CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES
Biochemistry
Schedule: Instructor: Alpha Grace S. Ferriol
Biochemistry | Lecture 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 02
CARBOHYDRATES BIOMOLECULES
03 04
CELLS MICROSCOPE
01
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
General properties of carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates act as ____________, also____________, and___________________.
• Ribose and deoxyribose sugars forms the _________________of the genetic material,
RNA and DNA.
• Polysaccharides like cellulose are the _______________ in the cell walls of bacteria and
plants.
• Carbohydrates are linked to proteins and lipids that play important roles in ___________
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds, they are ___________or ___________ with
many _____________
Carbohydrates
Biological Importance
• Carbohydrates are chief energy source, in many animals, they are instant source of energy.
Glucose is broken down by glycolysis/ kreb's cycle to yield ATP. It is stored as glycogen in
animals and starch in plants.
• Carbohydrates are intermediates in biosynthesis of fats and proteins.
• Carbohydrates aid in regulation of nerve tissue and is the energy source for brain.
• Carbohydrates gets associated with lipids and proteins to form surface antigens, receptor
molecules, vitamins and antibiotics.
• They form structural and protective components, like in cell wall of plants and
microorganisms.
• They participate in biological transport, cell-cell communication and activation of growth

factors.
Carbohydrates
Structural Properties of Carbohydrates
Stereoisomerism - Compounds having same structural formula but they differ in spatial
configuration. Example: Glucose has two isomers with respect to penultimate carbon atom.
They are D-glucose and L-glucose.
Optical Activity - It is the rotation of plane polarized light forming (+) glucose and (-) glucose.
Diastereoisomers - Its the configurational changes with regard to C2, C3, or C4 in glucose.
Example: Mannose, galactose. Molecules that are mirror images but non-superimposable are
enantiomers. If they aren't superimposable, and they aren't mirror images, then they're
diastereomers.
Anomerism - is a pair of near-identical stereoisomers that differ at only the anomeric carbon,
the carbon that bears the aldehyde or ketone functional group in the sugar's open-chain form.
However, in order for anomers to exist, the sugar must be in its cyclic form, since in open-chain
form, the anomeric carbon is planar and thus achiral.
Stereochemistry
two-dimensional perspective of the
molecular structure, which is called the
Fischer-projection method, after the
German chemist Emil Fischer, who
established the structures of many sugars
The Fischer projection consists of

horizontal and vertical lines. The
horizontal lines represent atoms that are
projected towards the viewer and the
vertical lines represent the atoms that are
projected away from the viewer.
Carbohydrates - simple
Monosaccharide is a ___________that
constitutes the building blocks of a more
complex form of sugars such as
oligosaccharides and__________.
Means only one sugar.
Ex. fructose, glucose, and galactose.
Table sugar or granulated sugar: __________
Sucrose: ___________ + ____________
Carbohydrates- complex sugars
Complex carbohydrates (such as cellulose,

starch, and glycogen) are those that need
more time to be digested and metabolized.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides
Trioses are contained 3 carbon atoms.
The molecular formula of triose is C3H6O3
Characteristics
• Trioses are simple sugars
• They are soluble in water
• They are sweet in taste.
• The triose may contain an aldehyde group

(aldotriose) or a ketone group (ketotriose).
Example Glycerose and

Dehydroxyacetone
Tetroses are contained 4 carbon atoms.
The molecular formula of triose is

C4H8O4
Characteristics
• Tetroses are simple sugars
• They are crystalline forms.
Example Aldotetrose and Ketotetrose
Pentose are contained 5 carbon atoms.
It is an important component of “nucleic
acid”. The molecular formula of Pentose
is C5H10O5
Characteristics
• simple sugars
Example Ribose and Ribulose
Pentose are contained 5 carbon atoms.
is C5H10O5
Characteristics
• are simple sugars
Hexose are contained 6 carbon atoms.
is C6H12O6.
Characteristics
• simple sugars
Structure of Monosaccharides
1. Straight or Open Chain Structure arranged in a straight line. It is also called open
chain structure because the two ends remain separate and they are not linked. Open
chain structure are of two types –
• (a)Structure proposed by Fittig and Baeyer
• (b)Structure proposed by Fischer known as Fischer’s Projection Formula
2. Cyclic or Ring Structure: Haworth (1929) proposed this formula and hence the
name Haworth’s Projection Formula. The sugar molecules exist in two type of rings
which are as follows
(a)Furanose Ring – 5 membered ring
(b)Pyranose Ring- 6 membered ring
2. Cyclic or Ring Structure: Haworth (1929) proposed this formula and hence the
name Haworth’s Projection Formula. The sugar molecules exist in two type of rings
which are as follows
(a)Furanose Ring – 5 membered ring
(b)Pyranose Ring- 6 membered ring
Carbohydrates- Disaccharides
Complex carbohydrates (such as cellulose,

starch, and glycogen) are those that need
more time to be digested and metabolized.
Disaccharides consist of two sugars joined by an O-glycosidic bond.
The most abundant disaccharides are sucrose,lactose and maltose.
Other disaccharides include isomaltose, cellobiose and trehalose.
The disaccharides can be classified into:

1. Homodisaccharides
2. Heterodisaccharides.
Carbohydrates- Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides contain hundreds or
thousands of carbohydrate units.
• Polysaccharides are not reducing sugars,

since the anomeric carbons are connected
through glycosidic linkages.
Nomenclature:
Homopolysaccharide- a polysaccharide is
made up of one type of monosaccharide
unit
Heteropolysaccharide- a polysaccharide is
made up of more than one type of
monosaccharide unit
Carbohydrates- Glycogen and Diabetes
Linear Polymer of D-fructose, joined by β 2 1

bond and terminated by generally with a
D-glucose molecules link to fructose by α -(1→2)
linkage in sucrose
Mucopolysaccharides include
hyaluronic acid ,heparin ,
dermatan sulfate, keratan
sulfate.
Biochemistry of Vitamin C
https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2000/08/4839.html
BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
1. What is the metabolic basis for the observation that

many adults cannot ingest large quantities of milk
without developing gastric difficulties?
2. Energy bars are advertised to be taken by athletes
that it contained the two best precursors of glycogen.
What were these and why do we need them in our
diet?
3. Explain the blood transfusion and glycoprotein
biochemistry.

CARBOHYDRATES

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CARBOHYDRATES

• They participate in biological transport, cell-cell communication and activation of growth

The Fischer projection consists of

Means only one sugar.

Ex. fructose, glucose, and galactose.

Table sugar or granulated sugar: __________

Sucrose: ___________ + ____________

Complex carbohydrates (such as cellulose,

The molecular formula of triose is C3H6O3

• Trioses are simple sugars

• They are soluble in water

• They are sweet in taste.

• The triose may contain an aldehyde group

Example Glycerose and

The molecular formula of triose is

• Tetroses are simple sugars

• They are soluble in water

• They are sweet in taste.

• They are crystalline forms.

Example Aldotetrose and Ketotetrose

Complex carbohydrates (such as cellulose,

The disaccharides can be classified into:

• Polysaccharides are not reducing sugars,

Linear Polymer of D-fructose, joined by β 2 1

1. What is the metabolic basis for the observation that

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Sucrose: _ + __