Key Steps for Solving Tutorial 2 Questions

Question 1:

(a) Calculate normal and shear stresses on the surfaces indicated. Dimension in m, stress in MPa,
strain in µɛ

−120 × 103
σ xx = τ xy 0,=
= τ yx 0
(0.1)(0.05)
−180 × 103 50 × 103 100 × 103
σ yy = =τ yz = , τ zy
(0.2)(0.05) (0.2)(0.05) (0.2)(0.1)
−60 × 103
σ zz = τ zx 0,=
= τ xz 0
(0.2)(0.1)

1
ε xx = σ xx − ν (σ yy + σ zz ) 
E
1
ε yy = σ yy − ν (σ xx + σ zz ) 
E
1
ε zz = σ zz − ν (σ xx + σ yy ) 
E

E
E = 2G (1 + ν ) ⇒ G=
2(1 + ν )
(b) Calculate ratio of original and final volume of block and sum of normal strain components

∆L L − L0 L
ε= = = − 1 ⇒ L = L0 (1 + ε )
L0 L0 L0

L0 x (1 + ε xx ), Ly =
Lx = L0 y (1 + ε yy ), Lz =
L0 z (1 + ε zz )

= x Ly Lz ,
V L= V0 L0 x L0 y L0 z

V ∆V V − V0 V
=0.9989, = = − 1 =−0.0011, ε xx + ε yy + ε zz =−0.0011 ,
V0 V0 V0 V0

(c) Force in uniaxial load

σ F
ε xx =
−792 × 10−6 =xx =xx Ax Eε xx =
⇒ Fxx = −99 kN
E Ax E
 Question 2:

(i) Draw FBD of deformed rubber.

y
F

x
12 mm y

12 mm

(ii) Largest γ occurs where the angular change from π/2 is the greatest, i.e. where the brake
meets the wheel.

(iii) Calculate the angular change at the location y=12 mm, i.e. max. ϕ

dx  dx 
tan φ
= ⇒ φ arctan  
=
=
dy y 0.012m
=  dy  y 0.012m

dx dx
=x 3.645 y 2 ⇒ = 2(3.645) y ⇒ tan
= φ = 0.0875
dy dy y =0.012m

φ=5 0
⇒ γ max =0.0873 rad
Question 3:

h
x

1m
z
y

(a)

a0 b0 a0
af bf af
L1
L2
(b)
(c)

FBD for Part (a) and (b)

(a) Draw FBD of aluminum alloy hollow box and brass core.

(i) Check if 500 kN can close the gap.

F
σ br = = Ebrε br ⇒ F = Abr Ebrε br = 80 kN < 500 N
Abr

Hence, 500 kN will close the gap.

(ii) Equilibrium
 FAl + Fbr = 500 × 103 N ⇒ AAl E Alε Al + Abr Ebrε br = 500 × 103 N

δ Al δ br
AAl E Al + Abr Ebr 500 × 103 N
= (1)
LAl Lbr

=Lbr 1=
m, LAl 0.9995 m

(iii) Deformation compatibility

From FBD, we have

δ=
Al δ br − h (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get

=δ br 1.78
= mm, δ Al 1.28 mm

δL
(iv) Stress σ =Eε =E ⇒ σ br =178 MPa, σ Al =89.64 MPa
L0

(b) Since the aluminum box is compressed, the normal strain of aluminum in x -axis is given by

σ xx FAl
ε xx
= = < 0,
E Al E Al AAl
v σ v σ
Hence, ε yy = −v Al ε xx > 0, ε zz =
− Al xx = −v Al ε xx > 0.
− Al xx =
E Al E Al
From geometric relationship shown in Fig. (b), the length before deformed is given by
L1 2a0 + b0
=
From geometric relationship shown in Fig. (c), the length after deformed is given by
L2 2a f + b f
=

where a=
f a0 + ε zz a0 , b =
f b0 + ε zz b0 ,

Consequently, the length change ∆L is given by

∆L = L2 − L1 = 2ε zz a0 + ε zz b0 > 0,
In addition, the change of square box side length ∆l is given by
∆l = b f − b0 = ε zz b0 > 0,

Hence, the square hole within the aluminum alloy section becomes larger after loading (assume
that the brass core is absent).
Question 4:

(i) Draw FBD of the system.

0.5 m
B
F
0.7 m
20 kN
0.3 m D

1m

C E

(ii) Equilibrium.

+ ∑M A 0 ⇒ FCD (0.3) cos 300 + FEF (1) cos 300 − (20000)(1.5) =

= 0 (1)

(iii) Deformation compatibility.

0.5 m
B

0.7 m F

0.3 m D

Point F

Point D
 δ CD = (0.3)(θ ) cos 300 δ CD
= 0.3 ⇒ δ CD = 0.3δ EF
δ EF = (1)(θ ) cos 30 0
δ EF

FCD LCD F L
= (0.3) EF EF ⇒ LCD 0.3FEF LEF
FCD= (2)
AE AE

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get

FEF =31 kN, FCD =12.13 kN

(iv) Determine minimum diameter of two supports

FEF > FCD Consider EF first

FEF LEF πd2 FEF LEF

A= ⇒ = ⇒ d min =13.8 mm
δ EF E 4 δ EF E
 Question 5:

(a) Derive the forces in the bars

(i) Draw FBD of the bars at point A.

A
(ii) Equilibrium

FAB cosθ + FAC + FAD cos θ =

P
P
FAB = FAD

FAC + 2 FAB cos θ =

P (1) 0.5L C 0.5L
B D

(iii) Deformation compatibility

For small deformation, we have

L L
δ AB = δ AC cos θ

FAC LAC FAB LAB A

=δ AC = , δ AB
AE AE
FAB LAB FAC LAC
= cos θ
AE AE A’
FAB L = FAC ( L cos θ ) cos θ (2)

(iv) Solving (1) and (2) to get the forces in the bars.

(b) Using factor of safety FS = 2, and consider bar AC since FAC > FAB

300 FAC FAC

σ allow = = 150 MPa, σ allow = ⇒ A=
2 A σ allow

π d min
2
Amin = 435 mm 2 ⇒ = 435 ⇒ d min = 23.53 mm
4