Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 - Module 3
Earth Materials and Processes

ty
p er
tP
ro
LE
SA
en
nm
er
Senior HighovSchool
G OR
F
T
NO
 Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Earth Materials and Processes

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators

from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage
teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENTS DISCLAIMER: This Self Learning Module (SLM)
is for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories,
poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these
modules are owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Sincerest
appreciation to those who made significant contributions to these modules.
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 3: Earth Materials and Processes
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V
Development Team of the Module

Author : Kharen C. Acut

Reviewers : Ritchel Razel M. Celestial, Ph.D.,
January Gay Valenzona, Ph.D., Dethyl Joie Q. Buaron,
Dyna F. Gorre

Illustrator and Layout : Steve Vincent Pabalate

Jessica B. Cuñado
Artist

Management Team : Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD. CESO V

Chairperson Schools Division Superintendent

Co – Chairperson : Rowena H. Para-on, Ph.D.

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members : Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero, PhD., EPS – 1, Division SHS
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II
Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head
Cely B. Labadan, PhD., School Head
Rosanna Q. Ubalde, Ph.D., School Head
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.

Table of Contents
What This Module is About ………………………………………... i

What I Need to Know ………………………………………... i

How to Learn from this Module ………………………………………... i

Icons of this Module ………………………………………... ii

What I Know ………………………………………... iii

Lesson 1:
Classification of Rocks
What I Need to Know ………………………………………... 1
What’s New ………………………………………... 1–2
What Is It ………………………………………... 2–3
What’s More ………………………………………... 4
What I Have Learned ………………………………………... 5
What I Can Do ………………………………………... 6

Lesson 2:
Source of the Heat in Earth’s Interior
What’s In ………………………………………... 7
What I Need to Know ………………………………………... 7
What Is It ………………………………………... 7–9
What’s More ………………………………………... 9 – 10
What I Have Learned ………………………………………... 10
What I Can Do ………………………………………... 11

Summary ………………………………………... 11

Assessment ………………………………………... 12

Answer Key ………………………………………... 13

References ………………………………………... 14

What This Module Is About

 Earth is a very complex system that comprises four main components that are
building blocks of life. These components include minerals, rocks, soil, and water are
referred to as Earth’s materials. These materials are found in the outermost layer of
the Earth which is known as the crust. It is in this layer that the gradual changing of
materials takes place (e.g. the rock cycle).

The changing of the Earth’s landscape which is observed on the outermost

layer of the Earth is internal in origin and is called Endogenic Process. This process,
driven by heat, has a crucial role in the formation of every landform we see now.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Classification of Rocks

2. Source of the Heat in Earth’s Interior

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11/12ES -Ib-10);

2. describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from (S11/12ES -Ib-14).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following: i
 • Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that are set
Know for you to learn as you go along the module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

What I Know ii
Pre-Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the
given choices.

1. Which of the following properties below best describe an igneous rock?

A. Color B. Interlocking grain textures C. Temperature D. Water Content

2. What is the main composition of rocks?

A. Glaciers B. Humus C. Minerals D. Rocks

3. What is the source of pressure required for metamorphism to occur?

A. Heat from magma bodies in touch with surrounding rock
B. Pressure from weight of overlying rock.
C. Cementation and lithification
D. Hydrothermal solutions

4. Which of the following physical processes pertains to the transport of soil and other
surface materials from one location to another?
A. Cementation B. Erosion C. Melting D. Weathering

5. Which of the following involve a series of processes where rock changes from one type
to another?
A. Lithification B. Rock cycle C. Rock transformation D. Sedimentation

6. What do you call the type of an igneous rock that is formed in the surface of the
ground?
A. Detrital B. Extrusive rocks C. Intrusive rocks D. Plutonic rocks

7. What is the primary source of the Earth’s internal heat?

A. Core B. Conduction C. Convection D. Radioactive decay

8. Which of the following is NOT a major process that has contributed to the Earth's
internal heat?
A. Heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the Earth.
B. Heat from radioactivity of radioactive isotopes of U, Th and K.
C. Heat released as iron crystallized to form the inner core.
D. Heat from the sun since the beginning of Earth history.

9. What do you call the transfer of heat from a given source?

A. Conduction B. Convection C. Radiation D. Both A and B

10. Which layer of the Earth does convection current mostly occur?
A. Crust B. Inner Core C. Mantle D. Outer Core

iii
 Lesson

1 Classification of Rocks

What I Need to Know

What makes rocks different from minerals? Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic
solids that have a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals are
referred to as naturally occurring because they are formed through natural geological
processes. Rocks, on the other hand, are made up of naturally occurring aggregate of one or
more minerals.

