DarbAlsalamah English Book

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For Theory and
Practice
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Training Book
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My Driving School:
DRIVING LICENCE
 Edition No. 1
Legal Status: January 2020
The work including all its parts is protected by copyright. Any use outside the narrow limits of copyright law is inadmissible and punishable by
law without the consent of the publisher. This applies in particular to duplications, translations, microfilming and the storage and processing
in electronic systems. For the content, the publisher assumes no liability for damages of any kind, unless there is intent or gross negligence.
General Department of Traffic
Titel_Lehrbuch B_2019_KSA_engl.indd 1 16.01.2020 13:03:12

LESSON
Editorial
Dear learner driver,
this Training Book, adapted to the teaching media of your driving instructor and to the
questions in your theory exam, will help you on the way to your driving license.
You will find an answer to all your questions about learning to drive. The book follows
the lessons of your classroom training and provides you with the optimal tool to follow
up the lesson or to look up a difficult topic.
We have tried to fit the book as closely as possible to what you will need later when
driving in real traffic. In this way you are not only preparing for the exam, but also for
"your life after". And if something does happen, you will find the "Table of all traffic
offences in KSA" in the appendix.
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In your app "Darb Alsalamah" you will find not only question training but also helpful
videos and tips as well as the page from this book that matches the question - so that
everything goes smoothly in the exam.
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We thank the Ministry of Interior – General Department of Traffic - for its support and
are pleased about its approval and recommendation.
Have fun and good luck in your driving training and exam!
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Darb Alsalamah!
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LESSON
Imprint
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Expert editor: Peter Lehnert

Author: Ralf Vennefrohne
Printing house:
© Verlag Heinrich Vogel, München,

in der Springer Fachmedien München GmbH
Edition No. 1
The work including all its parts is protected by copyright. Any
use outside the narrow limits of copyright law is inadmissible
and punishable by law without the consent of the publisher.
This applies in particular to duplications, translations, micro-
filming and the storage and processing in electronic systems. Springer Fachmedien München GmbH
For the content, the publisher assumes no liability for damages Aschauer Straße 30
of any kind, unless there is intent or gross negligence. 81549 München
LESSON
Table of contents
1 Personal Requirements and Legal Framework 7 1
1.1 Different types of licences 8

1.2 (Impaired) Physical Capabilities 10
1.3 Emotions 17
1.4 Basic Rules(s) 22
1.5 Traffic Signs 25
1.6 Consequences of breaking the Traffic Rules 47
2 Priority 51 2
2.1 Priority Regulations 52
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2.2 Roundabouts 61
2.3 Traffic Lights 64
2.4 Traffic Regulation by Police 68
3 Traffic System
3.1
3.2
3.3
Markings on the Road
Road Use
Lane Use
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70
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77
3
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3.4 Highways 79
3.5 Railway Crossing 90
4 Driving Manoeuvres, Observing the Traffic 91 4

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4.1 Entering Traffic and moving off 92

4.2 Driving side by side 95
4.3 Overtaking 101
4.4 Turn left/right 105
4.5 U-turn 108
4.6 Drive backwards 109
5 Speed and Distance 111 5
5.1 Meaning of Speed 112

5.2 Choice of Speed 114
5.3 Speed Rules 119
5.4 Stopping Distance 121
5.5 Keeping Distance 123
LESSON
Table of contents
6 6 Hazard Perception and Defensive Driving 125
6.1 Weather conditions, Driving at Night 126

6.2 Animals 130
6.3 Children 131
6.4 Distraction 132
7 7 Behaviour in special Situations 135
7.1 Pedestrians and Cyclists 136

7.2 Warning Signs 139
7.3 Accidents 140
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7.4 Emergency Vehicles 141
7.5 Tunnel 142
7.6 Stopping and Parking 143
8.1
8.2
8.3
Operational Safety
Road Safety
Assistance Systems
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8 Technology, Assistance Systems and Eco-Driving 145
146
149
154
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8.4 Eco-Driving 156
AP Appendix 161
Appendix Tables of all traffic offences in KSA 161

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LESSON
1
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1 Personal Requirements and Legal Framework
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1.1 Different types of licences.. .......................................................
1.1.1 What the driving license means........................................ 8
8
1.1.2 Type of driving licence............. ....................................... 9

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1.2 (Impaired) Physical Capabilities. .......................................... 10
1.2.1 Sensory information. ..................................................... 10
1.2.2 Sensory illusions. ......................................................... 12
1.2.3 Diseases and Ailments. ........... ....................................... 13
1.2.4 Fatigue, attention, concentration and distraction.................... 13
1.2.5 Alcohol. .............................. ....................................... 14
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1.2.6 Drugs. ....................................................................... 15

1.2.7 Medication. . ................................................................ 15
1.3 Emotions. ......................................................................... 17

1.3.1 Inluencing traffic behaviour through emotions...................... 18
1.3.2 Controlling emotions. ............. ....................................... 20
1.4 Basic Rules........................................................................ 22
1.5 Traffic Signs. .............................. ....................................... 25

1.5.1 Systematics and logic. ................................................... 25
1.5.2 Limits of traffic signs...................................................... 26
1.5.3 Special features..................... ....................................... 27
1.5.4 Warning Signs. ............................................................ 29
1.5.5 Regulatory Signs. ......................................................... 35
1.5.6 Guidance Traffic Signs. . .................................................. 40
1.5.7 Working Zone Traffic Signs. ...... ....................................... 44
1.6 Consequences of breaking the Traffic Rules.......................... 47
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LESSON
Personal Requirements and Legal Framework
1 1.1 Different types of licences

1.1.1 What the driving licence means
If you want to drive a vehicle, you need a The driving licence shall state which
valid driver's licence. Either this is issued vehicles may be driven with it. A private
by a Saudi authority or you are only a visi- driving licence and a motorcycle driving
tor. With an international driving licence licence are valid for 10 years each, all
recognized in Saudi Arabia you are allo- other driving licences are valid for 5 years.
wed to drive for 3 months. The driver's
licence must be carried with you on every Therefore, you must always have your
journey and can be checked and possibly driving licence with you when you drive
confiscated by the police and other secu- and show it to the persons responsible on
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rity personnel at any time. request.
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LESSON
1.1.2 Type of driving licence
Type of driving licence vehicle age special features
Private/Car Max. Total 17 At 17: - 1 year limited term

weight 3,500 kg
- Drive only in KSA
Max. 9 persons
- For 3 offences per
including driver
year revocation of
authorisation pos-
sible
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18
General information
I) Taxi
II) Transport
a) Light transport
b) Heavy transport
III) Bus
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≤ 3,500 kg
> 3500 kg
a) Private/public minibus Up to 15 pers.

20
20
20
Special visual acuity
"
Special visual acuity

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b) Bus >15 pers. 20 "
Public works Vehicle named
in driver's 20
licence
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Motorbike All motorized

two-wheelers 17-18 see car
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LESSON
1 1.2 (Impaired) Physical Capabilities

1.2.1 Sensory information
The correct perception of traffic situations Whether you are physically able to drive a
and the appropriate reaction to them is car should be clear before your first drive.
vital for survival in road traffic. Therefore you have to pass a medicine
Sensory informations are the reliable check. After your doctor has done this,
basis for correct action. you will receive the appropriate certificate.
You absorb about 90% of all sensations You have to show it in your driving school
with your eyes, but feeling and hearing at the registration.
are also important when driving.
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LESSON
Vision 1
Your central daily visual acuity is decisive.
This visual acuity is the ability of the eye
to clearly recognize objects and processes
in the environment in normal daylight.
An average good visual acuity is called

"visual acuity 1.0". For your participation
in road traffic you should have a visual
acuity of at least 0.7.
But don't be afraid! Most young people

see well and reach the minimum require-
ments easily. Of course you can also reach
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You can only react in time if you clearly
the minimum requirements with glasses
recognize traffic situations.
or contact lenses.
But then this vision aid will be noted on
your driving licence and you must always
wear it when driving!
Good vision depends on the following

factors:
■ Night and twilight vision
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■ glare sensitivity
■ field of vision
■ position and mobility of the eyes
■ stereo vision
■ colour vision This is how it looks like when your eye-
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sight is barely enough.
The deterioration of visual performance is

usually a gradual process that many peop-
le do not even notice. So go to the eye test
regularly.
If you don't have your eyes checked regu-

larly, you might see it that way - without
even noticing!
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LESSON
1 Hearing 1.2.2 Sensory illusions

The sense of hearing gives you additional
You perceive many events with several
clues outside your visual field.
senses at the same time. At high speed,
You can't see around the corner - but you
your eye sees the fast passing things at
can hear!
the edge of the road, your ear hears the
loud driving noises, and you feel that you
are fast.
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and do not use headphones. Because if
you are also not able to perceive things

before you see them, e.g. the ambulance
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Do not turn up the radio fully while driving
you can no longer hear the traffic noises,

Although in many cases these sensory
perceptions provide a reliable basis for
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assessing driving conditions, you still
or the police.
have to deal with them critically. Espe-
cially in modern vehicles with strongly
Feelings damped driving noises, hardly noticeable
vibrations and minimal steering wheel and
You can feel a burst tire. The same goes brake pedal forces, your senses someti-
for driving over a bump, the centrifugal mes pretend a deceptive safety.
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force that pushes your car outwards in a Your belly alone may warn you, "when
bend, or how you are pressed into the seat things get hot" - listen to it!
when accelerating hard.
If you drive at high speed for a long time,
then your sense of speed can fool you and
you'll travel faster than you realize. This
leads to dangerous situations, especially
in curves. Overall, your concentration also
decreases.
Physical fitness is important for safe

driving. The prerequisite is that you are
rested, sitting relaxed, wearing comfortab-
le clothes and opening your window often
enough because of fresh air.
That's why your sense of balance and tac-

tile sense are also important for driving a
car.
12
LESSON
1.2.3 Diseases and Ailments 1.2.4 Fatigue, attention, concen- 1

tration and distraction
Of course, your health condition also has
an impact on your fitness to drive. If you Already with a one-hour car journey you
have illnesses, such as cardiac arrhyth- have to collect and process a lot of infor-
mia, constant high blood pressure, severe mation.
diabetes, balance disorders, etc., they can
make you unfit to drive in general or to a It goes without saying that attention and
limited extent. concentration will eventually decrease and
you will become tired. If you then drive
too fast - consciously or unconsciously
- you can, for example, easily get off the
road.
What is dangerous is that the whole thing
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is a creeping process.
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Not to be underestimated, however, are
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also short-term illnesses such as flu-like
infections, severe pain, acute gastroin-
testinal disorders, migraine, hay fever or
asthma. You'd better leave the car.
This also applies to all diseases in which Therefore, here are the main alarm signals
you are restricted in your movements (e.g. that indicate fatigue:
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sprained wrist, broken leg, etc.). ■ sudden fright

■ delayed reactions
■ limited perception
■ no longer know what was the last few
km (attention waning)
■ drove straight ahead at an intersection,
even though you knew you wanted to
turn there
■ difficulties in keeping track
■ frequent yawning
■ burning eyes, heavy eyelids
■ freeze
13
LESSON
1 1.2.5 Alcohol
The degradation of alcohol happens extre-

mely slowly. In a healthy body, an average
of 0.1 per mille per hour is broken down.
Even sleep or so-called "soberers" like
coffee, walking, fresh air or sports cannot
influence it.
Even small amounts of alcohol have an

effect on your central nervous system.
Your ability to drive will be considerably

impaired:
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If you notice these signals, your ability to
drive is already disturbed. ■ your reaction time is extended
■ you hear worse (directional hearing)
Your concentration decreases, driving
■ your self-criticism wanes, inhibitions are
errors accumulate and there is the threat
of dangerous microsleep. Only sufficient
better not to get in the car when you're

tired.
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breaks, exercise and fresh air can help. It's ■
■
reduced
your risk appetite rises
you get dazzled more easily
your awareness of space and depth di-
minishes
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■ it´s hard for you to estimate distances.
■ your eyes cannot easily adapt to
changed light (light/dark adjustment)
■ field of vision narrows (tunnel vision)
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■ it takes your brain longer to process in-

formation
■ you can't coordinate your movements
properly anymore
■ you can no longer correctly estimate
your speed and distances
■ you misjudge dangerous situations
■ you drive less attentively
■ you´re getting aggressive.
Therefore, alcohol consumption is prohi-

bited and is punished with 24 points and
leads to the withdrawal of your driving
license for at least 3 months.
14
LESSON
1.2.6 Drugs 1.2.7 Medication 1

If you want to obtain a driving licence,
you must not have already been convicted
related to drugs. You will be barred from
obtaining a driver's license if you are con-
victed of drug use, manufacture, smugg-
ling, transportation or possession.
Not only alcohol, but also narcotics and

certain drugs can have a considerable and
long-lasting influence on your fitness to
drive.
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Drugs are addictive and can cause into-
xication. Even a single consumption can
lead to an inability to drive.
Effects can be:

■
■
misjudgement
decreasing awareness of danger.
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disorder of attention and concentration
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The degradation of psychoactive sub- In addition to the desired effects, some
stances is not straightforward as with drugs also have undesired effects.
alcohol, but uneven and difficult to assess About 20% of all medicine impairs the abi-
over time. Even the slightest evidence of lity to react. And this can have dangerous
drug influence is sufficient to punish the consequences, especially in road traffic:
driver, regardless of whether it has already Many accidents are caused directly or indi-
impaired his ability to drive or not. rectly by taking medication.
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Around 80% of all road users are not awa-

The detection of certain drugs in the blood re of the fact that taking medication can
leads to 24 points and thus to a driving have a similar effect on their ability to dri-
disqualification. ve as alcohol does.
Recognition and detection of drug use Whether a drug affects your ability to drive
have been greatly facilitated and improved depends on several factors. For example,
in recent years through the development it is important how your body absorbs the
of appropriate rapid test methods. preparation.
For example, cannabis and its degradation Basic diseases, dosage and taking other
products can be detected in urine even drugs are also important.
after weeks.
Some drugs limit your ability to drive only
shortly after taking them, others over a
longer period of time. Information can be
found in the package insert or obtained
from your doctor or pharmacy.
15
LESSON
1 Pain killers can, for example lead to drow- Some medications for muscle tension con-
siness or mood swings. In some cases the tain substances that have a calming effect
pupils constrict, which makes it particular- but can also affect your ability to react.
ly difficult to see in the dark. The caffeine
contained in some painkillers is also pro- Some eye disease medications can reduce
blematic: it initially cheers you up, but can your vision so much that you should never
then lead to sudden fatigue. take the wheel.
Drugs that block the cough stimulus often Alcohol can - even in small amounts -
have a dampening effect on the central considerably increase the effects or side
nervous system and affect driving ability. effects of drugs.
In the case of psychotropic drugs, the

effect is so strong that especially in the
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first 10-15 days you should not drive.
The special danger with stimulants is that

after some time the stimulating effect can
be replaced by fatigue and you fall asleep.
Such substances are also contained in
some slimming pills (so-called appetite
suppressants).
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16
LESSON
1.3 Emotions 1
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What determines our behaviour in road Maybe the driver's too fast,
traffic? ■ because he enjoys speeding between
bumps and parked cars.
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Why, for example, in a particular situation,

do we take into account the applicable ■ because he wants to test his driving
regulations and rules and ignore them in skills and possibly demonstrate them to
another? others.
■ because he thinks that 40 km/h is a bit
An example can illustrate this:
over the top.
A car driver drives too fast through a resi-
dential area.
This addresses various action-controlling
backgrounds that play a major role in traf-
Doesn't he know he's only supposed to go
fic behaviour:
40 km/h there?
■ Emotions (here: fun)
That's unlikely. The very question "How
■ Motives (here: to test and demonstrate
would I behave in this situation?” makes
skills)
it clear that other factors are more impor-
tant. ■ Attitudes (here: consider something
nonsensical and therefore reject it).
All three are fundamental driving forces of

human action and thus also determine our
behaviour in road traffic.
17
LESSON
1 1.3.1 Influencing traffic behaviour On motorways the emotional behaviour

through emotions becomes most obvious:
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In road traffic, many road users have to For some it is the supposed slow drivers,
share a relatively limited space. You have for others it is the pushy drivers who trig-
to "get along" with each other.
Both positive and negative emotions can

have a negative effect on your behaviour
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in traffic. The more intense your emotions,
the more you have to wrestle with them.
ger negative emotions.
Anger and stress in traffic can easily lead

to a risky driving style. Particularly pro-
blematic are emotions that seek revenge.
Who feels humiliated and takes a revenge
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attitude, represents a big risk.
The anonymity and the seclusion of the
vehicle cabin can lead to the fact that even Neither anger nor time pressure are howe-
the smallest occasions trigger strong fee- ver excuses for the disregard of traffic
lings with you, which influence your dri- regulations. Do not drive faster than allo-
ving behavior negatively. wed, keep sufficient distance and cross
traffic lights only at "green".
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Emotions often arise between the passen-

gers in the vehicle itself. This can lead to
dangerous situations because car drivers
have lively discussions or even quarrels
with passengers.
The passenger's expectations of his own
driving style are also not harmless. So
with "grandma" as a passenger you will
inevitably be on your way differently than
with peers.
18
LESSON
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It´s best not to get behind the wheel when Stress, especially in road traffic, often
you are in an emotionally heated mood. leads to critical situations and an acci-
dents.
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But positive feelings behind the wheel You easily transfer feelings like anger and
can also influence your driving behaviour. frustration from everyday life into traffic
When joy, happiness or fun become over- without being aware of the risk.
whelming, your attention suffers.
These feelings, which are quite normal

in daily life, can quickly turn into care-
lessness and imprudence when driving.
19
LESSON
1 1.3.2 Controlling emotions
If you want to be considered a "good dri-

ver", you have to control your anger and
tolerate frustrations.
Consideration, partnership and compo-

sure are also part of this. So you don`t
only have to control your vehicle, but
also your feelings. Don't be carried away
by emotions, learn to deal with your
feelings.
Controlling your emotions is not always
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easy, but it can be learned. The first step is
self-knowledge. ■ It is always me to be innocently invol-
ved in accidents?
You have the best chances with a relaxed
attitude. Because once you're upset, it's
hard to calm down.
Sometimes it can help to question your
own behaviour in traffic.
Is it really bad luck or a fortuity that

