(Atharva Major Project) Design and Analysis of Automotive Muffler For FSAE Vehicle

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE
Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU)

Major Project (ME 4255/4256)
Design and Analysis of Automotive Muffler

for FSAE Vehicle
Project Report Submitted By-

1. Chaitanya Mulay (1710503)
2. Atharva Kulkarni (1710377)
3. Neeraj Kumbhojkar (1710142)
4. Suraj Rathod (1710554)
Under the Supervision of

Prof. Dr. S.P. Chippa
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology.
1
CERTIFICATE
VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering
This is to certify that the major project report entitled
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE MUFFLER

FOR FSAE VEHICLE
Has been submitted in the academic year 2020-21 SEM VIII by
1) Chaitanya Mulay (1710503)

2) Atharva Kulkarni (1710377)
3) Neeraj Kumbhojkar (1710142)
4) Suraj Rathod (1710554)
Under the supervision of Prof. (Dr.) S. P. Chippa
In Mechanical Engineering Department
Prof. (Dr) S. P. Chippa Prof. (Dr.) M. B. Chaudhari

Guide External Examiner Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to express our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Head of Department of the
Mechanical Department, Prof. (Dr.) M. B. Chaudhari Sir for his encouragement and for all
the facilities that he provided for this project work. We extend our hereby thanks to
Prof. (Dr.) S. P. Chippa who guided us to the successful completion of the project. We take
this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude for his valuable guidance, constant
encouragement, constructive comments and immense motivation which has sustained our
effort at all stages of this project work. Without help from those mentioned above, this
project could not have been completed.
1. Chaitanya Mulay (B-60)
2. Atharva Kulkarni (B-32)
3. Neeraj Kumbhojkar (B-36)
4. Suraj Rathod (C-32)
B. Tech Final year (Mechanical Engineering)
3
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
PURPOSE.................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
MUFFLERS............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1. Characteristics of Muffler ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2. Functional Requirements of Exhaust Muffler ............................................................................................................. 9
3. Types of Mufflers ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Muffler Acoustics Theory ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
1. One dimensional Planer Wave Propagation .................................................................................................................... 11
2. Transfer matrix Method ................................................................................................................................................... 13
TRANSMISSION LOSS EQUATIONS.................................................................................................................................. 15
1.Transmission Loss for Simple Expansion Chamber ......................................................................................................... 15
2.Transmission Loss for Extended Inlet and Outlet Muffler. .............................................................................................. 18
3.Transmission Loss for Side Inlet and Side Outlet Muffler ............................................................................................... 21
4.Transmission Loss for Perforated Duct ............................................................................................................................ 23
MATLAB PROGRAMS.......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Simple Expansion Chamber ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Extended Inlet and Outlet .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Perforated Duct ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Design and Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................ 33
1.CAD Design of Muffler.................................................................................................................................................... 33
a. Supra Muffler ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
b. Delta Muffler.............................................................................................................................................................. 33
2 Analysis using COMSOL software. ................................................................................................................................. 34
a. Supra Muffler ............................................................................................................................................................. 34
b. Delta Muffler.............................................................................................................................................................. 36
3 Analysis using Ricardo Wave: ......................................................................................................................................... 39
a. Supra Muffler ............................................................................................................................................................. 39
b. Delta Muffler.............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Experimental Validation .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
1.Experimental Setup for FFT ............................................................................................................................................. 44
2.Experimental Data for FFT............................................................................................................................................... 46
3.Experimental Values of Sound level meter ...................................................................................................................... 52
Observation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Transmission Loss comparison in COMSOL: ................................................................................................................ 54
Power and Torque Comparison: ..................................................................................................................................... 54
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................... 55
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 56
4
ABSTRACT
Combustion of air fuel mixture taking place in the Internal Combustion engine produces
gaseous pollutants and undesirable noise. Components like catalytic converters used
commonly in automotive mufflers convert the harmful pollutants to a suitable mixture which
can be led to the atmosphere. However, it is also necessary to eliminate the noise produced by
the pulsating flow of exhaust gases setting up pressure waves in the exhaust system. This
pressure waves move at the velocity of sound relative to the exhaust gases, with a high velocity
producing noise. Device called as ‘muffler’ or commonly called as silencer is used for
converting this uncontrolled sound levels to suitable levels.
Predicting the acoustic behaviour of the exhaust muffler before a prototype model built
can save the both huge amount of time and resources. There are various simulation tools
available now a days which can predict the acoustic performance of the muffler. In order to use
these tools effectively, it is very important to understand how the various elements in the
exhaust muffler affects the acoustic performance of muffler. A detailed analytical study of the
effects of various muffler elements is discussed with results in the paper which helps acoustic
designers eliminate the unlikely choices. The analytical method used is transfer matrix method
in which a global impedance matrix is derived in order to get transmission loss.
For muffler analysis we have considered design of muffler for Formula Student Vehicle
fitted with KTM Duke 390 engine. FFT observations help us identify frequencies at which
most noise is produced. FEA tools such as COMSOL Multiphysics and Ricardo Wave are used
to plot transmission loss and other acoustic performance parameter results for different muffler
configuration and helps to attenuate noise produced at such frequencies, thereby finalizing the
muffler design.
Keywords: gaseous pollutants, noise, pulsating flow, muffler elements, acoustic
performance, transfer matrix, FEA.
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
The first version of the car muffler was created by Milton Reeves of the Reeves Pulley
Company in the late 1800s. It was invented in response to the exceedingly loud vehicles that
disrupted communities, annoyed residents, and frightened horses. The baffle system Reeves
created in 1896 quieted vehicle engines considerably. Before the Reeves brothers patented the
automobile muffler, they had a predecessor who made their historic leap forward possible. In
the middle of the 1890s, Hiram Maxim, an engineer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
graduate, conducted research that would later lead to both the automotive muffler and the
silencer used on firearms.
A Frenchman named Eugene Houdry is the father of the modern car muffler. His
muffler was born of a desire to create a more eco-friendly vehicle that produced less toxic
exhaust, with Houdry filing a patent for the invention in 1962.
Potente et al. [3] this paper discusses about general principles of muffler design and
explains the main advantages of various styles of mufflers. Anant W. Wankhade et al. [4] the
paper discussed a simple in construction, effective silencing device, which can achieve good
results in minimizing the noise. The muffler is modelled in PRO E Wildfire 5.0 and 'COMSOL
MULTIPHYSICS is used for acoustic analysis. Effect of extrusion of inlet and outlet pipe
inside the chamber and also the position of the extra inlet tube (i.e., divided inlet) to the
chamber and then optimized this parameter to get the minimum sound pressure level (SPL) or
maximum transmission loss (TL). Suresh P M et al. [5] this paper discusses the modal analysis
of an automotive muffler using FEM and FFT Analyzer to get the natural frequencies of
vibration. M Rajasekhar Reddy et al. [6] explain design and optimization of exhaust muffler
in automobiles, to determine the resonance frequencies, and then compiled to determine which
peaks were the most significant for the system.
6
INTRODUCTION
Sound is a pressure wave formed from pulses of alternating high and low - pressure air.
In an automotive engine, pressure waves generated when the exhaust valve repeatedly opens
and releases high pressure gas into the exhaust system. These pressure pulses are the generated
noise. As the engine speed increases so do the pressure fluctuations and therefore the sound
emitted is of a higher frequency. Mufflers are installed within the exhaust systems of most of
the IC Engines, although it is not designed to serve any primary exhaust function. The sole
purpose of an automotive muffler is to reduce engine noise emission. If vehicles did not have
a muffler there would be unbearable amount of exhaust noise in our environment.
Mufflers have continued to evolve since the 1960s, such as the use of fiberglass to
absorb engine noises and valves that adjust the auto part as engine speeds change. Electronic
mufflers came about in the 2000s and featured noise-cancelling technology similar to what is
used in noise-cancelling headphones. Despite the changes the muffler has undergone, its value
in terms of reducing air and noise pollution has never diminished.
In a performance-oriented vehicle, the weight and space constraints have to be
minimalistic. The major concern while designing the exhaust system is to reduce the back
pressure of the muffler, for any engine, the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas increases with the
increase of Engine R.P.M.
Single-cylinder Otto-cycle engines are used in FSAE competitions, and a compromise
is made in terms of performance from the exhaust system, due to the low-frequency sound
waves, it is difficult to design a muffler with considerably low back pressure and weight with
maximum power output. So, in most cases, one or more of the parameters are compromised to
achieve the required noise level reduction.
7
PURPOSE
The exhaust system is a key component of any vehicle but it becomes a very critical
component for an FSAE race car because performance is at stake. It is important to design a
tuned exhaust system to meet noise test rules as well as extract maximum power from the
engine. We are designing and analysing a muffler for KTM Duke 390 engine. Formula SAE
is a student design competition organized by SAE International, where engineering students
design, manufacture and test their formula-style race car, with the guidelines provided in the
FSAE rulebook, for example, the engine must be a four-stroke, Otto-cycle piston engine with
a displacement no greater than 710cc.
According to Formula Student Rules 2020 V1.0, ARTICLE CV3, CV3.2 it states that
the maximum sound level should not exceed 110 dB(C) at an average piston speed of 15.25
m/s (therefore, for a KTM 390 engine, with a stroke length of 60mm, the noise test will be
measured at 7500 RPM) and 103 dB(C) at Idle RPM. ARTICLE IN 10.1.4 states that Noise
test will be taken with a free-field microphone, 0.5 m from the end of the exhaust outlet, at an
angle of 45° with the outlet in the horizontal plane. Therefore, our goal is to make sure we
achieve the desired sound levels without compromising the torque and power output of the
engine. We then finalized the muffler based on performance and reliability.
Engine KTM Duke 390

Number of cylinders 1
Displacement 373.3cc
Compression ratio 12.6:1
Bore x Stroke 89mm x 60mm
Idle R.P.M. 2500 to 3000
Rev limit 10000 RPM
Control system Pe3 8400 ECU
Table 1:Engine Specifications
8
MUFFLERS
Mufflers are mechanical devices engineered to attenuate engine noise before it reaches
the surrounding atmosphere. The integrated sound cancellation phenomena of expansion
chambers inside the exhaust muffler make it possible to attenuate high-frequency noise and
generate sounds below the critical level. Though mufflers can reduce high-frequency noise, it
gradually decreases engine performance by generating heavy back pressure. Hence it is
essential to design a muffler that reduces engine noise without affecting performance. Design
and analysis of mufflers is a complex work that affects noise attributes, emission, and fuel
efficiency of an internal combustion engine.
1. Characteristics of Muffler
The performance of a muffler is characterized using 3 different measures:
Insertion loss, (IL)
Transmission loss, (TL)
Noise reduction, (NR)
Insertion loss is defined as “The ratio (in dB) between the acoustic power radiated at the
outlet of a reference system and the system investigated with both systems driven by the
same source”. The reference is usually a straight pipe with the same length as the investigated
system.
Transmission loss is defined as the ratio (in dB) of the incident power to the power
transmitted for a given termination, normally a reflection free pipe.
Noise reduction is defined as the difference in sound pressure level (in dB) at two arbitrarily
selected points in the exhaust pipe and tailpipe (upstream and downstream side of the
muffler).
For our project, we have considered Transmission Loss as the performance parameter.
2. Functional Requirements of Exhaust Muffler

Generally, an exhaust muffler is designed to satisfy following requirements:
Adequate Insertion Loss: The exhaust muffler is designed so that muffled exhaust noise is
at least 5 dB lower than the combustion induced engine body noise or other predominant
sources of noise like transmission noise in earth-moving equipment. A frequency spectrum of
exhaust noise without muffler is generally required for appreciation of the frequency range of
interest, although it is well known that most of the noise is limited to the firing frequency and
its first few harmonics.
Back Pressure: This represents the extra static pressure exerted by the muffler on the engine
through restriction in the flow of exhaust gases. This needs to be kept to a minimum.
9
However, for single-cylinder two stroke-cycle engines, it is the instantaneous pressure

exerted by large (usually nonlinear) waves that matters rather than the mean back pressure,
which for a four-stroke-cycle engine would affect the brake power, volumetric efficiency, and
hence the specific fuel consumption rate.
Size: A large muffler would cause problems of accommodation, support (because of its
weight), and excessive cost price.
Durability: A uniform wall temperature is required to avoid thermal cracking of walls. The
muffler must be made from a corrosion-resistive material.
3. Types of Mufflers
Mufflers are broadly classified into three types:
1) Absorptive Muffler
2) Reactive Muffler
3) Combination Muffler
Absorptive Muffler: An absorptive or dissipative muffler reduces sound energy through
absorption. The energy of sound waves is converted into heat in the absorptive material,
which causes them to be reduced. A standard absorptive muffler is made up of a straight,
circular, perforated pipe enclosed in a larger steel housing.
Reactive Muffler: A muffler that attenuates by reflecting sound to the source. Also known
as a non-dissipative muffler. They can reduce noise at various frequencies due to the
numerous chambers and changes in geometry that the exhaust gasses are forced to pass
through.
Usually, reactive mufflers are designed to reflect the sound waves produced by the engine so
that the sound waves partially cancel themselves out. This phenomenon is termed the
principle of destructive interference.
Combination Muffler: Some mufflers combine both absorptive and reactive elements to
increase the noise attenuation performance over a broad noise spectrum. Combination
mufflers are also widely used to reduce engine exhaust noise.
10
Muffler Acoustics Theory
1. One dimensional Planer Wave Propagation

One dimensional plane wave theory is used for analysis of acoustic mufflers since the past
few decades. In this theory, it is assumed that the pressure remains constant in a given cross-
section perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Thus, there exists an acoustic pressure
variation only along the longitudinal direction. However, for the frequencies beyond the cut-
off frequencies, pressure field varies in all the three directions. For circular ducts, the cut-off
frequency is given by
𝐶𝑜
(𝑓𝑐 ≤ 0.5861 × (𝐷𝑜) … (1)
Where Co is speed of sound and Do is the diameter of the circular duct.

Assumptions for One Dimensional Wave theory are
1. Fluctuations in pressure, density, volume, are very small compared to the case when there
was no sound.
2. Constant mass particle because when we have propagation of sound it is not mass transfer
rather it has energy transfer so as energy is getting transferred mass is not necessarily
transferred.
𝜕 𝜕
3. = =0 (one-dimensional)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
With no sound, P0=I nitial pressure,

ρ0=Initial Density,
V0=Initial Volume
U0=Initial velocity
With sound, Pt (x, t) = Po + p(x, t) …. (2)
ρt (x, t) = ρo + ρ(x, t) … (3)
Vt (x, t) = Vo + v(x, t) …. (4)
Ut (x, t) = Uo + u(x, t) … (5)
Where ρ(x, t), ν(x, t), u(x, t) are small change in respective quantities when sound travels
through medium.
Applying momentum equation for a small element of length ∆x
𝑑
[𝑃𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑃𝑡(𝑥, 𝑡)]𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 = { ρt (x, t) × Vt (x, t) × u(x, t)} …. (6)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
Where Net external force acting on the element = 𝑑𝑡{ ρt (x, t) × Vt (x, t) × u(x, t)} .... (7)
11
Now multiplying and dividing both sides by dx,

Vo −𝑑
[𝑃𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑃𝑡(𝑥, 𝑡)] = (𝑢) × ρo × Vo …(8)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Taking limits where dx ➝0,

𝜕𝑃𝑡(𝑥,𝑡) 𝑑𝑢
= −ρo × 𝑑𝑡 … (9)
𝜕𝑥
By suitable simplifications we finally get,

𝜕𝑃(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑢
= −ρo × 𝜕𝑡 is the momentum equation. … (10)
𝜕𝑥
Applying the continuity equation for the element of length ∆x

Change in the volume = Outflow - Inflow
= [𝑈(𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡)] × 𝑑𝑧 × 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑑𝑡 − [𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡) × 𝑑𝑧 × 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑑𝑡] ….(11)
∆( ν(x,t)) [𝑈(𝑥+𝑑𝑥,𝑡)−𝑈(𝑥,𝑡)]−[𝑈(𝑥,𝑡)]
Therefore, = × Vt
∆𝐭 ∆𝐱
After simplifications and taking limits dt ➝0,

𝜕ν 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑥 × Vt is the continuity equation ... (12)
𝜕𝑡
The process is considered as isentropic in nature.

Thus, Pt × Vt 𝛾 = 𝑐
On simplification and taking limits dt ➝0,

𝜕𝑃(𝑥,𝑡) 𝑃𝑜×𝛾 𝜕𝑣
=− × 𝜕𝑡 is the process equation. … (13)
𝜕𝑥 𝑉𝑡
After suitable substitutions and then differentiating we get

𝜕2𝑝 𝑃𝑜×𝛾 𝜕2 𝑢
= × 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑡 2 ρ0
𝜕2𝑝 𝜕2𝑢
= 𝑐 2 × 𝜕𝑥 2 is one dimensional wave equation … (14)
𝜕𝑡 2
𝑃𝑜×𝛾
where c=√ ρ0
The solution to the above equation is as follows

𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐0 × 𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑐0 × 𝑡)
where 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐0 × 𝑡) is the forward propagating wave and 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑐0 × 𝑡) is the backward
propagating wave.
Considering time harmonicity, 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑝(𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 … (15)
12
𝑑2 𝑝
The one-dimensional wave equation is + 𝑘02 𝑝 = 0 … (16)
𝑑𝑥 2
which is also called as Helmholtz equation.

𝜔
Here, k0 is wave number and is equivalent to 𝑐0, 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and c0 is the speed of sound
The solution to the above ODE is 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝑘0𝑥) + 𝐵𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝑘0𝑥) … (17)

Where A and B are the amplitudes of the forward and backward propagating wave.
2. Transfer matrix Method

An acoustic filter or muffler geometrically can be defined as combination of different
acoustics elements which are placed in the path of source and receiver.
In order to understand acoustic behaviour of any element we have to define the
relationship between two state variable acoustic pressure ‘P’ and mass velocity ‘v’ both at the
upstream and downstream of the elements. Most effective approach to define this relationship
is Transfer matrix method (TMM).
Most of the elements can be categorized into the three different basic elements
namely a distributed element, in line lumped element and shunt lumped elements.
A distributed element represents a uniform tube. An in line lumped element represents
a sudden area change as in the case of simple expansion chamber sudden expansion into the
chamber and sudden contraction into the tailpipe are the inline lumped elements. shunt
lumped element represents a Helmholtz resonator or the quarter wave resonator.
Figure 1:Basic elements for Transfer Matrix
cos (𝑘𝑜𝐿) 𝑗𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜𝐿)

The transfer matrix for the Distributed element is [ 𝑗 ]
sin (𝑘𝑜𝐿) cos (𝑘𝑜𝐿)
𝑌
13
1 𝑍
The transfer matrix for the Lumped in-line elements is [ ]
0 1
1 0
The transfer matrix for the Lumped shunt elements is [ 1 1]
𝑍
𝑐0
Where L=length of the chamber, Z is the impedance and Y0=𝑆𝑝 ,Sp=area of inlet port.
Z is the resultant of acoustic resistance (R), inertance (M) and compliance (C) which
are determined analogous to electrical circuit parameters such as electrical resistance (R
electric), Inductance(L) and Capacitance (C electric).
Similar to the method to find impedance for electric circuits where ratio of electric
voltage to electric current is taken for different type of networks such as series and parallel,
acoustic impedance is determined using ratio of acoustic pressure (p (x, t)) and mass velocity
ν (x, t).
The general form of impedance for Lumped shunt element is Z=−𝑗 × 𝑌𝑜 ×
cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝐿).
14
TRANSMISSION LOSS EQUATIONS
1.Transmission Loss for Simple Expansion Chamber
Figure 2:Simple Expansion Chamber
The transfer matrices for area discontinuity 1-2 and 3-4 can be derived by taking two
assumptions:
(1) pressure is continuous across the area discontinuity
(2) velocity is continuous across the area discontinuity
Using the conventional approach,
Thus p1=p2, ν1= ν2 at x=0
𝑝1 = 𝐴1𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝑥) + 𝐵1𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝑥) at time t=0
𝐴1𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝑥) −𝐵1𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝑥)
ν1= by using the momentum equation
𝑌1
Now, at x=0
P1=(A1+B1) and ν1=(A1-B1)/Y1
P2=(A2+B2) and ν2=(A2-B2)/Y2
Thus, (A1+B1) =(A2+B2) ...(18) and
(A1-B1)/Y1=(A2-B2)/Y2 … (19)
Px=0=(A2+B2) and νx=0=(A2-B2)/Y2
15
Now, at x=L
P2=P3, ν2= ν3
𝑝2 = 𝐴2𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝐿) + 𝐵2𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝐿) and 𝑝3 = 𝐴3 …anechoic termination
𝐴2𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝐿) −𝐵2𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝐿) 𝐴3
ν2= ν3= 𝑌3
𝑌2
𝐴2𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝐿) + 𝐵2𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝐿) = 𝐴3 … (20) and

𝐴2𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝐿) −𝐵2𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝐿) 𝐴3
= 𝑌3 …(d)
𝑌2
Px=L=cos 𝜃 × (𝐴2 + 𝐵2) − 𝑗 sin 𝜃 × (𝐴2 − 𝐵2)

Px=L=cos 𝜃 × 𝑃(𝑥 = 0) − 𝑗 sin 𝜃 × 𝑌2 × ν(x = 0) … (21)
ν(x=L) = cos 𝜃 × 𝑌2 × ν(𝑥 = 0) − 𝑗 sin 𝜃 × 𝑌2 × P(x = 0) … (22)
Using equations (21) and (22)
cos(𝜃) −𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2
𝑃(𝑥 = 0) 𝑃(𝑥 = 𝐿)
{ }=⌈ 𝑗 ⌉{ }
ν(x = 0) − × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) ν(x = L)
𝑌2
Using matrix transpose,
Upstream and downstream parameters are related as follows
cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2
𝑃(𝑥 = 𝐿) 𝑃(𝑥 = 0)
{ }=⌈ 𝑗 ⌉{ }
ν(x = L) × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) ν(x = 0)
𝑌2
Using transfer matrix method,
𝑃1 1 0 𝑃2
{ }=⌈ ⌉{ }
ν1 0 1 ν2
𝑃2 cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2 𝑃3
{ }=⌈𝑗 ⌉ { } … since distributed element
ν2 × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) ν3
𝑌2
𝑃3 1 0 𝑃4
{ }=⌈ ⌉{ }
ν3 0 1 ν4
By matrix cascading,
𝑃1 𝑃4
{ }=⌈ 𝑗 ⌉{ }
𝑌2
Thus, ⌈ 𝑗 ⌉ is the transfer matrix for simple expansion chamber.
𝑌2
× sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
16
𝐴1
Transmission Loss = 10log10 | 𝐴3 |^2
𝐴1
Where = {cos(k0L) + 0.5*j*sin(k0L) *((Y2/Y1) +(Y1/Y2)}
𝐴3
After simplification,
𝟏 𝟏
Transmission Loss= 10𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 {𝟏 + 𝟒 × (𝒎 − 𝒎)𝟐 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒐 × 𝑳)𝟐} … (23)
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝐷) 2

Where m=( ) and 𝑘𝑜 × 𝐿 is called as Helmholtz number.
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑑)
Figure 3:Transmission Loss V/s Frequency

The diameter of inlet pipe considered is 40mm, length of the expansion chamber is
400mm and diameter of the chamber is 120mm. The length and diameter are decided by
taking space constraints into considerations. The transmission loss graph for simple
expansion chamber has crests and troughs and is close to zero for certain frequencies.
Maximum transmission loss observed is 13.2 dB
Figure 4: Variation of Transmission loss with diameter of chamber.
17
Even by slightly increasing the diameter of chamber, transmission loss graph is lifted
as shown above. The blue line indicates transmission loss graph for D=120 mm and red line
indicated transmission loss for D=130 mm. Maximum transmission loss observed is 14.3 dB.
2. Transmission Loss for Extended Inlet and Outlet Muffler.
Figure 5:Extended Inlet & Outlet Muffler

Assumptions:
(1) pressure is continuous across the area discontinuity
(2) velocity is continuous across the area discontinuity
Thus, P1=P2=P3 and ν1=ν2+ν3
𝑃2
Thus, ν1=𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛1 + ν3
𝑃1 1 0 𝑃3
{ }=⌈ 1
ν1 1⌉ { ν3 } … (24)
𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛1
Zannualar1= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛1 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙1)
𝑃3 cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) × 𝑌𝑐 𝑃4

{ }=⌈ 𝑗 ⌉ { } … (25)
𝑌𝑐
𝑃4 1 0 𝑃6
{ }=⌈ 1
ν4 1⌉ { ν6 } … (c)
𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛2
Zannualar2= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛2 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙2)

𝑐0 𝑐0
𝑌 = 𝑆𝑝 and 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝑆𝑐
𝑆𝑝( −1)
𝑆𝑝
18
𝑌 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝐷) 2

𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝑚−1 where m=(𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑑))
By multiplying (a), (b), (c);
𝑃1 1 0 cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) × 𝑌𝑐 1 0 𝑃6

{ }=⌈ 1 ⌉ ⌈ 𝑗 ⌉ ⌈ 1
1⌉ { ν6 }
ν1 𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛1 1 𝑌𝑐 × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛2
1 0 cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) × 𝑌𝑐 1 0

𝑇𝑓 = ⌈ 1⌉ ⌈ 𝑗 × sin(𝜃) ⌉⌈ 1⌉ …. (26)
1 1
𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛1 cos(𝜃) 𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑛2
𝑌𝑐
is the transfer matrix (2*2) for the muffler configuration.
𝑇11 𝑇12
After matrix multiplication, resultant matrix can be written in form Tf =⌈ ⌉ …. (27)
𝑇21 𝑇22
𝐴1
Transmission Loss = 10log10 | 𝐴2 |^2 …. (28)
After simplifications and substitutions,

𝑇12 𝑌1
𝑇11+ +𝑇21×𝑌1+(𝑇22× )
Transmission Loss=20 log10 (| 𝑌2 𝑌2
|) …. (29)
2
Extension Lengths l1 and l2

As in case of simple expansion chamber it was observed that transmission loss graph had
crests and troughs and at certain frequencies the transmission loss was zero and at some it
was maximum.
1 1
Transmission Loss= 10log10 {1 + 4 × (𝑚 − 𝑚)2 × sin(𝑘𝑜 × 𝐿)2}
Clearly, Transmission loss is maximum when sin(k0×L) =1

𝜋
Thus, k0×L=(2𝑛 + 1) 2
2𝜋𝑓 𝜋
× 𝐿 = (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑐0 2
𝐶𝑜 3𝐶𝑜 5𝐶𝑜
Thus, Transmission Loss is maximum when frequency is following 4𝐿 , ,
4𝐿 4𝐿
(2𝑛+1)𝐶𝑜
When 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = , transmission loss is maximum. … (30)
4𝐿
Transmission loss is minimum when sin(k0×L) =0 which means

𝜋
k0×L= 𝑛 2
𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜 3𝐶𝑜 2𝐶𝑜
Transmission Loss is minimum when frequency is following 2𝐿 , , ,
𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝐶𝑜
Transmission Loss trough occurs when ftrough = 2𝐿
…(31)
19
If we tune the extensions lengths of extended inlet outlet muffler such that at that length of
extensions resonance would occur with frequency for least impedance and eliminate the
trough in transmission loss graph. It is also called as quarter wave resonator and used for
broadband transmission loss.
As it is seen, Zannualar1= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛1 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙1) … (32)
Thus, impedance is minimum when cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙1) = 0 which means cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙1) = 0
2𝜋𝑓𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘1 𝜋
× 𝑙1 = (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑐0 2
(2𝑛+1)𝐶𝑜
Thus, 𝑓𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘1 = …(d)
4𝑙1
𝐶𝑜
First peak occurs at 4𝑙1
Equating (b) and (d) for resonance at n=0,

𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜
= 2𝐿 which gives l1=L/2 … (33)
4𝑙1
Zannualar2= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛1 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙2) … (34)

Thus, impedance is minimum when cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙2) = 0 which means cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙2) = 0
2𝜋𝑓𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘2 𝜋
× 𝑙2 = (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑐0 2
(2𝑛+1)𝐶𝑜
Thus, 𝑓𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘2 = … (35)
4𝑙2
𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜
First peak occurs at 4𝑙2 and the second trough occurs when frequency is 𝐿
𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜
= which gives l2=L/4 … (36)
4𝑙2 𝐿
Thus, for extended inlet and outlet type of muffler when inlet pipe extension is L/2 and outlet
pipe extension is L/4, most of the troughs of transmission loss plot are eliminated giving
broadband transmission loss.
Figure 6: Transmission Loss V/s Frequency for EIEO Muffler
20
The diameter of inlet pipe considered is 40mm, length of the expansion chamber is 400mm and
diameter of the chamber is 120mm.Length of inlet extension=L/2=200mm and length of outlet
extension=L/4=100 mm.
Clearly, when we compare transmission loss plots of simple expansion chamber and extended
inlet and outlet muffler, we observe elimination of troughs where transmission loss is minimum
and at such frequencies small peak is observed. Theoretical maximum transmission loss
observed was 53.4 dB
Figure 7: Variation of Transmission Loss with diameter

When the diameter of the chamber of muffler is increased, we observer larger peaks in the
transmission loss graph at frequencies where troughs are observed for simple expansion
chamber.
3.Transmission Loss for Side Inlet and Side Outlet Muffler
Figure 8: (a) End Inlet and Side Outlet
21
Figure 8: (b) Side Inlet and Side Outlet

In case of side inlet or side outlet or both we do not consider the angular position of inlet or
outlet but only consider longitudinal dependency which is only in one direction as long as the
propagation of wave is one-dimensional. Lengths l1 and l2 are centre to centre distances as
defined in the above figures. But, for side inlet and outlet maximum transmission loss is
observed when angle between them is 90 degrees when observed from a side.
For Side Inlet and Side Outlet Transfer Matrix is calculated as follows:
𝑃1 1 0 𝑃4
{ } = ⌈ 1 1⌉ { } Z1=−𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛1 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙1)
ν1 𝑍1 ν4
𝑃4 cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2 𝑃5
{ }=⌈𝑗 ⌉{ }
𝑌2
𝑃5 1 0 𝑃2
{ } = ⌈ 1 1⌉ { }
ν5 𝑍1 ν2
By matrix multiplications,
𝑃1 1 0 cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2 1 0 𝑃2
{ } = ⌈ 1 1⌉ ⌈ 𝑗 ⌉ ⌈ 1 1⌉ { }
ν1 𝑍1 × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 𝑍1 ν2
𝑌2
Thus, the transfer matrix for side inlet and outlet is

1 0 cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2 1 0
⌈1 ⌉ ⌈
1 𝑗 × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
⌉⌈ 1 1⌉ = 𝑇 …. (37)
𝑍1 𝑌2 𝑍1
For end inlet and side outlet transfer matrix can be calculated as follows
𝑃1 cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2 1 0 𝑃2
{ }=⌈𝑗 ⌉ ⌈ 1 1⌉ { }
ν1 × sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 𝑍1 ν2
𝑌2
Thus, the transfer matrix for side inlet and outlet is
22
cos(𝜃) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) × 𝑌2 1 0
⌈𝑗
× sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
⌉⌈ 1 1⌉ = 𝑇 … (38)
𝑌2 𝑍1
𝑇11 𝑇12
For (37) and (38) T=⌈ ⌉
𝑇21 T22
𝑌2 𝑇12 𝑌1
√ 𝑇11+ +𝑇21×𝑌1+(𝑇22× )
𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑌2
Transmission loss in general form is then=20 log10 (| |) …(39)
2
4.Transmission Loss for Perforated Duct
Figure 9: Concentric Tube Resonator

The above muffler configuration is called as Concentric Tube Resonator (CTR)
Considering Uniform Mean Flow Mach Number (M0) for the duct and no flow diverted to the
cavity for grazing flow.
𝑈0(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡)
Mach Number (M0) = …. (40)
𝐶𝑜(𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑)
Consider a small element of perforated tube of length dz of perforated duct.

The continuity equation for the same can be given as follows
[𝜌 × 𝑆1 × 𝑈1](𝑧) − [𝜌 × 𝑆1 × 𝑈1](𝑧 + Δz) − [𝜌 × 𝜋 × 𝑑1 × Δz] × 𝑈′= [𝜌 × 𝑆1 × Δz](𝑡)
Dividing by Δz and then by S1
([𝜌×𝑆1×𝑈1](𝑧)−[𝜌×𝑆1×𝑈1](𝑧+Δz)) [𝜌×𝜋×𝑑1]
− × 𝑈 ′ = [𝜌 × 𝑆1](𝑡) … (41)
Δz 1
([𝜌×𝑈1](𝑧)−[𝜌×𝑈1](𝑧+Δz)) [𝜌×𝜋×𝑑1] 𝜋×𝑑12

− × 𝑈 ′ = 𝜌(𝑡) where 𝑆1 = …(42)
Δz S1 4
Taking limits and differentiating
23
𝜕𝜌 𝜕(𝜌×𝑈1) 4𝜌
+ + 𝑑1 × 𝑈 ′ = 0 … (43)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
(𝑝1−𝑝2)
where 𝑈 ′ = 𝜌0×𝑐0×𝜁 and 𝜁= grazing flow impedance
𝜁 = {(7.337*10^-3) *(1+72.33*mg) +j*(2.2245*10^-5) *(1+51*th) *(1+204*dh)

*((k0*c0)/(2*pi))}/ϭ … (44)
th: Thickness of perforated pipe
dh: Diameter of holes
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑛ℎ)×(𝜋×𝑑ℎ(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒)2 )/4
Ϭ(porosity)= … (45)
𝜋×𝐷0(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)×𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐿𝑝)
Linearizing and substituting 𝜌1 = 𝑝1(𝑧, 𝑡)/𝑐𝑜2 and U1=Uo+u1(z, t)

1 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕(𝑈1) 𝑈0 𝜕𝑝1 4𝜌0 (𝑝1−𝑝2)
Thus, equation becomes + (𝜌0 × ) + (𝑐02 × ) + ( 𝑑1 × 𝜌0×𝑐0×𝜁) = 0
𝑐𝑜 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
By substituting, 𝑝1 = 𝑝1(𝑧) × 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

𝜕(𝑈1) 𝜕𝑝1 4 (𝑝1−𝑝2)
(𝑗 × 𝑘0 × 𝑝1) + (𝑐0 × 𝜌0 × ) + (𝑀𝑜 × ) + 𝑑1 × =0 … (46)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜁
Applying momentum equation we get,

𝜕(𝑈1) 𝜕𝑝1
𝑐0 × 𝜌0 × {𝑗 × 𝑘𝑜 × 𝑈1 + 𝑀𝑜 × }+ = 0 … (47)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Similarly applying continuity equation for the cavity,

𝜕(𝑈2) 4 (𝑝1−𝑝2)
(𝑗 × 𝑘0 × 𝑝2) + (𝑐0 × 𝜌0 × ) − (𝑑12 −𝑑22) × =0 … (48)
𝜕𝑧 𝜁
Applying momentum equation for the cavity,

𝜕𝑝2
𝑐0 × 𝜌0 × {𝑗 × 𝑘𝑜 × 𝑈2} + = 0 … (49)
𝜕𝑧
Now we have 4 equations (46), (47), (48), (49) and we solve for following variables
𝑃1
𝑝2
𝑋=[ ] …. (50)
𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈1(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈2(𝑧, 𝑡)
The non-differential part of above equations is expressed in Matrix A while the differential
part is Matrix B
0 −𝑗𝑘0 0 0
−(𝑗𝑘0 + 4/(𝑑1𝜁) 0 4/(𝑑1𝜁) 0
𝐴= 0 0 0 −𝑗𝑘0 … (51)
2 2 4𝑑1
[4𝑑1/(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )𝜁 0 0 −(𝑗𝑘0 + (𝑑22−𝑑12)𝜁 )]
24
1 𝑀𝑜 0 0
𝑀𝑜 1 0 0
𝐵=[ ] … (52) is 0 for zero uniform mean flow
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
𝑃1
𝑑{𝑋} 𝑝2
=𝐵 −1 𝐴{𝑋} …. (53) where {𝑋} = [ ] …(54)
𝑑𝑧 𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈1(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈2(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝑑{𝑋}
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴 then =𝐶(4 × 4){𝑋} … (55)
𝑑𝑧
{𝑋} = 𝑒 [𝐶}𝑧 {𝑄} ... (56)

At z=0, {𝑋}(𝑧 = 0) = {𝑄} ... (57)
At z=L, {𝑋}(𝑧 = 𝐿) = 𝑒 [𝐶}𝐿 {𝑄} ... (58)
Thus, {𝑋(𝐿)} = 𝑒 [𝐶}𝐿 × {𝑋(0)}, ... (59)

{𝑋(0)} = 𝑒 −[𝐶}𝐿 × {𝑋(𝐿)} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑒 −[𝐶}𝐿 = 𝑇1(4 × 4)
𝑇11′ 𝑇12′ 𝑇13′ 𝑇14′
𝑇1(4 × 4) = [𝑇21′ 𝑇22′ 𝑇23′ 𝑇24′] ... (60)
𝑇31′ 𝑇32′ 𝑇33′ 𝑇34′
𝑇41′ 𝑇42′ 𝑇43′ 𝑇44′
𝑇11′ 𝑇13′ 𝑇12′ 𝑇14′
Now we form a matrix T= [ 𝑇31′ 𝑇33′ 𝑇32′ 𝑇34′] … (61)
𝑇21′ 𝑇23′ 𝑇22′ 𝑇24′
𝑇41′ 𝑇43′ 𝑇42′ 𝑇44′
𝑃1 𝑃1
𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈1(𝑧) 𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈1(𝑧, 𝑡)
Therefore, [ ]at z=0 = 𝑇(4 × 4) [ ] 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 𝐿
𝑃2 𝑃2
𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈2(𝑧) 𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈2(𝑧, 𝑡)
The solution to the above equation for duct only is written as
𝑃1(0) 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑐 𝑃1(𝐿)
[ ]=[ ][ ] …. (62)
𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈1(0) 𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑑 𝜌0 × 𝑐0 × 𝑈1(𝐿)
Where Ta = T (1,1) + (A1 × A2), 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇(1,3) + (𝐴2 × 𝐵1)
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇(3,1) + (𝐴1 × 𝐵2), 𝑇𝑑 = 𝑇(3,3) + (𝐵1 ∗ 𝐵2)
Here, 𝐴1 = (𝑋1 × 𝑇(2,1) − 𝑇(4,1))/𝐹1, 𝐴2 = 𝑇(1,2) + 𝑋2 × 𝑇(1,4)
𝐵1 = (𝑋1 × 𝑇(2,3) − 𝑇(4,3))/𝐹1 , 𝐵2 = 𝑇(3,2) + 𝑋2 × 𝑇(3,4)
𝐹1 = 𝑇(4,2) + 𝑋2 × 𝑇(4,4) − 𝑋1 × 𝑇(2,2) − (𝑋1 × 𝑋2 × 𝑇(2,4))
25
After determining Ta, Tb, Tc, Td we finally get the transfer matrix for the concentric tube
resonator muffler configuration.
𝑐0
𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑏 × (𝑆𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡)
Transfer matrix Tf = [ 𝑆𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
] … (63)
𝑇𝑐 × ( ) 𝑇𝑑
𝑐0
𝑌2 𝑇𝑓(1,2) 𝑌1
√ 𝑇𝑓(1,1)+ +𝑇𝑓(2,1)×𝑌1+(𝑇𝑓(2,2)× )
𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑌2
Transmission loss is given by =20 log10 (| |) ...(64)
2
Figure 10: Transmission Loss V/s Frequency for CTR

The diameter of inlet pipe considered is 40mm, length of the expansion chamber is 400mm
and diameter of the chamber is 120mm.The porosity of the duct is 20 percent. The above
graph is for completely perforated duct. Black line indicates no mean flow. Red line indicates
a mean flow of 0.05. Clearly, for this case as mean flow Mach number increases (not beyond
0.15), Transmission loss graph is lifted. With increasing frequency, amplitude also increases.
26
Figure 11: Variation of Transmission Loss with perforation length

All the quantities remaining same except Length of perforation at inlet side (la)=L/2=200mm
and length of perforation at outlet side=lb=L/4=100 mm for initial assumption. Unlike, the
extended inlet outlet muffler configuration where length of inlet and outlet extension is L/2
and L/4 respectively, same rule does not follow for the partially perforated duct because of
𝜁= grazing flow impedance. The lengths of non-perforated part of the duct at inlet and outlet
side la and lb should be tuned in such a manner that it gives, maximum transmission loss for
given frequency range. Red line indicates transmission loss for fully perforated pipe while
black line for partially perforated.
Black line in the above graph is inaccurate. The ideal case for such conditions which is
proven is that, for each trough and peaks of transmission loss graph, it should have larger
peaks and troughs and should never approach zero which makes it a better case than
completely perforated concentric tube resonator.
27
Figure 12: Variation of Transmission Loss with Porosity

The above case is for no flow completely perforated duct. However, red line indicates
porosity of 20 percent while black line indicates porosity of 15 percent. For no flow condition
for completely perforated duct, lesser the perforation gives better transmission loss results.
28
MATLAB PROGRAMS
Simple Expansion Chamber
function []= TL_simple_expansion_chamber(d,D,L)

c0=343;%% velocity of sound in m/sec
f=5:5:2000;
non_dimn=((2*pi*f)/c0)*L;
m=(D/d)^2;
for i=1:length(f)
TL(i)=10*log10(1+0.25*((m-1/m)^2)*(sin(non_dimn(i))^2));
end
figure(1)
plot(f,TL)
Extended Inlet and Outlet
function[]=transmissionlossplot(fr1,fr2,r_inlet,r_out,L,l1,l2,
d1,d2,D,ch)
f=fr1:1:fr2;
%%n1=size(f);
%%n=n1(1,2);
for i=1:length(f)
TL(i)=Transmissionloss(r_inlet,r_out,L,l1,l2,d1,d2,D,f(i));
end
non_dim=((2*pi*f)/343)*L;
figure(1)
plot(f,TL,ch)
grid minor
xlabel('frequency in Hertz')
ylabel('Transmission Loss(dB)')
function [TL]
=Transmissionloss(r_inlet,r_out,L,l1,l2,d1,d2,D,f)
P0=1.01325*10^5; %atmospheric pressure in Pascals of air
rho0=1.2054; %density of air at STP
i=sqrt(-1);
c0=sqrt((1.4*P0)/rho0); %speed of sound considering gamma=1.4
Si=pi*(r_inlet^2); %area of duct at inlet
Yi=c0/Si;
Sf=pi*(r_out^2); %area of duct at outtlet
29
Yf=c0/Sf;
Sc=(pi*D^2)/4;
mi=(D/d1)^2;
mf=(D/d2)^2;
Yann1=Yi/(mi-1); %annular cavity inlet tube
Yann2=Yf/(mf-1);% annular cavity outlet tube
Yc=c0/Sc; %chamber
l3=L-(l1+l2); %free length
k0=(2*pi*f)/c0;
imp1=-1i*Yann1*cot(k0*l1);
%%imp1=-1i*Yann1*cotd(k0*l1);
T12=[cot(k0*l3),1i*Yi*sin(k0*l3);(1i*sin(k0*l3))/Yi,cos(k0*l3)
];
%%T12=[cotd(k0*l3),1i*Yi*sind(k0*l3);(1i*sind(k0*l3))/Yi,cosd(
k0*l3)];
imp2=-1i*Yann2*cot(k0*l2);
%%imp2=-1i*Yann2*cotd(k0*l2);
Tf=[1,0;1/imp1,1]*T12*[1,0;1/imp2,1];
v1=Tf(1,1)+(Tf(1,2))+(Yi*Tf(2,1))+((Yi/Yf)*Tf(2,2));
v2=sqrt(Yf/Yi)*v1*(0.5);
TL=20*log10(abs(v2));
Perforated Duct
function[]=TL_plot_perforated_duct(ch)
tic
fr1=5;
fr2=2000;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
sigma= 30; % porosity in percent
sigma=sigma/100;
th=3/1000; %%hole thickness in mm
dh=3/1000; %%diameter of hole in mm
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
c0=343.1382; %speed of sound in air
f=fr1:1:fr2;n1=size(f);n=n1(1,2);
%%%%%%%%%%%
k0=(2*pi*f)/c0; %%wave number
%%%%%
mg=0.08; %%uniform mean flow
D2=120/1000; %%Diameter of chamber
D1=40/1000; %%Diameter of perforated duct
L=400/1000; %% Length of Chamber
la=0; %% Length of extended inlet
lb=0; %% Length of extended outlet
l_perf=L-(la+lb);
30
%%%%%%%%%%%
for i=1:n
Transmission_Loss_perforate(i)=TL_perforated_duct(D1,D2,L,la,l
b,k0(i),th,dh,sigma,mg);
end
figure(2)
plot(f,Transmission_Loss_perforate,ch)
grid minor
toc
function
[Transmission_Loss]=TL_perforated_duct(D1,D2,L,la,lb,k0,th,dh,
sigma,mg)
c0=343.1382;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
S1=(pi/4)*(D1^2); Y1=c0/S1; %%%%%%%%% upstream pipe
S2=(pi/4)*(D1^2); Y2=c0/S2; %%%%%%%%% downstram pipe
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
[Tf]=transfermatrix(D1,D2,L,la,lb,k0,th,dh,sigma,mg);
v=abs(sqrt(Y2/Y1)*(Tf(1,1)+(Tf(1,2)/Y2)+(Tf(2,1)*Y1)+((Y1/Y2)*
Tf(2,2))));
Transmission_Loss=20*log10(v/2);
function [Tf]=transfermatrix(D1,D2,L,la,lb,k0,th,dh,sigma,mg)
j=sqrt(-1);
c0=343.1382;
Spipe=(pi/4)*(D1^2);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
zeta= (7.337*10^-3)*(1+72.33*mg)+j*(2.2245*10^-
5)*(1+51*th)*(1+204*dh)*((k0*c0)/(2*pi));
zeta=zeta/sigma;
%%zeta=
peforate_impedance_singlepiple(k0,c0,sigma,th,dh,mu,rho,Cd,mg,
mb);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
A=zeros(4,4);
A(1,2)=-j*k0;
A(3,4)=-j*k0;
A(4,1)=(4*D1)/((D2^2-D1^2)*zeta); A(4,3)=-
(j*k0+(4*D1)/((D2^2-D1^2)*zeta));
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
B=eye(4,4);
B(1,2)=mg;
B(2,1)=mg;
C=B\A;
31
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
T1=expm(-C*L);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
T(1,1)=T1(1,1); T(1,2)=T1(1,3); T(1,3)=T1(1,2);
T(1,4)=T1(1,4);
T(2,1)=T1(3,1); T(2,2)=T1(3,3); T(2,3)=T1(3,2);
T(2,4)=T1(3,4);
T(3,1)=T1(2,1); T(3,2)=T1(2,3); T(3,3)=T1(2,2);
T(3,4)=T1(2,4);
T(4,1)=T1(4,1); T(4,2)=T1(4,3); T(4,3)=T1(4,2);
T(4,4)=T1(4,4);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
X1=-j*tan(k0*la); X2=j*tan(k0*lb);
F1=T(4,2)+X2*T(4,4)-X1*T(2,2)-(X1*X2*T(2,4));
A1=(X1*T(2,1)-T(4,1))/F1; A2=T(1,2)+X2*T(1,4);
B1=(X1*T(2,3)-T(4,3))/F1; B2=T(3,2)+X2*T(3,4);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Ta=T(1,1)+(A1*A2); Tb=T(1,3)+(A2*B1);
Tc=T(3,1)+(A1*B2); Td=T(3,3)+(B1*B2);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tf(1,1)=Ta; Tf(1,2)=Tb*(c0/Spipe);
Tf(2,1)=Tc*(Spipe/c0); Tf(2,2)=Td;
32
Design and Analysis
The Transmission Loss for the SUPRA and Delta Mufflers is calculated with the help of
Ricardo and COMSOL software. The Design of the Mufflers is done in Solid works software.
1.CAD Design of Muffler

a. Supra Muffler
This is Combination Muffler including two resonating chambers and second chamber with
absorptive material and two perforated pipes. As pure absorptive muffler is not able to give
the desired effect, two resonating chambers were added in the absorptive muffler model. The
lengths of two resonating chambers is decided by iterations.
Dimensions:
1. Resonating Chamber 1 = 77mm.
2. Absorptive Chamber = 200mm.
Figure 13: CAD model of Supra muffler

b. Delta Muffler
This is pure reflective muffler. The design of this muffler is inspired from Flow Master
company’s Delta Muffler Model. The design of delta muffler is modified to suit for the
KTM Duke 390 engine. The lengths of two resonating chambers is decided by iterations. The
angle between the delta plates is decided from iterations in the range of 1300 to 1500 .
Dimensions:
2. Delta Chamber = 250mm.
33
Figure 14: CAD model of Delta muffler
2 Analysis using COMSOL software.

a. Supra Muffler
This model solves the problem in the frequency domain using the Pressure Acoustics,
Frequency Domain interface. The model equation is a slightly modified version of the
Helmholtz equation
∇p ω2 p
∇( ) – 2 = 0
ρ c ρ
where p is the acoustic pressure, ρ is the density, c is the speed of sound, and ω is the angular
frequency. In the absorbing glass wool, modelled as a Poroacoustics domain, the damping
enters the equation as a complex speed of sound, cc = ω/kc, and a complex density, ρc = kc
Zc/ω, where kc is the complex wave number and Zc equals the complex impedance. This is
an equivalent fluid model for the porous domain where the losses are modelled in a
homogenized way.
For a highly porous material with a rigid skeleton, the well-known model of Delany and
Bazley estimates these parameters as functions of frequency and flow resistivity.
−0.7
p𝑎 f ρ 𝑎 f –0.595
kc = ka (1 + 0.098 ( ) − i .0.189 ( ) )
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
0.734 −0.732
p𝑎 f ρ𝑎 𝑓
Zc = Za (1 + 0.057 ( ) − i .0.087 ( ) )
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
where Rf is the flow resistivity, and where ka = ω/ca and Za = ρa ca are the free-space wave
number and characteristic impedance of air, respectively. This is the default selected porous
model in the Poroacoustics domain feature
For glass-wool-like materials, Bies and Hansen give an empirical correlation
34
10−9 𝑝𝑎𝑝 1.53

𝑅𝑓 = 2
𝑑𝑎𝑣
where ρap is the apparent density of the material and dav is the mean fibre diameter. This
model uses a rather lightweight glass wool with ρap = 12 kg/m3 and dav = 10 micrometer.
Parameters for Supra muffler:
Inlet pressure 10 [Pa]
Wall thickness 1.5[mm]
Hole diameter 5[mm]
Porosity, pipe perforates 0.22
Common formula used for computation

Total acoustic power at the inlet Pin 2*acpr. port1.P_in
Total acoustic power, outlet Pout 2*acpr. port2.P_out
Transmission loss TL 10*log10(Pin/Pout)
Air
Dynamic viscosity mu 1.81 × 10^-5 Pa·s
Density rho 1.225 kg/m³
Speed of sound c 343 m/s
Glass wool
Apparent density of rho_ap 12[kg/m^3
glass wool
Mean fibre diameter d_av 10[um]
Flow resistivity R_f 3.18e^-9[N*s/m^2]*(rho_ap/1[kg/m^3])^1.53/d_av^2
Ambient temperature T0 20[deg C]
Ambient pressure p0 1[atm]
Boundary conditions
At the solid boundaries, which are the outer walls of the resonator chamber and the pipes, the
model uses sound hard (wall) boundary conditions. The condition imposes that the normal
velocity at the boundary is zero.
35
Figure 15: Transmission Loss animation for Supra Muffler.
Figure 16: Transmission Loss for Supra Muffler in COMSOL

The maximum transmission loss for Supra Muffler observed was 13 dB over the 0-300 Hz
frequency.
b. Delta Muffler
When designing a model for a muffler without fibrous materials you need to consider the
following aspects:
Geometry — The design for this model is based on a modular muffler developed for research
purposes. It closely resembles the commercially available automotive mufflers.
Mean flow distribution — The Mach number in an exhaust system is normally less than 0.3.
This means that in mufflers with flow expansions, the average Mach number is quite small
(less than 0.1). For such cases you can neglect the convective flow effects, and the only
36
important effect of the mean flow is its influence on the impedance of perforated pipes/plates.
This model treats the case where there is no mean flow in the muffler.
Temperature distribution — In a running engine, the air temperature inside the muffler is
typically in the range 300–400 °C. There is also a temperature gradient through the muffler.
However, the acoustic effect of this gradient is small and the average temperature is normally
used to calculate the speed of sound. In this case, the experiments were performed at room
temperature (20 °C). The model therefore assumes the temperature in the muffler to be
constant and uses the default values for air density and speed of sound at 1 atm and 20 °C.
Parameters for Delta muffler:

Inlet pressure 10 [Pa]
Wall thickness 1.5[mm]
Common formula used for computation

Total acoustic power at the inlet Pin 2*acpr. port1.P_in
Total acoustic power, outlet Pout 2*acpr. port2.P_out
Transmission loss TL 10*log10(Pin/Pout)
Air
Dynamic viscosity mu 1.81 × 10^-5 Pa·s
Density rho 1.225 kg/m³
Speed of sound c 343 m/s
Boundary conditions
At the solid boundaries, which are the outer walls of the resonator chamber and the pipes, the
model uses sound hard (wall) boundary conditions. The condition imposes that the normal
velocity at the boundary is zero.
37
Figure 17: Transmission Loss animation for Delta Muffler.
Figure18: Transmission Loss for Delta Muffler in COMSOL

The maximum transmission loss for Delta Muffler observed was 11dB over the 0-400 Hz
frequency.
38
3 Analysis using Ricardo Wave:

The model is built in Ricardo wave build defining all the KTM Duke 390 engine
specifications and the intake and exhaust system. The only difference is the Muffler in the two
cases.
Case 1: SUPRA Muffler.
Case 2: Delta Muffler.
Figure 19: Ricardo Model for Transmission Loss Analysis of Muffler

a. Supra Muffler
Supra Muffler is combination muffler of two resonance chambers and one absorptive
chamber with two perforated pipes surrounded by sound absorbing material Glass Wool.
Hence, it is a Combination Muffler.
Material is Stainless steel for the chamber Wall. Glass wool with air flow resistivity X
direction was 15.5 kPa s m-2 and in the Y direction 7.75 kPa s m-2.
Figure 20 : Meshed Model of Supra Muffler in Ricardo
39
Figure21: Transmission Loss V/s Frequency in Ricardo

The Transmission Loss due to this SUPRA muffler is on average 12dB.
Figure 22: Engine Torque and Engine Power for Supra Muffler
b. Delta Muffler
Delta Muffler is purely Reactive Muffler basically having three resonating chambers. The
angled plated in Delta Muffler configuration helps not only in attenuating the sound but also
evenly distribute the pressure and velocity over the body. Transmission loss results were
estimated for different plate angles of Delta Muffler. The angle projected by the plates is 150
degrees which gives best results for Transmission Loss.
40
Figure 23: Meshed Model of Delta Muffler in Ricardo.
Figure 24: Transmission Loss results for Delta Muffler

The Transmission Loss for the Delta Muffler is average 14dB.
Figure 25: Engine Torque and Engine Power for Delta Muffler
41
Experimental Validation
Definition of the Fourier Transform: - The Fourier transform (FT) of the function f(x) is
the function F(ω),
where:
∞
F(ω) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and
the inverse Fourier transform is

1 ∞
f(x) = ∫ 𝐹(𝜔)𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
Recall that i = √−1 and 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos θ + isin θ.

We can think of it as a transformation into a different set of basis functions. The Fourier
transform uses complex exponentials (sinusoids) of various frequencies as its basis functions.
A Fourier transform pair is often written f(x) ↔ F(ω), or F ( f(x)) = F(ω) where F is the
Fourier transform operator.
Fourier Transform Properties: - Rather than write “the Fourier transform of an X function
is aY function”, we write the shorthand: X ↔ Y. If z is a complex number and z = x + iy
where x and y are its real and imaginary parts, then the complex conjugate of z is z∗ = x − iy.
A function f(u) is even if f(u) = f(−u), it is odd if f(u) = − f(−u), it is conjugate symmetric if
f(u) = f ∗(−u), and it is conjugate antisymmetric if f(u) = − f ∗(−u).
When a signal is scaled up spatially, its spectrum is scaled down in frequency, and vice versa:
f(ax) ↔ F(ω/a) for any real, nonzero a.
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): - When a signal is discrete and periodic, we don’t need
the continuous Fourier transform. Instead, we use the discrete Fourier transform, or DFT.
Suppose our signal is an for n = 0 ... (N – 1), and an = an+ aj for all n and j. The discrete
Fourier transform of a, also known as the spectrum of a, is:
2𝜋
−𝑖 𝑘𝑛
Ak = ∑𝑁−1
𝑛=0 𝑒 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
This is more commonly written:
Ak = ∑𝑵−𝟏 𝒌𝒏
𝒏=𝟎 𝑾𝒏 𝒂𝒏 …..... (1)
2𝜋
where 𝑊𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑖 𝑁 and 𝑊𝑁𝑘 for k = 0 ... N − 1 are called the Nth roots of unity.
For 4-point DFT n=4 in the above equation:
A0 = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3
A1 = a0 – ia1 – a2 + ia3
42
A2 = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3
A3 = a0 + ia1 – a2 – ia3
To compute A quickly, we can pre-compute common subexpressions:
A0 = (a0 + a2) + (a1 + a3) ….……(5)
A1 = (a0 – a2) − i(a1 – a3) ………(6)
A2 = (a0 + a2) − (a1 + a3) ………(7)
A3 = (a0 – a2) + i(a1 – a3)……….(8)
This saves a lot of calculation. (Note that each add and multiply here is a complex (not real)
operation.) If we use the following diagram for a complex multiply and add:
then we can diagram the 4-point DFT like so:
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm: - The FFT is a fast algorithm for
computing the DFT. If we take the 2-point DFT and 4-point DFT and generalize them to 8-
point, 16-point, ..., 2r -point, we get the FFT algorithm. To compute the DFT of an N-point
sequence using equation (1) would take O (N2) multiplies and adds. The FFT algorithm
computes the DFT using O (N log N) multiplies and adds.
There are many variants of the FFT algorithm. The “decimation-in-time” FFT algorithm for
sequences whose length is a power of two (N = 2r for some integer r). Below is a diagram of
an 8-point FFT, where W = W8= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜋/4
43
Butterflies and Bit-Reversal: The FFT algorithm decomposes the DFT into log2 N stages,
each of which consists of N/2 butterfly computations. Each butterfly takes two complex
numbers p and q and computes from them two other numbers, p + αq and p − αq, where α is a
complex number
The basic computational step of the FFT algorithm is a butterfly. Each butterfly computes
two complex numbers of the form p + αq and p − αq, so it requires one complex multiply (α ·
q) and two complex adds. This works out to 4 real multiplies and 6 real adds per butterfly.
There are N/2 butterflies per stage, and log2 N stages, so that means about 4 · N/2 · log2 N =
2N log2 N real multiplies and 3N log2 N real adds for an N-point FFT.
The FFT algorithm is a lot faster for big N.
1.Experimental Setup for FFT

We were able to get FFT results in form of Time Vs Sound Pressure Level and Frequency Vs
Sound in Decibel with the help of Brüel & Kjaer Acoustic measuring instruments and
Software. They are:
1. ½ inch- Free- field microphone with preamplifier and repolarized
(Dynamic Range: 15.8 – 146dB, Frequency Range: 8 -12500 Hz.) By Brüel & Kjaer.
2. Phyton +- Dynamic Signal Analyzer by Brüel & Kjaer.
3. BK connect- Modular Analysis Software by Brüel & Kjaer.
44
The KTM Duke 390 engine with Intake and Exhaust system made ready to take the readings
for different mufflers at different RPM. The Microphone is placed at the end of each muffler
which is connected to the Analyzer, which converts the Signal to read by the Software. The
intake throttle is used to control the RPM of the Engine, the Engine RPM is measured with
the help of sensors connected to the engine.
For reading first the RPM is set at the reading value and then take the FFT reading for 3-4
seconds. Then again for the next RPM. This process is done for the SUPRA and Delta
Muffler.
Figure 26: Phyton +- Dynamic Signal Analyzer by Brüel & Kajer
Figure 27: Free- field microphone with its Transducer
Figure 28: Experimental Setup
45
2.Experimental Data for FFT

Readings at Idle RPM (2000) without muffler
Figure 29: FFT for without Muffler at 2000RPM

Time (Seconds) Sound Pressure Frequency (Hz) Sound (dB)
Levels (Pa)
140 77.8851
0.806 5.48812
156 75.6874
0.7686 5.19115
172 75.5125
0.00235 5.17756
169 75.2414
0.5593 5.13703
0.8726 5.07137 341 73.1882
Table 2. Table 3.
46
Readings at 7500 RPM without muffler
Figure 30: FFT of without muffler at 7500 RPM

Levels (Pa)
511 85.0013
0.956 10.6275
139 84.9027
0.7003 10.5161
93 84.8078
0.9135 10.5154
465 84.4132
0.9963 10.5149
0.9348 10.5099 46 83.2355
Table 4. Table 5.
47
Readings at Idle RPM (2000) SUPRA muffler
Figure 31: FFT of Supra muffler at 2000 RPM

Levels (Pa) 28.5 70.2975
0.8475 0.5826
56.5 64.2249
0.6036 0.5542
140.5 63.8347
0.6732 0.5495
0.8478 0.5458 142 62.5295
0.4631 0.5391 112.5 61.4555
Table 6. Table 7.
48
Readings at 7500 RPM of SUPRA muffler
Figure 32: FFT of Supra muffler at 7500 RPM

Levels (Pa)
61.5 81.4929
0.0576 2.1425
121.5 74.5111
1.605 2.1217
1.605 2.0788 60 74.2662
1.72 1.9063 122.5 72.5615
0.510 1.8871 242.5 68.9151
Table 8. Table 9.
49
Readings at Idle (2000) RPM Delta muffler
Figure 33: FFT of Delta muffler at 2000 RPM

Time (Seconds) Sound Pressure
Frequency (Hz) Sound (dB)
Levels (Pa)
28.5 70.2532
0.8475 0.5827
56.5 68.7078
0.6036 0.5542
140.5 63.1359
06732 0.5496
142 61.9063
0.8478 0.5458
112.5 60.5583
0.4631 0.5392
Table 11
Table 10
50
Readings at 7500 RPM of Delta muffler
Figure 34: FFT of Delta muffler at 7500 RPM

Levels (Pa)
43.5 82.9845
1.685 0.4469
86.5 80.0595
0.6366 0.4348
130.5 71.0656
0.4263 0.4348
0.2394 0.4341 89.5 70.6768
0.333 0.4257 217.5 70.4375
Table 12 Table 13
51
Results from FFT Experiment.

By mean difference of the Sound in dB of mufflers with without muffler readings the
Transmission loss is calculated.
1. The Transmission Loss with SUPRA muffler is 10dB.
2. The Transmission Loss with Delta Muffler is 9dB.
FFT Analyzer uses ‘A Type’ filter to process the Recorded Pressure levels while FSAE rule
states to use “C Type” filter to measure the SPL (Sound pressure level). ‘A Type’ filter gives
the value of mean of recorded value for specific interval of time. While ‘C Type’ filter shows
peak SPL value in that specific interval of time. Therefore, we decided to also use sound level
meter having ‘C Type’ filter.
3.Experimental Values of Sound level meter

A sound level meter is a measuring instrument, designed to measure sound levels in a
standardized way.
Commonly referred to as a sound meter, noise meter, decibel meter, or sound pressure level
(SPL) meter, a sound level meter is designed to respond to sound in approximately the same
way as the human ear.
The purpose of a sound level meter is to give objective, reproducible measurements of sound
pressure levels (SPL). We used Sound Level Decibel Meter to record the real-time dB from
the muffle. The meter was hold at 0.5m distance at an angle of 450 from the exhaust tail pipe.
Figure 35: Sound Level Decibel Meter
52
Readings from Sound Level Meter:

1. Without Muffler at ideal RPM: 110-111 dB
2. Without Muffler at 7500 RPM: 122-123 dB
3. Supra Muffler at ideal RPM: 101-102 dB
4. Supra Muffler at 7500RPM: 107-108 dB
5. Delta Muffler at ideal RPM: 100-101 dB
6. Delta Muffler at 7500 RPM: 107-108 dB
Results from Sound Level Meter Experiment.
1. The Transmission Loss with SUPRA muffler is 12dB.
2. The Transmission Loss with Delta Muffler is 12dB.
Observation
(All values RPM Transmission Transmission Transmission Transmission

in dB) Loss Loss Loss loss calculated
calculated Calculated Calculated with Sound
with Ricardo with with FFT level meter
COMSOL
SUPRA 2000 12 11 10 9
muffler
SUPRA 7500 13 12 11 15
muffler
Delta 2000 13 10 9 10
muffler
Delta 7500 14 12 10 15
Muffler
Table 14: Observation of All dB Values
The Difference between the Ricardo Values and Practical values is due to addition of orifice
in Ricardo to comply with the difference between engine outlet and inlet of exhaust system,
which is not present on experimental setup.
53
Transmission Loss comparison in COMSOL:

Supra muffler shows higher transmission Loss at lower frequency while delta muffler shows
higher frequency loss around 500Hz. Both mufflers show similar transmission loss in
experimental setup because there mean transmission loss across the mean frequency range is
nearly same.
Figure 36 (a): Transmission loss of Supra Figure 36 (b): Transmission loss Delta
Power and Torque Comparison:

Torque and Power graphs of delta muffler is better than supra muffler in following points:
1. Linear Rise of Power in Delta muffler graphs than Supra muffler graphs.
2. Nearly constant torque in Delta muffler which is absent in Supra muffler.
This is due to less Back Pressure present in Delta muffler design.
Figure 37 (a): Engine Power for Supra Figure 37 (b): Engine Torque for Supra
54
Figure 38 (a): Engine Power of Delta Figure 38 (b): Engine Torque for Delta
Conclusion
1. A variety of muffler configurations such as simple expansion chamber, extended inlet

and outlet type muffler, side inlet and outlet type muffler and perforated duct-
Concentric Tube Resonator are discussed in detail in the above report.
2. The extended inlet and outlet when supported to simple expansion chamber is used
for improvement and broadband transmission loss. The side inlet and outlet type
muffler configuration are quite similar to the extended inlet and outlet type owing to
planer wave propagation theory.
3. For perforated duct type muffler parameters like porosity and grazing flow impedance
is instrumental in plotting the transmission loss graph.
4. It is observed that partially perforated duct is more effective than completely
perforated duct assuming no mean flow.
5. The absorptive type muffler was least effective in the lower frequency range, the band
having a large number of target frequencies and thus was eliminated.
6. The combination muffler designated as Supra Muffler and Delta mufflers showed
satisfactory results having transmission loss more than 10 db.
7. Difference between analytical values and experimental data from DB meter gives
difference of 1-2 DB which is within the limits.
8. FFT shows that the maximum sound is produced between 200 Hz to 400 Hz and both
mufflers dampen the sound in the range 200 Hz to 400 Hz
9. Power Torque graph of Delta muffler is better than Supra muffler and goes nearby to
stock engine graphs because of less Back Pressure.
10. Owing to better engine performance, Delta muffler finds a better place than Supra
muffler. The plate angle of 1500 for Delta muffler showed maximum transmission
loss and thus was finalized.
55
REFERENCES
[1]. ‘Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers’ by M. L. Munjal, A Wiley Inter-Science Publication

[2]. Acoustics by Prof. Nachiketa Tiwari, NPTEL
[3]. Potente, Daniel, ‘General Design Principles for an Automotive Muffler’, ACOUSTICS
2005, 9-11 November 2005. Busselton Australia
[4]. Wankhede A. W., Bhattu A. P. ‘Optimization and Experimental Validation of Elliptical
Reactive Muffler with Central Inlet Central Outlet’, International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology. ISSN: 2278-0181. Vol. 4 Issue 05. May-2015
[5]. Sunil, Dr Suresh P M, ‘Experimental Modal Analysis of Automotive Exhaust Muffler
using FEM and FFT Analyzer’, International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering
and Technology, ISSN: 2347-6435 Volume 3, Issue I, July 2014
[6].M Rajasekhar Reddy & K Madhava Reddy. ‘DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF
EXHAUST MUFFLER IN AUTOMOBILES’ International Journal of Automobile
Engineering Research and Development (UAUERD) ISSN 2277-4785 Vol 2, Issue 2 Sep
2012.
[7]. COMSOL Multiphysics – Acoustic Analysis Guide.
56

(Atharva Major Project) Design and Analysis of Automotive Muffler For FSAE Vehicle

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VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU)

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

Major Project (ME 4255/4256)

Design and Analysis of Automotive Muffler

Project Report Submitted By-

Under the Supervision of

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that the major project report entitled

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE MUFFLER

1) Chaitanya Mulay (1710503)

Prof. (Dr) S. P. Chippa Prof. (Dr.) M. B. Chaudhari

Engine KTM Duke 390

2. Functional Requirements of Exhaust Muffler

However, for single-cylinder two stroke-cycle engines, it is the instantaneous pressure

Muffler Acoustics Theory

1. One dimensional Planer Wave Propagation

Where Co is speed of sound and Do is the diameter of the circular duct.

With no sound, P0=I nitial pressure,

Now multiplying and dividing both sides by dx,

Taking limits where dx ➝0,

By suitable simplifications we finally get,

Applying the continuity equation for the element of length ∆x

After simplifications and taking limits dt ➝0,

The process is considered as isentropic in nature.

On simplification and taking limits dt ➝0,

After suitable substitutions and then differentiating we get

The solution to the above equation is as follows

which is also called as Helmholtz equation.

The solution to the above ODE is 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝑘0𝑥) + 𝐵𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝑘0𝑥) … (17)

2. Transfer matrix Method

Figure 1:Basic elements for Transfer Matrix

cos (𝑘𝑜𝐿) 𝑗𝑌𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜𝐿)

TRANSMISSION LOSS EQUATIONS

1.Transmission Loss for Simple Expansion Chamber

Figure 2:Simple Expansion Chamber

𝐴2𝑒 −(𝑗𝑘0𝐿) + 𝐵2𝑒 (𝑗𝑘0𝐿) = 𝐴3 … (20) and

Px=L=cos 𝜃 × (𝐴2 + 𝐵2) − 𝑗 sin 𝜃 × (𝐴2 − 𝐵2)

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝐷) 2

Figure 3:Transmission Loss V/s Frequency

Figure 4: Variation of Transmission loss with diameter of chamber.

2. Transmission Loss for Extended Inlet and Outlet Muffler.

Figure 5:Extended Inlet & Outlet Muffler

Zannualar1= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛1 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙1)

𝑃3 cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) × 𝑌𝑐 𝑃4

Zannualar2= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛2 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙2)

𝑌 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝐷) 2

By multiplying (a), (b), (c);

𝑃1 1 0 cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) × 𝑌𝑐 1 0 𝑃6

1 0 cos(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙3) × 𝑌𝑐 1 0

After simplifications and substitutions,

Extension Lengths l1 and l2

Clearly, Transmission loss is maximum when sin(k0×L) =1

Transmission loss is minimum when sin(k0×L) =0 which means

Equating (b) and (d) for resonance at n=0,

Zannualar2= −𝑗 × 𝑌𝑎𝑛𝑛1 × cot(𝑘𝑜 × 𝑙2) … (34)

Figure 6: Transmission Loss V/s Frequency for EIEO Muffler

𝜁 = {(7.33710^-3) (1+72.33mg) +j(2.224510^-5) (1+51th) (1+204*dh)