What’s New

Activity 1: Classifying Rocks

Directions: Complete the table below. Use separate answer sheet.

Type of Rocks

Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous

Needed
Information

Source: Gilden Source: Gilden Migalang Source: Gilden Migalang

Migalang

How is it
formed?

What it
looks 1
 like?
Give at
least 3
examples

What Is It
THE ROCK CYCLE

Figure 1. Source: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

There are three types of rocks. These are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.
These rocks undergo the rock cycle. Igneous rocks are formed by solidification and cooling of
molten materials. This process called crystallization may occur either beneath the earth’s
surface or following volcanic eruption at the surface. When igneous rocks make their way to the
surface, they will be picked up, transported and deposited by running water, glaciers, wind and
waves. Due to these agents, the rocks will turn into sediments. These sediments could be some
minerals, small pieces of plant, other organic matter, pre-existing rocks, or pieces of remains of
living organisms that accumulate on Earth’s surface which are deposited, usually as horizontal
beds in the ocean and will undergo lithification. This process is where rocks experience
cementation and compaction of converting the sediments into solid rock (sedimentary rocks). If
the resulting sedimentary is buried deep within the earth or involved in mountain building, it will
be subjected to intense heat and pressure. The sedimentary rock will then turn into a
metamorphic rock. When metamorphic rock is subjected to greater heat and pressure, it will
melt to create magma, which will eventually solidify as an igneous rock.

Classification of Rocks
2
1. Igneous rocks are formed by crystallization from molten material called magma.
Examples include granite, pumice, felsic and mafic rocks, basalt, and obsidian.
 2. Sedimentary rocks are formed from material that has accumulated on the Earth's
surface through the process called deposition, compaction and cementation.
Examples include breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

3. Metamorphic rocks are formed when a sedimentary or igneous rock is exposed to

high pressure, high temperature, or both, deep below the surface of the Earth.
Examples include phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite, marble. granite gneiss, and biotite
schist.

Type of Igneous Rocks

1. Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the ground from lava, which
is magma that has emerged from underground.

2. Intrusive rocks are also called plutonic rocks. It cools steadily without ever
reaching the surface. They have large crystals that can be seen by the naked eyes.
Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the
earth.

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

1. Detrital - It is made from the buildup of materials from both mechanical and
chemical weathering. Common rocks include shale (most abundant), siltstone,
sandstone, conglomerate, or breccia.

2. Chemical – It is formed when the dissolved substances are precipitated by either

inorganic or organic processes. The precipitation may occur directly because the
results of inorganic processes or indirectly because the results of the life processes
water dwelling are claimed to possess a biochemical origin.

Type of Metamorphic Rocks

1. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks- Some kinds of metamorphic rocks are strongly

banded or foliated. Foliation forms when pressure squeezes the flat or elongate
minerals within the rock so that they become aligned. These rocks develop a platy or
sheet-like structure that reflects the direction that pressure was applied.

2. Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks- They do not have a platy or sheet-like

structure. There are several ways in which non-foliated rocks are often produced.
Some rocks, like limestone are made from minerals that are not flat or elongated
regardless of the pressure you apply.

What’s More 3
Activity 2: Types of Rock: A Concept Map

Directions: Complete the concept map below on a separate sheet of paper. Choose
your answer from the box provided.

Intrusive Detrital Chemical

Foliated Metamorphic Igneous
Sedimentary Extrusive Non-foliated

Major Types of Rocks

Formed by weathering. Formed by application of

erosion, deposition, burial Formed by cooling and high heat and temperature
and lithification crystallization of magma to existing rocks
1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

7. 8.

What I Have Learned

4
Activity 3: The Rock Cycle

Directions: Part 1: Label each blank space below as igneous, sedimentary, or

metamorphic rock.

Part II.
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly and concisely, on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How are igneous rocks formed?
2. What will happen to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion?
3. How do sediments become sedimentary rock?
4. What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into metamorphic rocks?
5. How can metamorphic rock be transformed into igneous rocks?

