Philosophy
Module 1 Lesson 1:
Philosophy- comes from the greek
word philos (love) and sophia (wisdom)
Philosopher - lover of wisdom
Ancient Greek Philosophers:
The Milesians - they are called
milesians because they are based on
the city of "Miletus" (also known as
pre-socratic philosophers -born before
socrates)
Thales - believes that everything comes
from "water"
Anaximander - believes that the origin
of the physical world is "boundless"
Anaximenes - believes that all things
come from "air"
Parmenides - "is it or is it not"
-believes that which is "something"
must've already existed
-"nothing" comes from nothing itself
Anaxagoras- postulated that the origin
of the world is "Nolus or Mind"
Empedocles- the physical world came
from love and conflict
Pythagoras- viewer the world as a
perfect harmony
-more known as a mathematician, his
views are influenced by the three
mileseans (thales, anaximander,
anaximeness)
Socratic Era- where they payed
attention to the human person rather
than the world
Socrates- developed moral system
based on critical reasoning
-known for his "Socratic Dialogue"
(series of arguments using q and a)
Plato- a student of Socrates
-put together socratic ethical theology
-believed that human beings are born
with knowledge
Aristotle- a student of Plato
-divided knowledge into categories
namely ethics, biology, mathematics and
physics
Why is there a need to philosophize?
1. Sense of Wonder
2. Doubt
3. Experience
4. Love for Wisdom
Holistic POV - "bigger picture"
-all about an open mind and being
innovative
Partial POV - sees only the specific part
of the situation
-very essential in problem solving
Module 1 Lesson 2:
Benefits of philosophical reflection:
1. Allows critical analysis, interpretation
of concepts, definitions, arguments and
problems.
2. Enhances problem solving skills.
3. Leads us to great achievements.
4. Develops decent research
methodology, analysis and
interpretation.
5. Helps to understand other decipline.
6. Develops communicative powers.
7. Help us live a better life.
Module 2 Lesson 1 (Domains of
Truth):
Objective Domain- the scientific truths
-the natural world (example the
typhoons we cant control it, it goes away
and it comes on its own)
Social Domain- in this domain the truth
is analogous to a general agreement of
what is right rather than if it is wrong.
(example if the public sees a certain
thing is "correct" mao ang correct para
sa tanan, bandwagon etc.)
Personal Domain- in this domain the
truth is analogous with sincerity.
(example if moingon ka to another
person "i didn't do it, i swear i am telling
the truth" -being sincere is your truth.)
Truth and Justification
Truth- according to Richard Rorty, the
truth is what has passed procedures of
justification.
Justification- the process of proving
the truth or validity of a statement.
How are truths tested in the
domains?
Scientific/Objective Domain - truth is
tested against empirical evidence.
Social Domain- truth is tested against
the acceptability of a group of people or
a particular time.
Personal Domain- truth is tested
against consistency and authenticity of
the person claiming the truth (example if
you know the person is a liar, you cant
truly believe nga truth iya giingon thus,
ang truth in this domain ga matter sa
person nga ga talk)
Justification of Truths
scientific truths - justified by data
gathered and careful observation and
analysis.
social norms- takes longer than
scientific truths
-matters on the perspective, the
background and the history
personal truths- longest to complete
among the three
-takes a lifetime of consistency for
actions and decisions that the person
claims about themselves
Jean-Jacques Rossaue - it is important
that declaration of conversation must be
declared publicly.
Module 2 Lesson 2: (Truth and
Opinion)
Opinion- statement of judgement of a
person to the world
Argument- group of statements that
support a conclusion
Fallacies- group of statements that
appear to be a conclusion but fail yo
support the argument.
"There is no hope in the Philippine
government" - Opinion
"There is no hope in the Philippine
government because many officials are
corrupt and filipino voters continue to
elect them" -Argument
"There is no hope in the Philippine
because it is a tropical county."
-Fallacies
Common Fallacies:
1. Argumentum ad Hominem
(Argument against the person)- used
to reject someone's argument because
of theit background - their race, ethnicity,
history, nationality.
2. Argumentum ad Bacalum (appeal
to force) - done by issuing threats to the
opponents.
3. Argumentum ad Misericordiam
(appeal to pity) - also called appeal to
emotion
-used by people who want to win people
over by manipulation
4. Argumentum ad Populum
(bandwagon fallacy) - appealing to the
popular sentiment of the public.
Module 2 Lesson 3: (Methods of
Philosophizing)
René Descartes- french philosopher
that says only the mind, not the body
can arrive to a clear and distinct ideas
which cannot be doubted.
There is one thing that can be doubted
and that is doubt itself.
doubting = thinking
thinking cannot be doubted
The way of the Tao:
Taoist theory of the yin and yang -
anything can be yin and yang
example:
the moon is the yin and the sun is the
yang but with the sun, it can be yin and
the clouds yang
head can be yin and legs can be yang
but the legs can be yin and the feet can
be yang and so on