CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION
TO SURVEYING
Topic 1
CE 31 Fundamentals of Surveying
 Before we proceed...

What is surveying?
Any idea?
SURVEYING
the art and science of measuring distances, angles,
and positions, on or near the surface of the earth.

art, because it takes skills and imagination to

perform efficiently and achieve optimal results

science, because it uses rigorous mathematical

techniques to analyze and adjust the field survey data
 What else to know...

WHAT DO WHAT DO WHAT WHAT ANGLES

SURVEYOR DO? SURVEYOR DISTANCES DO DO SURVEYORS
MEASURE? SURVEYORS MEASURE?
Surveyors take and
MEASURE?
analyze Surveyors measure Surveyors measure
measurements. distances, angles, and Surveyors measure angles in the horizontal
positions. slope, distances, and and vertical planes.
vertical distances.
 What else to know...

WHAT POSITIONS DO SURVEYORS WHO CAN PERFORM SURVEYS?

MEASURE?
Land surveyors perform boundary or property
Surveyors measure the 2D positions of points on or surveys. Engineering surveyors perform pre-
near the earth's surface, and they measure elevation; engineering and construction layout surveys.
as well, they measure 3D positions of points on or
near the earth’s surface.
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

TYPES OF
SURVEYS
Topic 2
CE 31 Fundamentals of Surveying
 PLANE SURVEYING
type of surveying in which the Earth's surface is
considered to be a plane for all X and Y dimensions

GEODETIC SURVEYING
type of surveying in which the surface of the earth is
considered to be an ellipsoid of revolution for X and Y
dimensions.
 CONTROL SURVEYS

used to reference both preliminary and layout surveys.

PRELIMINARY SURVEYS
gather geospatial data to locate physical features and
differences in elevation so that the features and
contours can be plotted on a map or plan.

LAYOUT SURVEYS
involve markings on the ground (using wood stakes, iron
bars, aluminum and concrete monuments, nails, spikes,
etc.) to locate the features shown on a design plan.
 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
SPECIFIC TYPES
preliminary surveys used to locate and map the natural and
manmade surface features of an area

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS

preliminary surveys that are used to tie in underwater

features to surface control points, e.g. shorelines, marine
features, and water depths.

ROUTE SURVEYS

preliminary, layout, and control surveys that range over a

narrow but long strip of land, e.g. highways. railroads,
channels, etc.
 PROPERTY SURVEYS
preliminary, layout, and control surveys that are involved in
determining
SPECIFIC TYPES
boundary locations or in laying out new property boundaries

FINAL OR "AS-BUILT" SURVEYS

similar to preliminary surveys; tie in features that have just been
constructed to provide a final record of the construction and to
check that the construction has proceeded according to the
design plans.

AERIAL SURVEYS
preliminary and final surveys using both traditional aerial
photography and
aerial imagery, e.g. digital cameras, LiDAR, radar, drone cameras.

CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
layout surveys for engineering works.