5
 What I Can Do

Activity 4: Find Your Rock

Directions: Gather some rocks from your surrounding and observe some of its
characteristics. Select one best rock sample from your collection which you can best classify
from the types of rocks discussed in this module. Take a picture of it, have it printed and
place its picture on the box below. Supply the needed information about your chosen rock
sample. Use a separate sheet of paper.

PICTURE OF YOUR ROCK SAMPLE

 Name of the rock:

 Type/Classification:
 Color:
 Size:
 Where is it found?
 What is it made of?
 How is it form?
 What are some of its uses?

6
 Lesson
Source of Heat in The Earth’s
2 Interior

What’s In

In lesson 1, we learned about the three types of rocks and its characteristics.
We have also discussed about the characteristics of each type of rock. In this lesson, we will
discuss the source of the internal heat of the Earth and how it is transferred from the inside
of the Earth to the ground.

What I Need to Know

The Earth is composed of three distinct layers: mantle, crust, and core. The hottest
layer is the core that produces heat. In this Lesson we will be able to answer the following
questions:

1. How is heat originated in the Earth’s internal surface?

2. What are the sources of Earth’s internal heat?
3. What are the different processes on heat transfer?

What Is It

Endogenic processes are geologic processes that occur beneath the surface of the
Earth (Valiao,2019). These processes are facilitated by forces that cause the Earth’s surface
to move. These forces are called Endogenic forces. These endogenic forces are driven by
heat. This heat is categorized into the following:

1. Primordial heat which is generated during earth’s formation.

2. Radioactive heat which is generated by long-term radioactive.

7
 Figure 2
Source: https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/illustration/images/RechauffementEn.htm

The figure above shows how the Earth closely resembles a giant thermal power
station. It is powered by convection currents that heat the surface by taking energy from the
rocks buried deeper underground. At the very center of this giant factory, we have the inner
core and the molten outer core. Moving outwards, we have the terrestrial mantle, followed by
the Earth’s crust. The outer layer of the mantle and the whole of the crust are sometimes
collectively referred to as the lithosphere. The lithosphere is at times compared to a puzzle
comprised of twelve enormous pieces that move against each other to the rhythm of
powerful subterranean currents. These puzzle pieces are known as tectonic plates, and the
boundaries between them are places where one frequently finds earthquakes and volcanoes
(A permanent source of heat. (n.d.).

A major source of Earth’s heat is radioactivity, the energy released when the
unstable atoms decay. Examples of these are the radioactive isotopes uranium-235 (235U),
uranium-238 (238U), potassium-40 (40K), and thorium-232 (232nd) found in Earth’s mantle.
These are the first sources of decay that produced more heat early in Earth’s history than it
does today. The reason for this is that fewer atoms of these isotopes are left today (Figure
3). Heat contributed by radioactivity is now roughly 1 / 4 than what it had been when Earth
was formed (Panchuk, 2018).

Figure 3:
Production of heat within the Earth over
time by radioactive decay of uranium,
thorium, and potassium.
Heat production has decreased over time as
the abundance of radioactive atoms has
decreased. Source: Steven Earle (2015)
CC BY 4.0, modified after Arevalo et al.
(2009)

Figure 3

8
 The heat from Earth’s interior is distributed through heat transfer. Heat transfer is
the movement of thermal energy from a hotter place to a cooler place. Heat transfer can
be classified into two such as:

1. Conduction heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter.

2. Convection is a heat transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then
travels away from the source. It carries the thermal energy along which creates a current.
This happens because warmer particles tend to rise, while cooler particles tend to sink.

Convection currents occur when warmer parts of a fluid rise, while cooler parts sink.
Convection can also occur in some solids. For example, pressure and temperature
conditions in the Earth's mantle allow mantle rock to slowly convert. Hotter rock rises and
cooler rock sinks in mantle convection currents. This process is related to several other
processes, including the movement of tectonic plates and the outward transfer of Earth's
internal heat.

What’s More

Activity 5: Convection Experiment

Materials:

 glass (empty)
 soda bottles
 oil
 coin
 hot water
 bowl
Procedure: 9

1. Put a drop of oil side of the quarter.

2. Put the glass bottle in the bowl.
3. Place the coin on top of the glass soda bottle, with the oil side facing down.
(The oil acts as a sealant and keeps the air trapped inside the bottle).
4. Observe the quarter while you pour hot water (near boiling) into the bowl.

Answer the following questions:

1. What heat process is taking place in the experiment?

2. What happened to the coin when you pour hot water into the bowl?
3. Describe how convection current form.
4. What will happen to the convection currents in the mantle if Earth’s interior
eventually cools down? Explain.

What I Have Learned

Activity 6: Create Your Own Flowchart

Directions: Create a flow chart on how the heat from the interior travels to the Earth
surface base on the image below.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget
 What I Can Do
10

Activity 7: Define It!

Directions: In the table below, fill in your own definition and give real-life examples.

Process of Heat Transfer Your Definition Real-Life Examples

Conduction

Convection

Summary
 Rock is a solid collection of mineral grains that grow or become cemented together.

 There are three types of rocks, Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.

 Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually as
layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans these sediments are the minerals, small
pieces of plant and other organic matter.
 Igneous rock is found beneath the Earth surface melts and become magma when a
volcano erupts, magma flows out of it. (When magma is on the earth’s surface, it is
called lava.) As the lava cools it hardens and becomes igneous rock.
 Rocks are exposed to, extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions
and friction of tectonic plates which lead to changes in their mineralogy and texture of
the rock thus metamorphic rock is formed.
 Radioactive decay major source of Earth’s heat.
 Assessment: (Post-Test)
11

Directions: Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from
among the given choices.

1. What type of heat transfer when there is rising of warm air currents?
A. Conduction B. Convection C. Radiation D. None of the Above

2. What is the definition of CONDUCTION?

A. When heat is transferred through waves of heat across a distance.
B. When heat is transferred through circulation of liquid or gases
C. When heat transfers from objects that are touching.
D. All the Above

3. During convection, hot substances while cooler substances .

A. Rise, remains at rest C. Sink, rise
B. Rise, sink D. Sink, remains at rest

4. From deep within the Earth, molten magma bubbles up heating rocks that surround it. This
process turns igneous and sedimentary rocks into ______.
A. Gneiss B. Marble C. Metamorphic rocks D. Slate

5. What do you call a rigid substance composed of one or more minerals?

A. Earth surface B. Particles C. Rocks D. Solid

6. Which of the type of rock that result from the cooling of the magma?
A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. None of the above

7. Which of the type of rock that is changed by temperature, pressure, and hot liquids?
A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. None of the above

8. What do you a molten rock below the surface of the Earth?

A. Lava B. Magma C. Minerals D. Rocks

9. What do you call a geologic process that occur beneath the surface of the Earth?
A. Earthquake B. Endogenic C. Exogenic D. Tectonism

10. Which are the two main materials found at the Earth's core?
A. Inner and outer core C. Minerals and rocks
B. Iron and nickel D. Solid and liquid
 12
Key to Answers

Pre-Assessment:

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. C
Assessment

(Post-Test):

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. A

13
References

Arevalo, Ricardo, and William F. McDonough. "Tungsten geochemistry and

implications for understanding the Earth's interior." Earth and Planetary Science Letters
272, no. 3-4 (2008), 656-665. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.031.

Panchuk, Karla. 2018. “Earth’s Interior Heat” .Physical Geology. First University of
Saskatchewan Edition. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/3-3-
earths- interior-heat/

King, Hobart. 2020. "Sedimentary Rocks | Pictures, Characteristics, Textures,

Types". Geology.Com. https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml .

Valiao, Adryan. 2019.Earth & Life Science: Endogenic Processes (Week 6).
https://www.slideshare.net/adryanval/earth-life-science-endogenic-processes-week-6

“A permanent source of heat”. N.d.

https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/illustration/images/RechauffementEn.htm

COTF. 2005. http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

Earth’s Internal Heat Budget. 2020. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

%27s_internal_heat_budget

"Earth's Internal Heat Source: Physical Science 2." Accessed June 25, 2020.
https://ops.instructure.com/courses/10087/pages/earths-internal-heat-source.

Metamorphic Rock Facts For Kids - Information &

Examples". 2020. Sciencekids.Co.Nz.

https://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/earth/metamorphicrocks.html.

"Radioactive Decay Accounts for Half of Earth's Heat – Physics World." Physics World.
Last modified August 29, 2017. https://physicsworld.com/a/radioactive-decay-
accounts-for-half-of-earths-heat/.

Sedimentary Rock - Sedimentary Structures". 2020. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/sedimentary-rock/Sedimentary-structures.

"What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012.

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-metamorphic-rocks-0?
qt- news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.

10(F) Characteristics Of Sedimentary Rocks". 2020. Physicalgeography.Net.

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10f.html.

14
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph