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Tejas Kush Investigatory Project Earth Magnetic Field
Tejas Kush Investigatory Project Earth Magnetic Field
Tejas Kush
Class XII-
Physics
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………..3
Overview...................................................................................................................
.......... 4
Aim of the
Project......................................................................................................... 5
Apparatus and Materials required..................................................................... 6
Theory ......................................................................................................................
........... 7
Procedure.................................................................................................................
......... 9
Observations and
Graph…........................................................................................ 11
To determine the horizontal component of earth’s magnet Field
(H) ..................................................................................................................11
From graph......................................................................................................... 12
Result........................................................................................................................
......... 13
Precautions………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………....13
Sources of
error………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….13
Facts..........................................................................................................................
...........14
Applications
…..................................................................................................................14
Bibliography.............................................................................................................
.........15
……….…..2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my Physics teacher, Mrs. Sangita for
giving me the wonderful opportunity to do a case
study and providing vital support, guidance and
encouragement throughout the project. Without
her motivation and help, the successful
completion of this project would not be possible.”
……………3
OVERVIEW
The tangent galvanometer was first described in an 1837
by Claude-Servais- Mathias Pouillet, who later employed this
sensitive form of galvanometer to verify Ohm’s law. To use the
galvanometer, it is first set up on a level surface and the coil
aligned with the magnetic north-south direction. This means that
the compass needle at the middle of the coil is parallel with the
plane of the coil when it carries no current. The current to be
measured is now sent through the coil, and produces a magnetic
field, perpendicular to the plane of the coil and is directly
proportional to the current.
The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the
coil is B; the magnitude of the horizontal component the Earth’s
magnetic field is B’.The compass needle aligns itself along the
vector sum of B and B’ after rotating through an angle Ø from
its original orientation. The vector diagram shows that tan Ø =
B/B’. Since the magnetic field of the Earth is constant, and B
depends directly on the current, the current is thus proportional
to the tangent of the angle through which the needle has turned.
………….4
……………..5
THEORY
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for
small electric currents. It consists of a coil of insulated copper wire
wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on the
principle of the tangent law of magnetism. When a current is passed
through the circular coil, a magnetic field (B) is produced at the center
of the coil in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the coil.
The working of tangent galvanometer is based on the tangent
law. It is stated as when a magnet is suspended freely in magnetic field F
and H, the magnet comes to rest making an angle θ with the direction H
such that,
F = H tan θ (1)
When a bar magnet is suspended in two Magnetic fields B and Bh, it comes to rest making an
angle θ with the direction of Bh.
…………..7
Htanθ=10−7 2 π ∈ ¿ ¿
R
H=2 π ×10−7 ∈ ¿ ¿
Rtan θ
(3)
tanθ
I ( )
=
μ0 2 πN
4 π RH
(4)
PROCEDURE
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where K is the
key, E the battery, A the ammeter, R the rheostat, C the commutator, and T.G the
tangent galvanometer. The commutator can reverse the current through the T.G
coil without changing the current in the rest of the circuit. Taking the average of
the resulting two readings for deflection averages out, any small error in
positioning the TG coil relative to the earth’s magnetic field H .
…………..9
5. the ends of the aluminum pointer should read zero-zero. If this is
not so, rotate the box without disturbing the position of the coil till
at least one of the ends of the pointer stands at the zero marks.
9. Reverse the current in the coil of galvanometer and again record the
current and deflection of needle.
10. By changing the value of current, take four or more set of
readings and plot the graph between I and tan θ. The graph will be a
straight line.
…
……….10
11. Measure the inner and the outer diameter of the coil with a
half meter scale at least three times.
OBSERVATIONS
1. Range of the Ammeter –
2. Least count of Ammeter –
3. Zero error in Ammeter –
4. Number of turns used (N) –
−2 −2 −2
16.16 ×10 16.08 ×10 16.12× 10 8.06 ×10
−2
2. −2 −2 −2 −2
16.06 ×10 16.10 ×10 16.08 ×10 8.04 × 10
3.
GRAPH
BC
Slope of straight line = AC
tanθ
m= I
RESULT
The value of earth’s magnetic field by using a tangent galvanometer is
H = 7.6867 ×10
−8
T
PRECAUTIONS
1. The battery should be freshly charged.
2. The magnetic needle should swing freely in the horizontal plane.
3. The plane of coil must be set in magnetic meridian.
4. There should be no parallax in noting down the readings of
ammeter and deflection.
5. All the readings should be adjusted between 30o and 60o.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. There may a magnetic material around apparatus.
2. The plane of coil will not be exactly in the magnetic meridian.
……….…13
FACTS
The tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for Current
The magnetic field produced by a circular coil carrying current I
is Proportional to I .
The S.I unit of magnetic field is Tesla .
The magnitude of horizontal intensity of earth’s magnetic field
is3.5x10⁻⁵ T .
For better result while doing tangent galvanometer experiment,
the deflection should be in between 30o-60o.
The value of μ₀ is 4πx10⁻⁷ NA⁻²
APPLICATIONS
T.G. can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal
component of the geomagnetic field.
……….…14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Tangent Galvanometer (Procedure) :Comprehensive Physics
Activities Volume I : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
Galvanometer:
http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Electrical_Measurement
s/Tangent_Galvanometer/Tangent_Galvanometer.html
……….…15