
biological filter growth and the hydraulic loading was not sufficient to eliminate clogging of the
trickling filter medium. Other plants operating in this range have had few operational problems. In
some cases, intermediate rate filters actually are under loaded high rate filters.
High rate filters are normally designed for substantially higher loadings than are standard rate units.
A filter receiving a BOD loading between 0.41 to 4.88 kg/m3 • d. These filters usually are 0.9 to 2.4
m deep and circular in shape. They are designed to receive wastewater continuously. The high rate of
application is achieved by re-circulating wastewater that already has passed through the filter, and
the heavy flow of wastewater over the filter medium produces continuous rather than periodic
sloughing of the filter growths. Because the solids are not retained in the high rate filter as long as
they are in the standard rate unit, they are less stable and continue to exert BOD after they leave the
filter. The solids also are much lighter and more difficult to settle than those sloughed from a
standard rate filter
The high rate trickling filter was the option that was recommended in the feasibility study document
of the proposed Project as the best suited to the site and particularities of the wastewater to be treated
at Kaliti WTP. The media used will be engineered plastic media as that allows the filter to be taller
than rock filters which will reduce the footprint. The surface area of the engineered plastic media is
38
also greater, which allows for better treatment efficiency. Plastic media also helps to prevent
clogging since it has a high void ratio.
To avoid clogging of a trickling filter due to excessive growth of the biofilm, it is necessary to work
with the minimum hydraulic load. In most cases, wastewater is re-circulated from the filter effluent
to the top of the filter to dilute the strength of the incoming wastewater and to maintain enough
wetting to keep the biological slime layer moist. In this case, the trickling filter is being designed to
allow the wastewater to flow into the filter by gravity and without recirculation. This means that
more media is required to be purchased as a capital cost however pumps will not be required to re-
circulate the wastewater which will save ongoing operational costs.
It has been assumed that the trickling filter is required to reduce the BOD load down to 70 mg/L.
This value was obtained by evaluating what BOD removal could be achieved in the engineered
wetlands. This calculation is further detailed in feasibility study document.
Table 3.6: Trickling Filter Size
No. Parameter Dimension Remarks

1 Depth of TF (m) 6.1 m The reactor depth is high
2 Reactor volume 5,117 m3
3 Diameter 33m
4 Reactor Surface Area 839 m2×4
5 BOD loading 1.145 kg BOD/m3∙d
3.2.3.3.5 Secondary clarifier

The clarifiers are designed to remove the sludge and scum produced by the wastewater treatment.
Each clarifier will be equipped with a motor controlled traveling bridge with skimmers and spiral
plow scrapers. The scrapers will scrape off the sludge that accumulates at the bottom of the clarifier
and convey it continuously to circular hoppers. The sludge will be piped by gravity to a sludge lift
station. The sludge blanket level will be controlled by cone valves located in the lift station to
regulate its depth. From this lift station, the sludge will be pumped to the primary clarifiers for
thickening.
Scum consists of Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) and other floating matter. The scum produced by the
secondary clarifiers will be skimmed off the top of the wastewater by a skimmer into a launder and
sent to a collection well. From the well, the scum will be pumped up to the digesters for final
treatment. The quantity of scum produced is estimated at 2% of the sludge quantities produced.
Since the clarifiers are uncovered, some additional freeboard has been planned in the design to
minimize the wind effect from stirring the contents of the clarifier and re-suspending any particles.
This additional freeboard also provides safety for the operators as the outside wall is designed to be
1m above the finished grade.
39
The supernatant from the secondary clarifier is the secondary effluent. Since its BOD level is still
high at approximately 70 mg/L, it will be sent to the engineered wetlands for further polishing and
storage. Sludge produced will be sent back to the primary clarifier where it will be co-thickened in
the primary clarifiers prior to being sent to the digesters for final treatment. The diameter and depth
of the proposed clarifiers is 27 m and 5m each, respectively.
Different combinations of processes are possible, depending on the trickling filter and UASB
processes used, the loading of individual units, and the point at which sludge or other recycled
streams are reintroduced to the main flow stream.
3.2.3.3.6 Constructed Wetland (Tertiary Treatment)
Constructed Wetland (CW) is a biological wastewater treatment technology designed to mimic

processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. The basic mechanism of organic matter degradation
in constructed wetlands is plant bacterial symbiotic reactions, in which gaseous oxygen
photosynthetically produced or taken up for respiration by the plant is used by aerobic and
facultative bacteria. Since the end of 1980, this system has been used widely in the world.
Constructed wetland is a shallow basin filled with some sort of filter material (substrate), usually
sand or gravel, and planted with vegetation tolerant of saturated conditions. Wastewater is introduced
into the basin and flows over the surface or through the substrate, and is discharged out of the basin
through a structure which controls the depth of the wastewater in the wetland.
A constructed wetland comprises of the following five major components:
• Basin
• Substrate
• Vegetation
• Liner
• Inlet/Outlet arrangement system.
The tertiary treatment process selected for the Kaliti WTP is to convert the existing facultative and
maturation ponds to engineered wetlands. As described in the feasibility study document, Free Water
Surface (FWS) wetlands are much simpler and less costly to adapt from an existing pond and
therefore the Kaliti ponds are planned to be converted to FWS wetlands. Wetlands are further
known to be effective in removing nutrients, metals and organics from wastewater. Given that the
WTP receives some industrial wastewater, the wetlands may assist in removing some industrial
pollutants which may remain in the wastewater otherwise and could inhibit plant growth in
agricultural fields or cause health problems.
The equal distribution and collection of wastewater is achieved by inlet and outlet arrangement
systems. A liner is used, if the protection of the groundwater is important.
Converting facultative and maturation ponds into wetlands involves cleaning out the sludge
accumulated in the facultative and maturation ponds, modifying existing inlet and outlet structures
40
and incorporating aquatic plants. It is proposed to use floating island systems that can be anchored to
the bottom of the ponds and drawn into shore for maintenance and troubleshooting. Floating islands
involve installing an artificial buoyant matrix that floats on the water surface upon which a variety of
macrophytes (woody plants) and grasses are planted. The surface of the floating island is porous
enough to allow plant roots to penetrate through into the water column, facilitating nitrogen and
phosphorus uptake through the roots and bacteria growth onto the roots. The vegetation also helps to
cool the surface of the water column and blocks sunlight which helps control algae growth. The
islands will be seeded with a variety of locally available plants.
The inlet, interconnection and outlet structures will be replaced to handle larger flows and to keep
the water level at between 0.6 and 0.9 m which is the optimal depth for floating aquatic plants to
thrive. The calculated surface area of the constructed wetland is 149,594 m2. The existing pond
surface area is approximately 208,313 m2. As shown in the calculation above, once converted to
wetlands, the existing area will be more than sufficient to polish flows of 74,626 m3/day from 70 mg
BOD/L to 35 mg BOD/L.
Advantages of constructed wetlands
• wetlands can be less expensive to build than other treatment options

• utilization of natural processes,
• simple construction (can be constructed with local materials),
• simple operation and maintenance,
• cost effectiveness (low construction and operation costs),
• process stability.
Limitations of constructed wetlands
• large area requirement

• Wetland treatment may be economical relative to other options only where land is available and
affordable.
• design criteria have yet to be developed for different types of wastewater and
In terms of the removal of pollutant such as pathogens, trace organics, nitrogen, and heavy metals,
CW has very distinct advantages. The removal mechanisms for nitrogen in constructed wetlands are
manifold and include volatilization, ammonification, nitrification/denitrification, and plant uptake
and matrix adsorption. The major removal mechanism in most of the constructed wetlands is
microbial nitrification/denitrification. Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria in aerobic
zones. Nitrates are converted to dinitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria in anoxic and anaerobic
zones.
The process of metal removal in wetlands include sedimentation, filtration, adsorption,
complexation, precipitation, cation exchange, plant uptake and microbially-mediated reactions
especially oxidation. Adsorption involves the binding of metal ions to the plant or matrix surface,
whereas the presence of bacteria causes the precipitation of metal oxides and sulfides within the
wetland. Some wetland species have a well-established ability for direct uptake of metals.
41
Pathogens are removed in wetland during the passage of wastewater through the system mainly by
sedimentation, filtration and adsorption by biomass. Once these organisms are entrapped within the
system, their numbers decrease rapidly, mainly by the processes of natural die-off and predation.
3.2.3.3.7 Thickening and Stabilization of Sludge
All forms of sludge need to undergo treatment before being discharged into the natural ecosystem or
re-used. Stabilized sludge has an advantage in that photogenic organisms are greatly reduced,
therefore avoiding the problem of bad odor being produced during land disposal. The hazards due to
bacteria should not, however, be overlooked. In addition, the heavy metals, oil and grease, fibers, and
other trace substances of petrochemical origin are potential risks in using sludge for agriculture. In
general, the larger the quantity of sludge for disposal, the more it must be dewatered in order to keep
down the cost of disposal.
In the project, the primary clarifiers will be used for the purpose of sludge thickening as well. The
sludge which settles in the primary clarifiers is pumped to the sludge digesters where a temperature
of 30–35ºC is maintained. This is the optimum temperature for the anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that
live in an environment that does not contain oxygen). The usual length of digestion is 20–30 days but
can be slightly longer during cold months. Continual adding of raw sludge is necessary and only
well-digested sludge should be withdrawn, leaving some ripe sludge in the digester to acclimatize the
incoming raw sludge. Sludge is stabilized to reduce their pathogen content, eliminate offensive
odors, and reduce or eliminate the potential for putrefaction. Technologies used for sludge
stabilization include lime stabilization, heat treatment, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion and
composting. Among these methods, anaerobic digestion has great potential in terms of energy
generation and its performance is good. Two stage standard rate anaerobic digester was proposed for
the digestion of solids as well as the generation of biogas for energy recovery. Table 3.7 shows
description of the different
Table 3.7 Common anaerobic digesters
No. Type of digester Description
1 Standard rate This is a single-stage process in which digestion, sludge thickening and supernatant
formation take place simultaneously. The untreated sludge is added to the active
digestion zone, where it is heated by an external source. Mesophilic conditions are
maintained within the reactor. The resulting gas rises to the surface, carrying oils and
grease with it
2 Standard high-rate This process is a modification of the standard rate process. The solids loading is much
greater, and the sludge is mixed by gas recirculation, pumping or mechanical mixing
3 Two-stage This method features two tanks. The first serves for digestion and is fitted with heating
and mixing facilities, while the second is used for the storage and concentration of
digested sludge and for the formation of a clear supernatant
4 Separate This process, which is relatively new, involves the separate digestion of primary and
biological sludges.
5 Thermophilic Thermophilic digestion occurs between 120 and 135 ºF (49 and 57 ºC). This process is
characterized by a rapid digestion rate, increased bacterial destruction and improved
sludge dewatering. However, the process is characterized by higher energy
requirements, produces poorer quality supernatant and generates odors.
Design criteria for this system are as follows (for a maximum 100,000 m3/day Treatment Plant):
42
 Average Day Retention Time: 25 Days

 Digester Operating Temperature: 22 Degrees C
 Average Day Solids Loading Rate: 3.37 kg Volatile Solids/m3/day
 Digester Gas Production: 15 SCFM/lb Volatile Solids Reduction
 Digester Gas Caloric Value: 600 Btu/SCFM
 Volatile Solids Reduction: 36.7%
 Total Solids Input: 55,792 kg/day (123,000 lb/day) @ 3.50%
 Volatile Solids Input: 36,015 kg/day (79,400 lb/day) @ 2.25%
 Total Solids Output: 42,820 kg/day (94,400 lb/day) @ 2.68%
 Volatile Solids Output: 22,860 kg/day (50,400 lb/day) @ 1.43%
 Tank diameter: 32.5 m
 Water Depth: 8 m
Digested sludge will be drawn from the bottom of the second stage digester and conveyed to the
existing sludge drying ponds by means of progressive cavity pumps. Sample lines are available to
determine the approximate depth of the sludge blanket along the bottom of the digester. Clarified
liquid will be decanted primarily through an overflow system to a lift station where it will be sent
back to the trickling filters for treatment. Provisions have been made to permit the withdrawal of
clarified liquid at varying levels within the digester should it be required. Scum will be permitted to
degrade naturally over time.
A total of 42,820 kg/day of solid will be produced from the sludge digesters which will be
dewatered, stored on site and finally either disposed off-site in fills or will be used as fertilizer
depending on the quality of sludge. An estimated amount of 18, 007,500 L of methane can be
produced from the proposed sludge digesters.
3.2.3.3.8 Sludge treatment and disposal

Energy management is becoming an essential aspect of the design and operation of waste-water
treatment facilities. Some operations, such as aeration in biological treatment, consume large
quantities of energy, and consequently the selection of energy-efficient equipment and the design of
energy recovery schemes are assuming progressively greater importance.
The generated sludge is usually in the form of a liquid or semisolid. Sludge handling, treatment and
disposal are complex, owing to the offensive constituents present, which vary with the source of
waste-water and the treatment processes applied. Sludge is treated by means of a variety of processes
that can be used in various combinations. These involve thickening, conditioning, dewatering and
drying to remove moisture from sludge, while digestion, composting, incineration, wet-air oxidation
and vertical tube reactors are used to treat or stabilize the organic material in the sludge.
Options for sludge dewatering:
 Use of chemicals
 Press filtration
 Belt filtration
43
 Vacuum filtration
 Mechanical drying
 Thermal drying for easier disposal: agriculture, soil improvement
 Incineration in furnaces
 Drying beds
 Drying lagoons
In terms of best available technology, and based on current assessment/evaluation of various sludge
treatment and disposal options, thermal drying systems for advanced sludge treatment is the
preferred best technology for the following reasons:
 Environmentally acceptable system for advanced sludge treatment because the entire process can be
contained within a closed circuit system. Emissions to atmosphere are minimized;
 The end – product is clean, pasteurized, odorless and easy to handle and store. It is suitable as a soil
enriched; assuming the metal content is within the required limits.
 Sludge quantity for ultimate disposal is considerably reduced.
The thermal and other mechanical processes are expensive in terms of initial investment and
operation and maintenance.
Sludge drying beds and lagoons are typically used to dewater digested sludge mainly due to low cost
for construction and operation. After drying, the sludge is either disposed of in a landfill or used as a
soil conditioner. The various types of drying beds in current use are described in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Types of Sludge Drying Beds and Lagoons

No. Sludge drying beds Description
1 Conventional sand Typical sand beds consist of a layer of coarse sand supported on a graded
drying beds gravel bed with perforated pipe under-drains. Sludge is placed on the bed and
allowed to dry. Drying occurs by evaporation and drainage. The sludge cake is
removed manually.
2 Paved drying beds These are similar to conventional beds in terms of their under-draining system.
Two types are commonly used: a drainage type and a decanting type. The
drainage type involves agitation to facilitate dewatering and uses a front-end
loader for sludge removal. The decanting type uses low-cost impermeable
paved beds that rely on supernatant decanting and mixing of the drying sludge
for enhanced evaporation.
3 Wedge-wire beds These consist of beds constructed from artificial media such as stainless steel
wedgewire or high-density polyurethane. The drainage process is controlled by
an outlet valve, enhancing the dewatering process.
4 Vacuum-assisted In this system, dewatering and drying is accelerated by the application of
vacuum to the underside of porous filter plates.
5 Drying lagoons The sludge is first placed within the basin and allowed to dry. The supernatant
is decanted from the surface and returned to the plant while the liquid is
allowed to evaporate. Mechanical equipment is then used to remove the sludge
cake.
Large size drying beds are feasible if they are equipped with traveling bridges allowing mechanical
recovery of dried sludge as well as spreading of liquid sludge across the whole surface area.
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Depending on climatic conditions, drying times vary from three weeks to one month. Drying areas
generally include:
 A first layer comprising a 20-cm layer of gravel. Drains are installed at the bottom of this support
 A second filtering layer comprising 10 to 15cm layer of sand
Dewatering comprises a first drainage phase followed by ambient temperature drying. Dry sludge
content can reach 60% in the event of optimally sunny weather condition.
In the proposed project, the existing sludge drying lagoons will be rehabilitated as part of the
construction project as appropriate to accommodate the total amount of sludge generated by the new
process Sludge-drying lagoons are suitable for the treatment of digested sludge and consist of
shallow earthen basins enclosed by earthen dykes. The sludge is first placed within the basin and
allowed to dry. The supernatant is decanted from the surface and returned to the plant while the
liquid is allowed to evaporate. Mechanical equipment is then used to remove the sludge cake.
The dried sludge is a porous humus-like cake which can be used as a fertilizer base. In the proposed
project, the digested sludge will be disposed of in sanitary landfills. On the other hand, the beneficial
uses of sludge are attracting more attention nowadays. Treated and digested sludge may be used as a
soil amendment and conditioner. Sludge may also be treated chemically for use as landfill cover or
for landscaping or land reclamation projects. The digested sludge biomass can be used to generate
energy by employing appropriate waste to energy conversion process.
3.2.3.3.9 Biogas System
Typically, the biogas in UASB reactor treating domestic sewage is about 70–80% methane, and the
remainder is made up of a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, and a small
fraction of hydrogen sulfide. Gases produced by the anaerobic digester system could be utilized at a
later date for the generation of power. Until that time, the biogas will be flared. Based on the
available information and the design criteria shown under the anaerobic digesters section, it is
expected that the digestion system will generate approximately on average 159 mscf/year at a
treatment plant capacity maximum of 100,000m3/day.
A single flare system will be capable to flare the quantities of biogas expected to be generated. The
flare system needs to be a minimum of 15 m away from the digesters. Actual quantities of biogas
generated may vary as a result of operation and the quality of sludge being produced by the
wastewater treatment plant.
The methane produced by fermentation can be stored in gas holders which compensate for
production fluctuations and facilitate delivery to the burners. These gas holders often consist of
flexible containers enclosed in structures, with a waste gas burner to complete the facility.
3.2.3.3.10 Use of Treated Wastewater and Stabilized Sludge in Agriculture
Treated wastewater effluent can be used for:

 Irrigation
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 Industrial
 Recreation
 Groundwater recharge
 Potable water reuse
 Discharge in to surface water
Treated wastewater effluent can be used for the irrigation of crops or landscaped areas. The main
consideration associated with this effluent application method is the quality of the treated water and
its suitability for plant growth. Some constituents in reclaimed water that are of particular
significance in terms of agricultural irrigation include elevated concentrations of dissolved solids,
toxic chemicals and nutrients. Another highly important consideration is public health and safety
hazards resulting from the potential presence of bacterial pathogens, intestinal parasites, protozoa
and viruses. Concerns vary with the intended irrigation use and the degree of human contact.
Potential constraints associated with the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation include the
marketability of crops and public acceptance, surface and groundwater pollution in the absence of
adequate management, and high user costs, notably the cost of pumping effluent to irrigated land.
Irrigation with treated water requires measures to prevent public health, salinity and toxicity hazards.
Effluent of a high biological quality is necessary for irrigation of certain crops, particularly
vegetables and other produce that may be eaten raw. A low quality is acceptable for crops that are
processed or where there is no direct exposure to the public. The most important criteria are those
that safeguard the health of farmers, farm workers, produce handlers and consumers. The primary
indicator of health risks are the level of fecal e-coli forms and helminth eggs for which the World
Health Organization has set the guidelines.
Dissolved salts and toxic ions present in treated effluent arrest plant growth, crop yield and produce
quality. There is wide range in the tolerance of specific crops to salinity and toxicity and carefully
selection allows a greater use of wastewater for irrigation, thus preserving freshwater. Effluent
quality of the Kaliti WTP will meet the FAO Guideline for using treated wastewater for irrigation
(Annex 4).
Reclaimed water is ideal for industries using processes that do not require water of potable quality.
Industrial uses of reclaimed water include evaporative cooling water, boiler-feed water, process
water, and irrigation and maintenance of the grounds and landscape around the plant. Each type of
reuse is associated with a number of constraints on its applicability; the use of reclaimed water in
cooling towers, for example, creates problems of scaling, corrosion, biological growth, fouling and
foaming. These problems are also encountered when fresh water is used, but less frequently.
Reclaimed water used as boiler feed water must be softened and de-mineralized, while process water
quality is dependent on the requirements of the manufacturing process involved.
Reclaimed water is widely used for recreational purposes, including landscape maintenance,
aesthetic impoundments, and recreational lakes for swimming, fishing, and boating, ornamental
fountains, and fish farming. The required treatment level for reclaimed water is dictated by the
46
intended use: the greater the potential for human contact, the higher the treatment level required. For
example, non-restricted recreational water use requires the treatment of secondary effluent by
coagulation, filtration, and disinfection to achieve a total coliform count of fewer than 3 per 100
milliliters.
Groundwater recharge using reclaimed wastewater serves to mitigate water table decline, protect
groundwater in coastal aquifers against salt-water intrusion, and store reclaimed water for future use.
Groundwater recharge methods include surface spreading in basins and by direct injection into
aquifers.
Surface spreading utilizes flooding, ridge and furrow, constructed wetlands, and infiltration basins.
This application method improves the quality of the reclaimed water considerably as it percolates
successively through soil, unsaturated zone and aquifer. Direct injection involves the pumping of
reclaimed water directly into an aquifer. Drawbacks of this method include high effluent treatment
cost and the high cost of the necessary injecting facilities. The major disadvantage of groundwater
recharge using reclaimed water is the increased risk of groundwater contamination.
The issue of the use of reclaimed water for drinking purposes has been approached with extreme
caution because of public rejection and because of health, safety and aesthetic concerns. Although
extensive research is being conducted in this field, many constraints remain, notably the
determination of appropriate quality criteria for such water. At present, the option of direct potable
use of reclaimed municipal waste-water is limited to extreme situations. if not reused, is disposed of
either on land or into water bodies.
Discharge into water bodies is the most common disposal practice. It takes advantage of the self-
purification capacity of natural waters to further treat the effluent. However, waste-water effluent
discharge must be based on sound engineering practice if the receiving environment is not to be
adversely affected. Excessive quantities of organic material may cause rapid bacterial growth and
depletion of the dissolved oxygen resources of the water body. In addition, changes in pH or
concentrations of some organic and inorganic compounds may be toxic to particular life forms.
Accordingly, outfall structures must be designed for adequate dispersal of the effluent in the
receiving waters in order to avoid localized pollution. Depending on the characteristics of the
receiving waters, many factors are considered for proper mixing and dispersal of effluent. These
factors include flow velocity, depth stratification due to salinity and temperature, shape, reversal of
current and wind circulation. The temperature and salinity of the effluent should also be taken into
consideration. The disposal area should be downstream from any location where water is to be
withdrawn for human consumption.
Wastewater effluent discharge into rivers should be such as to ensure rapid vertical mixing of the
effluent over the full river depth and avoid foaming problems. This can be achieved by using a
multiport diffuser that extends across the width of the river. A diffuser is a structure that discharges
the effluent through a series of holes or ports along a pipe extending into the river.
47
In conclusion, the treated wastewater effluents from the Kaliti wastewater treatment system can be
used for all purposes except potable use and recreation. It is important to note that the best suitable
option needs to be established through further evaluation. Considering the tremendous demand for
agricultural activities, it is proposed by the project to use it for irrigation.
3.3 Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant
The wide compound of the treatment plant is not fenced and there is no new settlements within the
compound. There is no new proposed settlement site in the area. The only large-scale structures
constructed within the compound are the high tension power line towers. Within the treatment plant
site, one can see many birds and animals such as hyenas, monkeys and antelopes. The highly
vegetated compound and the downstream riparian vegetation of the Little Akaki river course harbor a
number of animals. Three important zones can be identified downstream of the treatment plant
(Figure 3.11).
3.3.1 Farming Areas
West of the treatment plant, the area is covered with vegetable gardens and grass land with few
houses (only three houses). The local community is growing vegetables (mainly cabbage) in these
areas. Even within the treatment plant compound, some areas are being used for growing vegetables.
In the dry season, the effluent is diverted in open ditches for local irrigation. The Little Akaki River
seems to be more polluted than the water being released from the treatment plant. Interviewed people
in downstream areas stated that the river water is much polluted and they are not interested to use it
even for irrigation compared with the effluents from the treatment plant.
3.3.2 Settlement Area
Much of the open grounds which were considered as command area in the irrigation feasibility
document is currently having many houses. Most of “Kebele” 7 is confined in the downstream area.
Along the right bank of the Little Akaki River there are many mud houses which appear to be not
having legal permissions. The vegetable gardens along the course of the river are owned by the
residents of these areas.
3.3.3 Riparian Vegetation
The course of the little Akaki River is highly vegetated. This becomes important habitat for birds and
animals. Some of the trees (eucalyptus) are owned by local residents. Figure 3.11(C) shows partial
view of the riparian vegetation. The type of vegetation in this area is listed in Chapter 4 that outlines
the biological environment.
48
Figure 3.11: Some features of downstream areas from the treatment plant (A): vegetable gardens grown on the sold
sludge being disposed from the drying beds; (B): Grassland along the course of the Little Akaki river; (C): Riparian
vegetation where many birds and animals’ reside along the Little Akaki river; (D): Inbuilt areas (“Kebele” 7) which
was considered as command area for irrigation in the irrigation feasibility study document
49
4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS
4.1 The Physical Environment

4.1.1 Topography and Drainage
The project area is located in the central and southern part of the Akaki river basin. The Akaki river
basin is an extensive drainage system located at the eastern edge of the Western Ethiopian plateau
that slowly descends to the central Main Ethiopian Rift. The city of Addis Ababa is situated in the
northern and central part of the basin (Figure 4.1). The basin has an elevation drop of around 1000 m
within 20 km lateral distance all the way from the Entoto ridge in the north to the plains of Akaki
area to the south where the Akaki well field is located. The Kaliti WTP is located in the southern part
of the drainage basin.
Figure 4.1: Digital Elevation Model and simplified drainage map of the
Akaki river basin with city boundary
The treatment plant is located at an elevation of around 2200 m.a.s.l. The treated wastewater is
expected to be released into the Little Akaki River which is the main tributary of the Big Akaki river
that inturn joins the Awash River far to the south.
Within the Akaki river basin, there are a number of perennial rivers. The most important ones are
Big Akaki, Little Akaki and Kebena. Much of the new sewer line passes within the Little Akaki,
Kebena and the lower reaches of Kebena and Big Akaki river catchments (Figure 4.2). The Kaliti
sewer catchment comprises parts of “Kirkos”, “Nefas-Silk Lafto” and Akaki-Kaliti sub cities.
50
Figure 4.2: Drainage map showing the Little Akaki and Big Akaki rivercatchments with project area (red window)
The river catchment has high elevation differences as compared to the drainage catchment. Figure
4.3 shows the digital elevation model and North-South topographic section. The Akaki River
catchment has an elevation range of 2040 to 3,200m above sea level (Topographic Map of Scale
1:50,000, EMA, 1973). Ridges/volcanic centers and mountain ranges bound much of the basin
watershed boundaries.
There are many rivers/streams draining in the basin. The most important ones are Big Akaki, Little
Akaki and Kebena. The latter two drain much of central Addis Ababa area. The main recharge area
to these rivers is the Entoto ridge.
Most of the watershed divide is characterized by large volcanic mountains/ridges. The most
important elevated peaks are Entoto Mountain Range (pick elevation 3200 m.a.s.l), Mt. Bereh
3,228m m.a.s.l, Wechecha range (3,391m a.s.l), Mt. Furi (2839m.a.s.l.) and Mt. Yerer (3100m a.s.l.).
The lowest elevation is Aba Samuel dam to the south (2060m a.s.l.).
The Kaliti wastewater catchment is confined mainly in the Little Akaki and lower reaches of the Big
Akaki river catchments. The wastewater collection system flows by gravity.
4.1.2 Land use / land cover

Although very much diverse, the general land use/cover pattern of the Akaki river basin can be
broadly classified into four groups: forest, urban (inbuilt) area, agricultural or open areas and water
bodies ( BCEOM- Seureca, 2000). A more detailed land use map of Addis Ababa city is shown in
Figure 4.4.
51
Figure 4.3: Simplified digital elevation model with N-S sections of the Akaki river basin
In the northern part of the basin along the Entoto Ridge, the land is covered with forest, dominantly
eucalyptus trees and the top of the mountain range is relatively flat that facilitates infiltration of
precipitation into the ground. As the slope gets steeper towards the city, a relatively higher runoff
coefficient is expected. Along the foot of the Entoto ridge there are small waterfalls.
Much of the central part of the basin is in built area (houses, roads and large establishments such as
factories). The Addis Ababa city is characterized by paved surfaces /built up areas that cause very
low infiltration. Along the course of the main streams, urban agriculture is common. The two main
trunks of the sewer line pass through small shabby houses and in places through vegetable gardens
and eucalyptus trees. At two places it crosses highly vegetated woodland in the western trunk Behere
Tsige Public Park and “Lafto Mebrat Hail” forested area).Figure 4.5 shows some typical vegetated
land cover types in the project area.
The sewer lines pass through wide compounds of government institutions. The major ones are
Defense Construction, “Ersha Sebel”, “Commet Transport”, Spices Extraction Factory and Behere
Tsige Public Park. Along the proposed sewer lines there are no churches, cemeteries, statues and
related sensitive areas except the Saudi Arabian Embassy and a Mosque under construction (both in
“Wollo Sefer” areas) that would be affected by the new project. The plate in Figure 4.6 shows partial
view of these structures.
52
Figure 4.4: Simplified land use/cover map of Addis Ababa area
Figure 4.5: Typical vegetated land cover types in the project area (A: Woodland; B: Riparian vegetation with
settlement; C: Vegetable gardens(D: Grass and farm plots in the treatment plant area).
53
Figure 4.6: The two sensitive areas that are going to be affected bythe sewer lines (A: Mosque and B: The Saudi
Arabian Embassy)
4.1.3 Climate
In the Akaki River basin there are at least five meteorological stations. The stations are located at
Addis Ababa Observatory, Addis Ababa Bole, “Akaki Mission”, “Entoto” and “Sendafa” areas.
Table 4.1 shows the summary of the long-term average meteorological data obtained from stations in
Addis Abba area.
54
The Akaki river basin has humid to sub-humid climate. Based on rainfall, the climate of the area can
be categorized into two broad seasons. The dry season that extends from October to May and the wet
season that lasts from June to September. The main rainy season is from June to September.
Precipitation was recorded in the catchment since 1900 at Addis Ababa Observatory except between
1941 and 1945. The mean annual rainfall at Addis Ababa observatory for the period 1980 – 2005 is
about 1187.4 mm. The minimum arithmetic mean monthly rainfall amount in the basin was recorded
in December (6 mm) and the maximum value was for the month of August (279 mm). Most stations
in elevated areas recorded higher values. The high rainfall of the region flushes solid and liquid
wastes from inbuilt areas during the wet seasons. Many of the rivers in Addis Ababa area are highly
polluted due to the release of solid and liquid waste that is being flushed by surface runoff and direct
release from industries and households.
Table 4.1:Summary of mean monthly long-term meteorological data of Addis Ababa area.
Months
Parameter Station Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
Rainfall, mm Intoto(1989-2004) 15.6 38.3 61 87.2 43.2 102.2 265.3 317.1 138.4 27.2 9.9 9.8 1115.2
Sendafa(1991-2004) 20.8 18.5 47.7 52.4 43.7 118.6 328.8 308 106.1 49.1 3.6 3.8 1101.1
Akaki (1975-2004) 14.1 29.8 76.7 86.1 68.5 115.2 255.4 258.5 118.8 25.1 3.6 3.2 1055
AA Bole(1980-2004) 11.8 33.6 68 93 71.1 122.5 235.9 240.3 133.5 30.9 3.2 4.9 1048.8
AA Obs(1980-2005) 14.2 39.1 68.9 91.5 83.7 136.2 262.4 272.9 168.7 34.9 5.8 9.2 1187.4
Mean 15 32 64.4 82 62 119 270 279 133 33 5 6 1100.5
0
Temp. c Entoto (1989-2004) 19.1 19.7 19.9 19.4 20.1 17 15.9 15.9 15.8 16.8 18.6 17.5 215.9
AA Obs (1980-2005) 23.9 24.9 25 24.5 25.1 23.4 21 20.9 21.7 22.7 23.1 23.2 279.6
AA Bole(1980-2004) 23.8 23.8 26.3 24.8 25.3 23.5 21.2 21.1 21.8 22.9 23.2 23.2 280.8
Akaki ( 1997-2004) 26.3 27.3 27.4 27.3 28 26.3 24.3 23.8 25.3 25.8 25.9 25.9 313.6
Mean 23.3 24 24.7 24 24.6 15.9 20.6 20.4 21.2 22.1 22.7 22.5 265.8
Pan Evap. Mm AA Bole(1987-2004) 186.1 190 190.8 177.4 202 106.2 62.3 60.6 99.5 287 189 171 1921.9
AA Obs (1992-2004) 131.7 141 145 117.6 138.3 84.2 52.7 50.2 73 121 137 127 1319.4
Mean 158.9 166 167.9 147.5 170.2 95.2 57.5 55.4 86.3 204 163 149 1620.7
Sunshine Hr AA Obs (1964-1993) 8.6 8.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 5.1 3 3.5 5 8.1 9 9.1 80
Mean 8.6 8.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 5.1 3 3.5 5 8.1 9 9.1 80
Wind speed km/hr AA Obs (1982-2004) 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 7.7
Mean 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 7.7
R. H in% AA Obs (1979-2004) 41.7 40.6 43.3 46.9 42.7 53.8 65.8 67.1 56.5 40.4 35.1 33.6 567.7
AA Bole(1964-2004) 55.9 55.1 56.2 63.4 59.9 73.9 86.2 86.3 81.9 61.3 53.8 55.9 790
Mean 48.8 47.9 49.8 55.1 51.3 63.9 76 76.7 69.2 50.9 44.5 44.8 678.8
Source: National Meteorological Services Agency
The highest and lowest mean maximum temperature over the record periods (Table 4.1) is 25 0C in
dry season (March) and 200C in wet season (August), while the variation of mean monthly
temperature values fall in the range of 70c (in the month of December) to 120C (in the month of
March). The daily variation in temperature in the area is more pronounced than the annual variation.
The calculated mean annual long-term mean temperature is around 16.30C (Solomon Tale, 2000).
55
The highest relative humidity was 78% recorded in the months of July and August, and the lowest
was 53% recorded in the month of December (from 1964 – 1989). The lowest sunshine hour, 3 hours
per day was recorded in July and the highest 9.5 hours per day, which was recorded in December for
the years (1965 –1985). Likewise, maximum wind speed of 1.2m/sec and minimum value of 0.5m/se
were recorded for the months of October and August, respectively.
4.1.4 Hydrology
As the rainfall is well above 1000 mm annually in elevated areas, most streams are perennial due to
sustained recharge from fractured volcanic rocks. The two most important rivers in the basin, Big
Akaki and Little Akaka are gauged. The long term average discharges of these rivers indicate that the
maximum discharge occurs during the months of July and August and the Minimum in February and
March.
The hydrographs of these two rivers are shown below (Figure 4.7). The hydrograph of Big Akaki
River was constructed from long-term (1981-2003) mean monthly discharge. For Little Akaki River,
it was made from gauged mean discharge of the periods 1991-2003.
Figure 4.7: Hydrograph of Big Akaki and Little Akaki rivers established based on long-term average monthly
discharge (Source: Ministry of Water and Energy)
4.1.5 Geology
4.1.5.1 General
The Akaki river basin has very complex geology. The area is characterized by tertiary volcanic rocks
disrupted by many regional faults. As it is located at the edge of the rift valley, it is not also
seismically stable. Much of Addis Ababa is located in seismic zone 2, which can likely be affected
by earthquakes.
Much of central Ethiopia, where the basin is located is covered by volcanic rocks of different ages
and types. One can categorize these volcanic rocks based on various criteria such as age (Tertiary
and Quaternary volcanics), and taking rift formation as a reference (pre- rift & post- rift volcanics).
The volcanic rocks of Ethiopia can also be described as the Trap series volcanics and Aden Series
56
volcanics, which is the same as to say post rift volcanics. The trap series represent the oldest volcanic
rocks in the country compared to Aden series volcanics. The trap series forms the northwest and
southeast plateau, reaching its maximum development in central Ethiopia attaining a thickness of up
to 3 km, (Mengesha et al., 1996).
The trap series predates the rift faulting and usually occupies great height of the Ethiopian Plateau,
whereas the Aden volcanic series are associated with well – preserved volcanic cones or lava flows,
Mohr (1971). Since the Akaki River basin lies between the plateau and the rift floor (Zennettin and
Justin – Visentine, 1974), the geological history of the area is an integral part of the evolution
/development of the Ethiopian plateau and the Rift system. The study area represents both the
highland and the rift escarpment which descends to the south towards the ill-defined rift floor.
4.1.5.2 Lithology
As outlined in the works of BCEOM – seureca (2000) the following stratigraphic units can be
identified in the basin from the oldest to the youngest.
1. Alaji series (Lower Miocene)

This unit covers the Entoto Mountain and extends to the north beyond the Akaki basin. It comprises
of basalts associated with rhyolites, trachytes, ignimbrites, tuffs and agglomerates. Earlier works
further subdivided this series into Alaji Rhyolites and Entotosilicics.
2. Addis Ababa Basalts

They overlie Entoto silicics and outcrops mainly occur in the Entoto Mountain, central Addis Ababa,
along Akaki River course (south) in the vicinity of Laga Dadi dam to the north of Lake Gefersa and
southern part of the city. Their composition can be porphyritic olivine basalt, porphyritic feldspar
basalt & aphanitic basalts. Individual flows are usually easily observed & paleosols & coraceous
horizons are found at the bottom of flows in many places (Kebede Tsehayu and Taddese
Hailemariam, 1990).
According to Solomon Tale (2000), Olivine porphyritic basalt outcrop in the central part of the town
(“Merkato”, “Teklehaymanot” and “Sidist kilo”) and the distribution of plagioclase porphyritic basalt
is little northwards around “Sidist kilo”, General Wingate school and French Embassy. According to
Morton (1974) and Vernier (1985), the thickness of the olivine porphyritic basalt varies from 1m or
less in the foothills of Entoto, Lideta Air Field and “Filwuha” to greater than 130 meters at
“Kechene” stream.
The basalt flows are inter-bedded with welded glassy and fiamme ignimbrite outcrops in the areas of
“Filwuha”, “Ginfle” and Lideta Air Field. At many outcrops it is overlain by aphanitic basalt flow
and underlain by olivine porphyritic basalt flow (Anteneh Girma, 1994).
3. Younger Volcanics
These groups of volcanics can broadly be classified in to Nazareth Group and Bofa Basalts.
According to Hailesellasie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa (1989), the Nazareth Group rocks out crop
57
dominantly to the South of Filwuha Fault and extend towards Nazareth. Bofa basalts are found
southward from Akaki River, southeastern part of Addis Ababa
4. Nazareth Group
Aphanitic basalt, welded tuffs, ignimbrites, trachytes and rhyolites make up this group of younger
volcanics. Aphanitic basalt flows cover the southern portion of Addis Ababa, south of Asmara Road,
especially the areas of Bole and Lideta. The flows show vertical and curved columnar jointing
together with sub-horizontal sheet jointing (Anteneh Girma, 1994). According to BCEOM – seureca
(2000), trachy – basalt out crops are found around “Repi” area and General Wingate School and
associated with undifferentiated volcanics. It is underlain by the plagioclase and olivine porphyritic
basalt, and overlain by the younger ignimbrite from which it is separated by tuffs and agglomerates
(Hailesellassie Girmay, 1985).
Figure 4.8: Simplified geological map of the study area (Source: Dereje Negusa, 1990)
An ignimbrite sheet (upper Welded tuff) out crop occurs in the northeast of Addis Ababa at the base
of “Entoto” Mountain and Laga Dadi areas. This formation is gray colored, vertically and
horizontally jointed (Hailesellasie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa, 1989). It is underlain by aphanitic
basalt and overlain by young olivine basalts (Hailesellasie Girmay, 1985).
According to Anteneh Girma (1994), this group is underlain by tuff deposits and overlain by olivine
porphyritic basalt flow to southeast of Addis Ababa. From a sample taken from Addis Ababa (near
Asmara Road).
58
Trachytic flow covers extensive areas in the west and southwest part of the catchment, from Mt. Furi
Hana Mariam, Tulu Iyoo to Repi and Wechecha Range. The trachyte flow is underlain by tuff and
overlain by alternating flows of plagioclase basalt and rhyolite at “Repi” (Anteneh Girma, 1994).
Rhyolite flows belonging to this group outcrop at the top and southern flanks of Mt. Yerer. The
exposed thickness of the lava sequence is about 500m (Anteneh Girma, 1994).
5. Bofa Basalts
This unit comprises of olivine porphyritic basalt, scoria, vesicular and scoriaceous basalt, and trachy
- basalt lava flows. They extend in to the south from Akaki River and the unit is as thick as 10 meters
(AntenehGirma, 1994). They appear to have upper thick basalt of 20 - 40m over the Akaki well field
but thinner to absent in other places. They have well preserved shape of cones and marls.
6. Lacustrine Deposits, alluvial & Residual soils

These are quaternary to recent deposits. Lacustrine soils occur around Bole, Lideta, Mekanisa,
Between Abba Samuel Lake and Little Akaki River. The thickness of this deposit varies between 5m
to 50m.
Alluvial deposits are found in some places along small and Big Akaki Rivers, especially south and
southwest of the capital city. Thick alluvial deposit occurs in the area between Akaki town and Abba
Samuel Lake. Some deposits occur along the Kebena River, north - west of Bole area. Soils, which
are developed in-situ by the decomposition of rocks are located in the central, southeast, northeast,
Gullele and Kolfe areas.
4.1.5.3 Geological Structures
It is in accordance with the location of the catchment at the shoulder of the Main Ethiopian Rift that
the project area has been subjected to the rift tectonics, which is manifested by a number of major
and minor fault systems. As it can be seen from the map of the geological structures of area compiled
by BCEOM – Seureca (2000) the general trend of most of these faults follow the rift system (NE –
SW) orientation but there are some faults with orientation of east – west and northwest-southeast .
The major lineament oriented along east – west that extends from Kassam River in the east through
Addis Ababa to Ambo in the west, cuts across the Western rift escarpment and uplifted its northern
block (Zennettin et al., 1978) which was during the late Miocene time. This lineament starts from the
western escarpment of the rift and goes even further to “Wollega” (Mengesha, et al, 1996). Entoto
silicics confined along this fault from the Entoto ridge, which forms surface water divide between
two vast basins in the country, namely Blue Nile (Abay) and Awash Rivers. The ridge forms the
northern boundary of the study area and the fault has a down throw to the south in the catchment.
Another major lineament oriented in Northwest direction & situated to the northeast of the Akaki
well field extends between Akaki and Dukem (following the main DebreZeit highway) is one of the
lineaments that do not follow the rift trend.
The other important lineament in the area is the Filwuha Fault. According to Kundo (1958), Morton
(1974) and Hailesellasie Girmay (1985), the fault has a trend of NE – SW, which is in accordance
59
with the rift trend structures. Even though Morton (1974) identified the fault as having a down throw
to northwest, this was later disproved by Hailesellasie Girmay (1985) to be south based on detailed
mapping by resistivity survey of the fault. Moreover, he found the fault as having shallow depth,
covered by thin soil layer of about 1 to 4m, not vertical and estimated its throw to be 40m (the
approximate thickness of the welded glassy ignimbrite).
The measured dominant preferred orientation of joints occurring in different rock units in north
central part of the catchment is NNE – SSW, which is sub – parallel with the general trend of rifting
(Kebede Tsehayu and Tadesse Hailemariam, 1990)
The density of faults increases to the southeast of the rift valley. Therefore, some of the basaltic lava
and cinder cones situated to the Southeast and Northeast of the Akaki well field probably have
erupted through these fractures as they are concentrated along the major NE – SW trending fault
systems of Akaki and Dukem areas.
Figure 4.9: Typical fractured permeable volcanic rocks along the eastern proposed sewer line.
4.1.5.4 Soil
Soil composition is principally determined by the parent rock of the area. The sol type of the area is
principally governed by the geology of the area. All soils of the area are derivatives of the volcanic
rocks. Depending up on the local topographic and geo-morphological setup the thickness is highly
variable. In general, soil thickness increases towards the south as the elevation decreases and
deposition is high.
Thick residual and colluvial silty clay and clay soils dominate in the project area. The subsurface
infiltration condition of the area is mainly governed by the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of
the unconsolidated sediments overlying the weathered and fractured volcanic rocks. These rocks are
60
relatively porous and have a relatively high hydraulic conductivity.

The composition and thickness of the unconsolidated deposits and soils vary as a function of
topography and geomorphology. Generally, the soil formations are broadly classified in to three
group namely the alluvial, residual and lacustrine dominantly clay deposits. The hydraulic
conductivity has been estimated to vary between 0.0017m/day to 0.00009m/ day in for the lacustrine
and alluvial deposits respectively (Addis Ababa Wastewater &Sewerage Master Plan study). In
most places, the main trunks are aligned along soil formations. However, in few areas rock cuts are
mandatory.
The detailed account of the soil geotechnical characteristics at the treatment plant is given in the
detailed design report related to foundation conditions. At the treatment plant, the dominant soil
type is silty clay. The permeability seems to be low to medium. In fact, the soils at the drying beds
are not watertight. It is likely that the liquid waste will infiltrate into the shallow groundwater
systems. Fortunately, immediately downstream of the treatment plant there are no wells and springs
being used for community water supply systems. However, if groundwater is to be developed at
relatively shallow depth downstream, the treatment plant has to consider this issue seriously.
Figure 4.10: Simplified soil map of Addis Ababa area
4.1.5.5 Seismicity
The Ethiopian Building Code Standard, EBCS-8, Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance
classifies the country in to five different seismic hazard zones based on the seismic risk, from Zone 0
to Zone 4. Zone 4 is the severe one mainly assigned to the Great Rift Valley while Zone 0 is assigned
61
to the western and Eastern portions of the Country. According to the seismic hazard classification,
Addis Ababa is categorized in ZONE 2. The minimum design peak acceleration to be considered in
design for Addis Ababa as per the code is 0.05g.
4.1.6 Water Resource and Quality

As stated above, there are a number of seasonal and perennial rivers that drain through the city. The
two most important rivers in the Kaliti catchment (Little Akaki and Big Akaki) which drain through
the cityare extremely polluted. One can find all sorts of solid and liquid wastes in these rivers. Many
point and non-point pollution sources exist in the sewer catchment.
With regard to water quality, the Akaki River and its main tributaries is considered as one of the
most pollutedrivers in the country due to the high pollution load from domestic and industrial
wastewaters. The Ministry of Water and Energy maintained a hydrometric network that generates
quantitative information on Big Akaki and Little Akaki Rivers flow. The EPA established a water
quality monitoring program on Awash River basin by selecting 22 sites that extends from upper
course to its termination near Afambo Lake. Results of the Akaki River monitoring have shown that
the water is chemically and bacteriologically highly polluted.
Review of recent findings of Akaki water quality assessment (Macha Chamargachew July 2009 &
Zerfie Mersha April 2008) also confirmed that Akaki River water is chemically, physically and
bacteriologically polluted.
With respect to concentration of heavy metals, sampling and analysis have been conducted for Cr,
Cd, Pb and Co in the months of November and January (ZerfeMersha 2008). The average value of
Cadmium in November was 0.009mg/1 and in January 0.0076mg/l where the concentration in both
cases is beyond the WHO standard limit of0.003mg/l. Similarly, the average value for Lead in
November and January was found out to be 0.028mg/1 and 0.069mg/l, respectively where the Lead
concentration in both cases is beyond the WHO standard limit of 0.01mg/l. The study also analyzed
other parameters to determine the chemical pollutants of the river with respect to COD, BOD, pH,
Iron, Manganese, Nitrate, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfate, Phosphorus & Chloride (Macha, July 2009).
The result indicated that 100% of the COD, BOD, pH, Iron, TN, pH, Nitrate and NH 3 were found
out to be above the standard limit. The result also showed concentration above the standard limit for
total Phosphorus, Manganese, and Chloride which is 91.1 %, 83.3 and 6.7%, respectively.
The southern part of Addis Ababa City, where the WTPs is located, is laid with lacustrine and
alluvial deposits with an estimated hydraulic conductivity of 0.00009m/ day (Addis Ababa
Wastewater and Sewerage Master Plan study). The project treatment area has been identified as
groundwater resource potential area, and this has been justified through drilling of 25 boreholes in
Akaki area that provided around 25% of the city’s water supply. In fact, these wells penetrate deeper
aquifers. However, shallow aquifer systems are likely to be polluted from wastewaters. The effect of
the Kaliti treatment plant on deeper groundwater is not well known. In fact, it is important to
consider the water tightness of the oxidation ponds and drying beds in the future.
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4.1.7 Wastewater Quality

4.1.7.1 Raw Wastewater Quality at the Treatment Plant
The historical long-term average data at the treatment plant was collected and used for predictive
modeling of the Kaliti wastewater treatment performance by Getenet Sewnet (2012). The wastewater
long-term quality data as presented in this work is shown in Table 4.2.
The treated and untreated wastewater used to be analyzed by AAWSA water quality laboratory.
However, in the last two years continuous analysis has not been done. For the sake of the ESIA
study, few samples were analyzed (see Table 4.3).
Table 4.2:Basic statistical description for historical raw wastewater at the KalitiWTP.
Table 4.3: Water quality analysis results of the project area

S. No Parameters Unit Code of Sample
Influent Effluent Little Akaki River
1 pH - 7.2 7.6 6.8
2 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 283 236 262
3 Electrical conductivity µs/cm 573 476 938
3 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l Nil 7.2 4.6
4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 914 86 128
5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 434 20 31
6 Total suspended solids (TSS) mg/l 421 63 463
7 Total Volatile Solids (TVS) mg/l 364 54 137
8 Total non-volatile solids mg/l 57 9 336
9 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l 42.7 2.3 18.2
10 Nitrite Nitrogen as NO2 mg/l Nil 0.13 Nil
11 Nitrate Nitrogen as NO3 mg/l Nil 2.73 1.34
12 Hydrogen Sulfide as H2S mg/l 8.3 Nil Nil
13 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l 16.2 2.4 4.8
14 Sulfate as SO4 mg/l 13.8 18.4 23.7
15 Total Chromium as Cr mg/l Nil Nil 0.017
16 Chloride as Cl mg/l 38.5 36.4 23.5
63
S. No Parameters Unit Code of Sample

Influent Effluent Little Akaki River
17 Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l 14 8 22
18 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 178 214 242
19 Total Hardness as CaCO3 Mg/l 136 124 94
Sampling and analysis was done on September 14, 2013
The wastewater quality result indicates that the effluent from the treatment plant and the Little Akaki
River are highly polluted. The treated water must meet national and international standards to release
it in to the nearby streams or to use it for irrigation purpose downstream. Under the current condition
the effluent is highly polluted. However, the Little Akaki River seems to be more polluted than the
effluent. As the samples were taken during the rainy season, it is likely to be diluted. The status of
the pollution is most likely much worst during the dry season.
4.2 The Biological Environment Baseline Conditions

4.2.1 Vegetation and Flora
Terrestrial vegetation and flora have been observed in KalitiWTP Project areas and its surroundings.
These vegetation, tree species and plantation forests are found along Little Akaki riverside,
residential houses, fences, institutional compounds, BehereTsige park and in the KalitiWTP
compound. Some of the tree species include Acacia Abyssinica, Cordia Africana, Dovyalis
Abyssinica, Ficusdahro, Ficussur, Olea Africana, Vernoniaamygdalina, Rhamnusprinoids,
Albizziagummifera, Rungiagrandis, Cupresseslustinca, Daturastramonium, Eucalyptus, grasses,
Sowdeniapolystachya etc. The vegetations, shrub types and Arundodonax that are grown on the
riverside are serving for stabilization of riverbanks.
4.2.2 Plantation Forest
There is a plantation forest in Lafto area of West trunk direction. The sewer line construction will
pass through this plantation forest. The plantation forest comprises dominantly exotic tree species
(mainly Eucalyptus and Cypress) which are in some parts interspersed or mixed with some patches
of bush lands and grasses. The tree species composition of the forestland is dominantly Eucalyptus
spp. (mainly E. camandulensis & E. grandis) and Cypress (Cupressuslusitanica). The indigenous tree
species include Acacia Abyssinica, Ficus sur.
4.2.3 Vegetables and Plants
Different types of vegetables are grown in farmland, homestead, at the riverbank and at the
downstream site. The residents use these vegetables for consumption and as source of income. These
vegetables include cabbage, pepper and Enseteventricosum. In some compounds of the project
affected persons, Rhamnusprinoides, Vernoniaamygdalina, and Daturastramonium are also grown
for purposes of local drink preparation and medicinal value.
4.2.4 Birds and Wildlife
Along the river line, in the facultative pond and on some of the trees, bird species are observed. The
bird species observed during the field survey include Ducks, Vultures, Doves, Pigeons, Egrets,
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Herons, Buzzards, Wattled ibis etc.The wildlife habitat has already been changed to settlement and
agricultural land.Hence, no major wildfire population and species is expected in the project area.
However, local people mentioned sporadic presence of wild animals such as common duiker,
warthog, baboons, spotted hyena, common fox and monkeys.
Figure 4.11: Photographs showing some of the biological elements o the project area (A: Floating vegetation grown
on the oxidation pond at the treatment plant indicating eutrophication that reduces the efficiency of the wastewater
treatment process; B: Bamboo grown along the course of the Little Akaki river which is also common at the treatment
plant; C: trees and shrubs being used as fences in many places in eastern and western trunk lines; D: Birds and
horses around the drying pond of Kaliti).
4.3 Socioeconomic Environment of Addis Ababa

4.3.1 Institutional and Administrative Context of Addis Ababa
In accordance with Articles 49(2) and 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa has the status of both a capital city and a state. Accordingly, it has its own
charter (Addis Ababa City Government Charter Proclamation No. 87/1997).
According to this charter, the Addis Ababa city Government has executive powers on all matters
other than those falling under the jurisdiction of the federal executive organs as well as judicial
powers on cases specifically provided for under its Charter.
The City Government has the powers to make laws and exercise judicial powers specifically vested
in it by the city charter and included in the details of the powers and functions of the Federal
Government executive organs.
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The City Government has the following administrative organs:

1) A Council;
2) An Executive Committee;
3) A Governor;
4) Office of the City Government;
5) Audit and Inspection Office;
6) Sectoral Executive Organs;
7) Sub-city and District administrative organs; and
8) Judicial organs as enumerated under Article 5 of this Charter.
Administratively, Addis Ababa city has 10 sub-cities and 116 Districts (districts). The following
simplified figure shows the division by sub-cities and districts.
Figure 4.12: Map of Addis Ababa city showing the division by sub-cities and district
The vision of the city is to ensure a safe and clean environment for a healthy and productive society
with improved access to social services and physical infrastructure. It aims to realize broad-based
growth of investment and employment through the development of sound economic infrastructure
and labour-intensive industrial technologies. It plays a dynamic role in facilitating national economic
growth. As a diplomatic capital of Africa, the city strives to provide quality services of international
standard. The sustainable achievement of these will be realized through combined and integrated
effort of the public, the private stakeholders and the community as a whole.
Growth trend
Until 1975, Addis Ababa was limited to an area designated today as a central Business District and
to some patchy areas along the five main roads leading to different provinces. Leap-frog type of
development was the main characteristics. In recent years the city is expanding dramatically. The
growth trend between 1975 and 2000 is shown in Figure 4.13.
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Figure 4.13: Growth trend of Addis Ababa between 1975 and 2000
4.3.2 Demographic Structure

As per the updated 2013 census, the population of Addis Ababa City is 3,103,999 out of which 1,479,000 are
male and 1,624,999 are female. The population density per square kilometer is 5890.1. The following table
shows the population of Addis Ababa by sub city:
Table 4.4 Basic demographic data of Addis Ababa

Area in Density/Square
Population
S. No. Sub-city kilometer kilometer
Male Female Total
1 Akaki-Kaliti 100,513 104,872 205,385 118.08 1,739.40
2 Nefas Silk Lafto 168,798 189,561 358,359 68.3 5,246.80
3 Kolfe-Keranio 235,257 250,695 485,952 61.25 7,933.90
4 Gulele 146,605 156,621 303,226 30.18 10,047.20
5 Ldeta 109,076 119,471 228,547 9.18 24,896.20
6 Kirkos 117,265 133,400 250,665 14.62 17,145.30
7 Arada 112,354 127,284 239,638 9.91 39,047.80
8 Addis Ketema 141,509 147,835 289,344 7.41 24,181.40
9 Yeka 183,083 209,698 392,781 85.98 4,568.3
10 Bole 164,540 185,562 350,102 122.08 2,867.8
Total 1,479,000 1,624,999 3,103,999 526.99 5,890.1
Source: Central statistic Authority, July, 2013
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The trunk sewer lines and the treatment plant are located in Akaki-Kaliti, “Nefas Silk-Lafto” and “Kirkos”
sub-cities. The total population in these sub cities is 814,409.
As per the 2007 population census, more than 50% of the population is less than 18 years of age.
Because of the fast population growth, the demand on natural resources is expected to increase
significantly, leading to natural resource degradation in and around the city. The highlands around
the city are densely populated. This has created significant pressure on land resources and resulted in
land and environmental degradation.
Table 4.5: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa, 2001 EC
S. No Demographic Indicators Indicator
values
1 Total fertility rate (children per women) 1.4
2 Life expectancy at birth 64.5
Male 62.6
Female 66.5
3 Annual population growth rate (in %) 2.1
4 Age dependency ratio 38
5 Sex ratio (number of male per 100 female) 90.8
6 Infant mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age one 45
per 000 live births)
7 Under five mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age 72
five per 1000 live births)
8 Crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 population) 6.9
9 Crude birth rate (the number of live births per 1000 population) 23
10 Female literacy rate 79.9
Source: Addis Ababa population images 2001 EC
As indicated in Table 4.5 above, on the average, the city population is growing at 2.1% annually,
and overall age dependency ratio was about 38%. The infant mortality rate is 45 out of 1000 live
births, while less than five mortality rate is 72 out of 1000 live births. The crude death rate was
estimated to be 6.9 out of the number of deaths in a year per 1000 mid-year population and the crude
birth rate is 23 out of the number of live births in a year per 1000 mid-year population (BOFED,
Addis Ababa population images 2001).
For the Addis Ababa city 662,728 households were counted and the average household size was
found to be 4.1. Although all Ethiopian ethnic groups are represented in Addis Ababa due to its
position as capital of the country, the largest groups include the Amhara (47.04%), Oromo (19.51%),
Gurage (16.34%), Tigre (6.18%), Silt'e (2.94%), and Gamo (1.68%). Languages spoken include
Amharic (71.0%), Oromiffa (10.7%), Gurage (8.37%), Tigrinya (3.60%), Silt'e (1.82%) and Gamo
(1.03%). In terms of religion the Ethiopian Orthodox believers account 74.7% of the population of
the city, while 16.2% are Muslim, 7.77% Protestant, and 0.48% Catholic.
4.3.3 Housing Conditions
According to the 2007 housing and population census of Ethiopia, there are 628,986 housing units in
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Addis Ababa city Administration. The following table shows the housing units of the three sub-cities
through which the trunk line passes and where the treatment plant is located.
Table 4.6 Housing types in the three affected Sub-Cities

S.N Sub-City Type of houses
Total Wood and mud Hollow block Corrugated iron

sheet
1 Akaki Kaliti 45749 36940 890 1298
2 Nefas Silk Lafto 75079 49936 1507 2874
3 Kirkos 52583 40238 558 2437
The housing condition of PAPs in the project area is categorized into four: hollow block, mud
houses; stonewall (masonry) with corrugated iron sheet roof and CIS wall by CIS roof. The
following table illustrates the condition of houses in the project area.
Table 4.7 Housing conditions and number of houses of PAPs
S.No. Type Number Area in square
of meters
houses
I. Partially affected
a Hollow block 36 1420.5
b Mud 125 4108.7
c Stone wall 2 40
d Corrugated iron sheet 34 12085
e Fences with different materials 41 -
II. Fully affected -
a Mud houses 29 977
b Mud and CIS 2 40
4.3.4 Major economic Activities

The major economic activities in Addis Ababa city are manufacturing industries (large-scale,
medium-scale, small-scale), trade, service and informal sectors.
The economy of Addis Ababa has been growing at an annual rate of 10% over the past decade.
Liberalization of the market coupled with sound macro-economic policies and measures accounted
for the high growth rate. Very recently, industry and the service sector have grown at a higher rate
than agriculture.
The economic activities in Addis Ababa are diverse. This is well illustrated in Table 4.8 that shows
the economic sector and people employed.
Table 4.8 Sectoral distribution of urban employment
S. Nr. Economic sector Nr. of people engaged
1 Trade and commerce 119,197
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2 Manufacturing and industry 113,977

3 Homemakers of different variety 80,391
4 Civil administration 71,186
5 Transport and communication 50,538
9 Education, health and social services 42,514
7 Hotel and catering services; 32,685
8 Agriculture 16,602
The city has recently been in a construction boom with tall buildings rising in many places. Various
luxury services have also become available and the construction of shopping malls has also
increased.
Active work force is vital for development. In the project area the work force is available. Most of
the people are self-employed and daily laborers with limited civil servants. The proposed project
may change the unemployment situation and will lower the rate of unemployed by providing
temporary job opportunity at the different stages of the project cycle. Table 4.9 summarizes the
employment situation of the three sub-cities where the project area is located.
Table 4.9 Economically active persons 10 years and above
Economically active Economically inactive Activity rate

Sub city Male female total male female total male female
Akaki Kaliti 50898 40373 91271 22551 63934 86485 69.3 52.2
Nefas Silk Lafto 88634 78214 78214 34368 63070 97438 72.1 55.4
Kirkos 64949 59975 124924 25501 44411 69912 71.8 57.5
Source: Population and housing census of 2007
4.3.5 Land use Pattern

The trunk line passes through gravel, cobblestone and asphalt roads in most parts of the area. It
touches mud, hollow block and corrugated iron sheet houses and fences of households and
organizations. Representative plates showing the land cover and use patterns in the project area are
indicated in section 4.2 and the generalized land-use map of Addis Ababa is given in Figure 4.4.
4.3.6 Educational Facilities
According to the Central Statistics Authority abstract of 2010/2011, there are many primary and
secondary governmental and non-governmental schools in Addis Ababa. The total students in
governmental and non-governmental schools is 298,911 and 327,854, respectively. According to the
2007 national census, adult literacy in Addis Ababa for men and women is 93.6% and 79.95%,
respectively. These figures are the highest in the nation for both sexes. Table 4.10 shows the status of
education in the project affected subcities.
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Table 4.10 Status of education

Sub-city Both sexes Male Female Percent
literate
Both Literate All All literate Both male female
sexes male female sexes
Akaki Kaliti 166,653 137,281 81,203 71,829 85,450 65,452 82.4 88.5 76.6
Nefas Silk 290,639 248,164 135,967 123,872 154,672 124,297 85.4 91.1 80.4
Lafto
Kirkos 208,828 185,044 97,213 92,043 111,616 93,001 86.6 94.7 83.3
Source: Population and housing census of 2007
4.3.7 Health Facilities

The health services in the city administration are provided by the government and the private sectors.
The current situation of the health facilities in the city is shown in the following table (Table 4.11):
Table 4.11 Health facilities in the City Administration of Addis Ababa
S. No. Type of facility Government Non-government
1 Hospitals 6 30
2 Clinics NA 650
3 Health centers 52 NA
4 Health post NA
Source: CSA, Statistical abstract 2011/2012 page, 320.
There are different health professionals working in the health facilities. The following table
summarizes the professionals working in the health service sector in the city.
Table 4.12 Number of health service providers
S.N Type Number
1 Doctor 170
2 Health officer 139
3 Nurse 1,900
4 Pharmacist 50
5 Sanitarians 46
6 Laboratory technician 109
7 Pharmacy technician 140
Source: CSA, Statistical Abstract 2011/2012
There are various drug distributers, drug trading organizations and drug and medical suppliers in the
city. In total, there are 189 pharmacies, 232 drug shops and 1 rural drug vender. There are also 169
importers and wholesalers and 8 manufacturers.
4.3.8 Road Facilities
The road network of the city administration is showing improvement from time to time. The total
road network facility of the city is 4,148 kilometers (up to June, 2013). This accounts for 15.69%
coverage of the city. The pedestrian roads and drainage structures in the city are 1,596 and 3,500
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kilometers, respectively. The current situation of the road facility in the city is indicated in Table
4.13 below.
Table 4.13 Road facilities of the city
S. No. Type Unit of measure Amount
1 Asphalt kilo meter 2002
2 Coble stone kilo meter 727
3 Gravel kilo meter 1419
Total 4148
Source: Addis Ababa Road Authority
4.3.9 Telecommunication Facilities

Ethio-Telecom is the only service provider of telecommunication services in Ethiopia including
Addis Ababa.
Types of services provided are fixed line, mobile GSM pre-paid, CDMA pre paid, voice, voice and
data. Broad band, narrow band and total data internet services are also provided. The subscribers are
11,509,366 in the country (National phone directory 2012).
4.3.10 Water Supply
The water supply for the city comes from different sources. The most important ones are the surface
dams and groundwater. There are four dams around Addis Ababa. About a quarter of the water
supply comes from groundwater. The use of groundwater is growing rapidly in recent years.
There are 250,000 customers of AAWSA. According to the 2007 national census, 98.64% of the
housing units of Addis Ababa had access to safe drinking water.
4.3.11 Sanitation Facilities
The sanitation condition in the city of Addis Ababa is not good. As stated above the liquid and solid
waste disposal facilities in the city are in their infancy. According to the 2007 national census, 14.9%
of the housing units of Addis Ababa has flush toilets, 70.7% pit toilets (both ventilated and
unventilated), and 14.3% had no toilet facilities.
Recently, all districts are working to improve the solid waste facilities. Solid wastes are being
collected by employed persons in each district. The solid waste is hauled and dumped by trucks in
Koshe, which is located in the western part of the city.
4.4 Gender Issue

Keeping the household environmental and personal sanitation is mainly the role of women in the
society. The sanitary condition is directly related with the health of the family and the community.
Children's health is very much in danger in poor sanitation situation. As child care and upbringing is
the role of women, the project implementation will reduce the load of women by improving the
sanitation situation of the communities in the project area in particular, and in the city in general.
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4.5 Project Affected Persons

The project affects persons directly and indirectly both positively and negatively. The total family
heads expected to be affected one way or another are 269. The details are indicated in chapter 6
(Volume I) and in the RAP report (Volume II). Brief description of the fully and partially project
affected persons is given below.
4.5.1 Fully Affected Persons
Fully affected refers here to persons that are to be resettled. The total households to be resettled are
31 in number. 22 households are located in the Akaki Kaliti Sub city (21 in District 6 and 1 in
District 5) and 9 are found in Nefas Silk Lafto Sub city (8 in District 10 and 1 in District 12). In
terms of ownership, 21 are male and 10 are female. The household family members are 189 in total,
out of which 93 are male and 96 female.
According to the present survey, most of the fully affected persons are venders and daily laborers.
The PAPs in these districts share similar psychological and social characteristics and they are nearly
in the same economic status.
One of the most outstanding issues in the environmental impact assessment studies is the
resettlement of fully affected households. The consultant has given due consideration for this and
resettlement action plan report is prepared. In connection with this, relevant offices have been
consulted as to how these families are being resettled. In line with the proclamation of 455/2005,
guidline135/1999 and guidline3/2002 these families (households) will be resettled in their respective
sub-cities where all basic public facilities will be made available. In the course of resettlement, they
will be consulted by resettlement committees of their sub-cities to know their needs and choices.
Their houses and properties to be affected will be estimated based on well established procedures
and rules set by the City Administration. If the estimation of the house is less than ETB 51,000, all
will be given this amount. The Birr 51,000 is set as the minimum amount to be paid for the
reconstruction of houses. If the estimation is over ETB 51,000, the estimated amount will be paid as
compensation. In addition,
 For those who need to build their own houses with the compensated money, land will
be provided in the designated area in the respective sub-cities.
 For those who need condominium houses, they can buy with the compensation money
they get.
These persons are going to be resettled in places where there are developed infrastructures, social
services which is likely to be better than the existing situation.
4.5.2 Partially Affected Persons and Organizations
The partially affected persons are those who lose some property such as trees and fences and
attached structures but do not need resettlement. The partially affected persons live along the sewer
lines in Akaki- Kaliti Sub city (Districts 5 and 6), in Nefas Silk-Lafto Sub city (Districts 8, 9, 10 and
12) and in Kirkos Sub city in District 3.
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These people have more or less similar social and economic status. They are mainly civil servants,
traders, private company employees and self-employed in different informal sectors. These PAPs
will be compensated for lost property as per the rules and regulations of the city administration as
indicated above. The detail of the PAPs and affected properties is given in Annex 1.
The list of project affected people and major stakeholders and institutions is given in the RAP report.
Major internal and external stakeholders are also listed and described in Chapter 7.
With regard to people living downstream of the treatment plant, there is no direct sever impact.
However, the opinion of the community living downstream has been surveyed and addressed in the
RAP report. In general, the number of households living downstream of the treatment plant is very
small. They are mainly living in mud houses. The majority of them grow vegetables by using
wastewater effluent and the Little Akaki river water .
Figure 4.14: Some field activities related to socioeconomic surveying, asset enumeration and project area observations
(A: Key informant interview; C: Asset enumeration along the sewer lines; C: Communities working at the drying bed;
D: Site visit of the treatment plant and its environs).
As the new project will be implemented within the exiting treatment plant compounds, there are no
people who will be resettled in downstream areas. The number of houses to be fully affected along
the sewer lines is also limited. Most of the sewer line passes through fences (wood and corrugated
iron sheet), gravel and cobblestone roads and through vegetable gardens. See the detailed
socioeconomic profile of the project area in the RAP report (Volume II).
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5 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVES
5.1 Project Alternatives
Addis Ababa Water and Sanitation Development and Rehabilitation Project Office has prioritized the
installation of the major sewer trunk lines that can have a capacity to accommodate ultimate
wastewater flow rate instead of expanding localized wastewater collection system. A WTP has to be
designed and sized for a flow rate of 100,000m3/dthat would fit on the available site, i.e., the existing
WTP at Kaliti.
Accordingly, the study and design of the project has been carried out by Morrison Hershfield
Limited, in association with ARMA Consulting Engineers PLC.
So, it is clear that in the scope of the design work, alternative projects were not included. This may
be due to the nature of this project which focuses on the expansion of the existing Kaliti wastewater
collection and treatment system. The choice seems to be governed partly by the availability of land
in the premises of the existing WTP and the current impressive building development in the
catchment area.
However, alternatives were considered within the above specified scope. These included alternative
sewer trunk routes, alternative sewer pipe materials and alternative wastewater treatment
technologies.
5.2 No Action/ Without Project Alternative
The current Addis Ababa City population served by proper wastewater disposal system is too low,
less than 30,000 connection to Kaliti WTP site. There is some evidence and potential risk of surface
and ground water pollution by wastewater from domestic, agricultural and industrial facilities. The
do nothing scenario will compromise or retard the long-term city development plan, since a proper
and well maintained sanitation system is fundamental to achieving the full benefit of other
development initiatives and improve the status of the city.
The existing lagoon treatment system is already operating beyond its design capacity resulting in less
effective treatment with the potential of releasing effluent, that does not meet treatment standards, to
downstream area. Reactive sewer pipe installation for servicing selected locations without clear
future planning for the sewage collection system has led to undersized mains due to increased
connections and higher density. The under sized sewers overflow in the streets and into the city
water courses and streams. The situation is unhealthy and the City can be exposed to a major disease
outbreak. Many are served by latrines and leaking septic tanks. Leaking tanks pollute the ground
water. The population of the city is constantly increasing. Increased density has resulted in problems
for the septic pump-out trucks to get to and service the new high volume customers. The aesthetics of
the City is also affected as residents and visitors see their local rivers biologically “die” and turn into
open sewers. If no action is taken, the wastewater treatment, the sanitary situation and the aesthetics
75
of the city and the groundwater quality will deteriorate. Already, hauled sewage is being dumped in
drying beds and the effluent is being discharged without treatment. If the current situation continues,
the need of using (malfunctioning) septic systems and for wastewater disposal will rise in order to
cope up with increasing treatment capacity requirements. This will worsen the situation of Little
Akaki River downstream of the plant and the agricultural situation in the area where this river water
is used for irrigation.
The potential social and socio economic benefits to the city population and improvement in quality
of life couldn't be realized without the project.
The only advantages from environmental angle are that tree cutting at some locations and the soil
disturbance during trenching will be avoided. “No project” scenario case will also avoid social
impacts due to the implementation of the project as there will be impact on some private properties.
The "do nothing" alternative is completely unacceptable, the potential social, socio economic and
environmental benefit of the project implementation are far outweighing the potential adverse
impacts that can be controlled and minimized to acceptable level through implementing the proposed
environmental mitigation and management plan.
5.3 As Proposed Alternative

If implemented, the proposed project will relieve existing facilities from excess load leading to
overflow of sewage waste that has affected the environment of the city and the wellbeing of its
inhabitants. Since the wastewater handling capacity will be increased and some additional areas will
be linked to the sewer line, more people will be served and the city’s hygienic status will be
improved. Currently, the effluent that is coming out of the existing treatment plant is not properly
treated. Leachate from drying beds is directly sent to Little Akaki River. If the new project is
implemented the effluent will be released after undergoing proper treatments so that it meets the
standards set by EPA. This will improve the usability of the water and also the sludge for agricultural
purposes. It will also create a better condition for the aquatic ecology in Little Akaki River.
In addition, the project will protect soil and groundwater contamination, improve the air quality and
will create new job opportunities during all of the project phases. The number of units that will be
connected to the sewage system will increase. As a result, the city would become cleaner to live in.
5.4 Alternative Design Options
5.4.1 Sewer trunk Lines
All sewer trunk expansions cannot be done simultaneously because of the significant investment that
is required and the complexity of the project management as most of the upgrading has to be
executed within the developed city centers. Therefore, a phase by phase expansion approach has to
be followed. Accordingly the sewer system is subdivided into 4 trunks and subsequently prioritized.
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These are:
 Kaliti Main(southern) Trunk Upgrades
 Eastern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk
 Western Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk
 Central Kaliti Catchment Main Trunk
The trunk route alternatives were analyzed and the selection was made based on the following
constraints:
 The preferred flow system is only gravity system
 The proposed sewer trunks are large diameter.
 The unstructured nature of the roads and buildings
 The presence of local creeks,
 the management of compensation process for private properties to obtain a right-of-way for
the construction of the sewer trunk lines
5.4.1.1 Eastern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk
This is a new Sewer Trunk line that extends from the Kaliti Ring Road to the Bole Bridge on Africa
Avenue with a total length of approximately 10.45 km.
The selected route during the initial surveying work was along the existing sewer line. However, this
alternative was not chosen because of private property encroachments into the right-of-way. A
number of routing options were reviewed to select a route that would minimize constructability
issues. A second alternative route was along the Bulbula riverbank that extends to the south on the
east side of Joseph Church and “Saris-Addis Sefer” before it crosses the Ring Road to parallel the
Rail Way east of “Chimad” warehouse. Two routing options on either side of Bulbula River were
also considered for the northern section of this trunk, between Bole Bridge and the Bulbula Ring
Road Bridge. AAWSA has chosen the western branch along the existing right-of-way from Bole
Bridge to the “Wengelawit” Building as the preferred route to be designed.
5.4.1.2 Western Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk
This is also a new sewer line. Placing this trunk along the western bank of the Akaki River was
proposed in the preliminary design report. However, after a reconnaissance survey, this route was
found to be very difficult for construction and the decision was made with AAWSA to follow the
existing main right-of-way on the east side of the river.
The preference for use of gravity system is commendable since it will avoid problems associated
with power interruptions and will minimize the operating cost of the sewer lines in the whole lifetime
of the sewer line. Given the constraints indicated above and the long-term advantage, the selected
routes for the sewer trunk lines are appropriate.
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5.5 Treatment and disposal Alternatives

A number of treatment technologies have been examined by the designer. Table 5.1 provides the
total ranking for each of the processes that were considered in the Preliminary Report.
Table 5.1: Selection Matrix Results
Treatment Technology Ranking
Oxidation Ditch 1850
Trickling Filter 1780
Existing Lagoon Upgrade 1775
UASB with Trickling Filter 1680
Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) 1585
Conventional Activated Sludge 1125
Although the Oxidation Ditch had the top score, this option required larger area than is available in
the existing Kaliti WTP. In addition, it makes future expansions within the site difficult to achieve.
The second highest weighted option, Trickling Filter technology, is relatively simple to operate and
has reasonable operating and maintenance costs. The preliminary estimate for its footprint shows that
it can be implemented onto the existing site without disrupting the existing wastewater treatment
operation and there is space for enough trains to treat up to 100,000 m3/d at a BOD load of 470
mg/L. In addition Trickling filters can provide the required amount of BOD removal and can have
good resistance to fluctuations in BOD loads.
The third option included upgrades to the existing lagoon including retrofits with an anaerobic pond
or installing surface aerators. Both of these options increase the efficiency and treatment using a
lagoon type process. However, even these efficiencies do not reduce the surface area required to
provide proper treatment for the flows needed for the city to fit within the area available. Cost
Estimates for the Top Three Options
The cost estimates for the top three treatment options are indicated in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Construction Cost Estimates for Top Three Options
Treatment Technology Estimated Construction Cost (ETB)
Oxidation Ditch 1,850,456,500
Trickling Filter 1,246,356,500

Existing Lagoon Upgrade 867,964,500
The costing has assumed the availability of additional land for the planned future expansion and for
the second phase of the oxidation ditch. The detailed design was therefore done for the Trickling
Filter technology. The high rate trickling filter was the option that was recommended in the
Feasibility study document of the proposed Project as the best suited to the site and particularities of
the wastewater to be treated at Kaliti WTP.
78
The major disadvantages of Trickling Filters include its lower purification efficiency for equal BOD
loading, risk of clogging, sensitivity to temperature, etc.
However, the Client has informed the ESIA team that based on inputs on the selected technology
from some stakeholders, a UASB is to be included before the Tricking Filter. This additional
technology is compact, has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency at shorter
retention times, low construction cost, simple operation and minimal pumping requirement. It has the
advantage of producing biogas which can be used for the energy requirement of the plant thus
lowering the operation cost. The coupling of these two technologies seems a good option in view of
the existing constraints while fulfilling the required effluent requirements.
5.5.1 Comparison of the commonly used wastewater treatment systems
The effectiveness of wastewater treatment facilities has been judged on the basis of contaminant
removal per unit cost and in terms of net improvement in receiving water quality.
The major criteria for comparative evaluation include (Table 5.3):
 Technical
 Environmental
 Economic
 Socio-cultural
In conclusion, the selected process combination of Kaliti WTP is very good in terms of technical,
environmental, economic and socio-cultural performance criteria.
79
Table 5.3 Comparison of the commonly used wastewater treatment systems

No,. Criteria Oxidation Trickling Existing UASB UASB Moving Conventional Activated Constructed UASB with
ditch filter lagoon with bed Activated sludge with wetland Trickling
upgrade trickling bioreactor sludge Nitrification, Filter and
filter denitrification Constructed
and wetland
phosphate
removal
Technical Criteria
1 Treatment performance XX1 XX XX XXX XXX XXXX XX XXXX X XXXX
2 Flexibility/Adaptability X X XX X XX XX XX XX XXX XXX
3 Durability XXXX XXXX XXXX XX XXX X XX XX XX XXX
4 Ease of construction/low tech XXXX XX XXXX X X X X X XXX XX
Operation and maintenance
5 requirements XXX XXX X XX X X X XXX XX
6 Reliability/Security XX XXX XXX X XXX X XX X XXX XXX
Economic Criteria
1 Costs XX XX XXXX X XX X X X XXX XXX
2 Labor XXX XX XXX X XX X X X XXXX XXX
Environmental Criteria
1 Biodiversity/land fertility
Export of problems in time
2 and space XX XX X XXX XXXX XXX XX XXXX XXXX XXX
3 Integration in natural cycles XX XX XXX XX XX XX XX XX XXXX XXXX
4 Land area required/space X XXXX X XXXX XXX XXXX XX X XX XXX
5 Odor, Noise, Insect, visual X XXX X XX XXX XX XX XXX XX XXX
6 Optimal water utilization X XX X XX XX X XX XXX XXXX XXXX
1
X: Fair; XX: Good; XXX: Very good; XXXX: Excellent
80
No,. Criteria Oxidation Trickling Existing UASB UASB Moving Conventional Activated Constructed UASB with
ditch filter lagoon with bed Activated sludge with wetland Trickling
upgrade trickling bioreactor sludge Nitrification, Filter and
filter denitrification Constructed
and wetland
phosphate
removal
7 Optimal nutrient utilization X X X XXX XXX XXX XXXX X X XXX
8 Optimal energy utilization X X X XXXX XXXX XXX X X X XXXX
9 Pathogen removal/Health X X X X X X X X XXX XXX
10 Pollution prevention XX XX XX XX XXX XXX XX XXX XXX XXX
Control of BOD/COD
11 emission XX XX XX XXX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXX XXXX
12 Control of Nutrient release X XX XX X XX XX X XXXX XXX XXX
Control of Heavy metals
13 release X X XXX X X X X X XXXX XXXX
Control of others pollutant
14 release X X XX X XX X X X XXXX XXX
15 Sludge/Waste production X XX X X XX X X X XXXX XXX
16 Use of chemicals XXX XXX XXX
Social-cultural Criteria
Competence/Expertise
1 requirement XXXX XX XXXX X X X X X XXX XX
2 Institutional requirements XXXX XX XXXX X X X X X XXX XX
81
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION,

ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
When identifying the potential impacts of a new project on the existing environment, it is necessary
that it should be measured against the existing baseline conditions. For convenience, the project is
divided into three parts: sewer trunk line, the wastewater treatment plant and the area downstream of
the treatment plant. Thus, in this chapter, the impacts that are expected to result at each stage of the
project activities are identified and analyzed for each of these three project parts in relation to the
various stages of their implementations.
6.1 Checklist of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

In view of the above arguments, checklists of probable impacts due to the proposed Project have
been drawn up for each of the project parts (the Sewer trunk line area, the WTP, and the area
downstream of the WTP) in Table 6.1, 6.3 and 6.4, respectively. The list of properties that will be
affected by the project during the mobilization phase in the Sewer trunk line area part of the project
is given in Table 6.2.
Table 6.1 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Sewer trunk Line Part
Criteria
S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective
p u occurrence /Subjective
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
Sewer trunk Line-Mobilization Phase
Air S S lo certa re adverse subj
Quality i h w in ve ecti
t or rsi ve
e t ble
te
s r
Physical
p m
e
c
i
f
i
c
Water - - No - - - -
82
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
bodies ne
Soil - - No - - - -
ne
Biological Flora S S Lo possi re adverse subj
i h w ble ve ecti
t or rsi ve
e t ble
te
s r
p m
e
c
i
f
i
c
Fauna - - No - - - -
(terrestri ne
al )
Socio- Tempor L S lo Certa Re Beneficial Sub
economic ary o h w in ve jecti
employ c or rsi ve
ment a t ble
l te
r
m
Loss of S p hi Certa irr adverse obje
property i er gh in ev ctiv
and t m ers e
housing e a ibl
units n e
s e
p nt
e
c
i
f
i
c
Others Noise S S lo Certa Re Adverse Obj
i h w in ve ecti
t or rsi ve
e t ble
te
s r
p m
e
83
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
c
i
f
i
c
Safety( S -- hi Possi - Adverse Sub

Acciden i -- gh ble jecti
ts) t - ve
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Sewer trunk Line-Construction Phase
Physical Air s sh lo certa re adverse subj
Quality i or w in ve ecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Water s m lo possi re adverse subj
bodies i ed w ble ve ecti
t iu rsi ve
e m ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
84
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
Soil s m m possi re adverse subj
i e ed ble ve ecti
t di iu rsi ve
e u m ble
m
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Biological Flora s p m certa irr adverse obje
i er ed in ev ctiv
t m iu ers e
e a m ibl
n e
s e
p nt
e
c
i
f
i
c
Fauna s m lo High re adverse subj
(terrestri i e w ly ve ecti
al, t di prob rsi ve
avian) e u able ble
m
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Socio- employ l m lo certa - beneficial Sub
economic ment o e w in jecti
c di ve
a u
l m
Property s p hi certa irr adverse obje
loss i er gh in ev ctiv
t m ers e
85
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
e a ibl
n e
s e
p nt
e
c
i
f
i
c
Noise s sh lo Certa Re Adverse Sub
i or w in ve jecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Health L s m Possi - Adverse Sub

o h ed ble jecti
c o iu ve
a rt m
l
Safety( S -- hi Possi - Adverse Sub
ts) t ve
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Traffic s sh lo Possi Re Adverse Sub
congesti i or w ble ve jecti
on/ t t rsi ve
Others
inconve e ble
nience
86
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
SA s s hi Certa Re Adverse obje
Embass i h gh in ve ctiv
y t o rsi e
e rt ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Mosque s s hi Certa Re Adverse obje
i h gh in ve ctiv
t o rsi e
e rt ble
Sensitive areas
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
ring s s m Certa Re Adverse obje
road/rail i h ed in ve ctiv
way line t o iu rsi e
e rt m ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
87
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
existing L m hi possi re adverse subj
sewer o e gh ble ve ecti
line c di rsi ve
a u ble
l m
Sewer trunk Line-Post Construction phase
Air s sh no certa re adverse subj
Quality i or ne in ve ecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Soil s sh lo possi re adverse subj
i or w ble ve ecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
Physical
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Water s sh lo possi re adverse subj
bodies i or w ble ve ecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Flora s m lo High re adverse subj
ica
og
Bi
ol
i e w ly ve ecti
88
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
t di prob rsi ve
e u able ble
m
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Fauna - - - - - - -
(terrestri
al )
Socio- employ l sh lo Certa - beneficial Sub
economic ment o or w in jecti
c t ve
a
l
Noise s sh lo Certa Re Adverse Sub
i or w in ve jecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Health s m lo possi Pa adverse subj

i e w ble rtl ecti
t di y ve
e u re
m ve
s rsi
p ble
e
c
i
f
i
Others
c
Safety( s -- hi Possi - Adverse Sub
89
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
ts) t ve
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Sewer trunk Line-Operation phase
Physical Soil S lo lo possi re adverse subj

i n w ble ve ecti
t g rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Water s lo lo possi re adverse subj
bodies i n w ble ve ecti
t g rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Biological Flora s lo lo possi re beneficial subj
i w w ble ve ecti
t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
90
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
e
c
i
f
i
c
Socio- Habitabi L lo hi Certa - beneficial Sub
economic lity of o n gh in jecti
the City c g ve
a
l
Other Health L lo hi certa - beneficial Obj
o n gh in ecti
c g ve
a
l
Sewer trunk Line-Decommissioning phase
Air s sh lo certa re adverse subj
Quality i or w in ve ecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Water s m me possi re adverse subj
Physical
bodies i ed di ble ve ecti

t iu u rsi ve
e m m ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Soil s sh lo possi re adverse subj
i or w ble ve ecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
91
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Biological Flora s lo lo possi re adverse subj
i w w ble ve ecti
t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Socio- employ l sh lo Certa - beneficial Sub
economic ment o or w in jecti
c t ve
a
l
Others Noise s sh lo Certa Re Adverse Sub
i or w in ve jecti
t t rsi ve
e ble
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
Health) L sh hi Possi Re Adverse Sub

o or gh ble ve jecti
c t rsi ve
a ble
l
safety L sh lo Possi Re Adverse Sub
92
Criteria
a r
t at
i io
a n
Impact on/ issue l
E
x
t
e
n
t
(Accidents) o or w ble ve jecti
c t rsi ve
a ble
l
Traffic L sh lo Possi Re Adverse Sub
inconve o or w ble ve jecti
nience c t rsi ve
a ble
l
Table 6.2 List of properties that will be affected/damaged during the mobilization phase2
Description Unit Quantity
Housing units with block wall& CIS roof m2 1510

2
Housing units with mud wall & CIS roof m 5200
2
Housing units with stone wall & CIS roof m 40
2
Housing units with CIS wall and roof m 3914
2
Foundation for housing unit m 181
3
Septic tanks m 348
Fuel tanks m3 208
2
Fence made with stone m 610
2
Fence made with CIS m 2000
2
Fence made with block m 1428
2
Stone retaining wall m 90
Eucalyptus trees piece 397
Telephone poles piece 26
Electric poles piece 89
2
Asphalt road m 1719
2
Cobblestone road m 616
2
Gravel road m 2349
Table 6.3 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant
2
The full list of PAPs is given in Annex 2
93
Impact on/ issue Criteria

Spatial D significanceprobability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objectiv
Extent u occurrence e
r /Subjecti
at ve
io
n
WTP-Mobilization Phase
Air site specific sh l ce re adverse s
Qu or o rta ve u
alit t w in rsi b
y bl j
e e
c
t
i
v
e
Soil site specific sh l ce re adverse s
or o rta ve u
Physical
t w in rsi b
bl j
e e
c
t
i
v
e
Wa - - - - - - -
ter
bod
ies
Flo site specific p l po re adverse s
ra er o ssi ve u
m w bl rsi b
a e bl j
n e e
e c
nt t
Biological i
v
e
Fau - - - - - - -
na-
terr
estr
ial
Socio- Em Local sh l C - beneficial s
economic plo or o ert u
ym t w ai b
ent n j
e
c
t
i
v
e
Bio City wide L h ce beneficial O

gas o i rta b
gen n g in j
erat g h e
94
ion te c
Sludge for r t
pyrolysis or m i
fertilizer use v
e
Hea local sh l po R adverse s
lth or o ssi ev u
t w bl er b
e si j
bl e
e c
t
i
v
e
Noi Local sh l Po R adverse s

se or o ssi ev u
t w bl er b
e si j
bl e
Others e c
t
i
v
e
Saf Local -- h Po R adverse s

ety -- i ssi ev u
Acc g bl er b
ide h e- si j
nts bl e
e- c
t
i
v
e
WTP-Construction Phase
Physical Air Quality s sh l ce re adverse s
i or o rta ve u
t t w in rsi b
e bl j
e e
s c
p t
e i
c v
i e
f
i
c
Soil s sh l pr re adverse s
i or o ob ve u
t t w ab rsi b
e le bl j
e e
s c
p t
e i
c v
i e
95
f
i
c
La s lo m ce Irr adverse o
nd i n e rta ev b
use t g d in er j
cha e i si e
ng u bl c
e s m e t
p i
e v
c e
i
f
i
c
Land
Co s m l ce re adverse o
nst i e o rta ve b
ruc t di w in rsi j
tio e u bl e
n m e c
wa s t
ste p i
e v
c e
i
f
i
c
Water bodies s S l po re adverse s
i h o ssi ve u
t or w bl rsi b
e t e bl j
e e
s c
p t
e i
c v
i e
f
i
c
Flora s p m ce irr adverse o
i er e rta ev b
t m d in er j
e a i si e
n u bl c
s e m e t
p nt i
e v
c e
Biological
i
f
i
c
Fauna (terrestrial ) s sh l hi re adverse s
i or o gh ve u
t t w ly rsi b
e pr bl j
ob e e
s ab c
p le t
96
e i
c v
i e
f
i
c
Socio- Employment l m m C - beneficial o
economic o e e ert b
c di d ai j
a u i n e
l m u c
m t
i
v
e
Health l m h po Pa adverse s
o e i ssi rtl u
c di g bl y b
a u h e R j
l m ev e
er c
si t
bl i
e v
e
Noise S m l ce R adverse o
i e o rta ev b
t di w in er j
e u si e
m bl c
s e t
p i
e v
c e
i
f
i
c
Safety (Accidents) L -- h Po R adverse s
o -- i ssi ev u
c g bl er b
a h e si j
l bl e
e c
t
i
v
Others
WTP-Post construction Phase

Spatial D sig pr Reversibility Adv Objective
Extent u nif ob erse/ /Subjective
r ica ab bene
at nc ili ficial
io e ty
n of
oc
cu
rr
97
en
ce
Air site specific sh l ce re adve subje

Qu or o rta ve rse ctive
alit t w in rsi
y bl
e
Soil site specific sh l pr re adve subje
Physical
or o ob ve rse ctive
t w ab rsi
le bl
e
Wa site specific sh l po re adve subje
ter or o ssi ve rse ctive
bod t w bl rsi
ies e bl
e
Biological Fau - - - - -
na
(ter
rest
rial
)
Em local S l C - bene objec
Socio- plo h o ert ficial tive
economic ym or w ai
ent t n
Hea local S h po R adve subje
lth h i ssi ev rse ctive
or g bl er
t h e si
bl
e
Noi Site specific S l ce R adve objec
se h o rta ev rse tive
or w in er
Others
t si
bl
e
Saf Local S h Po R adve subje
ety- h i ssi ev rse ctive
Acc or g bl er
ide t h e si
nts bl
e
WTP-Operation Phase
Air site specific lo h ce irr adverse ob

Qu n i rta ev je
alit g g in er cti
y h si ve
bl
e
Soil site specific lo h po re adverse su
Physical
n i ssi ve bj
g g bl rsi ec
h e bl tiv
e e
Wa site specific lo h po re adverse su
ter n i ssi ve bj
bod g g bl rsi ec
98
ies h e bl tiv
e e
Fau site specific lo l im re adverse su
na n o pr ve bj
(ter g w ob rsi ec
Biological
rest ab bl tiv
rial le e e
)
Em local lo l C - benefici ob
plo n o ert al je
ym g w ai cti
ent n ve
Socio- Ha City lo h C benefici ob
economic bita n i ert al je
bilit g g ai cti
y of h n ve
Cit
y
Hea site specific sh l po R adverse su
lth or o ssi ev bj
(ha t w bl er ec
zar e si tiv
d) bl e
e
Hea City lo h ce - benefici ob
lth n i rta al je
imp g g in cti
rov h ve
em
ent
Noi Site specific sh l ce R adverse ob
se or o rta ev je
t w in er cti
Others
si ve
bl
e
safe Site specific -- h Po R adverse su
ty -- i ssi ev bj
(Accidents) - g bl er ec
h e si tiv
bl e
e
Hea Site specific -- h po re adverse su
lth -- i ssi ve bj
& - g bl rsi ec
safe h e bl tiv
ty e e
(hazard)
WTP-Decommissioning Phase
Air Quality site sh l po re adverse su

speci or o ssi ve bj
fic t w bl rsi ec
e bl tiv
e e
Soil site sh m po re adverse su
Physical speci or e ssi ve bj
fic t d bl rsi ec
i e bl tiv
u e e
m
Water bodies site sh m po re adverse su
99
speci or e ssi ve bj
fic t d bl rsi ec
i e bl tiv
u e e
m
Employment local sh l C - benefici ob
opportunity or o ert al je
t w ai cti
n ve
Socio-
Employment local m h po adverse ob
economic
loss e i ssi je
di g bl cti
u h e ve
m
Health Loca sh l Po R Advers Su
(hazard) l or o ssi ev e bj
t w bl er ec
e si tiv
bl e
e
Others
Safety/accide Loca sh l Po R Advers Su
nt l or o ssi ev e bj
t w bl er ec
e si tiv
bl e
e
Table 6.4 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant
Spati Dur significance probability of Reversibil Adverse/ Objective
al ation occurrence ity beneficial /Subjective
Exten
t
Downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant-Operation Phase
Air Quality Local lo high ce - b o
ng rta - e bj
in - n ec
- e ti
- f ve
i
c
i
a
l
Soil Local lo high po - b o
ng ssi - e bj
Physical
bl - n ec
e - e ti
f ve
i
c
i
a
l
Water Local lo high ce - b o
bodies ng rta - e bj
(better quality in - n ec
effluent) e ti
f ve
i
100

Exten
t
c
i
a
l
Ground Local L med po r a su
water on ium ssi e d bj
contaminati g bl v v ec
on risk e e e ti
r r ve
s s
i e
b
l
e
Flora Local lo high ce - b o
ng rta e bj
in n ec
e ti
f ve
i
c
i
a
Biological
l
Fauna- Local L low po r a su
terrestrial on ssi e d bj
g bl v v ec
e e e ti
r r ve
s s
i e
b
l
e
Socio- Income local lo med C - b su
economic generation ng ium ert e bj
ai n ec
n e ti
f ve
i
c
i
a
l
Habitability Local lo high C - b o
ng ert e bj
ai n ec
n e ti
f ve
i
c
i
a
l
Others Health City lo high ce - b su
improveme ng rta e bj
nt in n ec
101

Exten
t
e ti
f ve
i
c
i
a
l
Downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant-Decommissioning Phase
Water bodies contaminati Near sh low po r a su
on the or ssi e d bj
site t bl v v ec
e e e ti
r r ve
s s
i e
b
l
e
Lack of local lo high po a su
irrigation ng ssi d bj
water bl v ec
e e ti
r ve
s
e
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6.2 Environmental and Social Impacts
The above analysis brings out the impact areas that are of concern for the implementation of the
sub-component. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.
6.2.1 Impacts in Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project
6.2.1.1 Mobilization Phase
The mobilization phase involves construction of guard posts at selected points along the sewer trunk,
availing of excavators, transportation of tools, pipes, construction materials, etc.
Ambient Air Quality
The impact is due to vehicular emission and increase in suspended particles in the air from
movement of heavy machinery and trucks. The sites for the sewer line installation are distributed and
therefore the effect on air quality would be slight and temporary.
Soil
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There will be little or no impact on soil in this phase.

Water bodies
There will be little or no impact on water bodies in this phase.
Flora and fauna
Improper management and placement of equipment and machineries may bring minor impacts on
vegetation and plantation forest as well as on vegetables like cabbage, pepper and lettuce that are
grown in river bank areas and homestead farmlands. The project activities will affect merely some
remnant or secondary trees, bushes and shrubs, almost all of which are widely distributed in the area
and elsewhere. The impact is insignificant.
Socio-economy
Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. There will be property and
business loss, disruption of social relations, etc.
Safety
There may be safety issues like accidents during loading and unloading of pipes and other
construction materials for the workers and local communities. The impacts are possible, adverse, and
of high significance.
Noise and Vibration
There will be noise associated with the vehicular movement.
6.2.1.2 Construction Phase
The communities living along the sewer line may experience disturbance during the construction
phase. However, most part of the sewer line will be laid along roads.
Ambient Air Quality

The impact on air quality comes from dust emission from excavation of trenches and vehicular
emissions. The emissions of air pollutants include airborne particulates (dust), fugitive emissions,
exhaust and combustion emissions. These impacts are temporary, short-term, reversible and adverse
but of low significance on site but negligible off-site.
Soil
Excavated soil will be exposed to erosion. Removal of trees andvegetation, shrub types and
Arundodonax, grown along the riverside for stabilization of river banks will bring soil instability and
erosion.Accidental chemical/oil spill can cause soil contamination. This impact is possible and of
high significance, short duration and reversible.
Water bodies
The effect will be mainly due to siltation caused by erosion of excavated soil. The impact is negative,
temporary, of medium duration and low significance.
Flora
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Site clearing, excavation works and construction activities will cause loss of vegetation, tree species
and plantation forests that are found along river side, residential houses, institutional compounds and
forest sites. These include indigenous ones like Acacia Abyssinica, Acacia Albida, Cordia Africana,
Dovyalis Abyssinica, Ficusdahro, Ficussur, Olea Africana, Croton Macrostachys, Cupresseslustinca,
Rangiagrandis, Vernoniaamygdalina, etc. Unwise and inappropriate dumping of soils in the forest
sites will also aggravate the loss of forest tree species.Construction components of the project will
have relatively important impacts also on plantation forest. Although this artificial forest area
contains dominantly exotic tree species, in some parts it has a considerable number of indigenous
trees and patches of bush-lands. The impact is of medium significance, permanent, and adverse.
Fauna
The Plantation Forest at “Lafto” sub city area in the West trunk direction of Kaliti WTP and the
patches of natural forest in the plantation forest are habitats for some species of wild animals mainly
hyenas, monkeys, Anubis baboon and Bush duiker, as well as a variety of birdlife. Some wild
animals come and live at the river side using patches of grasses and bushes and shrubs for shelter. A
small portion of these habitats would be affected or disturbed by the construction and installation
activities of the sewer line expansion. The wild animals found in the impact areas would temporarily
move away from the disturbed areas and are likely come back once the disturbance has ceased.
Since most of the wildlife found in the area are those species adapted to disturbed habitats, they are
not expected to be significantly affected by the temporary disturbances and loss of limited habitats.
Therefore, it can be concluded that implementation of the project will not bring any serious impacts
on wildlife, and the potential impacts will be localized and less significant.
Socio-economy
Unskilled and some skilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase This impact is
positive and temporary. The project work can cause temporary disruption to residential area at a
small section of the “Bole Bulbula” sewer. Asphalted roads will be dug at few places where the
sewer line crosses the roads. At such points, there will be temporary disturbance to vehicular and
pedestrian movement. Traffic congestion, lack of parking and loss of access can be seen at some
construction points. Moreover, the impact is considered temporary, major adverse and of short term.
In addition, there will be property losses (houses, farmlands, trees, fences, etc) in some areas. These
losses are permanent and require compensation and resettlement.
Health and Safety
There may be safety accidents like falling into open trenches or open water, trench collapse,
reversing machinery, etc. The impacts are probable, adverse, and of high significance. Dust and
vehicular emissions are probable. These are of medium term and of low significance. Large-scale
construction works mostly have the potential for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs. This risk
is possible and of high significance.
Noise
This nuisance created by vehicles and excavators is transient.
Sensitive Areas
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There sewer trunk line passes through or crosses the:

 Saudi Arabia Embassy
 Behere Tsige Park
 Mosque (fence)
 Ring Road (two times)
 Railway line under construction
Cultural Heritage
There are no archeological sites or monuments in the project area that can be affected by the project.
The project will not have interference with the traditions and customs of the people. There are no
graves identified along the proposed sewer line.
Impacts on existing sewer system
The new sewer line is to be installed close to the existing sewer line and may be broken or damaged
accidentally. Although there will be a six meter buffer between the two, there seem to be instances
where the two lines cross each other. In addition, the exact location of the existing sewer line does
not seem to be known. This impact is probable and of high significance.
6.2.1.3 Post Construction Phase
This section deals with the prediction and evaluation of the impacts of sewer lines on the
environment during post-construction phase.
Ambient Air Quality
The impact is due to dust and vehicular emission. It is of short duration and insignificant.
Soil
Littering with construction waste is the main cause of soil contamination. The impact is low,
reversible and of short duration.
Water bodies
The impact will be if litter is washed or leached to water bodies. The impact is low, reversible and of
short duration.
Flora
Liquid and solid wastes generated from construction activities and leftover construction material at
the vegetation and forest land will have minor impact and may reduce survival of the vegetation and
tree species. This effect will be observed on vegetation, indigenous and plantation forest tree species.
The impact is minor, reversible and of medium term.
Socio-economy
Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Few individuals may benefit
from selling food and drink services to the workers.
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Health
Trench excavations and other earthworks may modify the local topography and drainage system and
create stagnant water points. These water pools may become favorable breeding sites for vector
mosquitoes that transmit malaria to the communities living in the surrounding areas.
Safety
There can be accidents associated with loading and unloading operations and also due to traffic.
These are possible and of high significance. There will also be dust and vehicular emissions.
Noise
The noise pollution in this phase is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting tools, leftover
construction material dismantled guard posts and stores. The impact is of very short duration and
insignificant. It therefore requires no mitigation.
6.2.1.4 Operation Phase
Ambient Air Quality

No negative impact is expected to air quality when the sewer line is in operation. On the contrary, the
air quality will be improved because of a cleaner environment created.
Soil
Soil contamination due to leakage is possible. The impact is long term, of low significance, and
reversible since significant leakage is not expected.
Water bodies
The impact is when leaked sewage is washed by run-off or leaches to underground water. However,
it will be of low significance since leakage amount is not expected to be significant.
Flora and fauna

No impact.
Socio-economy
The city will become cleaner and more habitable. It will avoid visual nuisance.
Health
The project will improve public health and minimize health risk by improving sewerage collection
and treatment. It will avoid odor due to open and uncontrolled release of wastewater from domestic
facilities. The impact is long term and of high significance.
Noise and Vibration

No impact.
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6.2.1.5 Decommissioning Phase

The activities in this phase includes digging the area surrounding the pipe line, removing of soil and
concrete covers, demolishing manholes, dismantling of the sewer line, backfilling and transportation
of recyclable and reusable (pipes)materials.
Ambient Air Quality
The impact is due to sewage odor, dust, and vehicular emission. The odor effect will be felt more by
the workers.
Soil
Spillage of sewage waste is the main cause of soil contamination.
Water bodies
The impact will be if spillage of sewage is washed or leached to water bodies.
Flora
The impact on flora is assumed insignificant and reversible.
Socio-economy
Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase.
Health and safety
Minor accidents, dust and other emissions are possible risks to workers. The impacts are of low
significance, adverse, and temporary. In addition, contamination by sewage is possible. This may
cause disease to the workers and the residents nearby. This impact is of high significance.
Noise
The noise pollution is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting tools, dismantled pipes,
etc. The impact is of very short duration and insignificant.
6.2.2 Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant
In general, construction of a new WTP will have a positive environmental impact as well as some
negative impacts. It is expected to produce a long-term improvement in public health, reduce water
pollution (surface and ground) in areas where the sewage drains.
The mobilization phase includes activities like transportation of equipment, machineries, workers
and materials to the waste treatment plant site.
Ambient Air Quality
The causes of pollution of the ambient air can belargelydue to emission from vehicles which
transport machineries, equipment, construction materials and workers to the site. The road to the
plant site is largely asphalted. The generation of dust is therefore minimal along the road. Dust may
be generated inside the treatment plant site as it is not asphalted. However, the compound is covered
with much vegetation. The dust effect would be absorbed by the vegetation. It is reported that the
trees are planted by the office. Currently, about 5,600 m3 of septic and latrine waste per week is
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transported to the existing plant. This is equivalent to saying that about 80 trucks loaded with such
waste are coming to the site daily. As compared to this number, the number of trucks needed in the
mobilization phase will be very small. Hence, the vehicular emission caused by the mobilization
phase vehicles can be considered as negligible when compared to the daily vehicular emission
caused by trucks transporting septic waste to the site. Moreover, the vehicular emission depends,
among others, on the age of vehicles, the retrofit exhaust technologies and their maintenance. The
effect is reversible, and of short duration and therefore the impact is insignificant.
Soil
The expected new plant site is within the old/existing site. There may be some soil contamination
due to oil leaks from vehicles and machineries as well as due to some unhygienic practices.
However, the area is small and the mobilization phase is relatively short. The impact will be very
small and of very low significance.
Water bodies
There will be no impact on water bodies.
Flora
Dust generated by the movement of vehicles will deposit on nearby vegetations. There will be little
or no removal of vegetation within the plant site. This impact is low, reversible and of short duration.
Fauna
The compound is large and the area intended for the new plant is very close to the existing one. The
few wild animals in the compound live far from this area and should not be impacted.
Socio-economy
Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Many of the workers can be
obtained locally.
Health and Safety

There might be accidents of various natures to the workers. The impacts are of high significance.
Dust and other emissions may affect the respiratory tract. The impacts are possible and of low
significance.
Noise and Vibration

There will be noise and very little vibration associated with the vehicular movement. However, the
intensity is very low and the traffic flow is expected to be isolated.
Traffic
The current access route for vacuum trucks transporting septage waste to the drying beds may not be
available. This impact is of high significance.
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In this section, the assessment of the impacts during the construction of the WTPis presented.
Ambient Air Quality
The emission sources in the construction phase include:
 Site clearance
 Excavation and other earth works
 Dust emissions from handling and transportation of excavated material, construction inputs and
auxiliary materials, and
 Gaseous emissions from vehicles and construction equipment
 Cutting and welding operations
 odor
However, the dust generation is expected to be of low volume and intensity. The composition of dust
is often inorganic and of non-toxic nature. The vehicular emissions constitute such gaseous
pollutants as oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, CO2, some unburned
hydrocarbons. The effect will be restricted to the plant site and especially to the workers. The
potential effects are influenced by the weather conditions (rain and wind direction) and by preventive
measures implemented during construction to minimize emissions. The impact significance can be
rated low, direct, short-term, adverse, and reversible.
Soil
The new plant site is expected to be built within the old/existing site. The activities that affect soil in
the construction phase include site clearing, stripping of top soil, excavation and other earth works,
loading and hauling and machinery maintenance
Excavation and site clearing make the soil lose its natural cover. This will increase the risk of soil
erosion and silt runoff into watercourses temporarily, in particular for the construction of the ponds,
landfill sites, installation of sewer line. In addition, hauled material, if not kept properly, may be
exposed to erosion. Top soil will also be exposed to wind erosion (dust generation) during haulage
and movement of other vehicles. Soil erosion can be strong if the excavation activities are carried out
during the rainy season.
Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cut vegetation
and typical construction waste like wasted concrete, steel, wooden scaffolding and forms, bags,
waste earth materials, etc. Solid waste and leakage and improper handling of fuel, lubricants and oil
especially during maintenance of machinery can contaminate the soil. However, the area is small and
the site clearing and excavation works are expected to last for a short period. The impact is highly
probable although it is site specific. Therefore, the impacts as a result of the activities in this phase
will be direct, adverse, reversible, temporary and of low significance and medium term.
Land
Currently, the area outside of the existing WTP is covered with trees and shrubs planted by AAWSA.
The construction of the new treatment plant necessitates clearing of some of this vegetation. Thus,
because of the erection of infrastructures, the land will permanently lose its original functions and a
considerable amount of the land will become impermeable to water. The surface runoff will increase
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and with it soil erosion. However, the total area that would be impacted is estimated to be about
18,100m2 which is not large. This impact is, therefore, rated medium but permanent.
Water bodies
Construction works within or adjacent to watercourses have the potential for reducing water quality
through increased sediment load. Fuel leakages from storage tanks or vehicles and inappropriate
disposal of wastes can cause pollution incidents. Such material can also be leached to the
groundwater. The impact is low, short term, adverse, temporary and reversible.
Flora
Dust generated by the movement of vehicles will deposit on nearby vegetation. This impact is
insignificant.
There is need for space for the new plant. Thus, clearing of the land, excavation work and
construction activities will cause a general loss of vegetation and tree species that are found in Kaliti
WTP compound. Some of the tree species include indigenous ones like Acacia abyssinica (Girar),
Acacia albida, Cordiaafricana (Wanza), Dovyalisabyssinica, Ficusdahro, Ficussur, Olea Africana,
Croton macrostachys, Cupresseslustinca, Rangiagrandis, Vernoniaamygdalina, etc.
Fauna
There are few bird species living on some of the trees and on facultative ponds of the treatment plant.
These may be disturbed during construction activities because of the noise created by heavy
machinery and equipments. The wild animals found in the impact areas would temporarily move
away from the disturbed areas and are likely to come back once the disturbance has ceased.
Therefore, implementation of the project will not bring any serious impact on wildlife, and the
potential impacts will be localized and less significant.
Socio-economy
There are large positive impacts on the social environmental elements. These include improved water
supply of the downstream populated areas due to good quality of the groundwater, and improved
health of the downstream population as a result of the improved quality of drinking water.No new
area will be reclaimed and no communities will be displaced since the new treatment plant will be
installed in the same compound. Both skilled and unskilled workers will get temporary employment
in this phase. Few individuals in the area may benefit from selling food and drink services to the
workers. The impact is positive and temporary of medium significance and medium term.
Health and safety

Large-scale construction works mostly have the potential for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other
STDs. The risk is high, possible, of medium duration, and partly reversible.
Borrow pits and other construction related activities may create stagnant water that can become
breeding place for diseases. This impact is negative, temporary, short term and minor. There might
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be accidents of various natures to the workers. The impacts are high. Dust and other emissions may
affect the respiratory tract.
Noise and vibration
Noise will be generated due to activities of loading-unloading, material handling, machine operation,
equipment & vehicular movement. Small but temporary degree of vibration may be felt during
compaction and movement of heavy vehicles. Impact of noise and vibration may be categorized as
direct, short-term, adverse, reversible and of low -magnitude.
Traffic
There will be traffic congestion/inconvenience at and near the entrance to the WTP due to increased
number of vehicles and workers. Moreover, the impact is considered temporary, major adverse and
of short term.
The activities in this phase generally include dismantling of equipment and shades (if any) used in
the construction phase, transportation of equipment and tools. During these activities, the area may
be littered with packaging materials, broken items, used items that may not be retained useful by the
contractor and leftover materials. There may also be spillage of oil, fuel and grease.
Ambient Air Quality
Dust will be generated by the movement of vehicles. The air quality within the compound will be
affected by dust and vehicular emission. However, the magnitude will be much lower than in the
previous two phases. The impact will be transient and will be restricted to the plant site. Therefore,
the impact is considered reversible, direct, temporary and of very low significance.
Soil
The impact on soil is mainly contamination due to littering. There can also be wind erosion because
of dust creation. This impact is of very short time, reversible, adverse and of very low significance.
Water bodies
Leaching and washing of litter, spilt oil, fuel, etc may affect water bodies. However, this impact is
low because of the short duration of the phase and the limited activities to be carried out. It is direct,
reversible, adverse, temporary and of low significance.
Flora
None of the activities in this phase requires vegetation clearing. Already trucks loaded with sewage
waste travel to the site intensively. Any possible impact on flora due to dust caused by the vehicular
movement in this phase will be irrelevant. The impact is negligible.
Socio-economy
Both skilled and unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase.
Health
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Excavation and earthworks may modify the local topography and drainage system and create
stagnant water points. These water pools may become favorable breeding sites for vector mosquitoes
that transmit malaria to the communities living in the surrounding areas.
Safety
There can be different accidents during loading and unloading, and also traffic accidents. These are
possible and of high significance. There will also be dust and other emissions. The impacts are of
low significance, adverse, and temporary.
Noise
The noise pollution in this phase is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting equipment,
tools, etc from the plant site. Since the volume of such material to be transported is low as compared
to that in the mobilization phase, the impact will be insignificant and requires no mitigation.
The major activities in this phase are collection, treatment and post treatment of sewage waste. Detail
activities include measurement and control of flow; water level control in ponds; quality control of
effluent, maintenance and repair of units, de-sludging and drying of sludge and disposal of sludge to
landfill site.
Ambient Air Quality
Odors can be generated and released from virtually all phases of wastewater collection, treatment,
and disposal. The potential for the initial release or later development of odors begins at the point of
wastewater discharge from homes and industries. It continues with collection and movement of
wastewater in gravity sewers, ending with the actual wastewater treatment and solids handling and
disposal at the plant or disposal site.
The proposed WTP may generate odor, mainly due to:
 Septage Receiving Station –Significant odor is generated at this step.
 Screenings if piled onsite and intermittently buried or trucked offsite.
 Grit Removal Chambers – If the grit from this process are piled onsite, and intermittently
buried or trucked off site.
 Trickling filter– Due to the maintenance issues
 Anaerobic digesters – Anaerobic digestion causes the release of hydrogen sulfide,
 Sludge handling systems
When the above factors combine, significant odor can be generated at the proposed WTP. Hydrogen
sulfide gas, a major odor source in wastewater treatment systems, results from septic (anaerobic)
conditions in the wastewater or solids. Metallic sulfide compounds in the wastewater produce a black
color, indicating the presence of dissolved sulfide. Ammonia and organic odors are also common.
Odors from wastewater and its residuals become significantly more intense and develop much higher
concentrations of odorous compounds when the oxygen in the waste is consumed and anaerobic
conditions develop. Anaerobic conditions can develop in sewer systems upstream of the wastewater
treatment plant as well as unit processes such as primary clarifiers, UASB reactors trickling filters,
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sludge digesters and sludge storage in which anaerobic conditions are likely to develop. Odors may
initially develop and later become worse due to poor design, such as insufficient ventilation or
excessive turbulence.
Other emissions come from pumping station operations, vehicles, and from the operation of standby
diesel generator during power failures. The emissions from the diesel generator will have marginal
impact on the existing air quality. The impact is of long term, adverse, irreversible and of high
significance for long exposure.
Soil
In general, the soil in the treatment plant site should not be affected since the treatment is supposed
to be carried inside waterproof and properly designed units. However, in case of spillages and
overflows, the risk will be high. This impact is high, long term, reversible, rare and adverse.
Operation of the wastewater treatment system generates large quantities of sludge. Sludge with
hazardous substances disposed at the temporary storage can provoke large negative impact
contaminating soil and consequently water.
Water bodies
The waste is treated inside properly designed units. Neither the sludge nor the drained water will be
allowed to leave the plant without proper treatment. However, if there is leakage or overflow, the
contamination risk will be high, reversible, short range.
The heavy metals in the treated wastewater may have potential human and environmental health
impacts. The proposed treatment plant will have the capability to retain significant amount of such
contaminants, but they can just transfer from the liquid phase in the solid phase (sludge) in case of
primary and secondary treatment and/or into aquatic plants in case of tertiary treatment (constructed
wetland). This will prohibit the use of sludge as a fertilizer.
Considering the situation in Addis Ababa, contaminations from petrochemical origin are ubiquitous
from activities such as fuel stations, garages and workshops, industries and various other activities. It
is anticipated that most of the high molecular and non-polar petrochemicals can be efficiently
retained in the proposed WTP. However, as some of them are persistent to both aerobic and
anaerobic biodegradation processes in the UASB and Trickling Filters, they can easily be
accumulated in the sludge. This will prohibit the potential use of the large amount of sludge as a
fertilizer. The impacts are possible, reversible, of high significance and long term.
Fauna
If improperly treated wastewater is released to the facultative ponds and drying beds, it may affect
bird species living on the beds through contaminants production and reduce the necessary nutrients
available for their growth and development due to eutrophication and hence birds’ variety and
number will reduce. Bird’s species of ducks, animals living in the surrounding of the treatment plant
like horses, cows and oxen may be affected from the discharge of improperly treated wastewater and
sludge production from the treatment plant. This problem is improbable, of low significance and of
long-term duration in the sense that the risk is always there, but reversible.
Socio-economy
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Both skilled and unskilled workers will get temporary and permanent employment for the operation
of the plant. Small businesses may emerge around the plant. Increase in the number of people and
industries to be served by sewer network, use of flush toilets instead of pit latrine thereby reducing
the risk of ground water pollution
It will avoid odor and visual nuisance due to open and uncontrolled release of wastewater from
domestic and industrial facilities.
There are large positive impacts on the Social Environment elements: improved water supply of the
downstream populated areas due to good quality of the groundwater, and improved health of the
downstream population as a result of the improved quality of drinking water.
Health
It enhances the existing environment, as the untreated raw sewage disposal will be ceased. It will
also improve treatment of sludge collection from septic tank through provided facilities by the
project that will make possible to accept sludge in its sewer via sludge injection points.
However, there is potential significant public health hazard problem that is related with spills,
leakage, and discharge of sewage or uncontrolled spreading of sludge. The impact is adverse,
possible, reversible, of high significance and long-term.
Safety
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg odor. It is considered a
broad-spectrum poison, meaning it can poison several different systems in the body. Breathing very
high levels of hydrogen sulfide can cause death within just a few breaths. Loss of consciousness can
result after fewer than three breaths. Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a
sore throat and cough, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs. Long-term, low-level exposure may
result in fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness. The OSHA
permissible exposure limits for hydrogen sulfide are 10 ppm (time-weighted average) and 15 ppm
(short-term exposure limit).
Other potential health and safety impacts include accidents and plant malfunctions. The probability
and impact of the following events were categorized;
• Spills
• Process Upset
• Natural Hazards
• Power Failures
• Fires
• Injury/Death
Noise and vibration

The main sources of noise during the operations phase would include pumping station, diesel
generators, flaring, and vehicle traffic.
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The activities in this phase include dismantling of equipment and metallic structure, demolishing of
concrete structure and transportation of recyclable and reusable materials.
Ambient Air Quality

The impact is due to sewage odor, dust, and vehicular emission. It is of short duration and of low
significance. The odor effect will be felt more by the workers.
Soil and Water bodies

Spillage of sewage waste or contaminated water, sludge, chemicals, oil, etc. is the main cause of soil
contamination. The effect is of medium significance, short term, and reversible.
Flora
There will be little or no impact on vegetation.
Socio-economy
Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Other workers may also lose
job when the plant is not functioning any more.
Health and safety

Minor accidents, dust and other emissions are possible risks to workers. The impacts are of low
significance, adverse, and temporary. In addition, contamination by sewage is possible. This may
cause disease to the workers and the residents nearby. This impact is of high significance.
Noise
The noise pollution in this phase is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting tools,
dismantled pipes, etc. The impact is of very short duration and insignificant.
6.2.3 Impacts Downstream of the WTP

There will be no adverse/beneficial effect on the air, soil, water, land, noise level in the downstream
area as well as on the health and socio-economy of the inhabitants in the area in this phase.
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Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality will be improved due to the better sewage treatment. The impact will be for
long term, high significance.
Soil
The soil downstream of the WTP should not be affected by the plant operation directly. However, its
fertility will be increased if the farmers use the (dried) sludge.
Water bodies
There may be contamination of the river due to run off, overflow and leakage from units due to
operation and maintenance failure or other unprecedented environmental calamities. This impact is
improbable and considered high.
During operation of the WTP, there is a possibility for pollution of the groundwater due to leakages
of the system for sewage treatment and effluent production, leakages of the system from sludge
production. These impacts are assessed as negative with moderate in magnitude.
Also, during the drying process of the sludge on the drying beds, there is high possibility for
pollution of the groundwater due to infiltration of leachate from drying beds. As the drying beds are
covering large area, the possible negative impact is assessed as major affecting wider area, actually
wider groundwater aquifer.
On the other hand, operation of the WTP will have major positive impact on the quality of the
groundwater, as there will be no direct discharges of wastewater into the Little Akaki River and its
tributaries. The pollution of the groundwater in project area is mainly due to polluted wastewater
through strong connection with the groundwater and leakages of the existing collectors of
wastewater.
Concerning Surface water including the bottom sediment, the major positive impact from the
operation of the WTP is the improved water quality of the Akaki River, on larger area (within the
project area and downstream of the Akaki River Catchment). It should be noted that the Akaki River
will be at more polluted state than the treated wastewater effluent at least for some time in the future.
Therefore, discharge of treated wastewater from the new WTP will play key positive role in diluting
the otherwise contaminated River water.
A major positive impact from the Kaliti Wastewater Collection and Treatment Plant Project is the
improvement in surface water quality in the catchment, as a result of the untreated wastewater being
properly collected and treated at the new WTP. Cleaning up the waterways in the catchment area will
result in a habitat improvement for aquatic species, improved public health and decrease in
waterborne illnesses for humans, and overall improvement in the quality of life.
Considering the Hydrology of the Akaki River, so far as the wastewater is discharged directly into
the River, it will increase the flows of the river. With collection of the wastewater by the main
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collectors, the quantity of the river flows shall be controlled and decreased up to the location of the
WTP. However, at location downstream of the WTP, there will be controlled flow of the Akaki
River if the treated water is discharged into the River. Thus, downstream of the WTP there will be
increase of the river flows due to discharged treated wastewater, which is assessed as positive
impact, with low magnitude.
If the treated water is diverted in a pipe for use in irrigation at some other locations, the river
discharge will be decreased. This is considered as negative impact on the hydrology of the River.
In order to mitigate the impact of using the treated water, it is recommended to use part of the treated
wastewater for irrigation.
One of the potential use of the treated wastewater is for irrigation as long as the quality of the treated
water meets the requirement. The FAO treated wastewater quality requirement for irrigation is
shown in Annex 4 The client has conducted a feasibility study on the potential of wastewater from
Kaliti treatment plant for irrigationuse. The consultant has reviewed the design document of the
study made on wastewater reuse for irrigation downstream of the treatment plant along the Banks of
the Little Akaki River and in the Akaki well field area.
As revealed from field observations, the current situation is quite different from what is indicated in
the irrigation feasibility document. Most of the designated commanded areas are full of settlements
except little area along the left Bank of the Little Akaki River (Figure 3.11D).
This small area is currently being irrigated by using water from the highly polluted Little Akaki river
to grow different types of vegetables. Certainly, the treated wastewater that will be available with
this project will be much better than the river water for irrigation and may be used in this small area.
However, this area is too small to absorb all the treated water for irrigation. Therefore, unless the
treated wastewater is taken far downstream into the Oromia Regional State, the irrigable land is very
limited.
The use of treated wastewater for irrigating the Akaki well field has to be seen with caution. Most of
the wells in the Akaki well field are unconfined and semi-confined. This has been illustrated clearly
from previous studies (Tenalem Ayenew et al., 2008). As the wastewater treatment technology may
not be efficient enough to treat trace elements and heavy metals, there is the possibility of polluting
the well field. This issue demands further study on aquifer characteristics and groundwater and
surface water interactions in the area. Therefore, it is not prudent to use the water for irrigation in the
Akaki well field.
Flora and Fauna
Trees can be planted near the site and along the river. They can grow well as they have access to
water. The impact is positive.
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On the other hand, if removed gritis not buried properly, it may attract birds, rats, dogs, hyena and
various insects. Increased number of insects and wild animals may indirectly lead to adverse impacts
to local people residing around the project area. This impact is low, reversible and of long duration.
Socio-economy
The WTP development will provide water of a quality for irrigation to the downstream area. The
sludge can also serve as soil fertilizer. This will help for income generation. The impact is long term,
beneficial and of high significance.
Health
The water quality of Little Akaki River will improve since treated water complying with the standard
will be discharged to the river contributing to the betterment of the health situation to the inhabitants
downstream of the WTP. Health problems associated with the use of contaminated water will
improve. The impact is highly beneficial since vegetables grown using the newly treated wastewater
and sludge will be healthier when consumed. The effect is city-wide.
Noise and vibration

There will be no noise impact.
In this section, the impact on the downstream society and environment when the WTP is being
decommissioned will be analyzed.
Ambient Air Quality

The sewage odor, dust, and vehicular emission that will be created in the WTP site will not have
perceptible effect on the downstream area. In addition, the period is relatively short.
Soil
There will be little or no impact.
Water bodies
The impact will be due to spillage of the materials mentioned in the above section, which can be
washed or leached to water bodies. It will be very low, of short term and reversible. Reduction/lack
of irrigation water is another impact.
Flora
Socio-economy
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The impacts are reduction/lack of irrigation water and loss of employment.
Health and safety

Noise
Table 6.5Summary of Important Negative Impacts
Impact Type Phases
Mobilize.
Receptor
Decom.
Constr.
Objective Subjective
Operat
Sewer trunk Part of the Project
excavation/trenching M3-
Soil
M
site clearing P-M
Flora vegetation removal M-
M
soil erosion/siltation- M-
water L
excavation/trenching
Socio- Property loss P-H P-H
economy
Accidents loading and unloading operations, H H H
Health and reversing machinery, falling from culverts,
Safety in trenches,
STD, HIV/AIDS H
Saudi Arabia Embassy S-H
Behere Tsige Park M-
M
Others
Mosque (fence) S-H
Existing sewer system M-
H

Odor from septage receiving station, grit - - H
Air Quality removal chambers, trickling filter, anaerobic
digesters, sludge handling systems, etc.
sewage overflow - - - H
Unsafe sludge disposal - - - H
Soil/land
loss of original function - P- - -
M
3 st nd
1 M:Medium duration, 2 M:Medium Significance, P:Permanent, H: High Significance, S:Short duration, L: Long
duration
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Impact Type Phases
Mobilize.
Receptor
Decom.
Constr.
Operat
Water
Unsafe sludge disposal - - - H
vegetation removal x P- - -
Flora
M
Accidents H H H H
Health and STD, HIV/AIDS - M- -
Safety H
Health risk - - H

inappropriate waste disposal - - - H
water Unlined drying beds
Table 6.6Summary of Important Positive Impacts
Impact Type Phases
Construction
Mobilization
Decommiss.
Receptor
Operation
Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project

Reduction of L-
Water contamination of surface H
and ground water
Reduction of L-
Soil
contamination of soil H
Employment M-M
Improved habitability of the L-H
Socio-economy
City
improved public health - - - L-H
Reduction of contamination L-H
Water
of surface and ground water
Reduction of contamination L-H
Soil
of soil
Socio-economy Employment x M-M x
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Impact Type Phases
Construction
Mobilization
Decommiss.
Receptor
Operation
Improved habitability of the L-H

City
improved public health - - - L-H
Air quality improved air quality - - - L-H
Soil/land improved fertility - - - L-H
Water improved water quality of - - - L-H
surface/underground Little Akaki
more vegetation due to increased - - - L-H
Flora fertility and availability of cleaner
water, healthier vegetables
more income due to improved - - - M
Socio-economy farming
cleaner environment - - - L-H
Health and Safety improved public health - - - L-H
6.3 Mitigation Measures

6.3.1 Mitigation Measures in the Sewer trunks Line Part
Ambient Air Quality
The impact can be mitigated by avoiding equipment and vehicles left running unnecessarily, using
protective wear and spraying water on dusty work areas.
Flora and fauna
The impact can be mitigated by awareness creation to the workers and by building soft
communication between the residents and workers through District administration and by
encouraging residents to collect their vegetables before the project activities.
Socio-economy
In order to avoid impacts on socio economic environment of project area rehabilitation and RAP has
been prepared. The PAPs should given employment priority in the project. This plan provides details
on compensation package to project affected families.
Safety
The impact can be mitigated by providing protective wear to workers, following safety procedures
and isolating the work areas.
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Ambient Air Quality

The impact can be mitigated by:
• Efficient scheduling of deliveries to reduce traffic load
• Employing well maintained and operated equipments, using appropriate fuel mixtures,
• Using environmentally friendly equipment with higher fuel efficiency or equipped with air pollution
control devices
• Avoiding equipment and vehicles idle running;
• Sprayingwater on dusty work areas.
• Maintaining stockpiles at minimum heights and forming long-term stockpiles into the optimum shape
(i.e. stabilization)
• Maintaining handling areas in a dust free state as far as practicable.
• Establishing and enforcing appropriate speed limits over all unpaved surfaces.

The mitigation measures are cleaning up spills with an absorbent material, in unstable areas
constructing retaining walls or barriers to avoid land collapse and damage to built-ups before
excavation, covering trenches as soon as possible, collecting excess excavated soil and dumping in
pre-planned sites following appropriate environmental management practices and replanting.
Flora
The impact can be reduced by:
• restricting clearing of vegetation and removal of trees to the imperative area needed
• wherever technically feasible, by preserving indigenous trees found within the impact zone
• implementing a replanting program including indigenous trees
Fauna
Most of the mitigation measures proposed for the impacts on vegetation will also help to mitigate
potential impacts on wildlife. Additional mitigation measures include backfilling of trenches and
other excavated areas and grading to the natural topography as soon as works are completed to avoid
the danger of animal trapping in such holes and to avoid obstruction to animal movements. Poaching
of wildlife by the workforce and deliberate killing of wild animals should be avoided. In order to
realize this measure, training or awareness creation program shall be given for the project personnel
prior to the commencement of the construction works.
Socio-economy
These impacts can be mitigated to some extent through liaison with local communities, good site
management, and maintaining access during installation of the sewer line, utilizing trenchless
technology in high traffic roadways, provision of access to all businesses and properties, restrictions
on construction hours, and limits on the amount of construction that can occur at any one location at
one time.
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Health and Safety

Mitigation measures include providing protective wear to workers, following safety procedures,
isolating the work areas and introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic regulation through the
neighboring areas and awareness creation on HIV/AIDS.
Sensitive Areas
There sewer trunk line passes through or crosses the:
 Saudi Arabia Embassy
 Behere Tsige Park
 Mosque (fence)
 Ring Road (two times)
 Railway line under construction (once)
The impact on the Saudi Arabia Embassy and the mosque may be mitigated by negotiation at high level
and if that is not possible by changing the route at these points. The impact on the ring road/railway line
can be mitigated by using micro-tunneling
Existing sewer line
This impact can be skewed by first discovering the existing sewer line.
Ambient Air Quality
The impact can be mitigated by avoiding equipment and vehicles left running unnecessarily and
spraying water on dusty work areas.
Soil, Water bodies and Flora
The effect can be avoided by awareness creation, proper waste disposal and immediate cleaning of
the area.
Health
Pipeline trenches and other excavated places should be refilled and graded to the surrounding
topography immediately following completion of works in order to avoid formation of water
points/pools that may become breeding sites for disease vectors. In case pools are formed, they
should be drained as quickly as possible before they become ideal breeding places for disease
vectors. As preventive measures, construction workers must be informed through awareness rising
and education programs about HIV/AIDS and other SIDs.
Safety
Providing protective wear to workers, awareness creation on safety issues will help to mitigate the
problems.
Joining pipes and fittings as per standard methods, strictly implementing the design slope so as to
ensure the flow of sewage inside the pipes and testing the sewer lines before they are covered with
soil can be used for mitigation.
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Ambient Air Quality
With the use of protective wear, the impact will be minimized.
Soiland Water bodies
The impact can be mitigated by proper site management.
Health and safety
Using protective wearing, avoiding spillage of sewage, following environmental management plans
will mitigate the problem.
6.3.2 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts of the Wastewater Plant
Ambient Air Quality
The impact can be mitigated by avoiding equipment and vehicles left running unnecessarily and
spraying water on dusty work areas.
Soil
Providing toilet services to workers, restricting maintenance in workshops and using modern
vehicles can be used for mitigation.
Flora
Water spraying and proper site management are suggested for mitigation.
Health and Safety
Providing protective wear to workers, erecting traffic signs in the WTP site, giving orientation to
workers about safety procedures and availing first aid services will mitigate the impact.
Traffic
Providing alternative routes to the drying beds will mitigate the problem.
Ambient Air Quality
The potential effects can be mitigated by:
• Performing vehicle inspections and maintain equipment
• Water spraying dusty work areas and roads
• Minimizing disturbed areas
• backfill exposed construction site as soon as possible
• Limiting stockpile height of topsoil below 2m
Soil
The impacts would be mitigated by limiting the excavation and installation of pipelines as much as
possible to the dry season, protecting exposed areas prone to erosion during heavy rain, putting silt
traps in watercourses, re-vegetating exposed areas as quickly as possible, employing modern and
properly maintained vehicles and machineries, handling fuels and oils carefully and responsibly,
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providing toilet services for workers, construction sequencing, locating stockpiles away from
watercourses, and disposing grit, screenings and sludge from existing lagoons in landfill.
Land
No mitigation.
Water bodies
The impacts can be avoided through good site management and taking pollution prevention
measures. These include locating storage areas and compounds away from watercourses, appropriate
storage of fuel and materials, providing suitable facilities for workers, disposing of waste according
to a waste management plan.
Flora
The impacts can be reduced by:
• restricting clearing of vegetation and removal of trees to the imperative area needed
• wherever technically feasible, by preserving indigenous trees found within the impact zone
• implementing a replanting program including indigenous trees
Health and safety
Mitigation measures include providing protective wear to workers, water spraying dusty work areas,
isolating the work areas and introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic regulation through the
neighboring areas and awareness creation on safety procedures and HIV/AIDS and availing
healthcare services.
Noise and vibration
Providing workers with noise protective material, limiting construction to daytime hours,
programmed maintenance of vehicles and equipment and using low-noise equipment and machinery
can help to mitigate the problem.
Traffic
These impacts can be mitigated to some extent through liaison with local communities and with good
construction sequencing.
Ambient Air Quality
Water sprinkling, using modern vehicles and introducing speed limits will mitigate the problem.
Soil
Careful dismantling of equipment to avoid any spillage, water spraying and introducing speed limit
to suppress dust and cleaning the area immediately will mitigate the impact.
Water bodies
Immediate cleaning controlled dismantling and properly disposing waste will help to mitigate the
impacts.
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Health
Backfill excavated places, grade to the surrounding topography and drain pools as quickly as
possible.
Safety
Providing protective wear to workers and following safety procedures will help to mitigate the
problems.
Ambient Air Quality
Operating equipment at optimum/design conditions, housekeeping procedures (regular cleaning of
the grit and screenings), facility maintenance, operational practices including process control and
chemical treatment, continuous process of the operation, operating especially the UASB at optimum
condition, planting shrubs and trees along the periphery and providing adequate stack height to
exhaust emissions of diesel generators will help in mitigating the odor and air pollution problems.
Soil
The proposed mitigation measures comprise application of good waste management practices and
disposal at landfill. It is also of crucial importance to dispose the sludge with dangerous substances
in sanitary landfill.
Water bodies
If dried sludge contains heavy metals and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, it should be properly
disposed in a sanitary landfill with provision sufficient protection of groundwater contamination.
Connection of untreated/substandard industrial wastewater to the sewer line must be strictly
prohibited. Adequate care should be taken to avoid leakages in the plant. All pipe work and fittings
should be a class rating in excess of the maximum pressure attained in service including any surge
pressure.
Fauna
The mitigation measure is proper quality control of “treated” wastewater and sludge before releasing.
Health
It could be mitigated through provision of buffer zones between the plant and the rest, proper
planning of the project operation and maintenance, proper implementation of the Environmental
Management Plan.
Safety
Adherence to national rules and regulations and to appropriate contact specifications and guidelines,
adopting confined-space entry procedures can be used for mitigation.
Noise
Noise problems can be reduced to normally acceptable levels by incorporating low-noise equipment
in the design and/or locating such mechanical equipment in properly acoustically lined buildings or
enclosures.
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Ambient Air Quality
The impact can be mitigated by using protective wear.
The mitigation measure is proper site management.
Health and safety
Using protective wearing, avoiding spillage of sewage, following good site management plans will
mitigate the problem.
6.3.3 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater Plant
Water bodies
Proposed mitigation measures:
• The whole treatment should avoid leakages of wastewater to groundwater

• Sludge drying beds should be impermeable
• Efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection structures must be constructed
• temporary sludge disposal sites should be impermeable and protected from flood
• Only partly divert treated water for irrigation use not to significantly reduce the discharge into the
Little Akaki River
Flora and fauna

Grit should be buried regularly in earth. Proper fencing should keep larger animals out of the
WTP compound.

Water bodies
Spillage can be minimized by good site management will avoid the impact. Reduction/lack of
irrigation water can be skewed by putting in place another treatment plant before the
decommissioning of this one.
6.1.1 Concluding Remarks

The proposed activity will not result in any significant negative impact to the Environment that could
not be mitigated. All the identified negative impacts can be mitigated following the Environment and
Social Management Plan. On the other hand, it is envisaged that the project would bring about a
number of important beneficial impacts.
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7 STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS
7.1 General
The constitution of Ethiopia in its Article 43 and the Environmental Policy require the need to
consult the interested and affected parties in the planning and implementation of development
projects. Financial Institutions like the World Bank also require different consultations to be made
with concerned public and stakeholders.
Accordingly, different consultations have been conducted with the key stakeholders including the
PAPs in order to:
 Inform them about the wastewater line and treatment plant extension and rehabilitation project.
 Identify the major existing socio-economic problems of the project area with particular focus on loss
of property and related effects on the biophysical environment
 Assess their perceptions and attitudes towards the proposed project
 Identify the potential economic and social impacts of the project.
 Find out possible mitigation measures that would help to avoid and/or minimize the major negative
impacts and to enhance the positive impacts.
In this section a summarized stakeholder analysis is given. The socioeconomic profile of the project
area is presented in Chapter 4.The stakeholder analysis is part of the socioeconomic surveying and
RAP assessment.
7.2 Scope of the Socioeconomic Study

The study of the socio-economic impact of the proposed project particularly during the construction
and operation phases and proposal of acceptable mitigation measures is the most important
component of the ESIA study. The scope of the work includes identification of permanent or
temporary socio-economic impacts that would be created by the project in different localities at
different stages of the project and the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for those who
are directly affected by the project activity mainly in terms of displacement and property
damage/loss. A detailed account of the socio-economic aspect of this project is presented in the RAP
report (Volume II).
7.3 Approach and Methodology

The main approaches followed for the socio-economic impact assessment and RAP preparation are
the following:
a) Secondary Data Collection and Review
Basic socioeconomic data was collected from the different Districts after identifying the areas to be
affected directly and indirectly by the project.
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In addition, legal and policy frameworks and pertinent institutional aspects are evaluated. These are
presented in Chapter 2. Furthermore, additional documents indicating best practices of wastewater
treatment processes and impacts in different countries are also studied.
b) Field Observations
To understand and obtain clear picture of the study areas and the socio-economic situation of the
would-be affected households, observation have been made in the field. The eastern, western and
southern trunk lines, the treatment plant and the downstream areas in Akaki-Kaliti sub-city (District
7) have been visited. The community that would be affected are interviewed. The asset enumeration
was made based on the design documents and following strict surveying investigation techniques
together.
c) Public Consultation
The opinion of the PAPs households and their attitude towards the project was assessed through
consultations with the affected households. In the consultation process, the project-affected districts
were first briefed on the objective of the project and the spatial extent of the project area.
The districts stakeholders have also been consulted about the project objective and the anticipated
socio-economic impact. All meetings are supported with minutes. The minutes of the meetings are
incorporated in the RAP report.
d) Household Survey
Along the sewer lines all households have been surveyed and total enumeration was conducted and
the assets that would be affected are valued based on the guidelines set by the Addis Ababa
Municipality. The household survey was also conducted in areas around the treatment plant and
downstream areas. It should be noted that the settlement around the treatment plant is very low.
Therefore, the sample size is small.
7.4 The Main Stakeholders in the Project Area and the Consultation Process
The different stakeholders in the project area are the following.
 District and Sub-city authorities and relevant experts of the Akaki-Kaliti, “Nefa Silik Lafto” and
“Kirkos” sub-cities.
 Authorities and experts of the seven districts, sectoral offices of the above four sub-cities.
 The PAPs at the grass root local community level in the seven districts along the wastewater sewerage
line and treatment plant extension and rehabilitation project areas.
7.4.1 Consultation with sub city administrations

The consultation process with the sub city administration and with authorities from selected districts
was done through interviews and discussions. The main points discussed were:
 Existing environmental and socio-economic condition of the would be affected persons.
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 Major socio-economic and environmental problems in the affected area

 Major economic and social impacts (positive and negative) of the proposed project
 Proposed mitigation measures in the course of project implementation
 The opinions, perceptions and suggestions of the stakeholders.
7.4.2 Consultations with the Project Affected Persons

The main points raised during consultation meetings and interviews held with the PAPs after
informing them about the project objectives were the following.
 current/existing social and economic problems of PAPs

 Problems anticipated by PAPs during the project implementation and operation
 Proposed mitigation measures for the anticipated problems and challenges
 Opinions, perceptions and attitudes of PAPs about the project.
 Major benefits of the proposed project and likely negative effects
 Necessary preparations for the project implementation
 Compensation implementation mechanism
The minutes of all discussions held with stakeholders are annexed in Volume II.
7.5 Type of Stakeholders

Two types of stakeholders can be identified i.e. internal and external. The list is given below. It
should be noted that these stakeholders are the main ones. Indirectly many others can be positively
affected by the proposed project. However, these are not included in this list.
7.5.1Internal stakeholders
The main internal stakeholders are the following.
 “Addis Ababa City Administration (AAWSA)

 The Addis Ababa City Administration, Environmental Protection Authority
 Nefas Silk Lafto Sub city Administration
 Nefas Silk Lafto District Eight Administration
 Nefas Silk Lafto District Nine Administration
 Nefas Silk Lafto District Ten Administration
 Nefas Silk Lafto District Twelve Administration
 Akaki Kaliti District Five Administration
 Akaki Kaliti District Six Administration
 The PAPs and organizations
 Addis Ababa City Roads Authority
 Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Corporation
 Ethio-Telecom
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7.5.2 External Stakeholders

The external stakeholders include:
 World Bank
 The Federal Environmental Protection Authority currently reestablished as the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry
7.6 Roles of Main Stakeholders and Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder's analysis facilitates the assignment of duties and responsibilities to the different
organizations, facilitates coordination; creates wise use of human and material resources in the
settlement program. In brief, the tasks are outlined below.
7.6.1 Internal Stakeholders

The internal stakeholders have the following intervention activities to play for the successful
implementation of the proposed project.
A) Addis Ababa City Administration

 Allocate budget to the client project office and monitor its utilization
 Monitor the implementation and operation of the proposed project.
 Coordinate the activities of the Sub-Cities and District Administrations for the
successful implementation of the project including the resettlement process.
B) Addis Ababa City Administration Environmental Protection Authority
 Provide technical advice about environmental protection in the course of the project
implementation processes and beyond
 Monitor the environmental safety in the project area pertinent to this specific project
 Audit the project from environmental protection point of view
C) Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
 Follow-up the compensation of lost poles and replace on time to prevent power loss to the
project implementation areas households and factories.
D) Ethio-telecom
 Follow-up the compensation of lost poles and replace on time to prevent communication
interruption to the project implementation areas, households and factories.
E) Addis Ababa Road Authority
 Follow-up the compensation for the damage on asphalt, cobblestone and gravel roads.
 Replace and facilitate road access immediately after the trunk line implementation at different
crossings.
 Arrange and follow-up the provision of alternative access roads
F) Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority
 In addition to implementation of the proposed project, it shall coordinate the efforts of its branch
offices in the three Sub cities to follow-up and maintain water pipes that may be damaged during
project implementation.
 Follow-up the rehabilitation of the affected part of forest area and “Behere Tsigie” Park
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7.6.2 External Stakeholders

A) The World Bank
 Finance the project as per its agreement
 Monitor and evaluate the progress of the work and check the correct use of the
allocated funds
 Review work progress reports on the implementation of the project.
B) The Federal Environmental Protection Authority
 As the project is big and important to the Addis Ababa City Administration in particular and
to the country in general the support and guidance by the federal Authority is needed
7.7 Stakeholder Analysis Summary

In general, the stakeholder analysis indicates that the project has enormous support both by the
community and the different stakeholders stated above. All District and sub-city authorities and
experts of the different sectorial offices support the project fully.
Table 7.1 below shows the opinion of project affected households along the sewer trunk lines. The
large majority (98.7%) of the households are in favor of the project.
Table 7.1: Opinion of the would be affected households about the project along the trunk lines
Opinion Number of Percent
respondent’s
In favor of the project 294 98.7
Against the project 4 1.3
Total 298 100
Similarly, the household survey conducted around and downstream of the WTP indicates that 93.3 of
the respondents support the project. Out of 15 households surveyed only one household was against
the project. The reason for not supporting was that the treatment plant should be taken out of the
Addis Ababa city limits. It should be noted that most of the settlers around the WTP do not have
legal permissions from the municipality.
Table 7.2: Opinion of the would be affected households about the

project around and downstream of the WTP
Opinion Number of Percentage
respondents
In favor of the project 14 93.3
Against the project 1 6.7
Total 15 100
In case of the project affected persons along the trunk lines the great majority of the respondents
support the project. However, they strongly demanded appropriate compensations and resettlement
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in a timely and just manner (details are included in the consultation minutes which are annexed in
Volume II.
All of them appreciated the project and stated the importance of proper wastewater disposal and
treatment in the city of Addis Ababa.
7.8 Concluding Remark
In general, the project has overwhelming support by the different stakeholders. All major
stakeholders along the sewer lines and the different sub-city and District officials and experts of
sectoral offices support the project. The great majority of the project-affected community supports
the project as long as proper compensation is made in a timely manner.
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8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

PLANS
8.1 Environmental and Social Management Plans
ESMP is the key to ensure that the environmental quality of the project area does not deteriorate due
to the implementation of the proposed development project. ESMP is generally used as the basis for
establishing the environmental behavior that the proposed project requires during its various stages
including the decommissioning phase.
The ESMP for the proposed project consists of set of mitigation and institutional measures to be
taken during the implementation and operation phases to eliminate the adverse environmental and
social impacts identified and predicted in the previous stages, offset them, or reduce them to
acceptable levels. The plan will also include the actions needed to implement these measures.
The ESMPidentifies feasible and cost-effective measures that will reduce potentially significant
adverse environmental impacts to acceptable level. The plan includes compensatory measures if
mitigation measures are not feasible, cost effective, or sufficient. Mitigation plan is a key to ensure
that the environmental qualities of the area will not deteriorate due to the implementation of the
project. The mitigation plan covers all aspects of implementation of the project in its different phases
related to environment.
Mitigation is the design and execution works, activities, or measures to reduce, or minimize the
negative impacts of the project on human and natural environments. It is the design and execution of
activities aimed at reducing significant impacts resulting from the implementation of the proposed
project. Mitigation can restore one or more environmental components to pre-impact quality. If this
is not possible, it can re-establish the original properties. The purpose of mitigation is therefore to set
in motion predesigned action to reduce the induced environmental impacts to acceptable levels.
Compensatory measures aim to produce a positive alternative effect to match identified adverse
effects, and are implemented only in areas where significant adverse impacts cannot be mitigated.
Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides

the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should be
performed during all stages of the project (namely: mobilization, construction, post construction,
operation and decommissioning) to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted, and to
verify the impact predictions. The monitoring program will indicate where changes to procedures or
operations are required, in order to reduce impacts on the environment or local population. The
monitoring program for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following objectives:
• to monitor the environmental conditions of the project area;

• to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been
adopted, and are proving effective in practice;
134
• to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of
preparation of the ESIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis
for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures
• to provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of
mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can
improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects.
Separate plans are prepared for the three parts of the project as in the previous chapters. These are
the sewer trunk line, the wastewater treatment plan and the area downstream of the plant. The
management plans are further subdivided into the different phases of the project: mobilization,
construction, post-construction, operation and decommissioning phases. As regards the area
downstream of the project, the plans are made in parallel to the phases at the WTP.
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Table 8.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project
Issue/Environme Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility
ntal Impact Implementation Supervision
Mobilization Phase
Land and Property The temporary and permanent acquisition or obtaining of land for onsite works Before construction starts AAWSA Grievance Handling
Acquisition shall be carried out in accordance to the RAP and entitled Framework for the Committee
project. It shall be ensured that all RAP activities are reasonably completed
before the construction activity starts. All grievances of the RAPs will be
reasonably redressed, in accordance to the RAP implementation mechanism
suggested for the project.
Flora awareness creation to the workers Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant

building soft communication between the residents and workers Contractor Consultant
encouraging residents to collect their vegetables before the project activities Contractor Consultant
Only marked trees are to be felled within the sewage trunk main alignment whole phase Contractor AAEPA
Safety Provision and using of protective wear Whole phase Contractor site manager
(Accidents) Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected site manager
to occur
Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel site manager
Construction Phase
Air Dust suppression by water sprinkling Whole phase Contractor site manager
Soil Use of well maintained machinery without leaking fluids. Whole phase Contractor (should Site manger
be included in the
Replacement of lubricating oil only in designated areas. Site manger
136

Limitation of movements of heavy machinery and vehicles to the access roads contract document) Site manger
and the designated construction site.
Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and other earthworks to dry Site manger
seasons
Covering the trench as soon as possible Site manger
collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites Site manger
Implement erosion prevention mechanisms Site manger

Water Bodies covering the trench as soon as possible Whole phase Contractor Site manger
collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites Site manger
Implement erosion prevention mechanisms Site manger

Limiting the excavation and other earth works to the dry season (if possible) Site manger
Flora Demarcation and fencing off the construction areas Whole phase Contractor Site manger,
Consultant
Limiting the construction activities within the demarcated areas to an area that is Site manger
as small as possible.
restricting clearing or removal of trees to the imperative area needed Site manager,
Consultant
preserve indigenous trees wherever technically feasible Site manager,
Consultant
implement replanting program End of construction AAWSA AAEPA
phase
Fauna prohibit poaching and killing of wildlife by the workforce Whole phase Contractor Site manger
backfilling of trenches and other excavated areas and grading to the natural as soon as works are Contractor Site manger
topography completed
awareness creation for the project personnel prior to the AAWSA Consultant
commencement of the
construction works
Traffic liaison with local communities Whole phase Contractor Site manager
137

good site management (restrictions on construction hours, and limits on the Whole construction Contractor Site manager
amount of construction that can occur at any one location at one time) phase
provision of access to all businesses and properties
utilizing trenchless technology in high traffic roadways when necessary Contractor Consultant
Health Provision and use of protective wear whole phase Contractor Site manager
Awareness creation on HIV/AIDS and other STDs Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant
Safety Provision and use of protective wear Whole phase
Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected
to occur
isolating the work areas Contractor Site manager
Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel
following safety procedures

introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic regulation Whole construction Contractor Site manager
phase
Post-Construction Phase
Soil (littering) awareness creation Beginning of phase Contractor Site manager
proper waste disposal Whole phase
immediate cleaning of the area End of phase
Water awareness creation Beginning of phase Contractor site manager
Bodies
proper waste disposal Whole construction
phase
Flora awareness creation Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant

proper waste disposal Whole construction Contractor site manager
phase
138

Health backfilling pipeline trenches and other excavated places and grading to the immediately after contractor site manager
surrounding topography completion of site works
draining pools (if any) immediately after
completion of site works
Safety Provision / use of protective wear Whole construction contractor site manager
Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected phase
to occur
Decommissioning Phase
Air the use of protective wear Whole phase Prospective site manager
sewage odor, dust, contractor
and vehicular
emission
Soil proper site management Whole phase Prospective site manager
Spillage of sewage contractor
waste
Health and safety Using protective wearing, Whole phase Prospective site manager
Minor accidents, proper site management contractor
dust and other
emissions
contamination by
sewage
Table 8.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Wastewater Treatment Plant
Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility
l Component
Implementation Supervision
Mobilization Phase
139

l Component
Ambient air Unpaved access roads shall be regularly water sprayed

Setting speed limits on unpaved access road Whole phase Contractor Site manager
Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment
Soil Providing toilets to workers Whole phase Contractor Site manager
restricting maintenance in workshops
Flora Demarcation and fencing off the construction areas Whole phase Contractor Site manger, Consultant
Water sprinkling Site manager
Health giving orientation to workers about safety procedures Beginning of phase Contractor Consultant
Awareness Creation on HIV-AIDS and STDs Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant
erecting traffic signs in the WTP site Whole phase Contractor Site manager
Providing protective wear to workers
availing first aid services
Safety Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are Whole phase Contractor Site manager
expected to occur
Providing protective wear to workers
availing first aid services

Construction Phase
Ambient air Dust suppression activities (water roads and exposed ground) Whole phase Contractor Site manager
Minimize disturbed areas Site manager Consultant
Backfill exposed construction site as soon as possible Site manger
Limit stockpile height of topsoil to 2m maximum

Construction materials shall be covered during transportation by truck
Setting speed limits on unpaved access road
140

l Component
Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment

Water locating storage areas and compounds away from watercourses Whole phase Contractor Site manager consultant
Bodies
appropriate storage of fuel and materials Site manager
providing suitable facilities for workers, Site manager

disposing of waste according to a waste management plan Site manager
Soil providing suitable toilet facilities for workers Whole phase Contractor Site manager
proper handling fuels and oils Site manager consultant
construction sequencing Site manager

locating stockpiles away from watercourses Site manager consultant
Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and other earth Site manger
work to dry seasons (if possible) consultant
protecting exposed areas prone to erosion during heavy rain, if Site manager consultant
necessary putting silt traps in watercourses
re-vegetating exposed areas End of phase AAWSA Consultant
disposing grit, screenings and sludge from existing lagoons in landfill Whole phase Contractor Consultant
Flora Water sprinkling for dust suppression Whole phase contractor site manager
Speed limiting Site manager
Limiting the construction activities within the demarcated areas to an area Site manager Consultant
that is as small as possible.
Collection of solid waste only at earmarked areas and appropriate Site manager
disposal
restricting removal of trees and vegetation to the imperative area needed Whole phase Contractor Site manager Consultant
for the project activities
preserving, wherever technically feasible, indigenous trees
implement a replanting program End of phase AAWSA Consultant
141

l Component
Health awareness raising and education programs about HIV/AIDS and other Beginning of phase AA Health Bureau AAWSA
STDs
Noise Avoiding unnecessary transportation of materials to reduce traffic. Whole phase Contractor Consultant
Noise Limitation of transport activities to day-time as much as possible to
reduce noise.
using low-noise equipment and machinery if possible
Silencers or mufflers shall be used on construction equipment.
programmed maintenance of vehicles and equipment
incorporating low-noise equipment in the design design phase Contractor Consultant
locating noisy mechanical equipment in properly acoustically lined design and construction contractor consultant
buildings phase
Providing greenbelt along the periphery of the WTP End of phase AAWSA WTP manager
Safety Provision of protective wearing Whole construction Contractor Site manager
Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are phase
expected to occur
locating borrow pits far from settlements
Post Construction Phase

Ambient air Unpaved access roads shall be regularly water sprayed Whole phase Contractor, Site manager
Setting speed limits on unpaved access road
Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment to reduce
vehicle emissions
Soil Careful dismantling of equipment to avoid any spillage Whole phase Contractor Sit manager
water spraying
introducing speed limit to suppress dust
cleaning the area
142

l Component
Water Immediate cleaning, Whole phase Contractor AAEPA

Bodies controlled dismantling
properly disposing waste
Health awareness raising and education programs about HIV/AIDS and other Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant
STDs
backfilling excavated places and grading to the surrounding topography immediately following contractor Site manager
draining pools completion of works
Safety Providing protective wear to workers Whole phase contractor Site manager
erecting traffic signs Site manager
giving orientation to workers about safety procedures Beginning of phase Site manager
availing first aid services Whole phase Site manager
Operation Phase
Ambient air proper housekeeping procedures (regular cleaning of the grit and Whole phase AAWSA WTP manager
screenings)
facility maintenance
proper operational practices including process control and chemical WTP manager
treatment
continuous process of the operation
Running the UASB at optimum condition
Planting shrubs and trees along the periphery Beginning of phase AAWSA WTP manager
Soil dispose sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary landfill Whole phase AAWSA WTP manager
Water dispose the sludge with dangerous substances in landfill Whole phase AAWSA WTP manager
Bodies All pipe work and fittings should be a class A rating in excess of the Construction phase Contractor consultant
maximum pressure attained in service including any surge pressure.
Fauna proper quality control of “treated” wastewater and sludge before Whole phase AAWSA WTP Quality Control
releasing
Health provision of buffer zones between the plant and the rest Construction phase contractor consultant
143

l Component
proper planning of the project operation and maintenance Operation phase AAWSA WTP manager
Safety Adherence to national rules and regulations Whole operation phase AAWSA WTP manager
Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents WTP manager
are expected to occur
Provision and use of protective wears WTP manager
Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized
personnel
Operators shall be provided with regular medical check-up and WTP manager
safety training
Decommissioning
Ambient Air using protective wear

Quality
sewage odor,
vehicular emission
Soil proper site management
Spillage of sewage
waste or
contaminated water,
sludge, chemicals,
oil, etc.
Health and safety Use protective wearing
Minor accidents, dust followgood site management plan
and other emissions f
contamination by
sewage
144
Table 8.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Area Downstream of the WTP
Issue/Environmental Mitigation measures Mitigation Responsibility
Component schedule
Operation Phase
Water only use part of the treated wastewater for irrigation always District admin. AAEPA
Bodies AAWSA
Fauna proper quality control of “treated” wastewater and sludge before Whole operation AAWSA WTP Quality Control
releasing phase
145
8.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
The environmental monitoring program is developed to provide a basis for evaluating the efficiency
of the proposed mitigation measures and for updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data. It
also gives information for adoption of additional mitigation measures if the proposed measures are
found insufficient. Thus, it avails information for management decisions taking in the different
phases of the project.
Monitoring methodology involves:
 identification of the relevant monitoring standards;
 identification of components to be monitored;
 identification of parameters to be used for monitoring
 setting the monitoring frequency and responsibilities for monitoring
 visual observations and testing of environmental parameters
The table below shows the proposed monitoring plan.
146
Table8.4Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party
Mobilization/Pre-Construction Phase
Air pollution Dust and vehicular Monitor adequacy of dust suppression measures undertaken Daily AAEPA/Consultant
emission Monitor that vehicles and construction equipment are regularly
maintained
Storage and transportation Monitor adequacy of measures undertaken to prevent fugitive Daily AAEPA/Consultant
of construction materials, dust
excavated soil and silt
Trees • Limiting affected zone Ensure that the construction areas are demarcated (fenced) Weekly AAEPA
Ensure that only marked trees are cut
• Trees cutting
Awareness creation Non professional workers Environmental protection (flora, fauna, waste disposal, etc) HIV- Beginning of phase Steering Committee
AIDS and STDs safety procedures
Semi professional workers Environmental protection, maintenance requirements, site Beginning of phase Steering Committee
and sub contractors management
Project affected people Beginning of phase
HIV-AIDS, STDs, safety procedures, project schedule Steering Committee
Environmental • Ambient air quality Monitoring ambient air quality, water quality, and noise levels at Once during AAEPA
Monitoring plantation forest, WTP and downstream area: construction (dry
• Water quality
• Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO2, and season)
• Noise level
CO
• Water Quality (pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Turbidity,
Temperature)
 •Noise Levels- Hourly, Day and Night Time Values
147

Construction Phase
Air/ Pollution Dust and vehicular Monitor adequacy of dust suppression measures undertaken Daily AAEPA/Consultant
maintained
Soils Excavation and back filling Monitor adherence to contract specifications Daily AAEPA/Consultant
Erosion Monitor proper management of excavated soil/silt including Monthly AAEPA/Consultant
timely removal of material from construction site
Monitor that stockpile height of topsoil does not exceed 2m
maximum
Monitor that slope protections and grading to the natural
topography are done
Contamination Monitor that equipment, machinery do not have leakages Daily Consultant
Monitor that there are no oil and chemical spills
Surface and Ground Surface runoff management Monitor measures to channelize surface runoff Daily AAEPA/ AALSAB/
Water Quality at construction site(s) Monitor that storage areas and compounds are located away Consultant
from watercourses
Monitor that fuel and materials are stored appropriately (are
not prone to damage)
Contamination from waste Monitor measures taken to prevent contamination of ground Daily AAEPA/Consultant
and sewage generated from and/or surface water from waste and sewage generated from the
construction activities project activities
Flooding/Water Blockage of drainage due to Monitor to ensure construction activities do not cause flooding or weekly AAEPA/Consultant
logging construction activities water logging at the project sites.
Solid Waste Disposal of construction Monitor to ensure construction and other wastes are being daily AAEPA/Consultant
and other wastes disposed in approved sites
148

Fauna Protect wildlife Monitor that the workforce is not poaching and killing wildlife in Daily AAEPA/ Consultant
plantation area
Noise Noise from construction Monitor that noise emissions are within acceptable limits 2-3 months AAEPA
vehicles
Health and safety of Health and safety Monitor adherence to all occupational health and safety Weekly AALSAB/ Consultant
construction requirements requirements
workforce Provision of health and Monitor availability of adequate number of protective kit Monthly AALSAB/ Consultant
safety protection kit Monitor that workers are using protective kit
Health check up of workers Monitor availability and adequacy of health service to workers Monthly AALSAB/ Consultant
Sanitary conditions of Monitor provision of shelter, water supply, excreta and solid Monthly AAEPA/ AALSAB/
construction campsites waste management at campsites Consultant
Monitor that separate toilet services for women and men are
provided
Road Safety and Traffic management plan Obtain approval to traffic management plan from Addis Ababa Before AAEPA/ AALSAB/
Traffic Management Traffic Police construction Consultant
Monitor adherence to the traffic management plan Weekly AAEPA/ AALSAB/
Consultant
Review and monitor road safety records to ensure all project Monthly Contractor AAEPA/
Review road safety record related road accidents are being properly investigated and AALSAB/ Consultant
reported
Socio- Economic Access to public and Monitor impact of project on dwelling and business in the Daily AAEPA/ AALSAB/
Activities private properties project area Consultant
Damage to public and Monitor that public and private properties are not damaged by Weekly Contractor/ AAEPA/
private property construction activities (other than those included in the AALSAB/ Consultant
compensation plan)
Review and monitor property damage report to ensure timely Monthly Contractor/ AAEPA/
resolution of claims etc. AALSAB/ Consultant
149

Hardship and Monitor to ensure that communities and business face minimal Weekly Contractor/ AAEPA/
inconvenience to public and hardship and inconvenience due to project activities AALSAB/ Consultant
business
Public Awareness Aware the public about: Review and monitor effectiveness of the awareness campaigns Fortnightly Steering Committee
• the long term benefit conducted
of the project
• the need for public
cooperation
• Health and safety risks
Monitoring during Eastern and Western Trunk, WTP and downstream area: construction (dry
• Water quality
construction • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO2, and season)
• Noise level
CO
Temperature)
Post Construction Phase

Air pollution Dust and vehicular Monitor adequacy of dust suppression measures undertaken Daily AAEPA/Consultant
maintained
Solid Waste Disposal of construction Monitor to ensure construction and other wastes are being daily AAEPA/Consultant
wastes and other wastes disposed in approved sites
Monitor sites are properly cleaned
150

Safety Provision of health and Monitor availability of adequate number of protective kit Monthly site manager
safety protection kit Monitor that workers are using protective kit
Noise Noise from construction Monitor that noise emissions are within acceptable limits 2-3months AAEPA
vehicles
Post Construction • Ambient air quality Monitoring ambient air quality, water quality, and noise levels at Once after AAEPA
Environmental Eastern and Western Trunk, WTP and downstream area: construction (dry
• Water quality
Monitoring • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO2, and season)
• Noise level
CO
Temperature)
OPERATION PHASE
Operation and Operation Monitor : Monthly AAWSA/AAEPA/AALA
Maintenance of the • correct and design operation of every system unit B
System
• emergency procedures and requirements (availability)
• timely completion of work,
• adequacy of implementation of preventive and all Monthly AAWSA/AAEPA/AALA
Maintenance unscheduled/emergency maintenance work B
• periodic housekeeping of the system,

• allocation of human and financial resources for the
preventive and unscheduled maintenance
Soil Contamination Monitor that sludge with dangerous substances is disposed in Monthly AAEPA
sanitary landfill
Health and safety of Health and safety Monitor adherence to all occupational health and safety Weekly AALAB
workforce requirements requirements
151

Provision of health and Monitor availability of adequate number of protective kit Monthly AALAB
safety protection kit equipment needed
Maintenance of health and Review and monitor health and safety records to ensure all Monthly AALAB
safety records of work force project related accidents are being properly investigated and
reported
Surface and Ground Contamination from waste Monitor Weekly Performance of WTP Weekly at site
Water Quality and sewage laboratory and AAWSA/AAEPA
every 3 months at
EPA laboratory
Monitoring during WTP: construction (dry
• Water quality
Operation • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO2, and season)
• Noise level
CO
Temperature)
152
8.3 Implementation Arrangement of the EMMP
A Project Steering Committee (PSC) that is composed of officials from the city administration,
AAWSA, affected sub cities, AAEPA, AASLAB, MoWUD, AARA, EEPCo, should be established.
The PSC will oversee the whole work and coordinate collaboration between different concerned
offices and bodies. It will meet once a month to review progress, to discuss the implementation
issues and give directions. The implementation of all the physical works will fall under the
responsibility of AAWSA. However, if need be it can be strengthened with additional engineers and
environmentalists. AAWSA shall also have an Environment and Safety Section that will follow up
the EMP during project implementation and operation to avoid or minimize potential negative
impacts. AAWSA should hire consultant/s and contractor/s for the construction and installation
activities. The respective contractor/s shall have environmental specialist to provide key inputs to the
project implementation. The environmental monitoring / auditing will be carried out by AAEPA and
(AASLAB) through a checklist. This checklist will be developed by the Consultant as part of the
construction supervision plan. An awareness creation committee shall be formed that will be
responsible for the awareness creation to the public, the semi professional workers and the other
workers. It will be composed of experts from AAEPA, AAWSA, AASLAB, AAHB and the
consultant. The proposed implementation arrangement for the project is shown in Figure 8.1:
Project Steering
Committee
Contractor AAWSA Awareness Creation

Committee
Environment and
AAEPA
Safety Division
Contractor’s Environmental
Management Unit
Figure 8.1 Proposed organization chart for the implementation of the EMMP
153
8.4 Training on Environmental Aspects
Training on environmental and safety aspects will be organized by the ACC for all officials
associated with the project and contractors’ work force. The training will be conducted in different
phases: for technical officials and for workers of contractors. The training course will focus on
environmental and safety issues during the different phases of the project, orientation of
environmental legislation in the country, case histories of similar projects completed, elaboration on
the EMMP for easy comprehension. In addition, there will be awareness creation to the public.
Detailed training modules may be prepared by the ACC, before project implementation as part of
supervision plan.
8.5 Environmental Management Budget

The environmental management budget in the project comprises environmental monitoring,
compensatory plantation, and training and awareness creation and compensation for the PAP. The
table below gives a summary of the budget.
Table 8.5 Summary of the budget for environmental management
Component Stage Item Quantity Total Cost in Eth
Birr
(A) Mitigation/Enhancement Measures

Air All phases Dust Management Part of Contract
with sprinkling of
water,
Covering
construction material
during transportation
by vehicles
Water quality Construction erosion prevention Part of Contract
mechanisms
Silt fencing around
stockpiled soil near
water
Construction Incorporate water Should be covered
impermeable layers in engineering cost
in the sludge drying (not considered in
beds the present design
but it should be
included)
Soil contamination Construction Construct landfill Should be included in
Engineering Costs
All Phases proper waste Part of contract cost
disposal
Operation disposing grit, Operation cost
screenings and sludge
from existing lagoons
in landfill
154

Birr
Flora Construction Demarcating Part of Contract
construction areas
Post Construction Compensatory 400,0004
plantation program at
least 3 saplings for
each tree felled
(staggered to follow
Civil Works)
including 3 years
maintenance
Construction Proper fencing of the Birr 200/m2 Should be included in
Fauna WTP compound the engineering cost
(but not included in
the present design i)
Post construction draining pools (if Part of Contract
Health any)
All phases Availing Health Part of Contract and
Services Operation cost
Safety All phases Demarcating Borrow Part of Contract and
Areas Operation cost
Placing appropriate
warning signs
Provision and use of
protective gears
Traffic At crossings with the utilizing trenchless Should be included in
Ring Road and the technology in high the engineering cost
New Railway Line traffic roadways (but not included in
the present design)
Total 400,000
(B) Monitoring and Training Costs

Air Preconstruction Monitoring one 4 qualities 4 locations 16,000
location each at the at Birr1000 each
eastern and western
sewer trunk line one
at the WTP site and
one in the
downstream area
Construction Same as in pre 4 qualities 4 locations 16,000
construction phase at Birr1000 each
Same as in pre 4 qualities 4 locations 16,000
Post construction construction phase at Birr1000 each
Operation At WTP 4 qualities 1 location 4,000
at Birr1000 each
Water quality Preconstruction Monitoring one 5 qualities 4 locations 2,000
4
5workers for 10 months/year for 3 years at Birr2,000 per month plus cost of saplings
155

Birr
location each at the at Birr100 each
eastern and western
at the WTP site and
one in the
downstream area
Construction Same as in pre 5 qualities 4 locations 2,000
Post construction Same as in pre 5 qualities 4 locations 2,000
Operation At WTP Built into operation
costs of WTP
At Little Akaki River Built into operation
costs of WTP
Soil Operation Monitoring that Part of operation cost
sludge with
dangerous substances
is disposed in sanitary
landfill
Flora (Pre) Construction Monitoring that only Birr 200/person/day
marked trees are cut
Fauna construction Monitoring that Birr 200/person/day
poaching and killing
of wildlife by the
workforce is not
practiced
Noise Preconstruction Monitoring one 4 locations at Birr 20,000
location each at the 5,000 per location
eastern and western
at the WTP site and
one in the
downstream area
Construction Same as in pre 4 locations at Birr 20,000
construction phase 5,000 per location
Post construction Same as in pre 4 locations at Birr 20,000
construction phase 5,000 per location
Operation At WTP One location 5,000
soil Operation WTP Sludge Part of operation cost
Characteristics
Training Preconstruction 1 Program for official 250,000
rank
1 program for
Workers of
contractors
1 program for
technical staff of
156

Birr
WTP
1 program for other
Workers WTP
1program for public
Monitoring and training cost 373,000

Total Cost (A)+(B) 773,000
Contingency 10% 77,300
Grand Total 850,300
157
9 SUMMARY OF THE COST ESTIMATES FOR THE PROPOSED

MITIGATION MEASURES
The cost for RAP can be categorized as implementation cost and administrative costs. The details of
how the budget was calculated is given in the RAP report (Volume II)
a) RAP Implementation budget
The budget that will be required to implement the RAP is worked out based on the inventory made
by the consultant in the project area, i.e., along the trunk lines. On this basis, the required cost for
compensation is calculated using the rates indicated in the RAP report.
The budget includes compensation for loss of crops and trees, for rehabilitation/resettlement
measures (income restoration, skill training, transportation costs, etc). Table 9.1 summarizes the
budget associated with the compensation for the PAPs.
Table 9.1: Estimated cost for compensation

Description Unit Quantity Unit rate5 Total comp. Amount
Housing unit with block wall& CIS roof m2 1510 3500.00 5,285,000.00
2
Housing unit with mud wall & CIS roof m 5200 600.00 3,120,000.00
2
Housing unit with stone wall & CIS roof m 40 3000.00 120,000.00
Housing unit with CIS wall and roof m2 3914 300.00 1,174,200.00
Foundation for housing unit m2 181 1500.00 271,500.00
3
Septic tank m 348 2000.00 696,000.00
3
Fuel tank m 208 5500.00 1,144,000.00
2
Fence with stone m 610 400.00 244,000.00
2
Fence with CIS m 2000 200.00 400,000.00
2
Fence with block m 1428 450.00 642,600.00
2
Stone retaining wall m 90 400.00 36,000.00
Eucalypts tree piece 397 350.00 138,950.00
Telephone poles piece 26 1000.00 26,000.00
Electric pole s piece 89 2500.00 222,500.00
2
Asphalt road m 1719 874.00 1,502,406.00
2
Coble stone road m 616 397.48 244,847.68
2
Gravel road m 2349 300.00 704,700.00
Total 15,972,703.68
Social and Psychological cost @5 % 798635.18
Contingency @ 10% 1597270.37
Sub- total 18,368,609.23
5
Estimated based on the compensation guideline of Addis Ababa city administration
158
With regard to the cost required for the committee that shall be formed to implement the proposed
compensation plan effectively, it is estimated by taking into considerationthe necessary days, the per-
diem and fuel requirements. Table 9.2 gives this summary.
Table 9.2: Estimated administration cost of RAP implementation for 7 Districts
S/N Members Position Day Unit rate /Birr No. of District Total
1 District Administration Chair Person 7 150.00 7 7,350.00
2 Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00
3 District Finance & economic office Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00
4 District Land administration Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00
5 Community representative Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00
6 AAWSA Member 7 150.00 7 7350.00
Sub Total 1 44,100.00
1 Driver 7 100.00 7 4,900.00
2 Surveyor 4 130.00 7 3,640.00
3 Daily laborer 4 80.00 7 2,240.00
4 Fuel (150 km will be covered) 19.00 7 19,950.00
5 Oil ( 5 kilo per car) 80.00 7 2,800.00
Sub Total 2 33,530.00
Total=Sub Total 1+ Sub Total 2 7 77,630.00
Contingency @ 10% 7 7,763.00
Grand total 85,393.00
Thus, the total cost for compensation is estimated to be Birr 18,454,002.23, out of which the direct
compensation cost accounts for 99.56%.
b) Environmental management and monitoring budget

The environmental management budget includes the following (see Table 8.5 for detail):
 cost for mitigation and enhancement including 10% contingency 440,00
 cost for monitoring and training including 10% contingency 410,300
The total environmental management and monitoring budget will be 850300
Thus, the overall cost, i.e. including compensation, mitigation and monitoring as detailed in Tables
9.1, 9.2 and 8.5 becomes about ETB 19,400,000.
159
10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
10.1 Conclusions
The Kaliti WTP which is found in the Kaliti catchment started operating in 1983. It has a design
capacity of about 7,500 cubic meters per day or an equivalent population of 50,000.The present
coverage of the wastewater management of the city is not greater than 9.8%. The existing sewer lines
cannot accommodate the high volume of sewage waste as a result of which sewage overflows on to
streets and into the watercourses. Septic pump-out trucks do not access all areas to service the new
high volume customers. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines continue to pollute groundwater.
There are uncontrolled and open wastewater disposal, illegal connections of sewerage to storm
drainage lines and to nearby rivers. The situation is affecting the public health and the aesthetics of
the city. The existing lagoon treatment system is already operating beyond its design capacity.
Considering all this condition of the city, the need for an improved wastewater management system
(wastewater treatment plant and collection system) is indisputable.
It is therefore, planned to expand the existing sewer line and install a new wastewater treatment
plant. The new treatment plant will be installed in the same site where the existing plant is operating.
The existing plant will continue to work until the new plant becomes operational. In order to
maintain current treatment as well as future goals, UASB and high rate Trickling Filtration systems
are recommended for the new treatment plant. In the first phase, the new plant will have a capacity to
treat 100,000m3/d, which is more than 13 times greater than the existing capacity. The new sewer
trunks that will be built will relieve the existing sewer lines.
The selected technology for the new treatment plant allows the possibility of installing other
necessary treatment systems on the existing site without needing additional land and without
disrupting the existing treatment systems. It also allows the existing lagoon systems to be used for
tertiary treatment and storage.
The selection of the treatment technology was carried out based on construction and operation cost,
space requirement, ease of operation, etc. Accordingly, the selected treatment technology is
appropriate.
Modifications to the existing sewer trunk line are proposed in order to achieve the future goal of
increasing sanitary service within the Kaliti catchment. Increasing the capacity of the sewerage
system will prevent flows from being diverted directly into rivers, which will prevent eutrophication
of water bodies and possible detrimental health effects.
The selection of the sewer trunk routes was governed by many constraints:
 The preference for gravity flow system
 The proposed large diameter sewer trunks
 The unstructured nature of the roads and buildings
 The presence of local creeks,
160
 the management of compensation process for private properties to obtain a right-of-

way for the construction of the sewer trunk lines
The preference for use of gravity system is commendable since it will avoid problems associated
with power interruptions and will minimize the operating cost of the sewer lines. Therefore, the
selected routes for the sewer trunk lines are appropriate. The analysis of various alternatives carried
out indicates that selected options are environmentally sound.
The environmental and social impacts of the project have been studied dividing the project into three
parts: the area where the sewer trunk lines are to be built, the WTP and the area downstream of the
WTP.
A total number of397trees are likely to be cut in the Sewer trunk line area. Most of the
environmental impacts identified in the sewer trunk line area, are of minor to medium significance
and of short-term duration. Therefore, they can be mitigated following the proposed mitigation
measures. As regards the socio-economic impacts in this part of the project, both positive and
negative impacts have been identified. The negative impacts include land, property and social issues.
Moreover, the PAPs have shown positive attitude for the project so far as they get proper
compensation. Accordingly, a compensation and resettlement action plan with a grievance
accommodation mechanism has been developed to respond for the PAPs.
Many of the adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts in the WTP site are minor and can
be easily mitigated. The identified “major impacts” are all subjective which may happen under rare
conditions, as in case of negligence, accident, etc. These also have appropriate mitigation measures
and are indicated in the ESMP.
Downstream of the WTP, the impacts are mainly positive since the effluent that will be discharged
into Little Akaki River will be as per specified standard. The effluent from WTP will therefore be of
a higher quality than the water in this river and will provide improved condition for the river
ecosystem.
The noise levels in project area are anticipated to be within the stipulated limits. There is no
existence of endangered species of flora and fauna in the project area. The proposed project will give
a long-term solution to the sewage disposal needs of Addis Ababa. With proper maintenance and
environmental monitoring, the project is not expected to have adverse effects on the environment and
on the surrounding community.
In general, the ESIA study indicates that the implementation of the project is expected to have
enormous significance. The positive impacts by far outweigh the negative impacts. The
implementation of the project will improve the health and livelihood of the city residents and
downstream users of polluted river waters as it reduces the prevalence of waterborne diseases. The
project will also create short and long-term employment opportunities and potentially enables reuse
of the treated wastewater for agriculture and industrial purposes and allows to produce biogas for
energy and organic fertilizer (compost) from the by-products of wastewater treatment process in the
future. The sludge can also be used for electricity generation through pyrolysis.
161
The project is important and timely to reduce the problems associated with the disposal of
wastewater in the city of Addis Ababa. The project will certainly play important role in bringing
about a more ecologically, socio-culturally and economically sustainable and equitable environment
in the Kaliti sewer catchment of Addis Ababa city.
After a careful review of the design document and the existing and generated environmental baseline
data, the consultant has come to the conclusion that it is possible to mitigate almost all of the
environmental and socio economic impacts due to the implementation of the proposed project with
about ETB19,400,000(compensation/RAP and environmental and social management and
monitoring plan). Therefore, looking at the benefits against the negative impacts and the cost, this
project will be environmentally and socioeconomically feasible.
10.2Recommendations
Overall, the ESIA shows that the benefits of the Kaliti WTP and sewer line expansion and
rehabilitation project outweigh much more significantly than the adverse effects. The adverse
impacts identified can be mitigated through implementing the proposed management and monitoring
plans to acceptable limits. Therefore, it is recommended to implement the project with strict
observation to the environmental and social management and monitoring plans.
However, the project supervision consultant once mobilized should prepare “Construction
Supervision Plan” before the beginning of construction works and this plan should be part of the
contract. In addition, the environmental management plans should be made part of contract
documents of contractor so that ESMP compliance is ensured.
The ESMP recommends environmental monitoring at the different phases of the project. The
monitoring should be conducted to check the efficacy of mitigation measures. An environmental
checklist should be developed by the Environment and Safety Division for the daily environmental
audit of the project activities. This should be filled up by the environmental expert (EMU) of the
contractor and should be verified by the AAEPA.
162
SELECTED REFERENCES
AAWSA, 2001.Wastewater Master Plan – Volume 3, European Commission, p109.
AAWSA, 2002. Wastewater Master plan Volume III, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
AAWSA, 2010a. Detail Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants &Sewerage Network for Akaki Sewerage Catchments of
the City of Addis Ababa (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report). Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage
Authority. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
AAWSA, 2010b.Feasibility study of treated waste water from the Kaliti treatment plant.Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage
Authority. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
AAWSA, 2012.Final irrigation feasibility report of Kaliti wastewater treatment plant expansion and rehabilitation and
sewer lines in the Kaliti sewage catchment. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Adrianus van Haandel and Jeroen van der Lubbe, 2007, Handbook Biological Waste Water Treatment – Design and
Optimisation of Activated Sludge Systems, The Netherlands, p570
Alberta Environment, 2000, Guidelines for Municipal Wastewater Irrigation, Edmonton, Alberta, p30.
DerejeNegussa, 2001. Groundwater pollution vulnerability Assessment using RDASTIC approach in Akaki river
basin.Unpublished M.Sc thesis.Addis Ababa University.
Environmental Protection Authority and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Guideline Ambient
Environment Standards for Ethiopia, 2003, Addis Ababa, p.103.
Environmental Protection Authority, Standards for Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia, 1997, Addis Ababa, p.35
Getnet Sewnet, 2012. Predictive modelling of kaliti wastewater treatement plant performance using artificial neural
networks.M.Sc Thesis.Addis Ababa University. P.97.
Government of Canada, 2010, Municipal Wastewater System Effluent Regulations, Vol. 144, No. 12, p69.
I. H. Farooqi, FarrukhBasheer and RahatJahanChaudhari, 2008, Constructed Wetland System (CWS) for Wastewater
Treatment, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Mississauga, pp1004-1009.
J. B. Ellis, R.B.E.Shutes and M.D.Revitt, 2003, Constructed Wetlands and Links with Sustainable Drainage Systems,
Environment Agency, Rio House, Bristol, p.190.
Merz, Sinclair Knight, 2000, Guidelines for using free water surface constructed wetland to treat municipal sewage,
Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane, p.133.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 2003, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p.1819.
MogensHenze, Mark van Loosdrecht, George Ekama, DamirBrdjanovic (Editors), 2008, Biological Wastewater
Treatment – Principles, Modelling and Design, Cambridge University Press, p.518.
Roberto Reinoso, Linda Alexandra Torres, EloyBecares, (2008), Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria
and pathogenic parasites from wastewater, Environmental Research Institute, University of Leon, Spain, p.7.
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental and Social Management Frame Work, June 2004
163
Wastewater Committee of the Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and
Environmental Managers, 2004, Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities, New York, p.129.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006, Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and grey water, Volume 2:
Wastewater in Agriculture.
164
ANNEXES
Annex 1 List of Project Affected People and Property

Table A1.1 Goods and assets affected
Name of level of effect
household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status
Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments
1 Yohans Dgafee 6.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
2 Samia Melena 39.4 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
3 Kabansh Ferede 51.6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner c servant
4 Woubshet W/gabriel 21.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
5 Tilahun Dgafee 30 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Private
6 Sefa Oumer 60 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Private
7 Aynalem Haddis 15.8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
8 Mulugeta Mersha 14.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Private
9 Bayush Dgafee 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner
10 Bezu Fikre 20.9 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner small trade
11 Hailu shibeshi 13 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
12 Danil Alemayhu 116 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner no job
13 Taytu Beyene 49 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner housewife
14 Weynshet 88 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner housewife
165

15 Nimani Finet 140 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner farmer
16 Fantu Nemani 57.2 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner House wife
17 hasen Nesru 14 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender
18 Danil Talore 16 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner guard private emp.
19 Tedla Sige 20 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner guard private emp.
20 Ejigu Minda 30 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner guard private emp.
21 Alemnesh Ghana 77 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner House wife
22 Moke Kebede 0 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
23 Gonfa Hude 35 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pension
24 Mewled Abdella 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
25 Lubaba Adem 52 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
26 Haru 7 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
27 Mudin Kemal 72 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
28 Fikre Moges 31 House & fence Dwelling Partial Owner Private
29 Mubarek Muzemil 32 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner Business man
30 Degitu Daba 33 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
31 Dino Kedir 83 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender
32 Lemessa Koricho 55 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Private emp.
33 Shikur Zeleke 28 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
34 Tofik Ali 27 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender
35 Mustefa Mudesir 19 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
36 Miftah Shamil 25 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
37 Shiferaw kebede 46 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private emp
166

38 Dejene Gashaw 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
39 Asrara Nesro 10 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
40 Fekie Hasen 38 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner vender
41 Akmel Hasen 62 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner
42 Worknesh Ali 34.5 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
43 Abdella Hasen 39.5 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner vender
44 Ayelch Megerssa 6.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil serevant
45 Muzeyn Ahmed 13 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
46 Hunde 32 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
47 Nure Musa 27 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner civil serevant
48 Mareguwa Birhanu 17 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
49 Mebratu Debo 34 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
50 Asmare Ayele 20 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
51 Wudma Debo 19 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner privat gurd
52 Fantaye Lmane 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender
53 Negash Muzeyn 20 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner small scal ent
54 Gadissie Muleta 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner
55 Hailu Bekele 0 Dwelling Partial Owner pension
56 Fanaye Wordofa 24 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
57 Genanaw Wondimu 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
58 Endalkachew Dote 17 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business man
59 Ngash Bekele 10 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
60 Tesfaye Asule 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
167

61 Mulu Getahun 19 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
62 Merkebu Kassa 26 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
63 Askale Bereda 68 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner business
64 Aselefech Mengiste 36 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
65 Awgichew Tilaye 0 Dwelling Partial Owner private
66 Megerssa lelissa 161.8 mud house & fence Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
67 Bizunesh Demissie 66 mud house & fence Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
68 Solomon Bekele 0 Dwelling Partial Owner private com.emp
69 Mkuria Tesema 0 Dwelling Partial Owner business
70 Simur Ayenew 10.2 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
71 abreham Zeberga 7 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner
72 Aynalem Habte 12.6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
73 Leta 6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
74 Nuria Omer 9 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
75 Tariku Tesfaye 7.7 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
76 Ashenafi Kebede 0 Dwelling Partial Owner business
77 Aliye Deremo 12.2 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
78 Hadosh Baraki 12.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business
79 Alemu Taddese 14 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
80 G/egziabher T/hymamot 0 Dwelling Partial Owner business
81 Solomon G/hiwot 0 Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
82 Takele Beyene 0 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
83 G/meskel Teklu 14 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Farmer/investor
168

84 Yinegrutal Abate 9.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private com.emp
85 Netanet Degu 17 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
86 Tshome Belay 55.2 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner NGO
87 Gugsa Mahetem 31 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
88 Nekhewot 15 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
89 Resom G/Silasse 17 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
90 Tekalgn Werkae 40 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner NGO
91 Mamite Desta 53 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
92 Erkiyhun Ferede 0 Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
93 Hana Getahun 12.2 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner business w
94 Solomon Hirpa 23.3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner business
95 Sebsibe H/Mariam 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
96 Tewodros Abate 10 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private
97 Yared G/medhin 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Student
98 Begashaw Kebede 3.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
99 T/hymanot Berehe 10.3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
100 Teshome Zewdu 11.2 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner p.cmp.emp
101 Kdija mohamed 4 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
102 Zelalem Kassa 4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
103 Fikre Adera 8.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
104 Enkutatash G/Egizeabher 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
105 Tekleab Girma 9 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private
106 Shewaye Argaw 7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
169

107 Emebet Tamirat 12 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
108 H/Mariam Terfa 5.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
109 known by GPS 17.8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
110 Billgn Tamre 0 Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
111 Brahanu Endegena 10 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil serevant
112 Zerehane taddese 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
113 Alemzewd Abebe 10.2 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
114 Yarad Lsanu 9 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
115 Solomon Kebede 10.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private
116 Luel Eleas 4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private
117 Yeshetela haile 8.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
118 Zenashe Gezahgn 8.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
119 zerfabelen Desta 6.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
120 Getachew Diriba 4.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
121 Teshome Abebe 6.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
122 known by GPS 11.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
123 Girma Mulugeta 4.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
124 Mulu Geleta 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
125 brtukan Geleta 5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
126 Lasab Belayneh 8.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
127 Banche Desta 13 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
128 Bacha Berhe 34.2 mud house & hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
129 Bekele Werga 8.1 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
170

130 Kebede W/mariam 3.8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
131 Demeke Batabe 5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
132 Tadele Sheferaw 7.6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
133 Agze Brhanu 11 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
134 Tega Tolosa 8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
135 Wedage Amare 7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
136 Meseret Kebede 22.6 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
137 Yrgalem Temesgen 13.3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
138 known by GPS 13 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
139 Kebede Senbeta 8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
140 Genet feleke 19 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
141 Abebe Mekonnen 3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private
142 Yeshi Ayele 17 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
143 Debebe Bekele 10.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
144 Dereje Mengesha 3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
145 Tegaye W/mariam 6.6 Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
146 Seged woldabe 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no
147 Tizita Tilahun 5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner no
148 Mengistu Begashaw 8.1 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner no
149 Tilahun Melaku 19 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner
150 Lakew Derbew 63 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
151 Abeba Abreha 32 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
152 Kassahun Asfaw 39 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
171

153 Yeshigeta Tamre 0 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
154 Tsega Alebel 75 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner priest
155 Tlaye WALJRA 0 Dwelling Partial Owner private
156 Erbka T/silasse 11 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
157 Walelu Zewde 34 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
158 Abera Kefa 13.7 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
159 Alem Dejene 40 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
160 Worke Addise 14 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
161 Kyesha Gnbure 15.8 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
162 Ermiyas Wondmagn 39 fence CIS & HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
163 Maledu Tegabu 9 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
164 Endalkachew Adnew 20.5 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business
165 Degfee Agonafer 33.3 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner comp.emp
166 kassa Berehe 16 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer
167 Enana Mehret 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
168 Metasebia Tesfaye 16 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
169 the Biniams Shemels 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Student
170 Desalgn Gebessa 43 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner comp.emp
171 Kitaba Gudeta 74 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner no
172 Dinknesh Begashaw 27 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner comp.emp
173 Konjet Getachew 52 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner
174 Kebebushi H/mariam 52 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
175 Amare Engdawork 106 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
172

176 Tena Mengistu 28 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner no
177 Zewdu Tilahun 3 FENCE CIS Dwelling Partial Owner no
178 Zenbech Ayele 56 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
179 Ayelu Bedane 42 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
180 Negusu Mezemer 6 FENCE CIS Dwelling Partial Owner priest
181 Eynesh Weldeyes 29 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
182 Melese Hasen 70 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
183 Girma Endeshaw 17 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner priest
184 Yatnesh Welde 75 mud house & HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
185 Fikre Husen 85 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
186 tegereda Debalk 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
187 Estifanos G/tadik 50 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner
188 Etenesh Eshete 26 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
189 Tadese Nega 45 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
190 Demitu sory 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no
191 zelalem Mengistu 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no
192 Taye Abebe 7.75 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant
193 Tesma Weldeyes 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
194 Bushra Mussa 4.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner priest
195 Muktar Ahmed 5.7 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
196 Tegaye Teka 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
197 Yonas Taye 45 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner priest
198 Getye Mikre 13 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
173

199 W/gebrail Nrayo 12 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
200 Tekabech Alemu 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
201 Ngatu Asfaw 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner no
202 Ene-Mesfin Alemu 17 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pastor
203 Tamrat Chernt 0 - Dwelling Partial Owner private
204 Ene-Lulet Girma 21 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
205 Yeshe Bekele 19 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
206 Zemerkin Dembue 18 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
207 Yeshareg G/sillassie 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
208 Mengistu Haile 37.5 mud house & hollow BLOCK fence Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
209 Yirga Desta 0 Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
210 Ephrem Teklu 12 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner no
211 Alemayehu W/Gebriel 41 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
212 Aleme Tefera 10 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
213 Nebyat Tefera 28 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
214 Bayush Teggn 93 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
215 Mengistu Zewde 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no
216 Bereka Eshete 8.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
217 Erstu Fantaye 26 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
218 Tiruye Engdasew 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
219 Molla Getahun 11.6 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
221 Mesfin Arega 5.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
174

222 Abdrahman Yakobe 8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private
223 Fantanesh Alemu 38 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
224 Rede 0 Dwelling Partial Owner contractor
225 Tesfaye H/michiel 77 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner
226 Bogale(org) Taddese 57 fence CIS& HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner metal workshop rented
227 Abebe 13.3 fence CIS& HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner
228 kelemwa Kabthymer 66 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife
229 Onta Mote 83 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private
230 known by GPS 27 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner
231 Hasi Donomam Muzeyim 19 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business
232 Mesfin Alemu 47 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private
233 Ephrem Gezahgn 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no
234 Tensae Birhanu 10.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil
235 Abu Dabi 0 Dwelling Partial Owner
236 known by GPS 0 Dwelling Partial Owner
238 known by GPS 0 Dwelling Partial Owner
239 Fekadu berta 22 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
240 Senayt Kifle 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner house wife Fully affected
241 Aself Haile 19 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
242 Sheawalem Hasen 23 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
243 Yeshewaget Teferra 31 mud house Dwelling Total Owner Private Fully affected
244 Zulfa Abdu 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner House wife Fully affected
175

245 Nasir Kedir 24 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
246 Kamil Sani 34 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
247 Birhanu Zrgaw 39 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
248 Triku W/yohans 21 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
249 Tesema Awgchew 48 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
250 Girma Worku 30 mud house Dwelling Total Owner Private emp. Fully affected
251 Taddese Zirkwa 21 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
252 Niri Shifa 22 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
253 Bambeta Wegeta 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
254 Abera Haile 32 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
255 Fetiha Mubark 23 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
256 Tekle sifer 41 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
257 mohamed Sifer 44 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
258 mohamed kedir 40 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
259 Kifle Nemaga 40 mud house Dwelling Total Owner Private emp. Fully affected
260 Tesfaye 25 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
261 Taddese Ajma 144 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
262 Bayse Bekele 26 mud house Dwelling Total Owner civil servant Fully affected
263 Tamrat Kebede 38 mud house Dwelling Total Owner private artist Fully affected
264 Belaynesh Kebede 38 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
265 Ayana Gebre 63 mud house Dwelling Total Owner civil servant Fully affected
266 Shamil yasin 33 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected
267 Mubarek oumer 28 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected
176

268 Birhanu Asrat 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner private Fully affected
269 Tega G/mariam 0 CIS house Dwelling Total Owner private Fully affected
Table A1.2 Affected Businesses

level of
effect (total,
Description of houses and Use of the partial,
No. Name or type of business Plot area construction property minimum) Tenue status Comments
1 Garage 25 meter fence CIS Business Partial Owner
2 Muez garage 30 meter fence CIS Business Partial Owner
3 plc 22.8 CIS house Business Partial Owner
4 JICA Training center 25 meter fence stone wall Business Partial Owner
5 Agriculturalinputs supp. 12 meter fence stone wall Business Partial Owner
meter square CIS
6 Spice factory 757 STORE&FENCE Business Partial Owner
7 Abdi Garage 405 METER fence IS Business Partial Owner
8 Awash Tannery 125 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner
9 Anjela store Business Partial Owner
10 Nfas Silk lafto forest 240 eucalyptus trees Business Partial Owner
11 Bihere Tegy Park 56 eucalyptus trees Business Partial Owner
12 Joint Enterprise coop. 9 eucalyptus trees Business Partial Owner
cis houses &12 meters stone
13 comet transport 450 wall fence Business Partial Owner
14 Defense Construction 6 meter CIS fence Business Partial Owner
177
level of
effect (total,
Description of houses and Use of the partial,
No. Name or type of business Plot area construction property minimum) Tenue status Comments
Agricultural Marketing
15 enterprise 12 meters stone wall fence Business Partial Owner
meter squ.CIS STORE
208CUBIC METER FUEL
16 Mekan yesus workshop 1110 TANKER Business Partial Owner 25 m3 Septic tank
17 Washed coffee enterprise 12 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner
18 Agrisco 12 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner
19 Lika plc 19.3 meter hollow block fence Business Partial Owner
Nefas Silk lafto district 9
20 mosque 12 meters CIS fence Business Partial Owner
28 m3 fuel tank and 25
21 Defense Construction. 12 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner m3 septic tank
22 Saudi Arabia embassy 37 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner
23 Micro enterprise 78 meter squ.foundation Business Partial Owner
24 Micro enterprise 65 meter squ.foundation Business Partial Owner
25 ETHIO Marble Industry 206 Meter squ.CIS STORE Business Partial Owner
meter squ.FoundationCIS
26 MICro enterprise 37 STORE Business Partial Owner
27 G.A.D construction p.l.c 23 meter fence CIS Business Partial Owner
28 Fetno derash ider 16.3 meter CIS FENCE Business Partial Owner
METER
29 known by GPS 38 SQUA.FUNDATION Business Partial Owner
178
Table: A1.3 Impact caused by displacement (household)

No Name Loss of loss or loss or difficulty loss of access loss of access loss of Comments
3
. land (m ) decrease of of access to to health to public access
income educational services network
services
1 Fekadu Berta 22 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
2 Senayt Kifle 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
3 Aself Haile 19 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
4 Sheawalem Hasen 23 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
5 Yeshewaget Teferra 31 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
6 Zulfa Abdu 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
7 Nasir Kedir 24 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
8 Kamil Sani 34 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
9 Birhanu Zrgaw 39 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
10 Triku W/yohans 21 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
11 Tesema Awgchew 48 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
12 Girma Worku 30 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
13 Taddese Zirkwa 21 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
14 Niri Shifa 43.5 No No No No No Loss of mud house and CIS
15 Bambeta Wegeta 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
179
No Name Loss of loss or loss or difficulty loss of access loss of access loss of Comments
. land (m3) decrease of of access to to health to public access
income educational services network
services
16 Abera Haile 32 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
17 Fetiha Mubark 23 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
18 Tekle sifer 41 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
19 mohamed Sifer 44 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
20 mohamed kedir 40 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
21 Kifle Nemaga 40 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
22 Tesfaye 25 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
23 Taddese Ajma 144 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
24 Bayse Bekele 26 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
25 Tamrat Kebede 38 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
26 Belaynesh Kebede 38 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
27 Ayana Gebre 63 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
28 Shamil yasin 33 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
29 Mubarek oumer 28 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
30 Birhanu Asrat 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house
31 Tega G/mariam 16 NO NO NO NO NO Los of CIS house sand fence
180
Annex 2. Professionals Involved in the Study

No. Name Academic Rank Specialization Experience Involvement in the project
(Yr)
1 Tenalem PhD, Professor Hydro- 25 Hydrology and
Ayenew geology/Hydrology hydrogeology, water
quality (Project
Coordinator)
2 Feleke Zewge PhD, Associate Environmental 20 Wastewater treatment
Professor Engineer processes and technology
3 Zebene Kifle PhD, Associate Chemical Engineer 24 Wastewater treatment
Professor processes and technology,
report writing impact
assessment evaluation
4 Kasahun Bedane M.Sc Environmentalist 26 Evaluate the biological
environment and
environmental health.
legal and policy
frameworks
5 AmareMekonnen M.Sc Environmentalist 22 Evaluate the physical
environment for the ESIA
6 Teklemarim M.Sc Sociologist 34 Socioeconomic evaluation
Mengestie
7 Adefris Demise M.Sc Socio-economist 28 Prepare the RAP
8 Almaz Shitie M.Sc Environmentalist 26 Water quality assessment
9 Workneh Tefera Diploma Surveyor 10 Surveying the trunk lines
14 Zewdu M.Sc GIS expert 7 Prepare maps and spatial

Alebachew analysis of design
documents
181
Annex 3 Historical water quality records in the project area

Se Total
tt- ColiFo
C Susp. Solids Diss. Solids la N N N P rm
N P D BO C SO Alkal Gre
Location of sample's site O bl TKN H O2 O3 O4
o. H O D5 L- 4- inity ase
D e 3 - - -
Inorg Orga Inorg Orga sol
anic inic anic inic .
m mg mg/ m m mg mg m mg mg mg/ MPN/1
Unit g/l /l l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l g/l mg/l g/l /l /l g/l /l /l mg/l l 00ml
LITTLE AKAKI &
TRIBUTARIES
S.of Rubber shoes fact 8. NI 51 22 NI 10 40000
1 debrezeit Rd. 2 L 8 399 90 150 714 91 0 22.4 58 0 L 0 13 6.8 380 NIL 000
7. 0. NI 19 0.0 NI
3 North west of berehere TSGE 7 3 68 68 6 30 268 16 L NIL .4 5 1.3 22 L 7.6 180 NIL 32000
6. 5. 33 7. NI 24000
4 Near Mekanisa liquor factory 7 7 2 478 15 28 489 110 40 4.8 7 0 L 65 45 3 148 NIL 0
7. 2. 21 21 42 2.6 NI 52000
5 Near diversion point to swer 6 3 1 180 120 90 547 41 1 0.8 .6 4 2.2 65 L 9.5 308 NIL 00
7. 0. NI 8. 1.1
6 Near Jima road Tsige 9 6 55 40 NIL NIL 348 11 L 2.5 8 9 6.2 50 60 5 140 NIL 3100
Downstream Akaki bridge on 8. 0. 54 31 32 0.0 11 56000
7 Jima road 2 8 2 339 116 196 678 74 2 13.5 .3 3 4.4 0 5 9.8 330 NIL 000
1 7. NI 31 15 53 NI NI NI 54000
6 South of Berehe bridge 1 L 2 252 73 83 541 59 0 13.4 .5 L L 65 L 8 320 NIL 00
1 East Paulos&Pestros church- 7. 5. NI 1.1
7 Ambo road 5 8 7 8 NIL NIL 153 NIL L NIL 1 9 1.3 15 3 2.4 100 NIL 18
2 South of Gulele soap fact. 8. 7. NI 0. 0.1
1 Ambo road 1 7 7 3.5 NIL NIL 150 NIL L NIL 5 2 0.9 25 2 0.7 76 NIL 240
2 North of Gulele soap fact. 7. 7. NI 0. 0.5 NI
2 Ambo road 9 1 7 3.7 NIL NIL 96 NIL L NIL 6 3 2.2 5 L 1.8 68 NIL 9200
2 MekaneyesusLidetabrige(Sth.M 7. NI 51 26 NI NI 95000
4 ercato) 4 L 6 535 98 166 573 152 2 34.5 63 L 3.5 83 L 9 375 4.3 000
2 NI 38 21 68 NI NI 22 48000
8 Upstr. Kaliti treat. PtConflunet 8 L 2 100 80 140 933 173 0 27.4 .4 L L 5 24 6.5 400 4.6 00
2 Down st.Kaliti treat. Pt 8. NI 41 28 80 NI NI 23 94000
9 Confluent 1 L 1 105 90 210 969 236 4 44.8 .6 L L 5 20 9.6 410 4.5 000
3 Upstream Awash Tannery 7. NI 16 16 42 NI NI 52000
0 Effluent 9 L 6 102 40 54 479 32 3 21.4 .6 L L 60 10 8 236 NIL 000
3 Downstream Awash Tannery 8. NI 20 22 45 NI NI 83000
1 Enffluent 2 L 2 117 80 110 526 69 5 33.7 .2 L L 75 14 8.5 84 5 000
3 Upstream Aday Ababa 8. 0. 14 4.9 71000
2 Enffluent 2 8 86 42 42 52 479 30 2 14.3 28 5 6.6 60 14 11 136 NIL 00
3 Downstream Aday Ababa NI 10 14 28 5.2 11. 68000
3 Enffluent 8 L 1 64 40 50 479 30 3 14.2 .4 8 6.2 60 14 2 85 NIL 00
3 Upstream Awash Winery 7. 6. NI 0. 1.5 14.
4 Enffluent 8 6 21 12 NIL NIL 259 NIL L NIL 7 2 1 35 13 4.6 144 NIL 78000
3 Downstream Awash Winery 6. 5. 34 7. NI NI 25000
5 Enffluent 7 7 5 486 16 30 508 118 40 4.9 6 L L 66 45 3.4 146 NIL 0
3 7. NI 46 66 58 0.0 69000
6 Upstream Abattoirs Enffluent 7 L 6 428 360 325 549 112 5 34.2 .1 7 3.1 75 4 11 320 5.8 000
3 Downstream Abattoirs 7. NI 48 68 0.0 13. 57000
7 Enffluent 6 L 5 444 353 364 555 116 7 35.6 71 5 1.8 85 2 2 340 5.4 000
KEBENA & TRIBUTARIES

5. NI 27
2 South east of EFTC 8 8 46 35 NIL NIL 442 8 L 7 .5 2.6 8.8 38 4 9 276 NIL 12000
Kechene behind main post 7. 20 17 55 NI NI 32000
8 office 7 2 2 134 89 87 429 81 6 21 .5 L L 64 15 9.8 230 NIL 00
7. 21 24 58 0.0 NI 44000
9 kechene near Zewditu hospital 6 2 7 144 150 98 435 65 8 22.4 .1 5 L 65 15 10 225 NIL 00
Se Total
tt- ColiFo
N P D BO Orga C SO Alkal Gre
Location of sample's site O bl H O2 O3 O4
o. H O D5 n.N L- 4- inity ase
D e 3 - - -
m mg mg/ m m mg mg m mg mg mg/ MPN/1
Unit g/l /l l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l g/l mg/l g/l /l /l g/l /l /l mg/l l 00ml
KEBENA &
TRIBUTARIES(CONT'D)
1 7. 3. 38 0.3 53000
0 Misrak secondary school 7 7 97 63 52 39 341 24 91 14 .7 8 3.5 45 15 10 184 NIL 00
1 On Bantyiketu downstream 7. 0. 41 184 303 357 512 57 64 20 41 0.0 0.8 48 4 10 330 NIL 86000
182
Se Total
tt- ColiFo
N P D BO C SO Alkal Gre
Location of sample's site O bl TKN H O2 O3 O4
o. H O D5 L- 4- inity ase
D e 3 - - -
1 Bambi bridge 7 4 0 5 .9 3 000
1 7. 0. 12 30 1.1 12000
2 Downstream Urael Bole bridge 7 8 7 24 58 38 334 10 88 12 .7 9 0.8 46 6 10 180 NIL 00
1 South of st Joseph church and 7. 0. 32 1.0
4 Cemet 9 6 82 48 32 54 446 36 83 17 .3 2 2.6 56 6 8.5 256 NIL 470
1 0. 11 32 0.0
5 Near Bole bridge 8 6 2 60 56 21 489 44 72 17.3 .3 5 0.4 47 5 8.6 326 NIL 38000
1 Kurtume B. Zeleke road N.st. 7. NI 1. 1.1 12.
8 Mary sch. 8 6 4 7 NIL NIL 164 NIL L NIL 1 8 3 22 4 4 78 NIL 4600
1 kechene near kechene bridge E. 7. 4. NI 13 0.5 73000
9 of Univ. 8 8 40 36 NIL NIL 465 NIL L 4 .2 9 3.5 70 9 9 232 NIL 00
2 6. NI 0. 0.0 10. 57000
0 North of French embassy 8 6 7 11 NIL NIL 338 NIL L NIL 6 5 1 57 3 2.7 166 NIL 0
2 Kechene near st Peter 7. 3. 12. NI 10 1.6 NI
3 Tubercul. Hosp. 6 7 26 5 NIL NIL 407 NIL L 3.5 .3 5 6.2 48 L 6 250 NIL 85000
2 8. 0. 13 51 1.4 11. 73000
5 KurtumeHabteGiorgis bridge 1 6 7 93 42 66 512 35 42 22.7 .6 8 2.2 63 8 2 286 NIL 00
GREAT AKAKI
1 Near end of Bole airport 7. NI 21 1.1
3 runway 6 1 37 32 NIL NIL 258 18 L 17 .3 8 8.8 35 10 4.8 140 NIL 5
2 7. 7. NI 0. 1.1
6 Near Legadadi 7 7 4 5 NIL NIL 161 NIL L NIL 6 9 2.6 2 4 2.5 132 NIL 13
2 Near by pass bridge (Akaki 7. 4. NI 0. 2.9 13.
7 city) 8 7 11 10 NIL NIL 306 NIL L NIL 9 7 2 22 7 4 184 NIL 3600
ABA SAMUEL LAKE

3 7. 6. NI 0. 3.
8 Ababa Samuel dam Enffluent 3 7 7 1.2 NIL NIL 320 NIL L NIL 6 0.1 1.3 50 8 1.8 190 NIL 350
3 Aba Samuel (Eastside-1km 1. NI 0. 0.0 3.
9 from dam) 7 4 7 2.2 NIL NIL 306 NIL L NIL 6 7 1.3 48 5 1.8 182 NIL 350
4 Aba Samuel (Westside-1km 7. 3. NI 0. 3.
0 from dam) 1 8 8 1.3 NIL NIL 300 NIL L NIL 6 0.1 0.9 50 6 1.6 176 NIL 280
4 Aba Samuel (Eastside-3km 7. 1. NI 0. 0.0 3.
4 Aba Samuel (Eastside-5km 7. 1. NI 0. 0.0 3.
Hydroensulpide H2S
concentrationis NIL for all tests
183
Annex 4: FAO Guideline for Wastewater Use in Agriculture

Table .A4.1 Recommended microbiological quality guidelines for wastewater use in agriculture
Catego Reuse condition Exposed Intestinal Faecal coliforms Wastewater treatment
ry group nematodesb (geometric mean expected to achieve the
(arithmetic no. per 100 ml) required microbiological
mean no. of eggs quality
per liter
A Irrigation of crops likely Workers, 1  1000d A series of stabilization
to be eaten uncooked, consumer ponds designed to achieve
sports fields, public s, public the microbiological quality
parksdd indicated, or equivalent
treatment
B Irrigation of cereal crops, Workers 1 No standard Retention in stabilization
industrial crops, fodder recommended ponds for 8-10 days or
crops, pasture and treese equivalent helminth and
faecal coliform removal
C Localized irrigation of None Not applicable Not applicable Pretreatment as required by
crops in category B if the irrigation technology,
exposure of workers and but not less than primary
the public does not occur sedimentation
Table A4.2 Guidelines forinterpretation of water quality for irrigation
Degree of restriction on use

Potential irrigation problem Units
None Slight to moderate Severe
Salinity
Ecw1 dS/m < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0
or
TDS mg/l < 450 450 - 2000 > 2000
Infiltration
SAR2 = 0 - 3 and ECw > 0.7 0.7 - 0.2 < 0.2
3 -6 > 1.2 1.2 - 0.3 < 0.3
6-12 > 1.9 1.9 - 0.5 < 0.5
12-20 > 2.9 2.9 - 1.3 < 1.3
20-40 > 5.0 5.0 - 2.9 < 2.9
Specific ion toxicity
Sodium (Na)
Surface irrigation SAR <3 3-9 >9
Sprinkler irrigation me/I <3 >3
Chloride (Cl)
Surface irrigation me/I <4 4 - 10 > 10
Sprinkler irrigation m3/l <3 >3 11
Boron (B) mg/l < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0
Trace Elements
Miscellaneous effects
Nitrogen (NO3-N)3 mg/l <5 5 - 30 > 30
Bicarbonate (HCO3) me/I < 1.5 1.5 - 8.5 > 8.5
pH Normal range 6.5-8
184
1
ECw means electrical conductivity in deciSiemens per metre at 25°C
2
SAR means sodium adsorption ratio
3
NO3-N means nitrate nitrogen reported in terms of elemental nitrogen
Source: FAO(1985)
Table A4.3 Threshold levels of trace elements for production

Element Recommended Remarks
maximum
concentration
(mg/l)
Al (aluminum) 5.0 Can cause non-productivity in acid soils (pH < 5.5), but more alkaline soils at
pH > 7.0 will precipitate the ion and eliminate any toxicity.
As (arsenic) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/l for Sudan grass to less
than 0.05 mg/l for rice.
Be (beryllium) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/l for kale to 0.5 mg/l for
bush beans.
Cd (cadmium) 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in
nutrient solutions. Conservative limits recommended due to its potential for
accumulation in plants and soils to concentrations that may be harmful to
humans.
Co (cobalt) 0.05 Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated
by neutral and alkaline soils.
Cr (chromium) 0.10 Not generally recognized as an essential growth element. Conservative limits
recommended due to lack of knowledge on its toxicity to plants.
Cu (copper) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in nutrient solutions.
F (fluoride) 1.0 Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.
Fe (iron) 5.0 Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and
loss of availability of essential phosphorus and molybdenum. Overhead
sprinkling may result in unsightly deposits on plants, equipment and buildings.
Li (lithium) 2.5 Tolerated by most crops up to 5 mg/l; mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus at low
concentrations (<0.075 mg/l). Acts similarly to boron.
Mn (manganese 0.20 Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/l, but usually only in
) acid soils.
Mo (molybden 0.01 Not toxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to
um) livestock if forage is grown in soils with high concentrations of available
molybdenum.
Ni (nickel) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l; reduced toxicity at neutral
or alkaline pH.
Pd (lead) 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations.
Se (selenium) 0.02 Toxic to plants at concentrations as low as 0.025 mg/l and toxic to livestock if
forage is grown in soils with relatively high levels of added selenium. As
essential element to animals but in very low concentrations.
Sn (tin)
Ti (titanium) - Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance unknown.
W (tungsten)
C (vanadium) 0.10 Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations.
Zn (zinc) 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH
> 6.0 and in fine textured or organic soils.
1
The maximum concentration is based on a water application rate which is consistent with good
irrigation practices (10 000 m3 per hectare per year). If the water application rate greatly exceeds
this, the maximum concentrations should be adjusted downward accordingly. No adjustment should
185
be made for application rates less than 10 000 m3 per hectare per year. The values given are for water
used on a continuous basis at one site.
186
ANNEX 5: USEPA, NPDES AND EC EDR for discharges from wastewater treatment
plants
A significant element in waste-water disposal is the potential environmental impact associated with
it. Environmental standards are developed to ensure that the impacts of treated waste-water
discharges into ambient waters are acceptable. Standards play a fundamental role in the
determination of the level of wastewater treatment required and in the selection of the discharge
location and outfall structures.
Regulations and procedures vary from one country to another and are continuously reviewed and
updated to reflect growing concern for the protection of ambient waters. In Ethiopia, there is no well
established guideline and standard for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies. The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit programme in 1972 to control water pollution by regulating
point sources that discharge pollutants into waters. Accordingly, industrial, municipal, and other
facilities are required to obtain permits if their discharges go directly into surface waters. Under this
programme, secondary treatment standards were established by USEPA for publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs), governing the performance of secondary waste-water treatment plants.
These technology-based regulations, which apply to all municipal waste-water treatment plants,
represent the minimum level of effluent quality attainable by secondary treatment in terms of BOD5
and TSS removal as presented in the following table.
Table A5.1 USEPA, NPDES AND EC EDR FOR DISCHARGES FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
187
Annex 6Environment, Health and Safety Aspects of the Project

Workers in every occupation can be faced with a multitude of hazards at the workplace.
Occupational health and safety addresses the broad range of workplace hazards from accident
prevention to the more insidious hazards including toxic fumes, dust, noise, heat, stress, etc.
Preventing work- related diseases and accidents must be the goal of occupational health and safety
programs/activities rather.
Hazards in workplace manifest themselves in a variety of forms, including chemical, physical,
biological, psychological, non-application of ergonomic principles, etc. Therefore, appropriate
consideration must be given during the design and implementation stages of the development
project in order to eliminate or reduce work place hazards associated with the project thereby
ensuring the health and safety of workers. Most effective hazard preventions begin in the design
stage of the proposed activities.
The type and level of hazards are generally related to controllable factors such as workplace design,
installations, equipment, tools, processes, work procedures, raw materials, byproducts, and the
degree and sophistication of employees’ training. Administrative and managerial facilities generally
involve less risks and hazards than industrial settings.
A6.1 Environment/Ambient Factors
Noise
Noise limits for different working environments are given in Table A7.1. No employee may be
exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day. In
addition, no unprotected ear should be exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of
more than Leq,fast 110 dB(A). The use of hearing protection must be actively enforced where Leq,8h
reach 85 dB(A). In the project activities, where such conditions are present, the Contractor or the
Client should avail hearing protection to workers.
Table A6.1 Noise limits Leq, 8h and maximum Lmax, fast
Location/activity Equivalent noise level Maximum noise level
Leq,8h Lmax,fast
Heavy industry 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A)
Light industry 50-60 dB(A) 110 dB(A)
Open offices, control 45.-50 dB(A) -
rooms, service counters or
similar
Individual offices 40-45 dB(A) -
Hospitals 30.35 dB(A) 40 dB(A)
Vibration
Exposure to hand-arm vibration from equipment such as hand and power tools or whole body
vibrations from surfaces on which workers stand or sit shall be controlled through selection of
188
equipment and limitation of exposure time. The limitation for vibration and action values, i.e. the
level of exposure at which remediation should be initiated are given in Table A7.2.
Table A6.2 Vibration exposure and action value limits (acceleration, m/s2)
Description Hand-arm vibration Whole-body vibration
Daily exposure limit value
standardized to 8hs reference period 5m/s2 1.15m/s2
Daily exposure action value
standardized to 8hs reference period 2.5m/s2 0.6m/s2
Illumination
Work area light intensity must be adequate especially in the operation period of the WTP, for the
general purpose of the location and type of activity and must be supplemented with dedicated
workplace illumination as required. All light sources should be with minimum heat emission.
Reflection from flickering light/glare should be avoided at work place.
Temperature
Indoor temperatures that are conducive and appropriate for the type of work shall be ensured. Risks
of heat or cold related stress must be adequately addressed and feasible control measures
implemented for the work in adverse environment. This is important in areas where digesters and
burners (flaring) are present, i.e., in the WTP.
Hazardous substances
Handling, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous substances such as chemicals, gases,
vapors, fumes, dust, fibers, etc. shall fulfill the requirements of the national and international
standard guidelines. One or more of these substances will be used by the project.
Therefore, the Hazardous Materials Management Plan should address applicable, essential elements
of occupational health and safety management including:
 Job safety analysis to identify specific potential occupational hazards and industrial hygiene
surveys, as appropriate, to monitor and verify chemical exposure levels, and compare with
applicable occupational exposure standards
 Hazard communication and training programs to prepare workers to recognize and respond
to workplace chemical hazards. Programs should include aspects of hazard identification,
safe operating and materials handling procedures, safe work practices, basic emergency
Precaution must be taken to keep the risk of exposure to hazardous substance as low as possible.
Work processes, engineering and administrative control measures must be designed, maintained and
operated so as avoid or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the working environment.
The number of employees exposed or likely to become exposed must be kept at a minimum and the
level of exposure maintained below internationally established or recognized exposure limits. When
hazardous materials are in use above threshold quantities, the management plan should include a
189
system for community awareness, notification and involvement that should be commensurate with
the potential risks identified for the project during the hazard assessment studies.
Air emissions and ambient Air Quality
Emissions of air pollutants can occur from a wide variety of activities during the construction,
operation, and decommissioning phases of the project. The sources are mainly point sources,
fugitive sources, and mobile sources.
Where possible, facilities and projects should avoid, minimize, and control adverse impacts to
human health, safety, and the environment from emissions to air. Where this is not possible, the
generation and release of emissions of any type should be managed through a combination of
different methods such as process modification, and application of emissions control techniques.
Projects with significant sources of air emissions, and potential for significant impacts to ambient
air quality, should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that emissions do not result in pollutant
concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards by applying
national legislated standards, or in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines (see
Table A7.3).
Table A6.3 WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines
Point Sources
Point sources in the project include digesters, flaring apparatus, standby diesel generator.
190
Stack Height
The stack height for all point sources of emissions, whether ‘significant’ or not, should be designed
according to GIIP to avoid excessive ground level concentrations.
Fugitive Sources
The two main types of fugitive emissions are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and particulate
matter (PM). Other contaminants (NOx, SO2 and CO) are mainly associated with combustion
processes, as described above. Projects with potentially significant fugitive sources of emissions
should establish the need for ambient quality assessment and monitoring practices.
Open burning of solid wastes, whether hazardous or nonhazardous, is not considered good practice
and should be avoided, as the generation of polluting emissions from this type of source cannot be
controlled effectively.
Particulate Matter (PM)
The most common pollutant involved in fugitive emissions is dust or particulate matter (PM). This is
released during construction operations, transportation, material handling, open storage of solid
materials, and from exposed soil surfaces, including unpaved roads. Recommended prevention and
control of these emissions sources include:
 Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water suppression, or increased moisture
content for open materials storage piles, or controls, including air extraction and treatment
through a baghouse or cyclone for material handling sources, such as conveyors and bins;
 Use of water suppression for control of loose materials on paved or unpaved road surfaces.
Oil and oil by-products is not a recommended method to control road dust. Examples of
additional control options for unpaved roads include those summarized in Table A7.4.
Land-based Mobile Sources
Similar to other combustion processes, emissions from vehicles include CO, NOx, SO2, PM and
VOCs. Emissions from on-road and off-road vehicles should comply with national or regional
programs. In the absence of these, the following approach should be considered:
 Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, fleet owners / operators should implement the
manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs;
 Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of driving practices that reduce both the risk of
accidents and fuel consumption, including measured acceleration and driving within safe
speed limits.
Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations
Air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulfide, methane. Odors
from treatment facilities can also be a nuisance to workers and the surrounding community.
191
Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality
Projects with the potential to generate process wastewater, sanitary (domestic) sewage, or
stormwater should incorporate the necessary precautions to avoid, minimize, and control adverse
impacts to human health, safety, or the environment. In the context of their overall ESHS
management system, facilities should assess compliance of their wastewater discharges with the
applicable water quality standard for a specific reuse for irrigation.
Table A6.4 Fugitive PM Emissions Control
Waste management
Facilities that generate and store wastes should practice the following:
 Establishing waste management priorities at the outset of activities based on an
understanding of potential Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) risks and impacts and
considering waste generation and its consequences
 Establishing a waste management hierarchy that considers prevention, reduction, reuse,
recovery, recycling, removal and finally disposal of wastes.
 Avoiding or minimizing the generation waste materials, as far as practicable
 Where waste generation cannot be avoided but has been minimized, recovering and reusing
waste
 Where waste cannot be recovered or reused, treating, destroying, and disposing of it in an
environmentally sound manner
192
Hazardous Materials Management
Hazardous materials can be classified according to the hazard as explosives; compressed gases,
including toxic or flammable gases; flammable liquids; flammable solids; oxidizing substances; toxic
materials; radioactive material; and corrosive substances.
 The overall objective of hazardous materials management is to avoid or, when avoidance is
not feasible, minimize uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials or accidents (including
explosion and fire) during their production, handling, storage and use.
 Projects which manufacture, handle, use, or store hazardous materials should establish
management programs that are commensurate with the potential risks present. The main
objectives of projects involving hazardous materials should be the protection of the
workforce and the prevention and control of releases and accidents.
A 6.2 Occupational Health and Safety
Building and structures
Buildings and structures should be designed and constructed in accordance with the national and
international health and safety requirements. Surface structures and installations should be easy to
clean and maintain, and should not favor for the accumulation of hazardous substances. Buildings
must be structurally safe, provide appropriate protection against the climate and noise conditions
and have acceptable light. Fire resistance, noise absorbing materials should, to the extent feasible,
be used for cladding on ceilings and walls. Floor should be level, even, and non-skid. Heavy
oscillating and rotating equipment should be located in dedicated buildings or structurally isolated
sections.
The workplace must be adequate for each worker for safe execution of all activities including
transport, interim storage of materials and products. Passages to emergency exits must be free of
obstruction/obstacle at all times. The number and capacity of emergency exits must be sufficient for
safe and orderly evacuation of the people present at any time.
Confined Spaces
Engineering measures must be implemented to eliminate, to the extent possible, the existence and
adverse effects of confined space. Unfavorable confined space must be provided with permanent
safety measures for venting, lighting, monitoring, and rescue operations. The area adjoining an
access to a confined space should provide ample room for emergency and rescue operations.
Access
Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles should be segregated and provided for easy, safe and
appropriate access. Equipment and installations requiring recurrent servicing and cleaning should be
provided with adequate permanent means of access. Hand, knee, and foot railings must be installed
193
on stairs, fixed ladders, platforms, permanent and interim floor openings, loading bays, ramps, etc.
Coves shall, if feasible, be installed to protect against falling items.
Installations, equipment, tools, and substances
Installations, equipment, tools and substances shall be appropriate and suitable for use and with
minimum or no health and safety hazards. Appropriate shields, guards, or railings must be installed
and maintained to avoid human contact with moving parts, or hot and cold items. Equipment must
be provided with adequate noise and vibration dampers. Electrical installations must be designed,
constructed and maintained to eliminate fire or explosion hazards and risk to the employees.
Safety signs
Hazardous and risky areas, installations, materials, and safety measures, emergency exits, etc. shall
be appropriately marked. Signs shall be in accordance with the international standards, be well
known to, and easily understood by the workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate.
Lighting
As far as possible, natural light should reach workplaces and be supplemented with sufficient
artificial illumination to maintain and improve workers safety and health. Emergency lighting of
adequate intensity must be installed and automatically activated upon failure of the artificial light
source to ensure safe shut-down, evacuation, etc.
Ventilation and temperatures
Sufficient fresh air must be supplied for indoor and confined workplaces. Factors to be considered
in the design of a ventilation system include physical activity, substance handled and process
emissions. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be maintained in good working condition. Point-
source exhaust systems required for maintaining a safe ambient environment must have local
indicators for correct functioning. Air inlet filters must be maintained and be clean and free of dust.
Air distribution systems must be designed to avoid exposure of employees to undesirable draughts.
The temperature in work and rest rooms, and other welfare facilities should, during service hours,
be maintained at a level appropriate for the purpose of the facility.
Fire detection and fire fighting
Workplaces must be equipped with fire detectors, alarm systems and fire-fighting equipment. The
equipment shall be maintained in proper working conditions. It should be adequate for the available
facilities, physical and chemical properties of substances present. Non-automatic fire-fighting
equipment must be easily accessible and simple to use in the event of fire. Fire and emergency
alarm systems shall be both audible and visible.
First-aid
Appropriately equipped first-aid stations shall be provided and be easily accessible throughout
workplaces. Eye-wash stations and/or emergency showers must be provided close to all
194
workstations where the recommended first-aid response is immediate flushing with water
particularly in case of contacting corrosive substances. First-aid stations and rooms shall be
provided with gloves, gowns, and masks for protection against direct contact with blood and other
body fluids.
Sanitary and welfare facilities
Washbasins with running hot and cold water shall be installed in sufficient numbers as demanded
by the character of the work and where contaminants or pollutants are released and confined in
workplaces. Adequate supply of drinking water shall be ensured for all workers. Water supplies
shall be conveniently located especially for areas of high physical activities. Drinking water
supplies shall be clearly marked especially where non-potable water is also available.
Welfare facilities including locker rooms and adequate number of toilets with washbasins, and room
dedicated for eating free of any possible contamination should be provided. Separate eating
facilities need to be provided for employees wearing clean and soiled working clothes, respectively.
Gender-segregated changing rooms with lockers should be provided when special work-clothes are
required. Hot and cold water shower facilities and washbasins should be available close to the
locker rooms.
Separate lockers must be installed for isolating street-cloth from work-cloth when the circumstances
(dirt, dangerous substances etc.) so require for employees exposed to hazardous conditions to avoid
contamination.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Employees shall be provided with appropriate personal protective equipment that will offer/serve
appropriate personal protection. The use of protective equipment shall be actively enforced by the
management unless the hazards are eliminated or sufficiently reduced through technological or
procedural change.
195
Annex 7. Format for asset survey along the sewerlines
Kaliti WASTE WATER TREATMENT REAHABILITATION PROJECT

AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS, LAND RESOURCES, STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY DATA SHEET
GPS Position: X________________Y_______________ Z__________ Date____________
I. General
1.1Household head name_________________2.Father's name: ___________3.Mother'sname ____

1.2 Age ________________
1.3 Sex: 1. Male 2. Female
1.4 Occupation ____________________ 1.5 Religion _________________________
1.6 Address: Sub-city____________________ Wereda_______ House no. ____
1.7Family size: 1. Males _________ 2. Females ______________ 3. Total ______________
st nd
1.8 Education: Pre-school 1 cycle primary 2 cycle primary
Secondary College preparatory College
1.9 Is the family head or is there a family member with disability? 1) Yes 2) No
II. Type of property affected:
2.1 Type of housing:
Type Size (m2) Height (m)

2.2 Hollow blocks with corrugated iron sheet _________ ________
2.3 Mud with corrugated iron sheet _________ ________
2.4 Stonewall with corrugated iron sheet __________ ________
2.5 Mud house with grass roof ___________ _________
2.6 All with corrugated iron sheet _____________ ___________
2.6 Septic tank Meter cube ___________ _________
2.7 Ownership:
2.7.1 Rented from Kebele
2.7.2 Rented from individual Owner’s Name: ______________________________
2.7.3 My Own Ownership title number ________________
2.7.4 Noownership title
2.8 Use:
2.8.1 Dwelling
2.8.2 Business Type of business____________; monthly income from business (birr) _________
Additional observations/Remarks_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
196
2.9 Fence
2.9.1 Stonewall meter length ____________ meter thickness____________
2.9.2 Corrugated iron sheet meter_____________
2.9.3 Wood meter__________________
2.9.4 Hollow block
2.9.4 Other ______________________________________________
Additional observations/Remarks_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2.10 Number and type of affected crops and trees
2.10.1 Type of crop____________, land in hectare (harvested/covered)________Yield (Qt/ha)________ Production in

Qt___________________
2.10.2 Type of tree_____________, Number of tree: Big ________, Medium ______, Small __________
2.10.3 Type of fruit tree_____________, Age of tree__________, Productivity in Kg._____________, Cost for land
improvement (Birr)____________, Cost to grow_______________
2.11 Affected pubic infrastructure

2.11.1 Telecommunications: 1. number of poles____________ 1. Number of p.b.x_________
2.11.2 Electric: 1. Number of high tension power poles ______2. Number of normal poles ________
2.11.3Asphalt road: __________meter by ___________meter= ____________square meters
2.11.4 Coble stone road: ____________meter by _________meter = ___________square meters
2.11.5 Gravel road : ____________ meter by __________meter= __________square meters
Additional observations/Remarks________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
197

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE WASTEWATER

Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)

Water, Sanitation Rehabilitation and Development Project Office

Beles Engineering P.L.C

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

1.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 7

2.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 7

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................... 17

3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 17

3.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................................ 18

4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ............................................................................ 50

4.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 50

5 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................. 75

5.1 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 75

5.5 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................................ 78

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION

6.1 CHECKLIST OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................................................... 82

7 STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 128

7.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 128

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS ................................. 134

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS ...................................................................................... 134

10.1 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 160

SELECTED REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 163

ANNEX 1 LIST OF PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE AND PROPERTY ..................................................................................... 165

Table 6.6 Summary of Important Positive Impacts .......................................................................................................... 120

OLR Organic Loading Rate

environmental resources, by assigning responsibilities to separate organizations for

 Follow up the implementation of the national policy and laws;

new system to avoid damage.

Important factors considered to select the most appropriate technology or combinations of

Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant

V. Main impacts and proposed mitigation measures

Main Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure

Sewer trunk Part of the Project

excavation/trenching • Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and

Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure

STD, HIV/AIDS • Awareness creation on HIV/AIDS and other STDs

Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure

Summary of Main Positive Impacts

VI. Environmental and social management and monitoring plan

About 95.6% of the total cost is for compensation/RAP.

Therefore, it is recommended to implement the project with strict observation to the

1.2 Objective of ESIA study

1.2.1 General Objective

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

1.3 Scope of the Study

The scopes of work of the present EIA study were as follows.

1.4.1 Scoping Method

 Review of relevant legislative requirements, national and international environmental standards

1.4.2 Baseline Investigation Methods

iii. Consultation with the Stakeholders and the Public

1.4.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Impact Assessment Methodology

Table 1.2: Biological environmental receptors

Table 1.4: Criteria used in the evaluation of impacts