PG Lab 1-4

Lab Manual POWER GENERATION Name: Asmatullah
CMS ID: 48907
Safety Precautions and Rules for Electrical Laboratory

1. Always be careful of electricity, and do not be hurried while working.
2. Make sure that workplace far wo water and any other moisture and clean.
3. Keep fluid away from instruments and circuits.
4. On workplace there must be brightness to see everything clear, do not work in lab in case
of darkness.
5. Do not work with naked feet.
6. Do not touch electrical equipment and circuits with wet hands or materials.
7. Always use tight dress and avoid loos dress around the moving equipment.
8. When making measurements always touch the circuits with a single hand.
9. Always keep your body or any part of body out of the circuit.
10. Interconnecting wires and cables should be arranged so that the people will not trip over
them.
11. Always check and see the power switches are “OFF” before plugging into the outlet, also
turn the equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
12. When unplugging a power cable do not pull the cable, always pull on the plug.
13. When making or changing the circuit, first remove the power source.
14. Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working with electrical
devices.
15. All current carrying part of any electrical circuit of devices must be enclosed.
16. No undergrounded electrical devices should be used unless doubly insulated, check circuit
for proper grounding.
17. Report any damages to equipment, incidents, and hazards to the laboratory instructor.
18. Take permission from the lab instructors before touching any equipment.
19. If there is any doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor regarding specific
equipment consult instruction manual, information regarding safe use and possible hazards
of equipment should be studied carefully.
20. Work too smarter and be active in the electrical labs.
21. Keep silence during the lab and concentrate on your work.
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CMS ID: 48907
LAB NO. 1 27/09/2022

Introduction to power generation laboratory equipment.
Objectives:
o To learn about the laboratory equipment which will be used in power generation lab.
Introduction:
The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy is known
as generation of electrical energy.
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary
energy. It is usually represented in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh).
Figure 1.1 power generation plant.
The required and useable instruments which will be used in the lab.
I. Variable DC power supply:
A variable power supply includes some means for the user to easily adjust the output voltage
and sometimes the current. Adjustment is most often accomplished with a potentiometer, but
may also be done with an analog control voltage, a digital input, an autotransformer, etc.
Figure 1.2 variable DC power supply.

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II. Three phase AC power supply (constant).

3φ is a common type of alternating current used in electricity generation, transmission,
and distribution. Three-phase electrical power was developed in the 1880s by multiple people.
Three-phase power works by the voltage and currents being 120 degrees out of phase on the
three wires. As an AC system it allows the voltages to be easily stepped -up using transformers
to high voltage for transmission.
Figure 1.3 Three phase AC power supply (constant)

III. Three phase AC power supply (variable).
AC variable power supply three-phase electricity, and it is often used in industrial
applications to drive motors and other devices. Three-phase electricity is a smoother form of
power than single or two-phase systems allowing machines to run more efficiently and
extending their lifetime.
Figure 1.4 Three phase AC power supply (variable).
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IV. Power circuit breaker:

A power circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by an overcurrent or short circuit in the three-phase system. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent the risk of fire .
Figure 1.5 Power circuit breaker.

V. Synchronization indicator:
Six indicator lamps, white, for qualitative indication of the phase relationship between mains
and generator voltage (bright-dark circuit).
Figure 1.6 three phase synchronization indicators.
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VI. Three phase synchronous machine:

The operation of a synchronous motor is due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the
stator and the rotor. Its stator winding, which consists of a 3-phase winding, is provided with a
3-phase supply, and the rotor is provided with a DC supply.
Figure 1.7 Three phase synchronous machine

VII. Synchronoscope:
While working on AC electrical power systems, a synchroscope is a device that indicates the
degree to which two systems are synchronized with each other. For two electrical systems to
be synchronized, both systems must operate at the same frequency, and the phase angle
between the systems must be zero.
Figure 1.8 Synchronoscope
VIII. Switchable capacitor battery:

Any System where different capacitance values are required to be connected to means of the
reactive power compensation. The capacitor battery contains 4 switching levels which can be
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CMS ID: 48907
connected and disconnected using power contactors. Each switching level can be controlled
separately, internal, and external. The switching levels each consist of 3 capacitors in star
connection with discharging resistors.
Figure 1.9 switchable capacitor battery

1.9
IX. Moving coil ammeter:
Moving coil. It uses magnetic deflection, where current passing through a coil placed in the
magnetic field of a permanent magnet causes the coil to move.
Figure 1.10 moving coil ammeter
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X. Double frequency meter:

