Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work

DIEGO FERNANDO VELANDIA

Group 203058_38
1053609432

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2022 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open
propagation medium?
 An open propagation medium is a medium or material that
allows waves to move freely and uninhibitedly, reaching their
maximum frequency.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “loss

tangent”?
 The loss tangent measures the signal or intensity loss of an
electromagnetic wave in a medium. It is a technique for
determining and explaining how a propagation medium act.

3. How can we classify a medium according to the value of its "loss

tangent"?

 Perfect dielectric {Tan(δ) = 0}

 Good insulator {0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1}
 Dissipative dielectric {0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10}
 Good conductor {Tan(δ) > 10}
 Perfect conductors {Tan(δ) >>> 10}

4. What is the "penetration depth" of an electromagnetic wave?

 Penetration depth is the depth to which an electromagnetic wave
may penetrate a material. The wave frequency and other medium
properties, including the attenuation constant, are used to
compute it.

Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for
which, each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed
in Table 1 and announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
 Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

Media σ [S / m] εr [ ]
7
1. Copper 5.80 x 10 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5 x 10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10
−2
14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10
−4
3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10−3 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /N m

Step 1: Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses
δ of the medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an
electromagnetic wave E of frequency f =(CCC+10) MHz . Note that CCC are
the last 3 digits of your identification number.

 In the medium of seawater:

f =( 432+10 ) MHz=442 MHz=442 x 106 Hz

σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

σ 4 S /m
tan ( δ )= = =2.003
2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗442 x 10 Hz∗8 0∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m2
6

 Angle of losses δ:

δ=tan−1 ( 2.003 )=63.823 °

Calculator evidence

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Step 2: According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior

of the chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <=84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Since the loss tangent has a low value, the saltwater medium can be
characterized as a dissipative dielectric or dielectric with loss.
Step 3: According to the classification obtained in step 2 and using
Table 3 shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of
the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
 Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/ 2 ℜ¿ ) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
−6
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Note that ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o

 The propagation constant:

γ= √ jω μ( σ + jω ε )

Where:
6 6 rad
ω=2 π∗442 x 10 Hz=277.717 x 10
s
−6 −6
μo =1∗1.2566 x 10 T m/ A=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

ε =80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 / N m2=7 .083 x 10−12 C 2 /N m2

Then:

√
γ= j∗277.717 x 10
6 rad
s
−6
∗1.2566 x 10 T m/ A( 4 s /m+ j∗277.717 x 10
6 rad
s
−12 2 2
∗7.083 x 10 C / N m )

γ=65.920+ 105.879 j

 Attenuation constant:
¿ ℜ¿)

¿ 65.920 Np/m
  Phase constant:
¿ ℑ()

¿ 105.879 Rad /m

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Step 4: According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the

following equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the
wave in the chosen medium:
d. Propagation speed v p .
e. Wavelength λ .
f. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.
 The propagation speed:

rad
6
277.717 x 10
ω s
V p= =
❑ rad
105.879
m
m
V p=26.229 x 105
s
 Wavelength:

2π 2π
λ= =
β rad
105.879
m
λ=0. 0 59 m

 Penetration depth:
1
δ p=
|α |
1
δ p=
¿ 65.920∨¿=0.0 15 m¿

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

 Interpretation
Interpretation: We can discern the behavior in the middle thanks to
the loss tangent; in this instance, the propagation medium is a dielectric
with losses of 2.003.
Vp is the propagation of an electromagnetic wave in seawater with a
5 m
value of 26.229 x 10 , a frequency of 442 MHz, a wavelength of 0.059 m,
s
and a penetration depth of 0.015 m, according to the attenuation
constant.

Video link

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References

[1] Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's

Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction
for First-year Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-
60).

[2] Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic

Press. (pp. 513-519).