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■ It is always me to have my traffic lights

on yellow
The next step is the ability to put yourself

in the other one´s shoes, to question and
understand his behaviour. When you try to
see the world through the eyes of others,
■ It is always me to be controlled by the there are often very simple explanations
police? for their behaviour:
20
LESSON
With the knowledge that emotions are not 1

good co-drivers, it is better to stay calm,
tolerate one another's misbehaviour, and
not to evaluate the whole thing as a perso-
nal attack.
If emotions are high, your driving beha-

viour and that of others is no longer cha-
racterised by the rational objectivity that
makes driving a car safe.
Therefore, it is important that you also

recognize the point at which you leave this
rational realm.
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■ Might the other car driver have mis-
judged himself in this traffic light situa-
tion? Then, for example, a conscious thought
stop can "slow down" the escalation spiral.
Often it also helps to think of something
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interests or hobbies.
Unfortunately, there is no universal recipe

for self-control, because what is a helpful
suggestion for one person may seem diffi-
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cult to implement for the other.
But if you can't manage to get your emo-

tions under control, it's better to take a
short break and "lower your blood pres-
sure back to a normal level".
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■ Might the driver have experienced

something bad and is therefore tense?
■ And the driver behind me certainly

doesn't mean me personally!
21
LESSON
1 1.4 Basic Rules

Saudi Arabia has more than 12 million road vehicles. It goes without saying that there
must be precise rules as to how one should behave. The road traffic regulations in the
Saudi traffic system index prescribe these rules. However, since it is not possible to re-
gulate all conceivable traffic situations specifically, some basic rules should always be
observed:
"The road is for all and the rights of other users are to be respected". Similar formu-
lations can be found in other countries, e.g. in Germany: "Participation in road traffic
requires constant caution and mutual consideration". You should always behave in a
way that does not harm or endanger others. One should also behave in such a way that
someone else is no longer than unavoidable, is hindered or harassed by my behaviour.
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Caution Consideration
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Only if you recognize a danger as such at It's not always easy to be considerate
an early stage you can behave cautiously. towards other road users. But you're glad,
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You are no more infallible than the others too, after all, if someone else doesn't honk
- count on their mistakes. In addition to the horn right away because your parking
your knowledge of the danger, this also doesn´t work right away..
includes "foresight", i. e. anticipatory dri-
ving. When you drive defensively, you pass not
your right, be considerate on the interests
Foresight is your active eye guidance on of others, you recognize their problems
the traffic situation. That's exhausting, and possible misconduct and help them.
but it's how you discover sources of dan-
ger before they become the real danger.
The following applies: The more often Injury
and shorter your glances, the greater the
amount of information collected! Actually a matter of course:
In road traffic, you must behave in such a
If, for example, you recognize a vehicle way that no one else is harmed. The que-
with a foreign license plate in front of stion of guilt plays a subordinate role here.
you early, unexpected braking, stopping,
asking for directions or flashing too late
will not surprise you.
22
LESSON
Endangerment Handicap 1
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In practice, hazards are for example these Many obstacles in road traffic are unavoi-
behaviours: dable, e.g. flat tyres, slow driving at dan-
gerous points etc.
■
■
Cut curves
Drive too fast
Drive up tight
Dimming down too late
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Insecure a vehicle that has broken down
Bad, however, are the handicaps you can
avoid. And there's plenty of them:
■
■
Stalling the engine in flowing traffic
Drive slowly without good reason
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incorrectly or not at all ■ Lying with empty tank
■ Open the car door carelessly ■ Clamp parked vehicles.
■ Driving a car that isn't roadworthy.
Harassment
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Harassment is an "infliction of physical or

mental discomfort".
The same applies here: You cannot avoid
many nuisances, e.g. if you honk when
there is danger.
Bad are the avoidable harassments, such

as:
■ Loud slamming of doors
■ Playing with the gas
■ Unnecessary driving around
■ Drift
■ A crashing load.
23
LESSON
1 Principle of trust
In road transport, the so-called principle of
trust applies. Accordingly, every road user
who behaves in a traffic-fair manner may
expect and rely on the traffic-fair conduct
of others.
The principle of trust shall not apply

where it's obvious that other people
not gonna behave the right way.
Likewise, the principle of trust does not

apply to so-called traffic-weak persons.
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These include children, the obviously sick,
the disabled or the elderly. With these
road users, you always have to be prepa-
red for misconduct.
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24
LESSON
1.5 Traffic Signs 1

Regulations by traffic signs always take precedence over the general regulations.
Their symbols make them (also internationally) quick and easy to understand.
And best of all, you don't even have to be able to read to understand its meaning.
1.5.1 Systematics and logic

In KSA traffic signs are divided into danger signs, regulatory signs, guidance traffic signs
and work zone signs.
You can distinguish them by their shape and colour.
Warning Signs Traffic signs may be supplemented by
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additional signs. They are placed directly
under the traffic sign.
Danger is always shown by a triangle,

point upwards, red border.
Regulatory Signs
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Traffic signs also include road markings.
A ban is imposed by a disc with red rim Characters and the reproduction of traffic
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on white background signs on the carriageway indicate a traffic

sign placed at the edge of the carriageway.
Workzone signs
A bid is usually placed on a round disc

with blue ground.
Guidance Traffic Signs At construction sites, the workzone signs

indicate special regulations and possible
diversions. In addition, there is a risk of
dirty roads and workers.
Guidance Traffic Signs are usually square

or pentagonal, blue, yellow, white or green.
25
LESSON
1 1.5.2 Limits of traffic signs
The human eye becomes especially

in places where many traffic signs are
attached - such as construction sites -
overstrained.
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■ bent
■ dirty (or markings also worn).
Not infrequently they also sink next to bill-
It's not always easy to get involved in such

a "forest of signs".
You must first decide which traffic signs
apply to you and then follow them. On
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boards or other distractions.
Non-observance of traffic signs can have

several reasons:
Do not see
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Was the traffic sign covered?
construction sites, it is often the case that Were you distracted?
the traffic signs are incorrectly affixed, so Didn't you see the traffic sign?
that their meaning is not always clear.
Do not know
But even if only one traffic sign is fitted, Were you unaware of the regulations
there can be misunderstandings. involved?
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After all, there are not only similar traffic

signs, but sometimes they are also Do not accept
Did you know the rules, but did you deli-
berately ignore them?
■ overgrown
■ concealed
■ weathered
■ blown by sand
26
LESSON
1.5.3 Special features 1
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Traffic signs are not only available in the Traffic signs can also be produced by
"classic" form, but also as road markings. luminaires. These are so-called variable
message signs.
i.e. they are mandatory characters. pl

Most markers prescribe a certain behavior,
Examples of this are: Lane and lane boun-

daries, restricted areas or pedestrian cros-
sings.
The meaning of the traffic sign remains
unchanged, but otherwise white areas are
black. The symbols or numbers are not
black as usual, but white.
m
The guideline and the waiting line are Traffic signs affixed to a vehicle shall take
among the indicative signs. precedence over the arrangements of
fixed traffic signs.
They also apply while the vehicle is
moving.
Sa
In construction sites, the original markings

may lose their meaning. Then barriers and
the working zone traffic signs indicate how
to behave correctly.
27
LESSON
1 Important traffic signs should always be clearly visible (even in snow), from behind, etc.).
This is why they have special shapes.
What traffic signs are hidden here?

Sketch the individual traffic signs from the front.
e
pl
m
Sa
28
LESSON
1.5.4 Warning Signs 1

The purpose of warning signs
Warning signs are used to warn the driver and all road users of existing or potential road
hazards so that they are not surprised by the danger.
In this way, the driver can take precautions to ensure the safety of himself, his passengers
and other road users.
Shape and colours of warning signs

In general, all warning signs are triangular with a red frame and the background is white.
The symbols or drawings are black.
e
Turn sharp right
pl Winding road right
m
Sa
Turn sharp left Winding road left
Turn right Dangerous bends right then left
Turn left Dangerous bends left then right
29
LESSON
Road narrows from right A series of bumps
e
Road narrows from left Uneven road
pl The way is heading to the end

m
Road narrows on both sides
of a pier or river
Sa
Rise Falling rocks
Descent Scattered gravel
Bump Slippery road
30
LESSON
Uneven Road Students crossing
e
Be cautious of Camels Horizontal traffic lights ahead
pl
m
Be cautious of Animals Vertical traffic lights ahead
Sa
Bicycle crossing Intersection with minor road from

the right
Kids crossing Intersection with minor road from the left
Pedestrian crossing Dangerous junction ahead
31
LESSON
The intersection of a main road with a sub Tunnel
e
Two-way street Bridge the path of one
pl
m
Sidewind A narrow bridge
Sa
Roundabout Low shoulder
Yield sign ahead Road merges from the right
Stop sign ahead Road merges from the left
32
LESSON
The end of the duplication of the road Electrical cables
e
Beginning of the duplication of the road Sand dunes
pl
m
Be careful! Road to the left (Chevrons)
Sa
Fire brigade Road to the left (Chevrons)
Maximum height Airstrip
Crossing water Low Aircraft
33
LESSON
Railway crossing without barrier
e
50 m distance indicators for trains
pl
m
Sa
Railway crossing with gate
34
LESSON
1.5.5 Regulatory Signs 1

The Purpose of Regulatory Signs
Regulatory Signs are used to inform the driver and all road users of the various traffic
rules and restrictions to be observed during the journey.
Form and colours of Regulatory Signs

In general, all the regulatory signs are circular and the background is white, symbols
or drawings on the surface of the sign are black and the frame is red.
Exceptions are the "stop sign" and the "give way sign". There are also mandatory signs
with a blue background (e.g. roundabouts).
e
Maximum speed limit for trucks
pl Give preference
m
Sa
maximum speed No entry
Trucks keep right Priority to vehicles coming from the

opposite side
Stop
No Parking
35
LESSON
No stopping or parking The end of the speed limit
e
Customs The end of all prohibitions
pl
m
Overtaking is forbidden Minimum speed limit
Sa
Overtaking is forbidden for trucks The end of the lower speed
End of no overtaking for cars No right turn
End of no overtaking for transport No left turn

vehicles
36
LESSON
No U-Turn Prohibited the entry of cars and motor-

cycles
e
No Horns No entry for buses
pl
m
No Pedestrian No Animal-drawn vehicles
Sa
No bicycles Prohibited the entry of goods vehicles pu-

shed by hands
No entry for motorcycles No Public Works vehicles
Prohibited the entry of vehicles except No vehicles with trailer

motorcycles
37
LESSON
Goods transport vehicles prohibited Maximum width
e
Prohibited the entry of all vehicles Distance between two cars at least 50m
pl
m
Maximum Axle load Mandatory direction to the right
Sa
Maximum length Mandatory direction to the left
Maximum weight Mandatory direction forward
Maximum height Mandatory direction keep right
38
LESSON
Mandatory direction keep left Mandatory direction ahead forward or

to the right
e
Roundabout Mandatory direction ahead forward or
to the left
pl
m
Mandatory directions ahead to the right Mandatory direction forward or turning
or left back
Sa
Mandatory direction ahead to the right Mandatory direction turn back
Mandatory direction ahead to the right Bicycle Path
Mandatory direction keep right or left Pedestrian path

39
LESSON
1 1.5.6 Guidance Traffic Signs
The purpose of Guidance Traffic Signs

Guidance traffic signs are used mainly to guide drivers and all road users along streets
and roads to cities, villages, streets and other important and necessary destinations. They
also give information about intersections, show distances and directions to places with
geographical, geological, historical and religious importance and service facilities on the
roads.
In general, these guidelines provide such information and help drivers along the road by
taking the shortest route to reach their destinations.
Shape and colors of Guidance Traffic Signs

For most guidance traffic signs, the fonts or symbols are so different that there can´t be
e
one size for all signals, so the size of the signals is determined mainly by the length of
the message delivered to road users.
The colors of the guidance traffic signs are also different and they are determined by the
type of message, for example:
pl
The guidance traffic signs on roads outside cities are designed with blue background and
white letters, while inside cities they have green background and white letters.
When guiding to cities and villages the background’s color of the sign is in blue and the
letters are in white.
m
Sa
Sign for holy Mecca Secondary road
Direction South
Sub-road
Direction West
Direction North
Main road
Direction East
40
LESSON
Restaurant Aid center
e
Dead end Hotel
pl
m
Turn on lights Telephone
Sa
Hospital Park
Petrol Station Camp
Workshop Café
41
LESSON
Highway The sign indicating to Holy mosque of

Medinah
e
End of Highway
Airport
pl
m
Parking
City Center
Sa
Museums, Entertainment centers and

Side-parking Farms
Signs for streets and neighborhoods

within cities - name and direction of the
Pedestrian crossing
street

Industrial Area within cities - name and direction of the
street
42
LESSON
Signs for streets and neighborhoods Signs for roads outside cities Exit
within cities - name and direction of
the street
e
Signs for roads outside cities the name
of the city
pl
the street
m
Signs for roads outside cities the name
and the direction of the city Exit

the street
Sa
Priority for incoming vehicles

the street
Piority road

the street
End of priority road
43
LESSON
1 1.5.7 Working Zone Traffic Signs
The purpose of Working zone signs and temporary traffic signs

Working zone signs and temporary traffic signs are used for the same purpose as the
previous mentioned signs (warning signs, regulatory signs and guidance traffic signs)
with the difference that working zone signs warn and regulate an emergency. Or they
warn at unusual and temporary situations on the road so that it must be taken into
account by drivers and road users.
Shape and colors of Working zone signs and temporary traffic signs
The forms of working zone signs and temporary traffic signs are the same forms as the
three main categories traffic signs are divided to (warning signs, regulatory signs and in-
dicative signs) with a difference in color so that the background’s color of the working zo-
ne signs is yellow, frame in red, and writing in black.
e
Descent
pl Intersection ahead
m
Sa
Road narrows from right Stop sign ahead
Traffic lights ahead Beginning of the duplication of the road
Two-way street Road works
44
LESSON
Flagger ahead Detour ahead
e
Closed lane Detour ahead in 1500m
pl
m
Right bend Suggested speed
Sa
Sharp bend to the right Road work ends
Arrow marks for warning when curves Warning sign
Direction of Detour The suppression of traffic
45
LESSON
Tube barrier marker Barriers 1
e
Panel Vertical Barriers 2
pl
m
Barrel
Sa
Splats
Splats
46
LESSON
1.6 Consequences of breaking the Traffic Rules 1
Road traffic with 12 million registered vehicles in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia can only
function and be reasonably safe if there are rules. Therefore, there is a comprehensive
set of rules that you learn in the driving school. But unfortunately not all drivers always
follow the rules in every situation. It may be a result of ignorance, inattentiveness (you
didn't see the traffic sign because you were distracted) or ignorance of these rules.
Why are rule violations punished? On the one hand, this has a deterrent effect (preventi-
on) and, on the other hand, it filters out people who for various reasons are not suitable
to take part in road traffic.
e
Categories of Infringements
Violations of rules will be punished differently depending on kind and extent of violation.
There is therefore a distinction of traffic offences in 4 tables. Depending on the severity,
the fine and/or confiscation of the vehicle will be imposed. Certain infringements are
pl
additionally marked with points and may lead to the withdrawal of the driving license.
Repeated breaches of public safety may even lead to imprisonment if ordered by the
court at its request.
m
Violation by category Type of penalty Level of penalty
Repeated offence that Fines and/or

according to court order
endangers public safety imprisonment
Score table of traffic Points, 1 x 24: 3 months withdrawal

Sa
offences Withdrawal of driving

2 x 24: 6 months withdrawal
licence at 24 points in
one year 3 x 24: 1 year withdrawal
4 x 24: permanent withdrawal
Table 1 of traffic offences Fine 100-150 SAR
Table 5 of traffic offences Fine 1.000-2.000 SAR
for the amount of penalty

Table 8 of traffic offences Fine
see the appendix
47
LESSON
1 Violations that endanger public safety are

(according to § 74 KSA Traffic law):
1.) Driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs or medication

that may impair the ability to drive.
2.) Crossing a red traffic light
3.) Driving against the prescribed direction of traffic
4.) quick dangerous manoeuvres on the main road
5.) An overspeed of more than 25 km/h
e
6.) Overtaking in areas where overtaking is forbidden, such as bends
7.) Do not stop directly at the stop sign
pl
8.) Driving the vehicle without the necessary equipment such as brakes,
lights or other equipment that may endanger public safety.
9.) The drifting
Infringements shall be entered in the personal register. A repetition is also given,

m
if it concerns any other offence from this list.
Example: So if you were clearly too fast the first time and then get caught crossing a red
traffic light, the traffic department may ask for a higher penalty than the one in the points
table. This claim must be reported to the court by the Transport Department within
30 days of the infringement.
Sa
48
LESSON
The scoring table of traffic offences 1
No. Traffic offence Points
1 Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs 24

2 Drifts 24
3 Do not stop at the red traffic light 12
4 Driving the vehicle in the opposite traffic direction 12
5 The quick evasive manoeuvre on the road 8
6 Non-observance of the manual signals of the policeman 8
e
7 Driving the vehicle without lights or brakes 8
8 Do not stop directly at the stop sign. 6
9
10
11
12
pl
Non-observance of the right of way rules
Overspeeding with more than 25 km/h
Do not give right of way at the roundabout
Overtaking in areas where overtaking is prohibited
6
6
6
6
m
13 Stop on the railway tracks 6
14 Overspeeding not more than 25 km/h 4
15 Driving on routes that are not suitable for driving 4
16 School buses to stop, to load or unload, overhaul 4
Sa
17 Do not cover or tie up the load 4

18 Making changes or tuning the vehicle without taking regular measures 4
19 Do not fasten the seat belt 2
20 Using your mobile phone with your hand while driving 2
21 Do not wear a helmet while riding a motorcycle 2
The infringements from the points table are also entered in the personal infringement
register of the driving license holder. For 24 points within a Hijri year, the driver's license
is always revoked. Withdrawal shall apply to all classes of driving licence.
49
LESSON
1 Withdrawal of driving licence – advanced seminars in driving schools