Double frequency meters are highly accurate and compact. Offering linear read -outs, they
provide visual indication of frequency for manual synchronization of generators to net
(busbar).
Figure 1.11 double frequency meter
XI. Double voltmeter:

The instruments have 2 independent moving iron movements to measure the voltage for
example between 2 generators or one generator and the net.
Figure 1.12 double voltmeter

Conclusion:
In this lab we have learnt and studied the important tools and equipments that are going
to be used in our power generation lab.
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CMS ID: 48907
Rubrics
Student can Student
Student is Student has
understand perfectly
unable to Student has constructed
the provided implemented
follow the followed the
laboratory a working
provided instructions functional/
instructions model/ logic/
instructions to construct working
and familiar circuit/ block
properly. the schematic/
with the lab diagram/
The student fundamental model/
environment code and
can name the schematic/ block
(Trainer/ successfully
Demonstration Absent hardware or block diagram/
software/ executed the
simulation diagram/ code, and
IDE), but lab objective
platform, but code/ model have
cannot in Realtime
unable to on the successfully
implement or in a
implement protoboard/ executed the
on the simulation
anything trainer/ program/
platform environment
practically or simulation run circuit
practically and produced
on the software. on software
or on the the desired
software platform
software results
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Total Marks Instructor’s Signature
Report not Plagia- Require- Observations Appropriate Correctly

submitted rized con- ments are are recorded computa- drawn
tent pre- listed and ex- along with tions or nu- conclu-
sented or perimental detailed pro- merical anal- sion with
Labora-
incom- procedure is cedure ysis is per- exact re-
tory Re-
plete sub- presented formed sults and
ports
mission complete
report in all
re-
spects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Date Total Instructor’s Signature

Marks
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CMS ID: 48907
LAB NO. 2 27/09/2022

Analysis of No-Load Test of synchronous generator
Objectives:
o Determine the mechanical loss of alternator
o Determine the iron losses of alternator
o Recording and plotting the open-circuit curves at various operational speeds of alternator.
Required Equipment:
o Three phase alternators
o DC variable power supply
o DC shunt motor
o Tachometer/ Speed indicator
o Excitation voltage controller
o Ammeter (3)
o Voltmeter
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 2.1 circuit diagram of No-Load Test of synchronous generator

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Circuit parameters:
IEM Motor field excitation current
IM Motor current
VM Motor voltage
PMm Motor mechanical losses
IEM0 Motor excitation current when alternator is not excited
IM0 Motor current when alternator is not excited
VM0 Motor voltage when alternator is not excited
PM0 Motor and alternator no-load losses
PGm Alternator mechanical loss
IEMe Motor field current when alternator is excited
Ie Alternator field excitation
IMe Motor current when alternator is excited
VMe Motor voltage when alternator is excited
PMe Motor absorbed power when alternator is excited
PGFe Alternator iron losses

PG0 Alternator no-load losses
Procedure:
The experiment procedure is divided into three steps to determine the iron and mechanical
losses as follows.
Step 1
1. The first step is to find the mechanical loss of the DC motor.
2. When the alternator is not connected to the motor.
3. DC source is supplied to the motor and run it on 3000 rpm.
4. Connect an ammeter with the field and armature winding.
5. Calculate the values of IM, IEM and VM and PM0
PM0 = VM (IM- IEM) … Mechanical loss equation
Total Voltage 230V
I M = 1.3Amp
I EM = 0.4A
V M = 230V
PMm = 230V (0.4A – 1.3A) = 207W … (1)
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CMS ID: 48907
Step 2
1. We will find the mechanical loss of the alternator.
2. Find alternator to DC motor without any excitation to the alternator.
3. Note down the values of IM0 , IEM0 and VM0 and calculate the no-load loss of the motor
and alternator.
PM0 = V M0 (IM0 -IEM0 )
230(1.8 - 04) = 322 … (2)
4. Subtract the mechanical loss of the motor from the total loss of motor and alternator.
PGm = PM0-- PMM
322 – 207 = 115 … from eq (1) and eq (2)
Step 3
Total voltage 230V
I Me = 2A
I e = 0.2A
I EMe = 0.4A
V Me = 230V
PMe = VM (I M – I EM) = 368W
PGFe = PMe – PM0 = 57 W
PG0 = PGm – PGFe = 231W
Procedure
1. Find the iron loss and the total no-load loss of the alternator.
2. Give the excitation to the alternator, increase the VL - L to 380V.
3. Calculate the total power absorbed by the motor.
PME = VME (Ime - IEMe)
231 (2 – 0.4) = 369.6
4. Subtract alternator and motor and no-load loss from power absorbed by motor to get
iron loss of the alternator.
5. Change the value of the DC supply speed which is 3000 rpm for the first round to 2500
rpm and then to 2000 rpm.
PGFe = PME -- PMo
PGFe = 369.6 – 322 = 47.6
6. Add iron losses and mechanical losses to alternator to get:
PGo = PGm -- PGFe
115 + 47.6 = 162.6
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CMS ID: 48907
Observation and Calculations of voltage and current at different speeds:

