Unit- 7

Database and Database Management

Dr. Nasser Ali. A. Alakhram, PhD

Health System Sciences
Unit outline
1. Database
2. Database Management System (DBMS)
3. DBMS Components
4. functions of DBMS
5. Advantages Of DBMS
6. Disadvantages Of DBMS
7. Types Database
 Learning outcome
After studying this Unit, you will be able to

1. Define Database and Database Management

System.
2. Recognize DBMS Components.
3. Recognize the functions of DBMS
4. Recognize the advantages of DBMS
5. Recognize the disadvantages of DBMS
6. Recognize to types database
Application outcomes (Real-Life)

After studying this Unit, you will be able to

v Applying the database management to support the
healthcare provider decision and policy making.
What are Databases?

vAt its most basic, a database is a repository for data.

Thus, databases have existed in some form since
well before computers. Hospitals organize their
health records into some sort of database, even if
they are all still paper records.
v A database is a collection of related data which
represents some aspect of the real world. A
database system is designed to be built and
populated with data for a certain task.
 Database Management System (DBMS)

vA software system that is used to create, maintain,

and provide controlled access to users of a
database.
vDBMS stands for Database Management System. We can
break it like this DBMS = Database + Management System.
Database is a collection of data and Management System is
a set of programs to store and retrieve those data.
vBased on this we can define DBMS like this: DBMS is a
collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store
& access those data in an easy and effective manner.
v Database systems are basically developed for large amount
of data. When dealing with huge amount of data, there are
two things that require optimization: Storage of
data and retrieval of data.
Database Management System (DBMS)

Application Programming Interface (API)

 DBMS Components

v Hardware
ü Client-server architecture
v Software
ü dbms, os, network, application
v Data
ü Schema, subschema, table, attribute
v People
ü Data administrator & database administrator
ü Database designer: logical & physical
ü Application programmer
ü End-user: naive & sophisticated
v Procedure
ü Start, stop, log on, log off, back up, recovery
Users in a DBMS Environment

Component Name Task

Application Programmers The Application programmers write
programs in various programming
languages to interact with databases.
Database Administrators Database Admin is responsible for
managing the entire DBMS system.
He/She is called Database admin or DBA.
End-Users The end users are the people who
interact with the database management
system. They conduct various operations
on database like retrieving, updating,
deleting, etc.
Functions of DBMS

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

üTo create the database instance – CREATE
üTo alter the structure of database – ALTER
üTo drop database instances – DROP
üTo delete tables in a database instance –
TRUNCATE
üTo rename database instances – RENAME
üTo drop objects from database such as tables –
DROP
üTo Comment – Comment
Functions of DBMS

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

ü To read records from table(s) – SELECT
ü To insert record(s) into the table(s) – INSERT
ü Update the data in table(s) – UPDATE
ü Delete all the records from the table – DELETE
3. Data Control language (DCL)
ü To grant access to user – GRANT
ü To revoke access from user – REVOKE
4. Transaction Control Language(TCL)
ü To persist the changes made by DML commands in database – COMMIT
ü To rollback the changes made to the database –ROLLBACK
 Functions of DBMS

5. Data Security and Integrity

6. Data Recovery and Concurrency
7. Data Dictionary
8. Performance
 Advantages of DBMS
1. No redundant data: Redundancy removed by
data normalization. No data duplication saves
storage and improves access time.
2. Data Consistency and Integrity: Since data
normalization takes care of the data redundancy,
data inconsistency also been taken care of as
part of it
3. Data Security: It is easier to apply access
constraints in database systems so that only
authorized user is able to access the data. Each
user has a different set of access thus data is
secured from the issues such as identity theft,
data leaks and misuse of data.
 Advantages of DBMS

4. Privacy: Limited access means privacy of data.

5. Easy access to data: Database systems
manages data in such a way so that the data is
easily accessible with fast response times.
6. Easy recovery: Since database systems keeps
the backup of data, it is easier to do a full
recovery of data in case of a failure.
7. Flexible: Database systems are flexible.
Disadvantages of DBMS

1. Cost: DBMS implementation cost is high.

üSoftware
üHardware
üConversion
2. Complexity: Database systems are complex to
understand
3. Performance: Database systems are generic, making
them suitable for various applications. However this
feature affect their performance for some applications.
Disadvantages of DBMS

4. In some organizations, all data is integrated

into a single database which can be damaged
because of electric failure or database is
corrupted on the storage media
5. Use of the same program at a time by many
users sometimes lead to the loss of some data.
6. DBMS can't perform sophisticated
calculations.
Types of Database
Types of Database

1. Hierarchical DBMS
In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-
like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or
bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child
relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many
children, but children have only one parent.

2. Network Model
The network database model allows each child to have
multiple parents. It helps you to address the need to model
more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-
many relationship. In this model, entities are organized in a
graph which can be accessed through several paths.
Types of Database

3. Relational model
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of
the easiest. This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and
columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed structures and
manipulated using SQL.
4. Object-Oriented Model
In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure
which is called classes which display data within it. It defines a database as
a collection of objects which stores both data members values and
operations.
5. Centralized Model
A centralized database is stored at a single location such as a mainframe
computer. It is maintained and modified from that location only and usually
accessed using an internet connection. The centralized database is used by
organizations such as colleges, companies, banks etc
Types of Database

6. Distributed Model
A distributed database is a collection of multiple, logically
interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. A distributed
database management system (D–DBMS) is the software that manages the
DDB and provides an access mechanism that makes
this distribution transparent to the users.
7. Cloud Model
Cloud database management system is a distributed database that
delivers computing as a service. It is sharing of web infrastructure for
resources, software and information over a network. The cloud is used as a
storage location and database can be accessed and computed from
anywhere.
10. NoSQL Model
A NoSQL database provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data
that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational
databases.
Popular DBMS Software

v MySQL
v Microsoft Access
v Oracle
v PostgreSQL
v dBASE
v FoxPro
v SQLite
v IBM DB2
v LibreOffice Base
v MariaDB
v Microsoft SQL Server etc
 References

1. P. Pratt, M. Last, Concepts of Database Management

System, Cengage Learning, Eighth Edition, 2014.
2. M. Gillenson, Fundamental of Database Management,
Cengage Learning, Seconed Edition.
3. https://www.javatpoint.com
4. https://www.guru99.com/what-is-dbms.html
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-dbms-
database-management-system-set-1/