If you should ever be affected by a permanent withdrawal because you have already
received 24 points for the fourth time within a Hijri year, your driving license will be
completely withdrawn. After 2 years, however, you can apply for a new driving license.
Then you have to complete a 1 month advanced course in a driving school and pass
the theory exam as well as the practical exam again successfully.
If you should drive despite the withdrawal of your driving licence, you will receive the
penalty for driving without a driving licence and a court case as well as the obligation
to take part in a 15-day advanced course in the driving school.
The list of all traffic offences, arranged in four tables, can be found in the appendix of
the book.
e
pl
m
Sa
50
LESSON
2
e
pl
m
2 Priority
2.1 Priority Regulations ................................................................. 52
2.1.1 Principles of right of way.......... ....................................... 53
2.1.2 Traffic signs for the right of way........................................ 54
Sa
2.1.3 Main Road Priority........................................................ 56

2.1.4 Uncontrolled Intersection. ........ ....................................... 58
2.1.5 4-Way-Stop-Intersection................................................. 60
2.2 Roundabouts..................................................................... 61
2.3 Traffic Lights. .................................................................... 64

2.3.1 Hierarchy. . .................................................................. 64
2.3.2 Traffic Light Phases....................................................... 64
2.4 Traffic Regulation by Police . ........ ....................................... 68
51
LESSON
Priority
2 2.1 Priority Regulations
e
pl
m
Imagine if there were no rules of right of way. Then, wherever the driving lines of two
or more vehicles cross, intersect or come dangerously close to each other, one would
have to spontaneously communicate with each other each time who will be allowed
to drive first. And this will occur at maybe 80 km/h in urban areas or 120 km/h out of
Sa
town.
Probably this would regularly result in total traffic collapse and numerous accidents
with countless injured and dead. Since we all want to reach our destination safely
and without unnecessary delay, there are rules of right of way. If everyone knows and
accepts them, this will ultimately lead to a fluid and safe cooperation on the road.
52
LESSON
Priority
2.1.1 Principles of right of way 2

The right of way decides which of the
vehicles approaching an intersection or
junction must wait and which may drive.
The decisive factor is where the vehicle

comes from and not where it goes to!
The right of way applies to all vehicles,

whether with or without engine, large or
small, fast or slow, single or multi-lane.
e
Basic rules for right of way:
■ If a policeman controls the traffic, his instructions must be followed.
■ If there are traffic lights, they apply, even if there are traffic signs.
■
■ At
pl
If there are traffic signs, they shall apply.
If you are on the Main Road, you have right of way over drivers on minor roads.
Intersections, the vehicle that has already entered the intersection has the right
of way over vehicles entering later.
m
■ If two or more cars arrive at the intersection at the same time, then vehicles coming
from the right have right of way.
■ If you want to turn left at such intersections, you have to let oncoming vehicles go
straight ahead or turn right.
■ At so-called T-Intersections, the right of way is to the one that is on the Main Road.
Sa
This is the continuous road.
53
LESSON
Priority
2 2.1.2 Traffic signs for the right of way
As soon as you see these traffic signs on the road, they take precedence over other rules,
so they definitely apply to you (except they are placed at traffic lights, that are working).
Here, too, the decisive factor for the right of way is always where a vehicle comes from,
not where it goes to. The positive sign gives you right of way, the negative sign indicates
you have to wait. The exception is the policeman who regulates the traffic. His instruc-
tions always take precedence over those of traffic signs
or the basic rules.
e
pl
m
Sa
54
LESSON
Priority
Give right of way Hold. Give right of way 2
The traffic sign indicates your obligation Also if you can see this traffic sign the
to wait. Reduce your speed and be rea- other traffic on the crossing road has right
dy to brake. This sign can be found on of way. You have to stop in any case, whe-
secondary roads leading to a main road, ther traffic is approaching or not.
e
roundabouts and special right turn lanes.
pl
m
If there is a stop line, you stop in front of
it. If you cannot judge the traffic from this
position sufficiently, or if there is no stop
line, you should carefully continue to gro-
Sa
pe your way into the intersection. If neces-

sary, stop again at the line of sight.
If there is no stop line, stop at the line of

sight. The line of sight is not a mark, but an
imaginary line from which you can see the
traffic on the road with right of way. If the
road is free or the gap is large enough, you
may cross the intersection after stopping.
55
LESSON
Priority
2 2.1.3 Main Road Priority
e
The right of way regulation on the Main But you should give the vehicles coming
Road is actually quite simple: Vehicles from a Secondary Road the possibility to
on the Main Road have right of way over
vehicles on the Secondary Road or the
Service Road. So if you are on the Main
Road (which is usually equipped with
several lanes per direction), you have
pl
priority over vehicles coming from other,
smaller roads.
thread in.
m
Sa
If you drive out of the Main Road into

a secondary road, be careful, you don´t
A Main Road can also be signposted with have right of way over the vehicles on the
the traffic sign "priority road". Secondary Road.
However, it has right of way even without
the traffic sign.
56
LESSON
Priority
How do you recognize a Main Road? 2
e
And vice versa: if you want to drive onto a ■ Several lanes per direction
main road, you have to reduce your speed
■ Well developed
if necessary and wait for a gap in the
find a sufficient gap.

pl
traffic and thread in there. Of course you
should also be ready to brake if you don't
■
■
Other roads lead to it and allow you to
drive up and down
Directions of travel are often structurally
separated
Can also be signposted with the traffic
m
sign "priority road"
Sa
In addition, the traffic sign can also indi-

cate that you are on the subordinate road
(see photo).
57
LESSON
Priority
2 Main Road Priority at T-Intersections
e
At T-Intersections, an intersecting road meets a continuous road. Here the right of way is
also easily recognizable. If you are driving on the continuous road (see white car in the pic-
tures), you have right of way over vehicles coming from the road that joins you (blue car).
2.1.4 Uncontrolled Intersection

pl
The continuous road is therefore always a Main Road in the sense of the right of way rule.
These crossings are particularly common in residential areas. They don't have traffic
m
lights or traffic signs to give way. There must therefore be fixed rules that every road user
must know and accept. Unfortunately, at such intersections a lot of accidents occur, so you
should pay special attention and always be aware of the misconduct of other road users at
the intersection.
Sa
You may encounter the following

situations:
1. If you're alone at the crossroads like
the black car on the right, it's easy. You
slowly approach the intersection, slow
down until you can oversee it and when
everything is clear you drive in your
desired direction. If you want to turn
at such an intersection, watch out for
pedestrians or cyclists crossing.
You have to let them pass!
58
LESSON
Priority
2. You're clearly the first (see the white 2

car on the picture) to get to the cross-
roads. You see a vehicle coming in the
distance, no matter from where. In this
case, you have right of way because
you are already at the crossroads. Make
sure here, however, that the oncoming
one has also seen you.
e
3. You come to the intersection with ano-
ther vehicle at the same time. Now the
one who comes from the right has right
of way.
pl
m
4. You come to the intersection with two
other vehicles at the same time. Also
now the one who comes from the right
Sa
has right of way (this driver has no ve-

hicle to the right of him). At the intersec-
tion shown on the photo, the white car
is the first one to go.
5. You come to the intersection with three

other vehicles at the same time. Since
now everyone inevitably has a vehicle
to his right, the rule is of no use. There-
fore, you must now agree who will
drive first. So someone has to give up
his right of way and communicate this
clearly to the vehicle to the left of him.
This then moves slowly in its desired
direction.
59
LESSON
Priority
2 2.1.5 4 Way-Stop-Intersection
e
Once you arrive at an intersection where If two vehicles meet each other and both
there is a stop sign from every direction, want to turn left, they usually turn in front
there are three rules to follow:
you drive first.

pl
1. If you clearly get to an intersection first,
2. If several vehicles arrive at the intersec-

tion at the same time, the one coming
of each other and they also have to con-
sider each other.
Also for reasons of energy-saving driving,

it makes sense to drive slowly towards
intersections. The slower you drive, the
m
more time you have to assess and observe
from the right will drive first.
the situation. You can estimate gaps ear-
3. If four vehicles arrive at the intersection lier and thus possibly avoid stopping.
at the same time, it must again be clear-
ly communicated with each other who
is the one to drive first. After that it's
right before left again.
Sa
60
LESSON
Priority
2.2 Roundabouts 2
e
pl
m
Roundabouts ensure smooth traffic without crossing points. They therefore make a major
contribution to road safety. Signposts announce the roundabout and make it easier for
you to find your way around. So you should already see before the entrance at which exit
you will leave the roundabout. In addition, the corresponding regulatory sign is usually
Sa
also drawn up.
61
LESSON
Priority
2 Rules of right of way and conduct
The control during running-in is some-

what more complex:
Do you want to
e
The right of way in roundabouts is also
regulated very simply. Those vehicles that
are in a circle have right of way before tho-
se that enter.
Regulations for flashing:

pl ■ take the first exit (i.e. turn right), you will
already be flashing right as you enter
the roundabout
m
Sa
If you want to leave the roundabout, you ■ take the second exit (i.e. continue
must always flash right! straight ahead), you will not flash when
you enter the roundabout
62
LESSON
Priority
2-lane roundabout 2
In two-lane roundabouts you should get
into the correct lane. These are:
e
■ take the third exit (i.e. turn left), you will
flash left when you enter the rounda-
bout
■ take the fourth exit (U-Turn), you will
also flash left as you drive in.
Since the speed difference between cars

driving in the roundabout and vehicles
entering it are usually not very high, you
can very often avoid stopping at the
pl Direction of travel right or straight ahead:
Use right lane
m
entrance by driving with foresight and
moderate speed.
But be careful:
Never rely on the flashing lights alone!
It can also be decisive:

Sa
■ the driver's line of vision

■ the driving line of the vehicle
Driving direction left or U-Turn:
■ the position of the front wheels.
Use left lane!
63
LESSON
Priority
2 2.3 Traffic Lights
2.3.1 Hierarchy Red traffic light
Traffic lights regulate traffic, especially at

large intersections. The traffic light phases
can be adapted to the traffic volume and
should thus guarantee a smooth traffic
flow.
If you come to a traffic light and it is in

operation, then the traffic light is over-
ruling the traffic signs. These only apply
e
if the traffic light is out of order. Such a
traffic light then flashes yellow or is com-
pletely off. And if the police regulates the
actual traffic light crossing, then of course,
as always, their instructions must be fol-
lowed. The instructions of the police are
lights are following and then the traffic

signs or fixed rules have to be applied.
pl
always at the highest point, then the traffic
Red orders:
Stop at the crossroads! If there's a stop
line, you stop in front of it. Since the
vehicles from other directions have green
light, crossing the red traffic light is not
only very dangerous, but it is also severely
m
punished.
2.3.2 Traffic Light Phases
Turn right at red traffic light
The light signals of the traffic lights are
red, yellow and green, with red always at
the top, yellow in the middle and green at
the bottom. This means that even colour-
Sa
blind people can clearly see the traffic

light phases.
All the traffic lights in the kingdom work

on the same principle. A distinction is
made between the following states of the
traffic light:
Red - Green - Green flashing - Yellow - Red
This process is not harmless! You may

only turn off from the right lane and of
course you must not obstruct or endanger
anyone. Therefore you first stop at the
stop line. Since the other traffic is open,
pay particular attention to pedestrians and
vehicles coming from this direction.
64
LESSON
Priority
e
When everything's clear, drive carefully The green traffic light does not mean total-
into the intersection. Watch your step! The ly unrestricted free travel!
pedestrians and cyclists in the street you If you turn right, you have to watch out
turn into may have green lights and must for cyclists riding on or off the road in the
of course be let in by you. Take a look over same direction and for pedestrians - you
Green traffic light

pl
your shoulder to secure the blind spot! have to wait when pedestrians or cyclists
are on their way.
m
Sa
Green means: Traffic is clear. A special case is the traffic light arrow.
The other traffic is always red. In this case, the green light only applies
It's understandable that the vehicles to the indicated direction of travel. The
behind you also want to use the green left turners have to stop here while the
traffic light phase. So if you're going straight traffic is allowed to drive.
straight ahead, you should start up quickly
and cross the intersection. Attention:
At traffic lights for different driving direc-
tions there is danger of confusion! Make
sure you don't leave until the traffic light
for your lane is green!
A green light is not a free ticket! If a vehic-

le crosses the road with "red", you act
according to the principle "the smarter one
gives way" instead of causing accident!
65
LESSON
Priority
2 Green flashing Tips for practice:

Look ahead!
A traffic light that switches to yellow only
surprises those who have not observed
the traffic light long before. Expect a traffic
light that has been green for a long time to
turn yellow as you approach it. Prepare to
stop and consciously look into your inside
mirror.
Set distance point

It takes a bit of experience to determine
e
a point up to which you can still stop and
A green flashing traffic light shows you from which you won´t stop.
that it is about to change to yellow. The following traffic is also important
here. It doesn't make sense for you to
Yellow
A yellow traffic light shows you that the
red light is about to come and that the
other traffic is then allowed to drive.
pl make a full stop, but the vehicle driving
behind you hits your car.
Make aware
Pay attention in the crucial meters in front
of the traffic light and don't change lanes
m
shortly before.
Stop or continue?
"Pulling effect."
Sa
You have to make the decision to stop or

continue driving in a fraction of a second -
it's not always easy, even for experienced Make sure that you are not "dragged"
drivers. Theoretically, the question can be across the traffic light by the vehicle in
answered quickly. You calculate the stop- front of you.
ping distance and know what to do.
If you drive at 40 km/h, 10 metres from the

traffic light, which changes to yellow, is
not enough to stop - 40 metres is.
However, these considerations will help

you less in practice.
66
LESSON
Priority
Traffic light with counter 2
In particularly dangerous places and in

outside built-up areas, traffic lights can be
announced by this danger sign.
e
Traffic lights with counters provide the
advantage that you can better adjust to
when the switch from green to yellow will
pl
occur. Therefore it is more easy to decide
whether your time will last to get through
the traffic light at green.
m
Sa
Some traffic lights are also placed horizon-

tally so that you can see them better.
67
LESSON
Priority
2 2.4 Traffic Regulation by Police

Sometimes a policeman regulates the traffic, e.g. because a traffic light has failed or an
accident makes it necessary.
The signs and instructions of the police take precedence over all other orders and rules.
Traffic lights, traffic signs and fixed rules do not apply. The signs of police officers may
be supplemented or modified by instructions. Of course, you have to stick to that, too.
Signs and Instructions

Raising an arm and face to your direction means: "Stop in front of the policeman and the
intersection.” The other traffic is allowed to go then. The police will always give you clear
instructions and signs how to behave. In case you are allowed to go the police will give
e
you a clear signal as well.
pl
m
Sa
68
LESSON
3
e
pl
m
3 Traffic System
3.1 Markings on the Road ............................................................. 70
3.2 Road Use. ......................................................................... 76

Sa
3.3 Lane Use . .................................. ....................................... 77
3.4 Highways . ................................. ....................................... 79

3.4.1 Before your juourney . ................................................... 80
3.4.2 Entering the Highway . ................................................... 81
3.4.3 Speed . ...................................................................... 84
3.4.4 Overtaking . ................................................................ 85
3.4.5 Traffic jam / breakdown / construction sites .......................... 87
3.4.6 Leaving the Highway ..................................................... 89
3.5 Railway Crossing. .............................................................. 90
69
LESSON
Traffic System
3 3.1 Markings on the Road

Road markings are intended to make life easier for all road users. If you know the diffe-
rent forms and their meaning, you can orientate yourself quickly and know how to be-
have. They often warn you of dangerous routes by prohibiting you from overtaking.
Function and properties:

■ Allocation of traffic space to specific road users (pedestrians, cyclists etc.)
■ Orientation, where to drive on the carriageway and in which direction
■ Separation of stationary (parking space) and flowing traffic
■ To treat like a traffic sign
e
■ In Saudi-Arabia the markings are white or yellow.
■ Usually in the form of longitudinal or transverse lines which are continuous
or interrupted (broken)
Stop line pl
m
Sa
You will often find the stop line in addition to the stop sign or at a traffic light. It´s orde-
ring you to stop before the line. If you can't see the intersection sufficiently, you have to
slowly move forward (line of sight) to the point where you can see enough and stop there
again. A stop line can also be applied in front of crosswalks. Besides, a policeman can
order you to stop at the stop line.
70
LESSON
Traffic System
Crosswalk 3
e
At crosswalks pedestrians have priority. Crosswalks are used for safe crossing of the
road. In addition to the conspicuous marking, you will often find the corresponding traffic
sign beside the road. Approach slowly, be ready to brake and drive with great attention to
pl
the crosswalk. If a pedestrian wants to cross the road here, of course you stop (if existing
at the stop line). By reducing your speed at an early stage and making eye contact with
the pedestrian if possible, you signal that you have seen him and that he can cross the
road safely.
Especially for children, take into account that they

m
■ Enter the crosswalk without watching the traffic
■ Turn on the crosswalk
■ Cross the road in front of or behind
the crosswalk
■ Cross the crosswalk by bike
Sa
Keep the crosswalk clear in traffic jams so that the crosswalk can still be used.
Broken line
Guidelines are lines of equal length at even intervals. They guide your gaze and serve as
orientation. They mark the lanes. You may only cross the line if you don´t endanger any-
one.
71
LESSON
Traffic System
3 Lane boundary – solid white line
e
The lane boundary divides the road into several lanes. If it separates the part of the road
intended for oncoming traffic, you must drive right of it.
The lane boundary arranges: You may not cross or drive on the continuous line.
pl
m
Sa
If the lane boundary separates oncoming traffic, it may also consist of a double line.
The picture on the left also shows the rea-

son for the lane boundary on both sides:
If a vehicle were to leave its own lane in
front of the crest, this would have serious
consequences. Therefore, the road mar-
king changes from the guideline (broken
line) to the lane boundary (continuous
line), which must not be crossed by either
side.
72
LESSON
Traffic System
One-sided lane boundary 3
e
If the lane boundary consists of a continuous line next to an interrupted line, the follo-
wing applies:
■ For the driver who has the continuous line on his side, the lane boundary arrange-
■
pl
ments apply: no crossing of the line allowed!
For the driver who has the broken line on his side, the rules of the guideline apply:
crossing both lines is allowed if nobody is endangered.
Roadway boundary - Solid yellow line

m
Sa
The roadway boundary makes the right edge of the lane clear and separates the road
from it. You will find this marking on many roads and motorways. You may only cross it
in case of an emergency or in the event of a breakdown.
73
LESSON
Traffic System
3 Broken yellow line / threading in and out
e
pl
m
The broken yellow line marks the entrances on highways and other roads or
indicates the exit strip. Of course you can cross this line to drive in and out.
Sa
Sometimes it also marks the lane for the U-Turn. Then the yellow line is logically broken
towards the road (so it may be crossed) and continuous inwards, because there it has the
function of a roadway boundary.
74
LESSON
Traffic System
Restricted areas 3
e
You must not use restricted areas. No matter what vehicle you drive. Also holding or
parking on a restricted area is not permitted.
pl
m
Sa
75
LESSON
Traffic System
3 3.2 Road Use
e
On roads, you must drive as far to the If there are two or more lanes in each
right as possible. Drive in special situati- direction, use the right lane.
ons (e.g. in front of bends and hilltops) or
right. pl
if you are overtaken, particularly far to the As far to the right as possible is no measure
that is always the same.
The distance from the edge of the road
rather depends on the following factors:
■ speed
m
■ road condition
■ the course of the road
■ width of the road
■ width of the vehicle
■ oncoming traffic
Sa
Trucks with high superstructures in avenu-

es or tunnels, for example, must deviate
from the right-hand drive requirement.
You have to be prepared for this as onco-
ming traffic or as a following traffic (e.g.
when overtaking) and drive with special
foresight.
76
LESSON
Traffic System
3.3 Lane Use 3
When driving on lanes, make sure that Main Road / Service Road
exactly the selected lane is used, especial-
ly when there are several lanes in each
direction. Unnecessary lane changes or
crossing the broken line should be avo-
ided, as crossing or changing the lane is
much more likely to cause an accident
than staying in the same lane.
e
In most cities of Saudi Arabia there is
pl the principle of Main Roads and Service

Roads. We have already learned that traf-
fic on the Main Road has priority over traf-
fic on the Service Road.
m
If you want to change lanes, announce
your intention in good time by flashing
and check the traffic behind you by obser-
ving the inside and outside mirrors and
with a shoulder check. Only when eve-
rything is checked and clear you change
Sa
lanes. More detailed descriptions can be

found in lesson 4.
The Main Road is continuous and provides

fast and free traffic without intersections.
Instead, there are special entrances and
exits similar to motorways. Only here it is
possible to switch from the Main Road to
the Service Road and vice versa.
Only by changing to the Serivce Road

residents and properties can be reached.
The Service Road runs parallel to the Main
Road in both directions.
77
LESSON
Traffic System
3 Special lanes / special routes
e
In KSA there are certain paths in large
cities which may only be used by cyclists
or pedestrians. They are marked accordin-
gly and are usually clearly separated.
pl
m
Sa
If you drive abroad, you will encounter

these ways much more often. Often there
are also special lanes for buses, trams or
taxis. You are only allowed to drive on the-
se lanes if a special sign opens these lanes
for you.
78
LESSON
Traffic System
3.4 Highways 3
e
pl
m
The highway network in Saudi Arabia in 2019 comprised a road network of approx. 5,000
kilometres. Highways connect cities with each other and are the fastest connection over
land. As they are largely free of crossings and have at least two lanes in each direction,
you can cover a large distance quickly. It is dangerous to lose the feeling for your own
Sa
speed. Especially on long straight and monotonous motorways, you can drive too fast if
you don't use the cruise control. This often leads to problems in bends or while entering
an exit, because the own speed is perceived as very slow. A look at the speedometer is
the only sensible solution here.
79
LESSON
Traffic System
3 3.4.1 Before your journey
e
Check your car out before you leave:
■ Do I have enough fuel in the tank?
■
■
Is the air pressure of all tires okay?
What is the state of the spare wheel?
Is there enough oil left?
pl
Petrol stations and garages on highways are often far apart. It is also very dangerous if
m
your car breaks down on the highway, as other drivers often recognize it late as an obsta-
cle because of their own high speed.
Sa
80
LESSON
Traffic System
3.4.2 Entering the highway 3

Signposts show you the way to the high-
way. You can read the number and direc-
tion of the highway on them. You may
only drive in at the marked connection
points.
e
Threading strip
Most entrances to highways have a threa-

ding strip. Then you adjust your speed to
very important because the smaller the

pl
the flowing traffic, which is why it is often
called "acceleration lane". Acceleration is
difference between your speed and that of

the vehicles on the highway, the safer the
drive-in process.
m
The rule is: Vehicles on the highway have
right of way!
Sa
Make sure that you are sufficiently far

away from the vehicle in front when
approaching. A quick glance to the left
gives you a first overview of the traffic on
the highway.
On the threading strip you search for gaps

in traffic by looking several times in your
inside mirror and the left outside mirror.
Besides, you're flashing to the left.
81
LESSON
Traffic System
On the threading strip you should accele-

rate strongly now.
e
Search for gaps in traffic that you can
thread into. pl
m
If possible, use the full length of the threa-
ding strip. This gives you more time to
Sa
observe and you can increase your speed

even more. Also the following traffic has
more time to react to you. On the threa-
ding strip you are allowed to pass vehicles
on the highway on the right hand side if
you are faster.
82
LESSON
Traffic System
If you have detected a sufficient gap

during mirror observation, check the
"blind spot" with a shoulder check to the
left. Attention: When looking at the shoul-
e
der, only turn your head, not the steering
wheel!
pl
m
Sa
When everything is free, you change with

a gentle steering movement...
...into the right-hand lane of the highway.
83
LESSON
Traffic System
3 3.4.3 Speed
e
Because of the high speed on the highway In extreme weather conditions (e.g. heavy
you are required to constantly concentrate rain, sandstorm or black ice) you must
and observe the road. Longer glances into (like all drivers) adjust your speed.
the mirrors or looking away from the road
are dangerous. pl
Particularly during longer journeys at high
speed, there is a danger that
■ your concentration decreases
Permissible maximum speed
m
■ your sense of speed is diminishing
■ you´re too close.
At high speeds on highways, be aware

of the risk factors side winds and thus
sandstorms (on bridges, when cutting
Sa
into terrain, when driving in or out of the

slipstream of a truck) and slippery surface
because of water!
The following speed limits apply on
motorways:
■ 100 km/h for all motor vehicles over
3.5 t total weight
■ 120 km/h for all vehicles with a total
weight less than 3,5 tons.
84
LESSON
Traffic System
3.4.4 Overtaking 3
When overtaking on the motorway you
must exclude any danger to the following
traffic. Announce the lane change for over-
taking and steering back in time and clear-
ly with the indicator.
Since there is no oncoming traffic on the

motorway, you can more easily concentra-
te on estimating the distance of the follo-
wing vehicles and their speed.
e
pl
m
Watch the rear traffic closely and never
forget to do a shouldercheck when over-
Sa
taking! And don't fall below the safety

distance, because these two mistakes
repeatedly lead to serious accidents when
overtaking on motorways.
It can also become problematic if the car

to be overtaken suddenly accelerates.
But don't let yourself be challenged to a
But be careful: what you often perceive "race" - especially if traffic signs prescribe
in the mirror as just a small dot can be an a certain maximum speed.
approaching vehicle a few seconds later!
85
LESSON
Traffic System
3 On highways, too, the following applies: Also pay attention to your car in front: If
overtaking on the left - don't let your car in you are not the first vehicle to encounter
front "pull you along". a row of trucks in the right lane, you must
expect that the drivers in front of you will
On the unthreading strip, you should only also overtake the trucks and change their
drive faster than on the left if the traffic lane to the left.
on the continuous lane is stagnating or
stationary.
By the way, you should only use the left

lane for overtaking - you are not allowed
to drive on the left all the time. So get back
into the right lane after overtaking!
e
pl
© usyaya, stock.adobe.com
And even if you're already driving in the

middle lane, someone can still reckon
m
ahead of you. But you can't always elude
into the left lane safely ...
In order to give yourself time for a careful

If the vehicle behind you gets very close traffic observation, in such cases you first
and pushes you with the flasher, don't create the appropriate safety distance to
worry. the one who is changing ahead of you by
Sa
slightly decelerating. And then you can

Best attitude in cases like this: decide in peace whether you can overtake
■ Stay cool him or whether you stay in the middle
lane.
■ As soon as possible give cars driving
behind you the possibility to pass
■ Do not allow yourself to react in an
aggressive manner
86
LESSON
Traffic System
3.4.5 Traffic jam / breakdown / construction sites 3
Traffic jam Construction sites
If there is a traffic jam, use the hazard war-

ning light to warn those following of the
jam so that they are aware of the jam in
time and do not drive up. This can lead to
very serious accidents.
Even in traffic jams, you must maintain

the necessary safety distance. Shut down
your engine at total standstill, but stay in
the car for safety reasons.
e
Always make sure you can clear enough
space for rescue vehicles.
Breakdown
pl
m
Sa
In the event of a breakdown or other emer-

gency, you will immediately put your car
on the hard shoulder or in a lay-by.
To warn others, turn on the hazard war-
ning light and set up the hazard triangle
at a distance of at least 100m.
You can request help from any phone or

mobile phone. It is especially important
that you specify your location as precisely
Highway construction sites are usually
as possible.
announced well in advance. So you can:
■ decrease your speed in time
■ complete your overtaking operations
■ change lane, if displayed
87
LESSON
Traffic System
In the construction site area, the markings
e
and traffic signs there apply before all
others, although some of them are still
visible.
Hint: Don't look at oncoming traffic, but at

the right edge of your own lane!
Rest area/parking lot

pl
m
On motorways you are not allowed to stop
or park. Apart from emergencies, this also
applies to the hard shoulder. So if you
want to take a break, you have to go to a
parking lot. Parking spaces and petrol sta-
tions are announced by signposts.
Sa
Watch it! Expect careless pedestrians at

parking lots and rest areas!
When driving onto the motorway again,

the flowing traffic has the right of way.
88
LESSON
Traffic System
3.4.6 Leaving the highway 3

Don't forget to do a shouldercheck before
changing, to be aware of a vehicle coming
from the breakdown lane.
And even from the continuous roadway,

another driver can still get in the last posi-
tion before you. Expect this driver to pull
onto the unthreading strip just in front of
you and brake strongly if necessary.
Remember that after driving on the motor-

way for a long time, you slightly undere-
e
stimate your speed. Therefore, be sure
to have several control glances at your
speedometer! 50 km/h is a good guideline
here!
pl
m
You may only leave the highway at
marked exits (see photos above).
Sa
Also pay attention to the curve radius of

the exit. At its end, you no longer have the
right of way and with high traffic volumes,
traffic often comes to a standstill here.
Expect oncoming traffic again.
After leaving the highway, drive particular-

ly careful and restrained, because the road
is now less straight and the road surface
is no longer as well developed as it is on
highways.
Get into the right lane early. About 300 Missed exit
to 200 m before the beginning of the un-
threading strip you flash to the right. If you have missed an exit, do not turn
Reduce your speed only on the unthrea- around or reverse, as both are life-
ding strip (this is why it is often called threatening on the motorway and there-
"deceleration lane") - so you do not fore forbidden. Instead take the next exit
obstruct the following unnecessarily. and drive back on the opposite side.
89
LESSON
Traffic System
3 3.5 Railway Crossing
Although there are only a few railway

crossings in the whole country of Saudi-
Arabia, you should know how to behave
there. Even when you are driving abroad,
you will find more of them.
As railways have a weight of almost 1000

tons their braking distance is far longer
than for other vehicles. A braking distance
of more than 1000 meters is very com-
e
mon. This is why there are special cros-
sings. They shall prevent accidents with
railways and other road users. Once they
occur, they often end very serious, with
injured and dead people in the vehicles hit So stop at a railway crossing when:
by the train.
A railway crossing is signposted in advan-

ce with traffic signs. You can find these
signs 150 meters in front of the crossing:
pl
■
■
A train is approaching
Traffic light is red
Barriers are closed
Barriers are starting to close.
m
Even if you have to wait for the train
coming for more than a minute, be patient
and only cross if the barriers are open and
traffic lights don´t show a red light any-
more.
Sa
These following signs you will see 100 and

also 50 meters before a crossing.
The crossing itself is secured by barriers

and a traffic light.
90
LESSON
4
e
pl
m
4 Driving manoeuvres, Observing the traffic
4.1 Entering Traffic and moving off . . ............................................. 92
4.2 Driving side by side............................................................ 95

Sa
4.3 Overtaking . ............................... ....................................... 101

4.3.1 Overtaking prohibitions ................................................................... 103
4.3.2 Special hazards ................................................................................ 103
4.4 Turning left/right ....................... ....................................... 105

4.4.1 The 7 Steps ....................................................................................... 105
4.4.2 Special features ................................................................................ 107
4.5 U-Turn.............................................................................. 108
4.6 Driving backwards . ........................................................... 109
91
LESSON
Driving manoeuvres, observing the traffic
4 4.1 Entering Traffic and moving off
e
pl
m
Almost every journey begins with this: entering the flowing traffic.
In addition to correct vehicle operation, this requires the right decision from you,
especially in heavy traffic.
Sa
Clarify the following questions:

■ Is the gap large enough?
■ How far away is the other traffic?
■ Will he let me in?
■ Can I get away fast enough?
■ What about pedestrians or cyclists?
Anyone who wants to enter the road from a property or from other parts of the road must
wait vis-à-vis other road users. Any danger to others must be excluded.
92
LESSON
Fundamental consideration 4
e
If a stationary vehicle wants to enter the ■ Remember that you don't just have to
flowing traffic, the main problem is the let motor vehicles pass by, you also ha-
speed difference. The greater the diffe- ve to let pedestrians and cyclists pass.
rence, the more dangerous the starting.
is approaching and how fast you can acce-

lerate. In case of doubt you have to wait
for a bigger gap or slower vehicles when
pl
Before starting, check how fast the traffic
m
you drive in/start.
Very often the visibility into the flowing

traffic is not optimal. It can, for example,
be covered by parking vehicles, buildings
or the road layout.
Sa
Attention: You will not only see badly, but

you will also be seen badly yourself! ■ If the visibility is poor, slowly push your
way in and if necessary get briefed by
someone.
Practical tips:
■ Blink in time and clearly; this is the only
way the others know what you are up to
do and can adjust to it.
■ Observe the rear traffic carefully in all
mirrors and also pay attention to the
blind spots.
■ If possible always drive forward into the
flowing traffic. This gives you a better
overview and you need less time.
■ Calculate the steering movements du-

ring your start-up process when choo-
sing the traffic gap - you can't accelerate
quickly with the steering turned in!
93
LESSON
4 Running in from the edge of the road can

basically be divided into 5 sections:
■ Traffic observation through the interior

mirror
e
■ Traffic observation through the exterior
mirror
pl
m
■ Set flasher
Sa
■ Looking over the left shoulder to check

the blind spot
94
LESSON
■ Start slowly and pay attention to onco-

ming traffic and then accelerate quickly
e
4.2 Driving side by side
pl
m
Sa
Driving side by side requires full concentration. Among other things, you have to make
sure that you stay exactly in your lane and keep sufficient distance. The higher your
speed, the harder it is.
95
LESSON
4 Fundamental considerations:
Only if you know what's going on around However, there are areas of vision that you
you, can you adjust in time. It is not can't see either in the inside mirror or in
enough to observe the vehicles driving in the outside mirrors - the blind spots.
front of or behind you, but you must also
watch out for the road users to the left and In the left column you can see how the
right of your car. vehicle disappears in the outside mirror,
in the right column you can see how it dis-
■ Will they brake?
appears in the inside mirror. If you change
■ Do they want to pass? lanes without looking over your shoulder,
in this moment you will inevitably cause
■ Do vehicles blink? Does the driver want
an accident!
to change lanes, drive a u-turn or turn
right?
e
pl
m
Sa
96
LESSON
Practical tips: 4
ATTENTION: Depending on the vehicle ■ Before starting your journey, check how
and mirror setting, pedestrians, cyclists big the blind spots are on your vehicle
and even cars can disappear completely ■ Do "dry training" in shoulder vision; turn
in the blind spot.
your head so far that you can safely co-
Only a shoulder check brings security to
ver the blind spot, but not beyond it.
what is in your blind spot!
■ What you can observe in the mirror, you
should observe there!
e
pl
m
Sa
97
LESSON
4 Lane change
By the way: Just as you hope that others

will allow you to change lanes, so do the
other participants in traffic. You can often
predict other people's lane changes -
watch closely! In such cases it is usually
sufficient to take your foot off the accelera-
tor lightly.
In case of doubt or if you obstruct or

endanger someone, stay on your lane
rather than change it unsafe!
e
Pay special attention if you and another
driver from different directions want to
Changing lanes is certainly not easy, espe- change into the same lane at the same
cially in dense traffic. But you can't avoid time!
it if you're
■
■
passing an obstacle,
overtaking or
changing back to your former lane
pl Passing
You drive past a stopping vehicle, a narro-
wing of the roadway or an obstacle on the
roadway. You must observe the following
m
regulations:
A lane change must become an automatic
When you drive past, you have to pay at-
process. You can easily remember the
tention to the following traffic and blink for
sequence of events by dividing it into the
both the exit and the repositioning. You
following steps.
must let oncoming vehicles pass through.
1. See (mirror) If that's not possible, you have to stop.
Sa
How much traffic is behind you? Is the

lane you want to change to free?
2. Annnounce (flash)
your intention early, so you (and the
others) will have more time to change
lanes.
3. Observe
Has the following recognized your in-
tention? How's he reacting? Does he
leave room or does he not let you in
and reduces the distance.
4. Decide
If the gap fits, secure the blind spot
before changing (shoulder check)!
5. Change
smoothly and without hectic steering
movements; switch the indicators off
again!
98
LESSON
Practical tips: 4
Make sure there is sufficient side clearan-
ce; rule of thumb: keep one door width
distance.
e
pl
Watch out for parked vehicles - the doors
could be opened carelessly or the vehicle
could start unexpectedly and pull out.
Pedestrians or children can cross the road

m
carelessly; with a far-sighted look under
parked vehicles you can see people stan-
ding behind them.
Do not let yourself be dragged along by

the vehicle in front of you, but always
observe the oncoming traffic yourself and
Sa
decide for yourself whether you can drive

or not.
Large vehicles can obscure your view of

oncoming traffic and traffic signs when
parking - increased attention is required.
When other drivers have to drive past

parked vehicles or other obstacles, they
sometimes swing to your side of the road.
99
LESSON
4 Bottlenecks
In case of a bilateral constriction, priority

shall be given to the one who has reached
the bottleneck first.
e
Traffic signs are often attached to narrow
places. They often contain information
about the permissible vehicle dimensions,
which must not be exceeded when pas-
sing through.
Traffic signs can also regulate who is

allowed to pass the bottleneck first and
who has to wait.
pl If the priority at a narrow place is regula-
ted by traffic signs, then this traffic sign
m
gives you priority.
Narrow places can be announced by the

following traffic signs:
Sa
This traffic sign indicates that you have

to wait.
If you realize that oncoming traffic is not
If it is too narrow for two oncoming waiting even though you have priority,
vehicles, the one who has the obstacle slow down and stop if necessary. Don't
on his side must wait. If there are parking dodge the sidewalk!
vehicles on both sides, the vehicle that can
make room (e.g. in a gap between the par-
king vehicles) lets the other pass.
100
LESSON
4.3 Overtaking 4
Fundamental considerations
e
Vehicles that move or wait in the same 4. Secure
direction as you will be overtaken. You
usually do that on the left.
In some cases, however, you may or must
pl
overtake on the right - e.g. vehicles that
have already chosen a lane for a left turn
or U-turn.
Make sure again that "everything is
clear in the back" - secure the blind spot
with a shoulder check.
5. Pull out
and accelerate vigorously; ensure that
there is a sufficient difference in speed
m
without exceeding the maximum autho-
rized speed
How does an overtaking procedure work?
6. Overtaking
Keep sufficient lateral clearance (at least
1 m from other multi-lane vehicles,
pedestrians and cyclists: 1,5 m)
Sa
1. Observe the following traffic.

You do that in the left wing mirror
and in the inside mirror.
2. Observe oncoming traffic
Keep your distance to the vehicle in
front and drive slightly offset in the 7. Flashing and reassigning
lane - this gives you an overview Flash and reassign only when you see
the vehicle overtaken in the interior
3. Flashing mirror - in this way you make sure that
Announce your overtaking intention the distance to the rear is sufficient. You
early with the flasher mustn't interfere with the overtaken one.
101
LESSON
4 When you're overhauled
e
Always plan a sufficient overtaking If you are overtaken yourself, you must
distance: not accelerate and should drive as far to
the right as possible in your own lane. If
your overtaking distance is about 400 m!
Remember that the oncoming traffic is

moving towards you during this time. If
pl
If you overtake a 70 km/h truck at 100 km/h,
oncoming traffic also travels at 100 km/h,

both approach about 60 m to each other
necessary, you should slow down so that
the overtaking person can complete the
overtaking process in time. He may have
misjudged himself, behave fairly in your
own security interests and have him rec-
koned as quickly as possible.
m
per second.
In 10 seconds it´s 600 meters! Therefore,

the manageable distance must be twice as
long as your actual overtaking distance.
Sa
In the above example, you must start the

overtaking process at least 800 m before
a bend, hilltop, etc. in order to complete
it safely. If you ever misjudged yourself,
there's no shame in stopping the overta-
king!
102
LESSON
4.3.1 Overtaking prohibitions 4.3.2 Special hazards 4

Misjudgements
Overtaking is always dangerous when you
assess
■ the speed of oncoming traffic as too
low,
■ your overtaking distance too short or
■ your distance to oncoming traffic too
big.
If you realize that an (oncoming) overta-
e
king vehicle is not able to make the right
turn in time, you have to slow down and
You mustn't overtake: turn sharp right.
■ If you ran over a lane boundary
If someone has overtaken you and gets
■
■
If you can't overtake with sufficient
speed difference
If you were to exceed the speed limit
pl
In case of danger to the following traffic
In case of obstruction of oncoming
back in line close to you, you brake and
thereby increase the safety distance.
Vehicle Convoys
m
traffic If a convoy has formed behind a slow ve-
hicle, the foremost vehicle should always
■ In case of obstruction of the vehicle overtake first.
been overtaken
■ At intersections But nevertheless expect that vehicles from
the rear part of the column will overtake
■ In curves as well.
Sa
■ In case of unclear traffic situation

These drivers are taking a big risk
■ At pedestrian crossings because:
■ At unclear road points (curves, hilltops) ■ Another could at any time accelerate
■ On bridges and sheer out
■ In slippery road conditions ■ The overtaking distance will be extre-
mely long and could not be sufficient
■ At railway crossings
■ It could suddenly turn up oncoming traffic
■ If a vehicle in front of you already
overhauls ■ There may be no room to be reined in.
■ If the vehicle that you want to overtake Stay calm, in case someone still starts
starts to overtake on its own "column jumping". Let the driver, true to
■ Where this traffic sign can be found: the motto "the smarter one gives in",
reeve instead of provoking an accident.
103
LESSON
4 Tailgater Slow drivers/slow vehicles

Slow drivers obstruct the flow of traffic,
which increases the risk of rear-end colli-
sions and leads to dangerous overtaking
manoeuvres.
You avoid dangerous situations by not

getting angry and staying calm - there will
soon be an opportunity to overtake with-
out danger. Stay cool even after overta-
king and reeve with sufficient distance.
e
Don't let yourself be tempted to overtake
by a crowded car behind you. And don't
"avenge" yourself by briefly pressing the
the pusher overtake you as soon as pos-

sible.
pl
brake or the like. Instead, stay cool and let
m
In order to prevent risky overtaking
manoeuvres, drivers of slow vehicles
should reduce their speed at a suitable
point and even wait if necessary. This is
best done on the right-hand side of the
Sa
road, in a parking bay or on a suitable par-

king or side strip. So wait with the over-
taking until these vehicles let you pass by
and don't cross the solid line.
Never overtake a truck just before an

intersection! It could obscure the view of
important traffic signs and also of cross
traffic.
104
LESSON
4.4 Turning left/right 4
4.4.1 The 7 Steps 2. Interior mirror

Since turning processes usually take place
in interaction with other road users, the-
re must be clear rules on how everyone
should behave.
A turning process is carried out in the

following order:
1. recognition of intersection and direction
of travel
e
2. view into the interior mirror,
3. view into the exterior mirror
4. turn on indicator
5. adjust speed
6. shoulder look to the right
pl
7. watch out for pedestrians, turn off and
accelerate.
In order to avoid rear-end collisions, it is
important that you observe the following
traffic:
For a central view to the rear you use the

inside mirror.
m
1. recognition of the intersection and
priority situation 3. Exterior mirrors
Sa
Signposts can make it easier for you to In addition, when you turn right, you look
orientate at intersections. They show you into the right wing mirror.
not only in which direction you have to go,
but also how many lanes there are and
how they run. This is a valuable guide to
choose your lane later.
Also take a look at the priority situation at

an early stage. Do you have right of way
or do you have to stop at the stop sign
anyway?
105
LESSON
4 4. Turn signal 6. Shoulder check to the right
e
The earlier you inform the following traffic Before turning, you must secure the blind
of your intention, the more time it has to spot. This is the field of vision that is not
adjust to it. Therefore, flash in good time covered by the mirrors. But with your
every time you turn.
5. Adjust speed
pl shoulder check you don't watch the traffic
behind you (there are inside and outside
mirrors for that)!
7. Watch out for pedestrians, turn and

accelerate
m
Sa
To turn, you have to drive slowly. Get into

order early and clearly, so that you hinder When you turn, you have to let pedestri-
the following traffic as little as possible. ans pass. It doesn't matter whether they
move in the same direction or towards
you. Take special care of them and wait
until they have crossed the road. Ap-
proach so slowly that pedestrians are not
frightened or stop out of insecurity and
keep eye contact.
Before turning, observe the area next to

your vehicle on the turning side and the
area on the opposite side! Don't forget to
look over your shoulder. That'll make sure
no one's in the blind spot.
106
LESSON
If you turn right, you're going to make a Multi-lane turning 4

tight turn. This leaves enough space for When you turn in several lanes, you get in-
oncoming vehicles on the other side of to the "clever" lane, i.e. you are in the right
the road. lane right from the start if you want to turn
right shortly afterwards.
After turning, observe the traffic behind
you again and accelerate sufficiently. The However, when you turn, keep your lane
turning process is not completed until you exactly and do not change lanes (intentio-
have reached the speed that is usually rea- nally or unintentionally), otherwise it will
ched on this road. be dangerous!
4.4.2 Special Features Lane with direction arrows
e
Turn left
pl
m
Once you have decided on a lane and have
placed yourself there, the arrow markings
While turning left give way to oncoming tell you the direction of travel at the next
Sa
traffic. No matter whether he continues intersection.

straight ahead or turns right.
It becomes dangerous if you change lanes
immediately before the intersection (e.g.
because you only notice there that you
actually wanted to continue in another
direction).
In such a case it is better to take the detour

and continue in the direction for which
you have classified yourself.
If two left-turners meet each other, they

turn in front of each other.
107
LESSON
4 4.5 U-Turn
A U-Turn is a very common driving How to perform a U-Turn correctly?

manoeuvre in KSA. Performing a U-turn
means to change your direction of travel
to the opposite. On Main Roads and high-
ways also left turning is almost not allo-
wed or possible, so performing a U-Turn
and then turn right is the only possibility
to go in this direction. Often there are
special occasions and lanes for u-turns.
By the way, this manoeuvre is called
U-turn, because it looks like a U, when
e
you look at the driving line from above.
■ Check where a U-Turn can be done
pl without any risk (traffic signs, separate

lane)
m
Sa
■ Select the correct lane (sometimes there

is even a special lane for U-turns)
■ Slow down
■ Give priority to oncoming traffic
■ Thread in and accelerate (on a thread-
in-lane give priority to vehicles already
driving on the road you want to thread
into)
108
LESSON
4.6 Driving backwards 4
Reverse driving is a particularly dangerous

driving manoeuvre. You mustn't endanger
others!
When reversing:
■ You should straighten up in the driver's
seat, turn your upper body back to the
right and look through the rear window.
e
If possible, avoid driving backwards into
the flowing traffic - get instructed if neces-
pl sary!
Assume that the driver of a vehicle rever-

sing in front of you does not see you and
other road users. In such situations, drive
slowly and stay ready to brake.
m
■ You drive particularly slowly.
■ You control your vehicle environment
in between with looks to all sides (also
exterior mirrors).
Sa
You have to remember that your car

swings out a lot at the front when you are
steering.
In many vehicles the view to the rear is not
optimal. A high vehicle rear end means
that you can easily fail to see obstacles and
even children. The blind spot is very big!
109
LESSON
4 Notes
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e
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pl
____________________________________________________________________________________
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m
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Sa
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110
LESSON
5
e
pl
m
5 Speed and Distance
5.1 Meaning of Speed..................................................................... 112
5.2 Choice of Speed................................................................. 114
Sa
5.2.1 Road Conditions................................................................................. 114

5.2.2 Traffic Conditions............................................................................... 114
5.2.3 Visibility Conditions........................................................................... 115
5.2.4 Weather Conditions........................................................................... 116
5.2.5 Personal Skills.................................................................................... 118
5.2.6 Properties of Vehicle and Load......................................................... 118
5.3 Speed Regulations...................... ....................................... 119
5.4 Stopping Distance. ............................................................ 121
5.5 Keeping Distance............................................................... 123
111
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5 5.1 Meaning of Speed
e
pl
m
Nearly every car today is able to reach speeds of up to 200 km/h. Quiet running and
directional stability lead to underestimating one´s own speed. So you cannot rely
on your own perception and your "feeling for speed" alone.
Sa
However, this is not only true for very high speeds. Even at the usual 120 km/h outside
built-up areas, you probably don't even know how fast you're going.
Speed is given in kilometres per hour. Surely you have a vague idea of how far 100 kilo-
metres are. Even how long an hour is, you can roughly estimate. But speed is much
better imaginable if it is given in metres per second. You can easily calculate this with
the following rule of thumb:
Speed (km/h) x 3
10
This corresponds to the distance travelled in meters per second.
112
LESSON
Speed and Distance
So if you go 120 km/h, you cover a distance of about 36 meters in one second. Within 5
5 seconds - that's about how long one breath lasts - you've already covered almost
200 metres. At a speed of 80 km/h, the maximum speed allowed in built-up areas, you
still have 24 metres covered per second.
Speed km/h Covered distance meters per second

30 9
50 15
80 24
100 30
120 36
e
Choosing the right driving speed is not easy. Have a look at accident statistics and
you will see that in Saudi Arabia overspeeding is the second most common reason for
accidents with personal injuries.
Most accidents happen at:

■ intersections
■ curves
■ road constrictions
pl
m
Misjudgements
Especially on longer journeys at high

speed on wide, well-developed roads or
Sa
motorways, especially with only minor

vibrations and rolling noises, your percep-
tion will be deceived. A lack of buildings
(e.g. when driving through coastal or
desert areas) also creates a false sense
of speed.
On longer journeys you will gradually

lose your feeling for the speed you have
driven. Unconsciously you get faster and
faster and that's dangerous! Therefore,
consciously control your speed again and again or drive with the use of (adaptive) cruise
control, which keeps the speed constant. In this case, remember that you may have to
disable/override it.
Train to assess your speed without having to control the speedometer - by the way,
it's also great as a co-driver!
But not only speeding is dangerous. If you drive too slowly, you will obstruct the flow
of traffic, increase the risk of rear-end collisions and possibly lead following drivers to
dangerous overtaking manoeuvres.
113
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5 5.2 Choice of Speed

Basically you are only allowed to drive
so fast that you are able to control your
vehicle constantly and to react to unfore-
seeable situations. Six factors in particular
are decisive for this, which are described
on the following pages.
5.2.1 Road Conditions

There are wide and narrow roads, flat and
bumpy, manageable and unclear, roads
e
In bends, fast driving on wet roads, a
with and without edge development, with
strong steering angle or strong braking
many curves or long straight lines. The
can lead to skidding - e. g. before the bend
following example illustrates why road
don´t accelerate and only in the transition
conditions play a role in speed selection:
to the straight again accelerate!
Danger of skidding and slipping pl 5.2.2 Traffic Conditions

You can't always drive the way you want.
m
Sa
The density of traffic has a significant

influence on how fast you can drive:
■ Are you on your own or is it slow
moving traffic?
■ Is the road clear or are you stuck in
traffic jam?
■ Do you have to wait in front of a traffic
light or can you drive through?
On roads with changing surfaces (watch
out for changes in tyre noise) there is a
risk of skidding and slipping. There is
also an increased risk of slipping on road
soiling, e.g. in the vicinity of construction
sites or where dirt roads meet.
114
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5.2.3 Visibility Conditions 5

Visibility away – foot away from your gas
pedal.
Whether your vision is good depends on
several factors:
■ Is it light, does it dawn, or is it already
dark?
■ Are your windows clean or smeared?
■ Are you dazzled by the low sun or
headlights of oncoming vehicles?
Are cyclists or pedestrians on the roadside The basic rule is: You may only drive so
e
you have to be considerate of? fast that you can stop within your range
of vision. In darkness, you must be able
Is there a slow vehicle in front of you that to stop within the range of the low beam.
you can't overtake? On narrow roads where you and your
pl oncoming traffic cannot pass each other

easily, you must be able to stop at least
within half the range of vision, i.e. slow
down accordingly.
Here are some examples of when you

m
need to adjust your speed to visibility
conditions:
Sa
Especially in rural areas you have to

expect slow and oversized vehicles. Since
the road is often dirty here, you have to
adjust your speed.
Keep calm when a column has formed

behind a vehicle. Observe the column
through the windows of your car in front
and drive with sufficient safety distance in
your own lane slightly offset until there is
a possibility to overtake.
115
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5 Changing lighting conditions 5.2.4 Weather conditions

Weather conditions influence the conditi-
on of the road or the vehicle itself:
■ Is the road dry, wet or even snow cove-
red?
■ Can water run off or does it collect in
ruts or depressions?
■ Is there a danger of aquaplaning?
■ Is there a (sand) storm or a side wind?
The following examples illustrate why
e
the weather conditions are crucial for the
choice of speed:
If the sun breaks through the canyons of
houses in the city or in mountain regions,
it is difficult to estimate distances because
Sandstorm
of the constant change of light and sha-
dow. Another problem is the low sun at
dawn and dusk. In some cases you will not
be able to recognize other road users in
pl
time (as a precaution, increase your safety
distance and orient yourself on the right
m
side of the road). Pay special attention to
pedestrians. And where you can't see, it's
hard for the others to recognize you.
Peaks, Curves etc.

Sa
Sandstorms happen all the time. Especial-

ly in the vicinity of deserts and rural areas
you have to expect that they will consi-
derably impair your visibility and lead to
sand deposits on the roadway. Reduce
your speed at the first signs and expect
vehicles in front of you to brake as well.
Possibly the oncoming traffic will avoid
the sand on its roadway and get onto your
roadway. So drive as far to the right as
possible and avoid overtaking. Even in
the city - especially at dusk - sandstorms
Behind hilltops and curves you will be can seriously affect your visibility. A sand-
easily surprised by obstacles (slow or storm can also mean that you are caught
broken down vehicles, animals) because by the wind from the side.
of the limited visibility.
116
LESSON
Speed and Distance
Side wind 5
e
In side winds, you can also break out side- Also expect large quantities of water to
ways with your car on dry, straight roads if accumulate in sinks. Then the splashing
you drive fast. Then you have to counter- water can also affect your vision for a short
Rain and Wetness

pl
steer and immediately drive slower - these
counter-measures also help with a burst tire!
time. Maybe oncoming vehicles avoid
puddles of water on their roadway and get
dangerously close to you. Therefore drive
as far to the right as possible in your lane.
Fog
m
Sa
If it starts to rain after a long dry period,

a dangerous smear layer forms on the
road surface. In addition, your windscreen Especially in mountainous regions or near the
wipers can't give you a clear view right sea or lake you have to expect sudden fog.
away. Therefore adjust your speed even in Turn on the low beam and use your wind-
wet conditions and increase the distance screen wipers from time to time to see better.
to the car in front. You may also have to Do not drive in the middle of the road over the
cancel an already started overtaking pro- guideline, otherwise you endanger yourself
cess. and the oncoming traffic! Also increase your
safety distance to the car in front.
Attention: High speed, worn out tires,
depressions and ruts favour aquaplaning -
your vehicle cannot be steered and braked Oil
anymore; in the worst case you can even Oil pools on the road are very dangerous! If
get off the road. you notice an oil spill or puddle, avoid strong
braking and jerky steering in this area.
117
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5 5.2.5 Personal Skills 5.2.6 Properties of Vehicle and Load

If you are ill, have a headache or are even
physically impaired, you drive different-
ly than if you are top fit and with your
thoughts only at the traffic. Beginners
often choose a different speed than an
experienced driver would in the same
situation. Understandable, because the
more often you go through or experience
a situation, the safer you deal with it and
the more likely you are able to assess the
possible consequences.
e
The choice of driving speed also depends
on the characteristics of your vehicle and
its load. There are fast and slow vehicles,
pl short and long, narrow and wide, light and

heavy, those with small and large body,
with low and high centre of gravity, much
or less horsepower, clear and those with
poor overview, vehicles you are used to
and vehicles you do not yet know.
m
Not only experience, but also your current
emotional state, your attitude to yourself,
to others and to the system of road traffic
Sa
are of decisive importance for the choice

of your driving speed.
118
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5.3 Speed Regulations 5
Acceptance
There are many reasons for disregarding
speed limits. Some simply don't know the
rules or think they don't have to follow
them.
It is not uncommon for stress and hectic

rush to be transferred to road traffic. But
These traffic signs forbid you to drive this can only work if everyone follows the
faster than the indicated maximum speed. rules.
You can't go any faster even when the car
behind you is pushing!
e
These traffic signs remove the speed limit.
pl
m
inner out of
cities town
Vehicles up to 3.5 t
permissible total 80 120
weight
Sa
Vehicles > 3.5 t

permissible total 50 100
weight
From the beginning to the end of the built-

up area, the maximum permitted speed
applies unless traffic signs prescribe a
different speed.
The left sign forbids you to drive slower

than the indicated speed as long as road,
traffic, visibility and weather conditions
allow it. The right symbol indicates the
end of the prescribed minimum speed.
119
LESSON
Speed and Distance
How fast would you drive in this situation? Explain why!

5
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________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
e
________________________________________
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pl ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
m
________________________________________
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Sa
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120
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5.4 Stopping distance 5

You can calculate it with this rule of
thumb:
Speed (km/h)
x3
10
Example:
The reaction distance at 50 km/h is:
e
50 km/h
Anyone who thinks about speed inevitably x3 = 15 m
has to deal with stopping. 10
pl
The stopping distance is the distance from
the detection of a danger to the point
where your car comes to a stop. It consists
of the reaction distance and the braking
distance.
reaction distance + braking distance

At 50 km/h you need 15 meters (reaction
distance) to have your foot on the brake.
Your car will still go 50 km/h! So if a child
walks 15 meters in front of you on the
m
= stopping distance street, you will grasp it with 50 km/h.
At 30 km/h you would have started to
brake long ago.
Reaction distance
Sa
Recognize - Decide - React

Three steps that take time. For humans it
needs approx. 1 second time. The distance
you travel with your car during this time is
the reaction distance.
The reaction path is the path from recogni-

zing danger to where you begin to brake.
121
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5 Braking distance
e
The braking distance is the distance from You can't avoid a collision with a pedestri-
the beginning of braking to the point an 20 m away who suddenly steps onto
where your car comes to a stop. the road while you are driving at a speed
Speed km/h
10
x
Speed km/h
10
pl of 50 km/h!
Residual velocities
m
Example: km/h
120 36 m 144 m
At 50 km/h, you bring your car with
normal braking to a stop:
60
18 m 36 m
50 km/h 50 km/h
x = 25 m
Sa
10 10 30 9 m 9 m
m 20 40 60 80 100
The stopping distance in this example is: reaction distance braking distance
15 m reaction distance + 25 m "normal"

An interesting comparison. Stopping
braking distance = 40 meters.
distances (normal braking) from different
speeds. Look how fast the 60 km/h driver
is still when the 30 km/h driver is already
standing.
122
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5.5 Keeping distance 5
It is not a rare picture in today's road traf- Distance to front

fic - vehicles close together, pulled up like
a string of pearls. But even in such situati-
ons you must not fall below the necessary
safety distance to the vehicle in front of
you. Driving too close, carelessness or
unexpectedly strong braking always leads
to rear-end collisions.
Why distance?
e
Several vehicles drive one behind the
other. The first brakes, but the driver of the
second vehicle continues to drive at the
same speed for 1 second before he even
Outside built-up areas, the "2-second
drivers of the other following vehicles
towards the aggravating situation with

undiminished speed.
pl
noticed that his car in front is braking. The
are no different. They also drive 1 second
By maintaining a sufficient safety distance,

interval" applies.
You should remember a fixed point that
the person in front of you passes, e.g. a
marker, the shadow of a bridge or a traf-
fic sign. From this point on, you count
the seconds until you reach this point
m
you actively contribute to a proactive dri- yourself. You count "one hundred one,
ving style and thus to reducing the risk of one hundred two" (in arabic it´s 21, 22;
accidents! see photo) because this is about the time
of two seconds.
Why does the distance have to increase The rule of thumb applies only in good
with higher speed? visibility, weather and road conditions.
Sa
The speed doesn't change anything about If the conditions are worse, you have to
your reaction time. It's about one second, keep a lot more distance.
no matter if it's 50 or 150 km/h. At higher
speeds, however, the distance you cover
in this second is longer.
Therefore, with increasing speed, your

safety distance to the preceding driver
must increase.
123
LESSON
Speed and Distance
5 Time saving through foresight
e
In many cases the vehicle in front of you is As a rule of thumb you can remember" a
not an opaque obstacle. But if you only bra- door wide distance to cars". This creates
ke when its brake lights come on, you'll be safety when doors are opened carelessly
wasting valuable time and, in an emergen-
pl
cy, even crucial metres of stopping distance.
Look so far ahead that you can already

predict when your car in front will brake!
and when children suddenly appear bet-
ween the vehicles.
m
Lateral Distance
Sa
Lateral distance is also very important

for road safety. For other cars you should
keep at least one metre side-to-side
distance, for cyclists and pedestrians at
least two meters.
124
LESSON
6
e
pl
m
6 Hazard Perception and Defensive Driving
6.1 Weather Conditions, Driving at Night. . ..................................... 126
6.1.1 General Information........................................................................... 126
6.1.2 Weather Conditions........................................................................... 127
Sa
6.1.3 Driving at Night.................................................................................. 128
6.2 Animals. .................................... ....................................... 130
6.3 Children. .................................... ....................................... 131
6.4 Distraction................................. ....................................... 132
125
LESSON
Hazard Perception and Defensive Driving
6 6.1 Weather Conditions, Driving at Night

6.1.1 General Information
e
pl
m
Hazard Perception is an issue that has So if you perceive a potential danger,
received increasing attention in recent braking is almost always a good decision.
years in connection with road traffic. This
Sa
concerns both the training of novice dri- But you can't have the driving experience
vers and the further training of professio- yet. As a rule, it takes seven years until
nals, such as truck and bus drivers. Why is you have experienced most of the situati-
that? ons in your "career" as a motorist. There-
fore, it is important that you are aware of
Perceiving dangers is connected with that: your lack of experience and that you alrea-
■
dy deal with the most common dangers in
Physical conditions (see lesson 1 for
your driving school. That's one of the aims
limitations and perception illusions)
of this lesson.
■ Speed and distance (see lesson 5)
■
The other big goal is related to the topic
Driving experience and
of attention or its absence, namely dis-
■ Attention traction. This is also the reason why the
topic of hazard perception affects all age
As a beginner driver, you may even be fit- groups and road users. The use of the
ter than some older road users at the first smartphone while driving, for example, is
point, provided that you do without alcohol associated with a huge potential for dis-
and drugs. Speed and distance are in your traction. And this leads to less attention in
own hands. You've already learned that the road traffic and therefore more dangerous
higher the speed, and therefore the stop- situations.
ping distance, the greater the potential dan-
ger and the greater the damage.
126
LESSON
6.1.2 Weather Conditions 6

Certain weather conditions can lead to additional hazards, e.g. when the speed is not
adjusted, and make it even more difficult to detect other hazards. These are:
■ Glare from low sunlight
■ Rain
■ (Sand)Storm
■ Fog
Common to all situations is that they considerably impair your vision and thus potential
dangers are even more difficult and therefore often recognized later. What can you do to
minimize or even avoid the dangers associated with the weather?
e
Potential danger Actions
Low sun ■ Adjust speed
pl ■
■
Clean slices
Wear sunglasses
Switch on light in good time
m
Rain ■ Adjust speed
■ Expect greasy disc
■ Expect slippery lubricating film
on the road
Sa
■ Puddles of water in sinks

■ Danger of aquaplaning increases
■ Switch on the light
Fog ■ Adjust speed
■ Can be sudden/unanticipated
■ Switch on the dipped beam light
(possibly fog lamp)
■ Orientation on the right side of
the road
Sand(Storm) ■ Adjust speed

■ Poorer braking performance
� increase distance
■ Poorer visibility
■ Road edge more difficult to detect
127
LESSON
6 6.1.3 Driving at Night
Driving in darkness requires special efforts

for our eyes. For evolutionary reasons,
our perception is designed for maximum
speeds of 30 km/h and daylight. So it
needs a lot of attention in the dark any-
way. As other road users feel the same
way, the danger per se is increased.
Use of the low beam
You use the low beam in the dark to see
e
better, but above all to be seen better
yourself. There is a danger that you will
not see traffic lights (because of illumi-
nated advertising) in towns and villages
pl
during darkness. Even oncoming vehicles
can sometimes only be detected late.
Use of the high beam

m
So switch on your low beam early at
dusk. If you have set the light switch to
Auto(matic), the light should switch itself
on in time. You can recognize it by the
light symbol in the display.
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You use the low beam:

■ In the dark
■ At dusk
■ In the tunnel
■
You switch on the high beam by pulling or
If visibility conditions require it,
pushing the indicator lever. Additionally a
also during the day (e.g. heavy rain).
blue symbol appears in the display of your
car. The high beam is used for optimum
illumination of the road. The headlight
range is between 100 and 200 metres. The
glare effect, however, goes considerably
further.
You should therefore not use the high beam:

■ In urban regions
■ In case of oncoming traffic
■ If there is a vehicle just in front of you
■ When required for safety on or off the
road
128
LESSON
Glare Headlamp levelling system 6

Even with a small payload - especially
in the rear part of the vehicle - there is
a danger that you will blind other road
users. That's why your car is equipped
with a headlamp levelling system. Adjust
the headlight range to the load condition.
Remember to adjust the headlight range
again after discharging, otherwise it may
be set too short.
e
Stoplight
If someone comes up to you with high
beam or incorrectly adjusted low beam,
you can get so much glare that you hard-
pl
ly think you can´t see anything. In these
cases you should look to the right side of
the road, reduce your speed and even stop
briefly if necessary. This also helps when
the light of oncoming vehicles is reflected
on the road in darkness and rain.
m
If you see brake lights this always means
increased attention for you. In the dark,
Sa
they are often the first indication of the

deceleration of a vehicle in front of you.
Parking light
If you want to make your vehicle visible
while parking or stopping, turn on the
When turning from a brightly lit road into
parking light. Especially in badly visible
a road without or with little street lighting,
places it protects others from driving on
your eye needs a few seconds to get used
your car and your car from damage.
to the darkness. There is a particular dan-
Adjust the parking lamp so that the side
ger you will not be able to detect pedestri-
facing the road is illuminated.
ans, road damage and obstacles in time.
129
LESSON
6 6.2 Animals How to behave correctly towards animals

in road traffic?
If something unexpected happens, it often Reduce your speed and stay ready to bra-
leads to dangerous situations in road traf- ke. Especially camels are hard to recognize
fic. In this context, dangers can arise not in the dark. When you see one, drive slow-
only from other road users, but also from ly, turn on the low beam, be attentive and
animals. Of course, they do not perceive ready to brake at all times.
traffic as a danger, so their behaviour can-
not be foreseen. Mostly evasion attempts are not very suc-
cessful with animals and often cause even
more damage than a collision (except with
camels). If a collision with an animal can
no longer be avoided, brake, hold your
e
steering wheel and try to maintain your
direction of travel.
In order to avoid unexpected encounters If there is an accident with an animal,

with animals, warning signs have been
erected on road sections that are particu-
larly frequented by animals:
pl switch on the hazard lights, secure the
scene of the accident and notify the police.
m
Sa
Pay special attention to animals on the

roadside. Expect that where you discover
an animal there will most likely be more.
So if an animal crosses the road, count on
others and also on them turning back again.
130
LESSON
6.3 Children 6
How do you behave properly with children?
■ Reduce your speed immediately
■ Be ready to brake while passing
■ Observe the behaviour of the children
closely
■ Playing children are in their own world
and are not aware of what is happening
around them. So expect children to run
onto the road abruptly from the edge
of the road, especially when they are
e
playing.
Actually it is a matter of course that you ■ Children are rarely alone! Expect more
act particularly cautiously towards child- children, also on the opposite side of
ren in road traffic. Nevertheless, you must the street.
always remember that you cannot predict
their behaviour in any way. Why is that?
Children themselves have a very limited
pl
perception. It is particularly difficult for
them to estimate speeds and, consequent-
ly, distances. Because they also have a li-
■ At traffic lights you must also reckon
with the fact that children do not have
enough patience to wait for green.
Children need good role models!

So remember, when you move in traffic!
m
mited field of vision, they find it difficult to
detect movements at the edge of the field
and later than adults. So if your vehicle is
not directly in the child's central field of vi-
sion, you have to reckon with the fact that
this child did not perceive you.
Sa
But children are also disadvantaged

because of their height. If they are bet-
ween parking cars, they cannot overlook
them and watch the traffic. Even children's
directional hearing is still limited, making
it difficult for them to identify because of
the sound from where a vehicle and thus a
potential danger is approaching. Where can you expect to have children?
■ Near schools
■ At playgrounds
■ At sportsareas
■ In residential areas
131
LESSON
6 6.4 Distraction
You will be easily distracted by the
following:
■ Smartphone use of any kind
■ Telephone conversations
■ Casualties
■ Smoking
■ Quenching children / co-driver

■ Radio or music (especially at high
volume)
e
■ Beautiful surroundings
General information ■ (Illuminated) Advertising at the
Most accidents in Saudi Arabia are caused roadside and on buildings
by distraction of the driver. Why is that?
And why have accidents caused by dis-
tractions been on the increase for years?
This is due on the one hand to the ubi-
quitous use of the smartphone – their use
does not stop in cars - and on the other
pl ■
■
Operation of the navigation device
Quarrel/Intense talks
Emotions (see Lesson 1)
Food and drink
m
hand to the increasing use of assistance
systems. These suggest to you that the
system runs and that you can devote
yourself to other activities. But that's a fal-
lacy. Neither the assistance systems "dri-
ve" for you nor less attention is required
for the traffic. But not only the use of your
Sa
smartphone distracts you. There are many

other factors you should be aware of.
132
LESSON
How does distraction affect the driver? 6

Due to the distraction, not all perception When you consider how long it takes you
channels are directed towards the traffic to use your smartphone, it's frightening. '
and important information is missed. At It takes 5 seconds to read a text message,
the same time, both reactivity and speed at least 10 seconds to write one. Also,
decrease. This also increases the probabi- while you're using your smartphone, the
lity of accidents enormously. following is done by you (unknowingly):
■ You slow down,
Why is using a smartphone while driving
so risky? ■ You're deviating from the middle
of the road,
■ You have a longer reaction time,
e
■ You have less focus on traffic-relevant
areas
Tips to avoid distraction from the smart-

phone while driving:
pl ■
■
Check your smartphone again before
driving
Switch to flight mode while driving
Schedule breaks during long journeys
m
Any operation on your smartphones
means that you do not pay attention to
traffic, even if only for a short time. Assu-
ming you drive about 80 km/h and you
look at your smartphone for 3 seconds to
read a message, then you are 66 meters in
Sa
absolute blind flight.

Then your reaction begins, then the bra-
king. So you will hit everything at 80 km/h
that is not at least 90 meters (66 m + 24 m
reaction distance) away. And then you
start to brake...all cars, pedestrians and
cyclists, who "meet" you standing in bet-
ween, will be hit.
You will encounter the topic of smartpho-
nes not only when you use them yourself,
but also among other road users. They are
also distracted, e.g. pedestrians or other
motorists. Don't expect them to see you in
such obvious cases.
Conclusion: In the end, it doesn't matter

what makes you ignore traffic, even if only
for a short time. Be aware that every form
of "secondary activity", even mental, leads
to a blind flight, which can be fatal. Acci-
dent statistics don't lie!
133
LESSON
6 Notes
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134
LESSON
7
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pl
m
7 Behaviour in special situations
7.1 Pedestrians and cyclists. . .......................................................... 136
7.2 Warning Signs. ........................... ....................................... 139
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7.3 Accidents. .................................. ....................................... 140
7.4 Emergency vehicles ................... ....................................... 141
7.5 Tunnel .. ............................................................................ 142
7.6 Stopping and parking ....................................................... 143
135
LESSON
Behaviour in special situations
7 7.1 Pedestrians and Cyclists

In road traffic, the most diverse road users Pedestrians
come together. Big and small, fast and When pedestrians walk on the sidewalk
slow, strong and weak. Each of these road they feel most safely. That is why pedestri-
users has a different view and therefore ans are annoyed by parked and narrowed
behaves differently. sidewalks. But pedestrians themselves
are often in a hurry to get out of the heat
Some know the Traffic Law Book and the outside or they are careless because they
rules associated with it, others do not. are on the phone at the same time, for
Depending on the type of vehicle, the par- example.
ticipants are faster or slower, need a lot of
space or little.
e
Some have a better overview of the traffic
situation than you do, some have a worse
one. This does not always run smoothly -
conflict situations are preprogrammed.
If you know the perspective of the other

person, you can "anticipate" certain beha-
viors, show understanding and defuse
dangers before they arise. This way you
not only drive defensively and in a spirit
pl
m
of partnership, but above all much more
relaxed. Therefore, you must always be prepared
for pedestrians to unexpectedly step onto
the road, especially in shopping streets or
at markets.
So be ready to brake and watch

Sa
pedestrians:
■ Will he avoid an obstacle and step on
the road?
■ Does he want to cross the lane?
■ Is he watching for traffic, will he wait,
is he in a hurry?
■ Is he thinking, talking or talking on the
phone?
■ Do parked vehicles impede visibility?
136
LESSON
Pedestrian crossings But you must also be aware that 7

pedestrians (especially children) are
Pedestrian crossings are set up to make it
safer for pedestrians to cross the carriage- ■ Entering the pedestrian crossing
way. They are usually announced by traffic without looking to the left and right
signs and road markings. ■ Simply turning around on the
pedestrian crossing
■ Crossing the road next to the
pedestrian crossing
■ Unauthorised cycling across the
pedestrian crossing
e
pl
m
Sa
In order for pedestrians to take their priori-

ty at pedestrian crossings, you must show
in good time that you will stop. This is
achieved by moderate speed, readiness to
brake and eye contact with the pedestrian.
If your vision of the crosswalk is impaired In order not to obstruct pedestrians, you
or if another vehicle is already waiting in must keep the crosswalk clear when traffic
front of it, you must approach with special is slow. To protect pedestrians, overtaking
care. You can also avoid rear-end collisi- at the pedestrian crossing is prohibited; be
ons by braking early! careful if there are several lanes for one
direction! In order to ensure that you and
the pedestrians do not lose sight of the
crosswalk, it is forbidden to stop on it.
137
LESSON
7 Cyclists
At the moment cyclists in KSA are still a
rarity. However, at least in the cities and
with an increasing number of tourists and
the advance of e-bikes, it is to be expected
that cycling traffic will increase. Therefore
you should know how to behave correctly
as a cyclist.
e
Cyclists must ride one after the other.
Cyclists must always use marked cycle

pl
m
paths.
You should only overtake cyclists with at

least 1.5 m side clearance. If you cannot
Sa
keep this distance because of oncoming

traffic, you should not overtake either
(see also Lesson 4.3 Overtaking).
If there are no cycle paths, you may ride

on the road or the hard shoulder.
Always be aware that cyclists may also

behave incorrectly and be prepared to bra-
ke in such cases. For example, they drive
on the wrong side of the road, next to each
other or use their mobile during cycling.
138
LESSON
7
7.2 Warning Signs Headlight flasher
Sometimes you get into situations where

you see yourself or others in danger. Then
you may give warning signs. Warning
signs are:
■ Horn
■ Headlight flasher
■ Hazard warning light
e
Horn
You can also use the headlight flasher as
a warning signal, especially in the dark.
Many drivers also use the headlamp flas-
pl her as a prompt signal. Other drivers are to
be signalled the continuation of the right
of way. But don't just trust each other's
headlight flashing. Nevertheless, observe
exactly how the other one behaves.
m
Hazard warning light
■ If you recognize a dangerous situation

Sa
for yourself or others, you must warn

the others with the horn. But only use
it in moments of danger. If everyone is
constantly honking, it is no longer per-
ceived as a danger sign.
■ You will not hear a horn warning signal

even if your music is too loud or you
use head-phones. Changes or defects in
the engine or exhaust can also lead to
the fact that you notice nothing else.
You must switch on the hazard warning
lights if you have a breakdown or are towed
away. But you can also use it to warn in
case of traffic jams or especially slow
speeds on fast roads. To ensure that war-
ning signs are taken seriously as such, you
must not use them improperly or for fun.
139
LESSON
7 7.3 Accidents Securing an accident site / a broken down

vehicle
e
Persons involved in an accident must do Where damage has already occurred,
the following: further damage should be avoided. You
must secure your car if it is parked in a
1. Stop immediately
2. Secure accident site
3. In the event of minor damage, move
vehicles aside
4. Assessing the consequences of
pl place where it cannot be detected as an
obstacle in time.
Immediately switch on the hazard war-

ning light and place the warning triangle
in a clearly visible position at a sufficient
m
accidents/providing an overview distance. In any case, you must place it
5. Help injured people (First Aid, in front of curves and hilltops so that it is
Rescue call) visible to following traffic. You can also
warn the other drivers by hand signals.
6. Indicate that you are involved in The faster you drive on this road, the
the accident greater the distance from the stationary
vehicle should be. It is best to carry the
Sa
7. Provide name and address on request

warning triangle in front of you when
8. Show driving licence setting it up. Then the following traffic
9. Provide insurance details will also see you well.
10. Stay at the place of the accident until
all findings have been made
If you arrive at an accident site later, it is

important not to look excessively long at
the accident site or at the rescue operati-
on. Follow-up accidents often occur or the
rescue services are hindered because the
distraction caused by the accident means
that one's own behaviour is no longer
regulated (e.g. one slows down). So if the
scene of the accident is already secured,
it is best to continue driving normally and
with concentration.
140
LESSON
7.4 Emergency Vehicles 7
e
You can usually recognise the emergen- If the emergency vehicle drives across the
cy vehicles of the police, rescue services intersection in front of you, for example,
pl
and fire brigade by the blue and orange
flashing lights and the emergency horn.
In addition, voice instructions can also be
given via loudspeaker. There are no speed
limits or traffic lights valid for them.
You often hear the siren before you see

you wait in front of the intersection despi-
te the green traffic light. You are also not
allowed to overtake emergency vehicles
during their action. Do not restart driving
until they have passed you or you have
received instructions to do so.
m
the vehicle. Then you deal with it:
■ Where does the vehicle come from?
■ Could it be hindered by me?
Sa
Clear the way for these vehicles in action

immediately and give them right of way.
Make way for them, e.g. by stopping at the
right side of the road if possible. If neces-
sary, you must also use the sidewalk or a
property.
141
LESSON
7 7.5 Tunnel
e
If an accident happens in a tunnel, there Behavior in the tunnel:
are usually injured. In order to minimize
■ Maintain a large distance from the
danger in the tunnel, you should always
switch on your dipped headlights and
never turn around in the tunnel. pl
■
■
vehicle in front
Observe traffic signs and light signals
Remember any emergency exits
Turn your eyes to the right side of the
road when there are oncoming vehicles
m
■ Do not cross the solid line.
A traffic jam in a tunnel has an increased

risk potential. Carelessness can easily
lead to rear-end collisions. If you notice a
Sa
traffic jam, you immediately switch on the

hazard warning lights to warn following
vehicles. You should not turn around in
any case!
Before you enter the tunnel, check the
The consequences of an accident in a tun-
following:
nel are often very severe, even for small
■ Is tank filling sufficient? accidents. It is not so easy to evade or flee
■ Are dipped headlights switched on and the rescue services do not get to the
(also during the day in tunnels with scene of the accident so quickly. If there's
bright light) a cove, park your vehicle there. That's
safest.
■ Did you take off your sunglasses?
■ Is there a traffic light/traffic sign in
front of the tunnel?
142
LESSON
7.6 Stopping and parking Where is the parking prohibited? 7

■ Where a no parking sign is posted
■ On public roads with yellow marked
pavements
■ At hilltops
■ On a crossing
■ In curves
■ On bridges, footpaths, entrances and
exits of public parking lots, parks,
schools, mosques, public buildings,
camping sites and courtyards
e
■ On pavements
If everyone stopped and parked where and
■ Less than 15 m before or after traffic
how they wanted, chaos would quickly
lights and curves
ensue. There must therefore be at least a
pl
few basic rules where you may park your
vehicle. For example, you should park in a
space-saving manner. Also leave enough
space for others to get in and out and for
manoeuvres.
■
■
Less than 20 m from a bridge or tunnel
Less than 7 m away from a fire hydrant.
Less than 1.5 m from a student crossing.
When entering or leaving the vehicle,

m
make sure that no other road users are
endangered. Also pay attention to your
passengers, after all you have the most
visibility because of your mirrors. As far
as possible, always let children get out of
the car on the side that is not facing traffic.
Sa
Remember the parental lock, it helps you

to prevent children from getting out of the
car unintentionally.
For parking, use hard shoulders, parking When you park the vehicle, secure it against
strips or parking spaces if possible. Basi- rolling away by setting the drive level to P
cally you stop and park on the right in the and applying the parking brake. Also lock
direction of travel. Sometimes traffic signs up and leave no windows open. At night (or
tell you how to park. in sandstorms, fog and heavy rain), turn on
the parking lights when the road is unlit.
143
LESSON
7 Notes
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____________________________________________________________________________________
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144
LESSON
8
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pl
m
8 Technology, Assistance Systems and Eco-Driving
8.1 Operational safety.. ................................................................... 146
8.2 Road safety................................ ....................................... 149
Sa
8.3 Assistance systems............................................................ 154
8.4 Eco-driving . ..................................................................... 156
145
LESSON
Technology, Assistance Systems and Eco-Driving
8 8.1 Operational Safety
e
pl
m
Automotive technology is developing You should regularly check the following:
rapidly. What was "state of the art" yester- ■ Water
day is already obsolete today. On the
other hand, today's cars are many times ■ Oil
Sa
safer, more comfortable, more efficient ■ Air

and more environmentally friendly than
previous generations. However, this also ■ Fuel
leads to the fact that many defects can ■ Electrics
usually only be located with diagnostic
systems. In order to prevent them, you
can also make a contribution. In addition
to the prescribed technical inspection -
before the initial registration and from
then on every three years - you yourself
must regularly check your vehicle for ope-
rational safety.
146
LESSON
Water If it lights up in the display of your vehicle, 8

something is wrong with the pressure in
the oil circuit. If it lights up red while dri-
max. ving, you should quickly steer your vehicle
min.
to a safe place and then switch off the
engine immediately.
e
To prevent car combustion engines from
overheating, they are surrounded by a
water cooling jacket. A water pump trans-
ports the heated water from the engine
pl
block to the radiator. There it is cooled
down and fed back to the engine. In order
to prevent the engine of your vehicle from
overheating and thus possibly suffering
permanent damage, there must always be
m
sufficient water in the radiator.
Therefore, regularly check the water level
in the expansion tank. It must be located
within the markings made there. If you
ever travel in cold regions, you should
add antifreeze. This ensures that the water
Sa
does not freeze in sub-zero temperatures.
You should therefore carry out the follo-

wing checks regularly:
■ Check the oil level (first clean the rod on
Oil
the cloth, then reinsert it and check that
Because many parts in the engine are the oil level is between min and max)
constantly in motion, heat and friction are ■ Be careful not to exceed the maximum
generated. Oil is needed to lubricate, clean when refilling
and cool the relevant parts. A pump ensu-
res that the oil is delivered to the appro- ■ Observe the oil change instructions
priate place. For you, this indicator light is ■ Check that no oil is leaking (spill
important, under the car)
■ Take care of the environment:
Dispose empty oil containers only in de-
signated places and do not let the used
oil seep into the ground during an oil
change.
147
LESSON
8 Air filter
It is best to check the fuel gauge when
starting the engine, so that you are not
surprised when you are driving and get
stuck with an empty tank. By the way,
this is something that also affects others,
because you might stop your car in the
middle of traffic and cause traffic jams
and obstructions.
Regularly check the fuel consumption of

your car on the display. If the consump-
tion deviates strongly, you should visit a
e
workshop. After all, it costs you money
For combustion, the engine draws in air. and wastes resources unnecessarily with
In order to ensure a proper combustion higher consumption.
process, this air is first cleaned by the air
filter.
A dirty or clogged filter leads to increased

fuel consumption and higher pollutant
emissions. So to avoid negative effects
for you, your car and the environment,
pl Electrical system
m
it is very important to check the air filter
regularly. It's best to have it done at the
garage.
- +
Fuel
Sa
When you start your car, the starter draws

power from the battery. This is recharged
while driving. Normally it is always charged.
Make sure you use the right fuel when fil-

ling up. You can usually check which fuel
your car needs from the fuel cap. In the The battery indicator light is only visible
display, you will usually also find an arrow briefly when starting. Then it usually goes
symbol indicating on which side of the out again immediately. If this lights up on
vehicle the fuel filler neck is located. the display during the journey, it indicates
a fault. If possible, then visit a workshop.
148
LESSON
8.2 Road Safety 8
In order for the traffic to function as Electronic Parking Brake

smoothly as possible, not only you must What the parking brake does is already
prove physically, mentally and on the indicated by its name. It is activated and
basis of your training and examination released at the push of a button and secu-
that you can drive the vehicle responsibly res the vehicle against rolling away when
and safely. Also your car must always be stationary. It is usually also deactivated
roadworthy and you are responsible for it! automatically during the start-up process.
When you park your vehicle, you should
Therefore check before each journey: apply the parking brake.
■ Brakes
e
■ Tyres
Service brake
Even a brake can wear out in the long run.
■ Lighting Therefore, you should also check the bra-
■ Steering
ke pads before riding. Some vehicles also
have an automatic indicator in the display.
■ View
■ Mirror
■ Signalling devices
pl In any case, check the brake to see if it also
produces a braking effect when the brake
pedal is pressed and also make sure that
the vehicle does not lose any brake fluid
(fluid under the car).
m
The pressure generated by the brake pedal
is introduced into two independently
acting brake circuits. Each brake circuit
Brakes acts on one front wheel and the opposite
rear wheel. This means that your vehicle
will still drive straight ahead even if one
brake circuit fails. In any case: If you notice
Sa
anything strange about the brakes (e.g.

stronger braking effect on the left than on
the right), go to the workshop immediately!
A distinction is made between the service

brake and the electronic parking brake.
You use the service brake permanently
with your foot to reduce speed or to come
to a complete stop.
149
LESSON
8 Tyres Air pressure

The part of the tyre that comes into con-
tact with the road must transmit all forces.
Therefore, the tyres of your vehicle are
extremely important. First of all, therefore,
carry out a visual check to see whether
there are any objects, holes, bubbles or
cracks in the tyre.
You know about it from a bike: If the air

pressure is too low, you will not make
Tread pattern
much progress because the rolling resi-
stance is high. If the air pressure is too
e
high, the suspension suffers.
Correct air pressure provides:

■ Optimal driving characteristics
pl ■
■
Low fuel consumption
Low tyre wear
m
You can find the correct tyre pressure for
your vehicle (usually depending on the
Important for good grip of the tyre on the load) in the fuel cap or in the operating
road surface is its tread pattern. At the instructions.
latest when your tyre has a tread depth of
less than 1.6 mm, you should change the
tyre, as otherwise not enough force can
Sa
be transmitted and the friction of the tyre

with the road surface becomes too low.
You will then skid more easily or your bra-
king distance will increase considerably,
especially in the wet. Always measure the
tread depth at the point where the tyre has
worn down the most.
Check the air pressure regularly on the

cold tyre, so if you haven't driven far yet.
And don't forget the spare wheel! If the air
pressure is too low or too different, this
can cause you to skid easily when driving
curves.
150
LESSON
Tyre labelling 8
You can read the size, type, load capacity
and maximum speed on your tyres.
Most of the time you can also read the
production date of the tyre. It is indicated
in week and year.
The meaning of the inscription 205/55 R16
91W is shown below as an example:
e
pl
m
Sa
Load capacity per key figure. Maximum speed by letters.
151
LESSON
8 Lighting View
e
Seeing and being seen is indispensable in Pay attention to the following:
road traffic. All lighting equipment must ■ Are all discs free of dirt and streaks
therefore be functional, visible and clean.
Glasses and reflectors must not be blind
play when a light is not working properly.

pl
or dirty. Many vehicles indicate in the dis- ■
■
(also inside)?
Enough washer fluid in the tank?
Are the nozzles of the washing system
free?
Are the wiper blades still okay?
m
Steering
Sa
The steering must be smooth and evenly

distributed and must return automatically
when cornering. If there is too much stee-
ring play (you move the steering wheel
far without creating a steering angle) you
will not be able to keep your car exactly on
track.
152
LESSON
Mirrors Signalling 8
.
e
The signalling devices include horn, flas-
her, direction indicators and hazard lights.
Check their functionality before starting
pl the journey.
m
Mirrors must be clean and correctly adju-
sted. If the adjustment device is broken,
Sa
you should have it repaired immediately.

Even mirrors with a crack are no longer
roadworthy, because you can no longer
recognize everything reliably.
153
LESSON
8 8.3 Assistance Systems Antilock Braking System (ABS)
e
The so-called "electronic helpers" are desi- In vehicles with ABS, the rotational speeds
gned to help you avoid accidents and thus of the individual wheels are constantly
contribute to active safety. The supposed measured. If a wheel blocks during bra-
stants can easily tempt drivers to drive

faster or less attentively. But even with
pl
increase in safety through electronic assi-
these helpers the limits of driving physics

cannot be overcome. For example, if you
drive into a curve much too fast, then no
king, the electronics regulate the braking
force at the respective wheel back so far
that the wheel just turns again. This hap-
pens about 50 times per second, much
faster than a human could do it. A pulsa-
ting brake pedal when the system inter-
m
electronic system will help you to master venes is therefore completely normal.
it, because the physical forces will still
work and carry you out of the curve. What does the system do?
Almost all assistance systems support It makes the vehicle steerable even when
your safety very well. Now we'll show you braking. Even on slippery roads you can
how it works and what they're there for. still swerve when braking. But: It does not
Sa
shorten the braking distance!
Traction Control System (TCS)

Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
TCS prevents the wheels from spinning
when accelerating and reduces the risk of The ESP recognises critical driving conditi-
slipping sideways on slippery roads. If the ons (skidding in a curve or similar) and the
system detects a spinning wheel, it brakes vehicle is stabilised, for example, by elec-
this wheel. At the same time the motor tronic brake intervention at certain wheels.
torque is reduced. It also reduces the engine power.
What does the system do?

For example, if ESP registers that the
driver is steering to the right, but the car
skids to the left, the system brakes the
left front wheel to keep the car in the right
lane.
154
LESSON
Cruise control 8
e
This control helps you maintain a constant This system also has its limits. As with all
speed and energy-saving driving style. assistance systems, you must therefore not
This is especially helpful on long motor- drive inattentively. Because in case of doubt
way journeys. But remember to switch
pl
off the cruise control in certain situations,
otherwise it can be dangerous: You might
be going too fast if you overlook a speed
limit because you think the car is doing
it for you, but it's just holding the pre-set
you must be able to intervene quickly and
override the system by braking (then you
usually switch off the system) or accelera-
ting. Even in bad weather conditions like fog
and heavy rain, the sensors often fail.
m
speed. You could be too fast in a curve or
hit a braking vehicle in front of you. The
latter is not prevented by cruise control,
but only by adaptive cruise control.
Sa
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
Sometimes, for example, vehicles in ano-

ther lane are evaluated as if they were in
your lane, so that your car brakes. Here
you have to override as well as in the
opposite case. Then a vehicle changes
into your lane close in front of you and is
detected by the system later than you do
because you have already detected the
turn signal or the smashed tyres. Then you
can brake earlier than the system.
The distance and speed controller accelera-
tes automatically up to the speed you set.
It also measures the distance to the vehicle What does the system do?
in front and, if necessary, brakes down so It lets you concentrate more on the traffic
that the set safety distance is not undercut. around you and takes away some of the
handling. But you must by no means beco-
me inattentive.
155
LESSON
8 Lane Departure Warning System (LDW) 8.4 Eco-driving
Even though technical progress is leading

to ever more economical, low-emission
and therefore more environmentally fri-
endly cars, you yourself determine the
extent of environmental damage in the
first instance. This is through your own
driving style and behavior in connection
with the use and purchase of cars. This is
because, in addition to vehicles with com-
bustion engines, alternative drive vehicles
are increasingly available and are also
e
gaining ground. This will lead from plug-in
hybrids, which have both a combustion
Lane Keeping Assist uses the lane mar-
engine and an electric motor, to vehicles
kings to detect when the vehicle threatens
powered by liquefied gas and natural
to drift out of lane. You will then be war-
ned, for example, by a vibrating steering
wheel or the vehicle itself intervenes in the
steering.
pl gas, to pure electrically powered vehicles.
These need electricity instead of diesel or
petrol.
Tips for energy-saving and environmentally

m
conscious driving
If you consider the following tips, you can
save fuel and money and behave environ-
mentally friendly as well:
1. Compare consumption numbers

Sa
However, the system only functions to a

limited extent if there are no markings or if
the road surface is dirty or on construction
sites.
What does the system do?
It reliably prevents an unintentional lane
change under normal conditions.
Pay attention to the fuel consumption,

environmental compatibility and recycla-
bility of the car when you buy it. Do you
really need a pick-up with high consump-
tion and a lot of resource consumption
during production or don't you mostly dri-
ve short distances within the city anyway
and isn't a smaller car enough for that?
156
LESSON
2. Avoid short distances noise. Never drive with your foot per- 8
manently on the accelerator, but use the
thrust cut-off (release the accelerator and
let the car roll with almost no fuel con-
sumption). If possible, do not necessarily
leave when everyone else is driving and
avoid the congested roads if possible.
Because frequent braking and starting
costs an enormous amount of fuel! Also
use your assistance systems, such as
ACC. Every braking manoeuvre destroys
the energy that you have just built up and
which you could actually still use well.
e
The fuel consumption of a vehicle is more
than 50% above normal consumption
during the first two kilometres. The mate-
pl
rial wear is also higher. Avoid unnecessary
back and forth and short distances, e.g. to
the coffee shop, and combine necessary
journeys. Maybe there is sometimes public
transport (bus, metro) that you can use?
m
3. Switch off the motor once in a while
If possible, slow down before red lights
and let yourself roll (not at crawling speed,
of course) to the traffic light. Also at check-
points or before bumps you can step off
Sa
the gas earlier. And in roundabouts you

can often drive through without stopping
if you look ahead.
Release the gas when starting the engine.

That won't be necessary. When stopping
for a longer period of time, switch off the
engine. For example, if there is a long wait
at a traffic light or accident site.
4. Demonstrating foresight and overview At pedestrian crossings you can also slow
down early so that pedestrians have alrea-
Driving with foresight and keeping your
dy changed sides of the road in front of
distance not only reduces energy con-
you without you stopping.
sumption, but also tyre wear and traffic
157
LESSON
8 5. Low-speed driving 8. Perform regular maintenance

Drive at low rpm and in high gears. This has
been proven to save up to 30% fuel. Refrain
from using the kickdown if possible.
6. Reduce ballast and air resistance
e
Only a technically flawlessly working and
correctly adjusted engine allows environ-
Unnecessary ballast increases consumpti-

on. At a speed of 80 km/h, fuel consump-
pl mentally conscious driving at all:
Ignition system, air filter and injection system
must be serviced regularly. You must go to
the garage immediately if your car loses oil,
because one drop of oil can contaminate 500
litres of water and make it undrinkable. If
m
tion already increases by 11 percent when black smoke comes out of the exhaust, go to
driving with a roof box. This also applies, the garage immediately, because this indica-
of course, to all cargo that is in the vehicle tes an incorrectly adjusted engine.
or on the loading area. After all, the weight
has to be transported and set in motion
and that costs energy. 9. Check fuel consumption
Check the fuel consumption of your vehic-
Sa
le regularly (on-board display). When

7. Maintaining correct tyre pressure refuelling, avoid breathing vapours from
the fuel.
10. Avoid noise

Environmental protection also means noi-
se protection! Altafhit makes a lot of noise
and costs you 24 points! Just try to let it
go, even if your friends do. The residents
will thank you for it! Did you know that
one car at high revs makes more noise
than 30 cars at normal revs!
Summary
10 kg less ballast in and on the vehicle and In summary, you can say that with distance
the correct tyre pressure saves you every and composure you can recognize right-of-
7th tank filling and reduces tyre wear. way situations early on. This creates time
and space to avoid a constant "stop and
go" and it also saves your nerves.
158
LESSON
Speed and environmental protection Advantages of electric vehicles: 8

Your speed has a decisive influence on ■ No exhaust gases during operation
fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. ■ Quiet and vibration-free drive train
But high speeds also cause noise. The
rolling noise of the tyres increases consi- ■ High torque of the motor
derably with the increase in speed. ■ Low energy costs
The best thing is a smooth gliding, anticipa- ■ Energy recovery during braking /
tory driving style, without constant stopping coasting (recuperation)
and accelerating. This way you save most of
your energy and also money and nerves. ■ Low maintenance costs
Disadvantages of electric vehicles
e
Courses on environmentally friendly
driving ■ Reduced range (it is further reduced by
air conditioning systems)
The technology in motor vehicles is con-
stantly being developed. What was un- ■ Higher acquisition costs
thinkable 15 years ago is now standard
equipment in many vehicles. With this
development, the operation of motor
vehicles has changed and will continue
pl
to change in the future. Many institutions
offer special courses where you can learn
■
■
Reduced number of charging stations
Charging times longer than refueling
Charging options
m
about the current state of the art and ener-
gy-saving driving styles. Only use charging cables approved by the
manufacturer. The charging time depends
largely on the power connection and the
type of charging station. The charging
Electromobility process can take more than 10 hours with
a conventional socket. Fast charging stati-
Sa
ons can achieve up to 80% of the charge in

about 30-45 minutes.
Therefore inform yourself about the range

of the vehicle before you start your jour-
ney. Find out in advance the positions of
charging stations and take into account
that the consumption will vary if other
consumers such as A/C and similar are
running. Use apps from the manufacturer
to find the best charging options.
As nice as it is, e-vehicles hardly make any

Electric vehicles are becoming more and noise. Especially pedestrians and cyclists
more popular - no wonder, after all they do not hear you immediately. They notice
are environmentally friendly and are ideal you much later than conventionally powe-
for use under certain conditions. They are red vehicles.
particularly suitable for short distances
and city trips. Some companies also use
these vehicles for courier and delivery ser-
vices. Car-sharing is also relying more and
more on electric drive.
159
LESSON
8 Notes
____________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
pl
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
m
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Sa
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
160
APPENDIX
Traffic violation Tables
Traffic violations Table No. (1) AP
The fine of (100-150) SAR
1 Driving the vehicle in markets where driving is not permitted

2 Leave the vehicle unlocked with running engine after getting off
3 Driving the car with invalid insurance
4 Crossing the roads by pedestrian from not designated areas
5 Pedestrian does not comply with their designated signals
6 Parking the vehicle in non-parking spaces
e
7 Not giving the right of way to pedestrian through their crossing the roads
Traffic violations Table No. (2)
1
pl
Not using the turn signal by turning to the left or right, overtaking,
or changing the lane
m
2 Reversing back on the public road for more than 20 meters
3 Hanging the bicycle/motorcycle driver to any other vehicle, or pulls or carries
out objects that endanger other road users
4 Misuse of dipped headlights of the vehicle
Sa
5 Not carrying the driving license or the authorized vehicle’s documentation

while driving
6 Misuse of the vehicle horn
7 Not presenting the vehicle to the periodic technical inspection
8 Violation of road traffic regulations
9 Not fasten the seat belt
10 Placing an obstacle inside or outside the vehicle which obstructs the driver's
vision
11 Not leaving enough space from the vehicle in front, which would cause an accident
12 Starting up the vehicle with high speed, which will lead to a loud sound from tires
13 Gathering at the scene of the accident
14 Skipping the vehicle's queue in front of the traffic lights or police checkpoints
using the road shoulder or the turning lane
15 Unavailability of the legal requirements of the trailer
161
APPENDIX
AP Traffic violations Table No. (3)
1 Not taking the necessary precautions when stopping the vehicle in case of an
emergency on public roads
2 Throw objects out of the vehicle
3 Slowing down in a manner that impedes movement of the traffic
4 Distraction while driving
5 Sudden and unnecessary braking
e
6 Non-compliance with traffic regulations at intersections
7 Non-compliance with the with the edges and limits of the road lanes
8 Making noise using devices from inside the vehicle, or committing any
9
10
11
pl
behavior that is contrary to public morals while driving
Driving with an expired driving license
Not using the child safety seats in the vehicle
Leave the vehicle on a rolling road with no precautions
m
12 Leaving children under the age of 10 alone in the vehicle without an adult guide
Sa
162
APPENDIX

1 Following emergency vehicles while using their own alarms
2 Driving on the road with motor vehicles, which are not allowed to be driven on roads
3 Not stopping completely at (stop) sign
4 Not stopping completely at (give a way) sign in case of the passing of the vehicles on the
priority road
5 Not giving right of way to the vehicles coming from the right when an equal-priority
intersection is reached at the same time and when there are no priority signs
e
6 Not giving right of way to vehicles on the main road in the absence of a priority signs
7 Non-compliance with the signs given from the policeman when he organizes the traffic
and not giving his signal priority over the light signals
9
10
11
pl
Not giving right of way to vehicles inside the roundabout in the absence of light signals
or a policeman
Driving the vehicle in the tunnels without turning the headlights
Increase the dimensions of cargo to the maximum permissible limits in small vehicles
Misuse of the own alarms of the emergency vehicle by the emergency vehicle driver
m
12 Not giving right of way to the driver of the following vehicle at intersections with absence
of the traffic signs which organize this process
13 Not giving right of way to the vehicles on the continuous roadway when performing
U-Turn maneuver
14 Not giving right of way to oncoming vehicles in case of a closing or blocking a part of the
Sa
road from the direction of driver’s way, while the direction of oncoming traffic’s way is free
15 Not giving right of way to the driver of the vehicle driving straight ahead by changing the
lane on the road in case of the two vehicles are travelling parallel
16 Not giving right of way to vehicles coming from a main road at an intersection with sub
roads or farming roads
17 Not giving right of way to public transport such as trains, buses in case they travel on the
routes allocated to them (Railway tracks, taxi/bus paths.)
18 Transfer passengers in areas not intended for them in a vehicle
19 Using any portable device from the driver during the motion of the vehicle
20 Parking in disabled persons lots
21 Placing or sticking writing, drawing, decal or any other statement on the vehicle body
without the consent of the competent authorities
22 Driving a vehicle that causes environmental pollution on public roads
23 Tinting the vehicle's glass without complying with the regulations of the competent authority
24 Using the vehicle for another purpose, which is not the purpose it made for
25 Non-coverage and fixing of the transported cargo
163
APPENDIX
1 The entry or exit from cities of trucks, heavy vehicles at unauthorized times
2 Driving the vehicle with a driving license that does not match the size and type
of vehicle use
3 Parking on the railway tracks
4 Transfer of a specified number of passengers more than the number specified
in the driving license
5 Refusal to show the driver's or authorized vehicle's documentation to the
e
authorized persons (policemen..)
6 Driving the vehicle with unclear or damaged plates
7 Driving the vehicle without front plate
8
9
10
11
pl
Not terminating the procedure for modifying the vehicle's areas of use
Not transporting out the vehicle prepared for export within the specified period
Not wearing the helmet while driving the motorcycle
Driving the vehicle before obtaining a driving license or in case of withdrawal
m
of it
12 Throwing objects on public roads that endanger public safety
13 Not giving right of way to emergency vehicles or official motorcade
14 Driving on road shoulders, pavements or railway tracks, or on any other place,
Sa
where the driving on it is prohibited

15 Getting up/off during the movement of the vehicle
16 Crossing the highways by pedestrians
17 Overtaking in areas where overtaking is prohibited, e.g. at curves and hilltops
18 No side lighting, reflectors or truckloads and trailers
19 Not using the necessary lights when traveling at night or in weather conditions
where visibility is unclear
20 Not fixing the vehicle plates in its proper and designated place
21 Gathering at Tafhit sites
22 Increase the dimensions of heavy transport cargo for the heavy vehicles
23 Any modification or addition to the body or structure of the vehicle, which
changes its features or essential equipment without applying the official and
necessary procedures
24 Driving a vehicle without the necessary equipment, such as brakes, lights...
25 Use of plates not issued by the authorized department
164
APPENDIX
1 Running a red traffic light

2 Overtaking school buses while getting up/off the students
3 Damaging the road signs, reflectors which organize the traffic
4 Not stopping at security checkpoints when there is a stop sign
5 Use of unauthorized equipment in the vehicle or using logos or stickers
that are contrary to public morals
e
6 Driving the vehicle in the opposite direction of travel
7 Doing dangerous maneuver driving between vehicles on public roads
8 Conducting a vehicle race on public roads, or driving in official motorcade wit-
10
11
hout authorization
lanes
pl
Not driving trucks and heavy vehicles on the right lane of the road with multi
Non-deportation of animals from the carriageway by their owners

Using equipment such as those for official and emergency vehicles in the
m
vehicle
12 Operating public works vehicles on the roads prior to taking formal action to
avoid their adverse effects, including failure to place reflective chips on either
side of the rear of the vehicle
13 Driving the vehicle without rear plate or even without any plates
Sa
14 Erasing the vehicle plates
Traffic violations Table No. (7)
1 Driving the vehicle under the influence of alcohol, drugs or any other
medication, which prohibits to drive the vehicle of case of taking it
2 Carrying out road work before coordination with the competent administration
3 Crossing the roads from non-designated places by animals because of the allo-
wing from their owners, without coordination with the competent authorities
4 Using Plates that do not belong to the same vehicle
5 Erasing the body number of the vehicle or the attempt to erase it
165
APPENDIX
1- Speed from 120 km/h or lower
The fine (SAR)

Speed Limit The range of Over speed
Min. Max.
Over speed with more than 10 km/h to 20 km/h 150 300
Over speed with more than 20 km/h to 30 km/h 300 500
120 km/h
Over speed with more than 30 km/h to 40 km/h 800 1.000
or lower
Over speed with more than 40 km/h to 50 km/h 1.200 1.500
e
Over speed with more than 50 km/h 1.500 2.000
2- Speed from 140 km/h
Speed Limit pl
The range of Over speed
Over speed with more than 5 km/h to 10 km/h

Over speed with more than 10 km/h to 20 km/h
The fine (SAR)
Min.
300
800
Max.
500
1.000
m
140 km/h
Over speed with more than 20 km/h to 30 km/h 1.200 1.500
Over speed with more than 30 km/h 1.500 2.000
Sa
166
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DRIVING LICENCE Training Book

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My Driving School:
 Edition No. 1
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General Department of Traffic
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ADVANTAGES OF YOUR BOOK!

 Linking Theory and Practice

General Department of Traffic

Titel_Lehrbuch B_2019_KSA_engl.indd 1 16.01.2020 13:03:12

Dear learner driver,

Expert editor: Peter Lehnert

© Verlag Heinrich Vogel, München,

1 Personal Requirements and Legal Framework 7 1

1.1 Different types of licences 8

2.1 Priority Regulations 52

4 Driving Manoeuvres, Observing the Traffic 91 4

4.1 Entering Traffic and moving off 92

5 Speed and Distance 111 5

5.1 Meaning of Speed 112

6 6 Hazard Perception and Defensive Driving 125

6.1 Weather conditions, Driving at Night 126

7 7 Behaviour in special Situations 135

7.1 Pedestrians and Cyclists 136

Appendix Tables of all traffic offences in KSA 161

1.1.2 Type of driving licence............. ....................................... 9

1.2.6 Drugs. ....................................................................... 15

1.3 Emotions. ......................................................................... 17

1.4 Basic Rules........................................................................ 22

1.5 Traffic Signs. .............................. ....................................... 25

1.6 Consequences of breaking the Traffic Rules.......................... 47

Personal Requirements and Legal Framework

1 1.1 Different types of licences

1.1.2 Type of driving licence

Type of driving licence vehicle age special features

Private/Car Max. Total 17 At 17: - 1 year limited term

a) Private/public minibus Up to 15 pers.

Special visual acuity

Motorbike All motorized

Personal Requirements and Legal Framework

1 1.2 (Impaired) Physical Capabilities

An average good visual acuity is called

But don't be afraid! Most young people

Good vision depends on the following

sight is barely enough.

The deterioration of visual performance is

If you don't have your eyes checked regu-

Personal Requirements and Legal Framework

1 Hearing 1.2.2 Sensory illusions

you are also not able to perceive things

you can no longer hear the traffic noises,

Physical fitness is important for safe

That's why your sense of balance and tac-

1.2.3 Diseases and Ailments 1.2.4 Fatigue, attention, concen- 1

sprained wrist, broken leg, etc.). ■ sudden fright

Personal Requirements and Legal Framework

The degradation of alcohol happens extre-

Even small amounts of alcohol have an

Your ability to drive will be considerably

better not to get in the car when you're

■ it takes your brain longer to process in-

Therefore, alcohol consumption is prohi-

1.2.6 Drugs 1.2.7 Medication 1

Not only alcohol, but also narcotics and

Effects can be:

Around 80% of all road users are not awa-

Personal Requirements and Legal Framework

In the case of psychotropic drugs, the

The special danger with stimulants is that

Why, for example, in a particular situation,