Table 2.1 different voltages and current with speed.
Speed (rpm) 3000 2500 2000
Current I.e. (mA) Voltage Vs (V) Voltage Vs (V) Voltage Vs (V)

50 120V 102V 82V
100 220V 183V 153V
150 310V 258V 209V
200 374V 315V 259V
250 423V 357V 294V
300 467V 395V 320V
350 500V 421V 342V
400 528V 444V 367V
Output graph:
Figure 2.2 different voltages with different currents with respective speed
Conclusion:
In this lab we calculated the losses (i.e., mechanical and iron) of an alternator and we
also plot the open circuit curves at different speeds and currents. We learnt from the graph that
how we can control the terminal voltage with field excitation and speed.
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CMS ID: 48907
Rubrics
Student can Student
cannot in Realtime
implement or in a
on the simulation
software platform
software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Correctly
drawn
Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate
conclusion
content are listed and are recorded computations
Laboratory Report not with
presented or experimental along with or numerical
Reports submitted exact results
incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is
and complete
submission presented procedure performed
report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
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CMS ID: 48907
LAB NO. 3 27/09/2022

Analysis of short circuit test of synchronous generator
Objectives:
o Determine ohmic and stray losses of alternator
o Recording the short circuit current at different speeds
o Calculating Synchronous reactance.
Equipment:
o 3-phase synchronous alternator
o DC Variable power supply
o DC shunt motor
o Tachometer
o Excitation Voltage controller
o Ammeter
o Voltmeter
Theory:
Circuit Parameters:
𝐈𝐌𝐊 Motor current at short circuit
𝐈𝐄𝐌𝐊 Motor field current at short circuit
𝐕𝐌𝐊 Motor Voltage at short circuit
𝐏𝐌𝐊 Motor power losses at short circuit

𝐈𝐄𝐊 Generator filed current at short circuit
𝐏𝐆𝐊 Generator power at short circuit
𝐏𝐌𝐌 Motor mechanical power
𝐏𝐆𝐂𝐮 Generator copper losses
𝐏𝐆𝐌 Generator Mechanical loss
𝐏𝐒𝐂𝐮 Stator copper loss

𝐏𝐚𝐝 Stray losses
Procedure:
o We firstly find the losses of the alternator.
o As the motor is run on 3000 rpm.
o Exciting the field and the short circuit current does not exceed 0.67A.
o Note the values of I EMK, I MK and V MK and calculate the ohmic and stray losses.
𝐏𝐌𝐊 = 𝐕𝐌𝐊 (𝐈𝐌𝐊 - 𝐈𝐄𝐌𝐊 )
𝐏𝐌𝐊 = 230 * (2.08 – 0.41) = 384.1W
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CMS ID: 48907
o Calculating for Short circuit power of generator

𝐏𝐆𝐊 = 𝐏𝐌𝐊 - 𝐏𝐌𝐌
𝐏𝐆𝐊 = 384.1 – 207 = 177.1 :- PMM = 207 (From Lab 2)
o Calculating for copper losses

𝐏𝐆𝐂𝐮 = 𝐏𝐆𝐊 - 𝐏𝐆𝐦
𝐏𝐆𝐂𝐮 = 163.3-110.3=53W :- PGM = 115 (From Lab 2)

o Calculating for stator ohmic losses (copper losses)
𝐏𝐒𝐂𝐮 = 3𝐈𝐍 𝟐R
𝐏𝐒𝐂𝐮 = 3 * (𝟏. 𝟔𝟕)𝟐 * 4.5Ω = 37.65
o Calculating for Stray losses
𝐏𝐚𝐝 = 𝐏𝐆𝐂𝐮 – 𝐏𝐒𝐂𝐮
𝐏𝐚𝐝 = 62.1 – 37.65 = 24.45

o After that we will find the relation between the excitation current of the stator and the
alternator field current at different speeds i.e. (3000, 2500 and 2000).
o Plot the graph of I E and I S at different speeds.
o Stray Resistance
𝐏𝐚𝐝
𝐑 𝐚𝐝 =
𝐈𝐍 𝟐
𝟐𝟒.𝟒𝟓
𝐑 𝐚𝐝 = = 8.766
(𝟏.𝟔𝟕)𝟐
o Stator equivalent resistance

𝐑 𝐓 𝐨 = 𝐈𝐍 𝟐 ∗ 𝐑 𝐓 𝐨
𝐑 𝐓 𝐨 = (𝟏. 𝟔𝟕)𝟐 ∗ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 = 62.097 :- T 0 = Temperature
o Synchronous Reactance
XD = VN / [(√ 𝟑) IK0 ]
XD = 220 / [(√ 𝟑) 0.21] = 604 Ω

o Then we will find the synchronous reactance of the generator
o Record short circuit Curve at various speeds.
o Observation of currents at different speeds are given in the table below.
Note:
All the values used in the above calculations are calculated in the lab practically
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Circuit Diagram:
Figure 3.1: Circuit Diagram
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Table 3.1 Observed Values of IEMK, IMK and VMK
Speed (rpm) 3000 2500 2000

Ex. Current I.E. Stator
(mA) Current IS IS IS
50 0.2 0.2 0.22
100 0.42 0.42 0.49
150 0.64 0.66 0.67
200 0.9 0.9 0.9
250 1.1 1.1 1.1
300 1.31 1.34 1.36
350 1.54 1.55 1.69
400 1.77 1.78 1.84
450 2.03 2.2 2.09
500 2.26 2.29 2.34
Graphical Representation:
Excitation Current Vs Alternator Current
3
0.9
2.5
2 0.67
0.9
1.5
0.49 0.66
1
0.42 0.9
0.22 0.64
0.5
0.2 0.42
0.2
0
50 100 150 200
stator Is 3000 stator Is 2500 stator Is 2000
Figure 3.2: Graphical representation.
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Hardware Implementation
Figure 3.3 Hardware Implementation
Figure 3.4 calculated values.
Conclusion:
In this lab we calculated the stray losses and Ohmic losses of alternator. We also
observed at same excitation different currents with speed varying and looked out the curve
using graph. We also observed the synchronous reactance of the alternator.
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CMS ID: 48907
Rubrics:
Student can Student
cannot in Realtime
implement or in a
on the simulation
software platform
software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Correctly
drawn
conclusion
and complete
report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
19
CMS ID: 48907
LAB NO. 4 12/10/2022

ANALYSIS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ON
DIFFERENT LOADS
Objectives:
o Reading the response of the alternator operating with the excitation and speed kept
constant under different kinds of loads.
Equipment:
o DC variable power supply
o DC Shunt motor.
o 3 φ synchronous generator.
o Excitation voltage controller.
o Power Circuit Breaker.
o Power meter.
o Resistive, Capacitive, and Inductive loads.
Theory:
R Load:
Load which deals with active power only is called resistive load. And the voltage and current
waveforms of such load, and we will see that the voltage & current are in phase with each other.
Figure 4.1 Resistive Load Current and Voltage Phase.
L Load:
Load which consumes only reactive power is called as inductive load . And if you look at the
voltage and current waveforms of such load, you’ll find that, the voltage & current are out of
phase with each other by 90 deg.
Figure 4.2 Voltage and current phases.
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C Load:
In capacitive loads also, current & voltage are out of phase with each other. The only difference
is that, in capacitive load current leads the voltage by 90 deg.
Figure 4.3 phases of voltage and current.

Circuit Diagram:
Figure 4.4 circuit diagram.
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Procedure:
o Make the connections as given below in the circuit diagram.
o Connect all the loads i.e., Resistive, capacitive, and Inductive load in star.
o Run motor generator set initially at 3000 RPM.
o Excite generator with I Eo = 0.2A.
o Increase the Resistance load from R1 to R5.
o Measure stator voltage V S, stator current I S.
o Increase Capacitance load from C 1 to C5.
o Measure stator voltage V s , stator current I s .
o Increase Inductive load from L 1 to L5.
o Measure stator voltage V s , stator current I s.
o Note down the values of the experiment in the table given below.
o Make the Voltage and Current curve of all the loads.
Table 4.1 measured values of current and voltages at different speeds.
N = 3000 rpm V = 380 V IEo = 0.2A

R Vs (V) Is (A) L V s (V) Is (A) C V s (V) Is (A)
R0 380 0 L0 380 0 C0 380 0
R1 367 0.2 L1 340 0.12 C1 419 0.19
R2 357 0.27 L2 327 0.16 C2 436 0.26
R3 331 0.43 L3 295 0.25 C3 469 0.43
R4 296 0.56 L4 264 0.33 C4 522 0.83
R5 255 0.69 L5 230 0.42 C5 550 1.14
Graphical Representation:
550
522
469
436
419
380
VOLTAGE
367 357
340 327 331
295 296
264 255
230
0 0.19 0.26 0.43 0.83 1.14

0 0.2 0.27 0.43 0.56 0.69
0 0.12 0.16 0.25 0.33 0.42
Vs Is Vs Is2 Vs2 Is3 CURRENT
Figure 4.5 graphical representation of the above table.
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Hardware Implementation:
Figure 4.6 hardware representation.
Figure 4.7 measured values of the practical work.
Conclusion:
In this lab we concluded that the synchronous generator behaves with the Resistive and
Inductive loads the voltage is decreased and current is increased while in case of capacitive
load the voltage is increased, and the current is decreased.
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CMS ID: 48907
Rubrics:
Student can Student
cannot in Realtime
implement or in a
on the simulation
software platform
software results
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Correctly
drawn
conclusion
and complete
report in all
respects
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
24

PG Lab 1-4

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Lab Manual POWER GENERATION Name: Asmatullah

CMS ID: 48907

Safety Precautions and Rules for Electrical Laboratory

LAB NO. 1 27/09/2022

Figure 1.1 power generation plant.

Figure 1.2 variable DC power supply.

II. Three phase AC power supply (constant).

Figure 1.3 Three phase AC power supply (constant)

Figure 1.4 Three phase AC power supply (variable).

IV. Power circuit breaker:

Figure 1.5 Power circuit breaker.

Figure 1.6 three phase synchronization indicators.

VI. Three phase synchronous machine:

Figure 1.7 Three phase synchronous machine

Figure 1.8 Synchronoscope

VIII. Switchable capacitor battery:

Figure 1.9 switchable capacitor battery

Figure 1.10 moving coil ammeter

X. Double frequency meter:

Figure 1.11 double frequency meter

XI. Double voltmeter:

Figure 1.12 double voltmeter

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Report not Plagia- Require- Observations Appropriate Correctly

Date Total Instructor’s Signature

LAB NO. 2 27/09/2022

Figure 2.1 circuit diagram of No-Load Test of synchronous generator

IEMe Motor field current when alternator is excited

Ie Alternator field excitation

IMe Motor current when alternator is excited

VMe Motor voltage when alternator is excited

PMe Motor absorbed power when alternator is excited

PGFe Alternator iron losses

Observation and Calculations of voltage and current at different speeds:

Speed (rpm) 3000 2500 2000

Current I.e. (mA) Voltage Vs (V) Voltage Vs (V) Voltage Vs (V)

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

LAB NO. 3 27/09/2022

𝐈𝐄𝐌𝐊 Motor field current at short circuit

𝐕𝐌𝐊 Motor Voltage at short circuit

𝐏𝐌𝐊 Motor power losses at short circuit

𝐏𝐆𝐊 Generator power at short circuit

𝐏𝐌𝐌 Motor mechanical power

𝐏𝐆𝐂𝐮 Generator copper losses

𝐏𝐆𝐌 Generator Mechanical loss

𝐏𝐒𝐂𝐮 Stator copper loss

o Calculating for Short circuit power of generator

o Calculating for copper losses

𝐏𝐆𝐂𝐮 = 163.3-110.3=53W :- PGM = 115 (From Lab 2)

𝐏𝐚𝐝 = 62.1 – 37.65 = 24.45

o Stator equivalent resistance

XD = 220 / [(√ 𝟑) 0.21] = 604 Ω

Figure 3.1: Circuit Diagram

Table 3.1 Observed Values of IEMK, IMK and VMK

Speed (rpm) 3000 2500 2000

stator Is 3000 stator Is 2500 stator Is 2000

Figure 3.2: Graphical representation.

Figure 3.3 Hardware Implementation

Figure 3.4 calculated values.

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature