Big Ideas Geo Vic 7 Sample Chapter

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FILE NAME: OBI_GEO_VIC_7_08001_CVR SIZE: 217 x 280 SPINE: 10.5 mm COLOUR: FULL/CMYK
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oxford Mark Easton
big ideas
geography
VICTORIAN CURRICULUM
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1
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© Mark Easton 2016
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First published 2016
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data
Easton, Mark Gerald, author
Oxford big ideas. Geography 7 Victorian curriculum. / Mark Easton
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ISBN 9780190308001 (paperback)
Includes index.
For secondary school age.
Geography – Study and teaching (Secondary).
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Geography – Textbooks.
Education – Curricula – Victoria.
910
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contents
Contents by skill ..................................................................... v
Using Oxford Big Ideas Geography ........................................ vi
Concepts and skills 2C How much water do we have?
Chapter 1 2.9 Water in Australia...........................................................................64
The geography toolkit ..................................................................4 2.10 Water in the world .........................................................................66

2.11 The world’s drinking water ........................................................68
1A What are the geographical concepts? 2C Rich task: The driest city in Africa? .......................................70
1.1 Geographical concepts ................................................................ 6
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Chapter 3
1B What are the geographical skills? Valuing and managing water .......................................... 72
1.2 Geographical skills .......................................................................14

1.3
1.4
Observe, ask questions and plan
Collect, record, evaluate and represent data
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.........................................15
..................17
3A
3.1
How do we value and manage water?
The importance of water ............................................................74
3.2 Growing the world’s grain ..........................................................76
1.5 Analyse data and draw conclusions .....................................30
3.3 Competition for water supplies ...............................................78
1.6 Communicate your findings......................................................32
3.4 The challenges of managing water .......................................80
1.7 Reflect and take action ...............................................................35
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3.5 Water and Indigenous Australians .........................................82
1C What is fieldwork? 3A Rich task: The Aral Sea ..............................................................84
1.8 Fieldwork in geography ..............................................................36

3B How can we overcome water scarcity?
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3.6 Managing water scarcity ............................................................86

UNIT 1 Water in the world 3.7 Managing water at home ...........................................................88
Chapter 2 3.8 Managing water in Australia’s biggest cities .....................90
Water as a resource.................................................................... 42 3.9 New ways of thinking about water ........................................94

3B Rich task: The Wodaabe nomads .........................................96
2A How is water an environmental resource?
3C How do we respond to floods?
2.1 Environmental resources: an overview ................................44
3.10 Why rivers flood..............................................................................98
2.2 Where water comes from ..........................................................46
3.11 Floods in Australia ...................................................................... 100
2.3 Accessing water resources.......................................................48
3.12 How floods affect people and places ............................... 102
2.4 Stored water ....................................................................................50
3.13 Preparing for floods ................................................................... 104
2A Rich task: Perth’s water supply ..............................................52
3.14 Managing floods ......................................................................... 106
2B How does water connect and affect places? 3C Rich task: Grantham floods, Queensland ....................... 108
2.5 Water connects places ..............................................................54
2.6 Water affects places ...................................................................56
2.7 Water for food .................................................................................58

2.8 Water for energy ...........................................................................60
2B Rich task: The Ok Tedi mine ....................................................62
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UNIT 2 Place and liveability Chapter 5
Liveable cities ................................................................................. 144
Chapter 4
Living in Australia ..................................................................... 112
5A What makes a city liveable ?
5.1 Measuring liveability................................................................... 146
4A Where do Australians live and why?
5.2 Climate ............................................................................................ 148
4.1 Why we live where we do ....................................................... 114
5.3 Environmental quality................................................................ 150
4.2 Where early Indigenous Australians lived ........................ 116
5.4 Infrastructure ............................................................................... 152
4.3 Where modern Australians live............................................. 118
5.5 Safety and stability ..................................................................... 154
4.4 Living in large cities.................................................................... 120
5.6 Access to health care and education ............................... 156
4.5 Living in rural areas .................................................................... 122
5A Rich task: The liveability of Mawson Station.................. 158
4.6 Living in coastal areas .............................................................. 124
4.7 Living in remote areas .............................................................. 126 5B Where are the world’s most and least liveable cities?
4A Rich task: Living on Macquarie Island ............................. 130
5.7 The world’s most liveable cities ........................................... 160
5.8 Vienna: a liveable city ............................................................... 162
4B How do people connect to places?
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5.9 The world’s least liveable cities ............................................ 164
4.8 Connecting through communities ...................................... 132
5.10 Harare: a least liveable city .................................................... 166
4.9 Community identity.................................................................... 134
5.11 Australia’s liveable cities .......................................................... 168
4.10
4.11
Indigenous communities ......................................................... 136
Liveability in communities ....................................................... 138
PL 5.12
5B
Melbourne’s liveable suburbs ............................................... 171
Rich task: The liveability of your local area ..................... 174
4.12 Building safe communities ..................................................... 140
4B Rich task: Change in Casey .................................................. 142 5C How can we make cities more liveable?
5.13 Strategies for improving liveability....................................... 176
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5.14 Improving transportation ......................................................... 178
5.15 Improving liveability for young people ............................... 180
5.16 Improving sustainability............................................................ 182
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5C Rich task: Hamburg – a green city ..................................... 184
Glossary ....................................................................................................... 186

Index ............................................................................................................. 189
Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 192

contents
by skill
Geography skills
Skill Chapter Page
Developing geographical questions 1 16
Using line scale to measure distances 1 24
Creating an annotated visual display (AVD) 1 32
Using the PQE method to describe maps 2 49
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Using a map legend 2 53
Identifying change over time PL 2 63
Drawing climate graphs 2 70
Interpreting satellite images 3 84
Understanding flow maps 3 96

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Communicating your findings 3 107
Locating places on topographic maps 3 109
Understanding population pyramids 4 129

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Preparing fieldwork sketches 4 130
Drawing a concept map 4 133
Reading compound column graphs 4 135
Drawing overlay maps from street maps 4 142
Comparing climate graphs 5 148
Analysing a map 5 158
Explaining patterns on maps 5 172
Completing a map survey 5 174
Completing a street survey 5 175
Interpreting oblique aerial images 5 184

Using Oxford Big Ideas Geography
Oxford Big Ideas Geography is a brand-new series developed

and written to meet the requirements of the Victorian Curriculum:
Geography across Years 7–10.
Key features
Each chapter of Oxford Big Ideas Geography is
structured around key inquiry questions from the
Victorian Curriculum. Each unit of the text supports
teachers and students as they adopt an inquiry-based
approach to the key learning areas in geography.
The learning sequence in each chapter is clearly
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set out under key inquiry questions. Students
are encouraged to use their prior knowledge and
make predictions at the start of each new topic.
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Each unit of the Student photography generates
book combines a range discussion and interest.
of engaging source
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materials – such as
photographs, videos, Check your learning
data tables, graphs activities accompany every
and illustrations – with unit, allowing students to
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supporting questions consolidate and extend

and activities. their understanding. These
are graded according
to Bloom’s Taxonomy –
catering for a range of
abilities and learning styles.
Source materials – such as

photographs, technical illustrations,
infographics, cartoons and graphs Complete
– simplify difficult concepts and coverage of all
engage reluctant learners. geographical
concepts and
skills is provided
Geographical concepts and skills in ‘The geography
are clearly outlined in a stand- toolkit’. This
alone reference section called can be used as
an introductory
‘The geography toolkit’. All of
unit of work
these concepts and skills are
or a stand-
also integrated throughout the
alone reference
text so students can see them
throughout the
at work in context.
year.
vi oxford big ideas geography 7 victorian curriculum

Rich task activities
encourage students to
apply the knowledge Extend your
and skills they have understanding activities
learned in each challenge students
chapter to a new and to conduct further
interesting case study, research, or complete
event or issue. group work, to deepen
their understanding of
an issue or skill being
investigated.
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Skill drill activities guide and support
students step by step as they learn
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and apply key skills.
Digital support
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Student obook assess provides a fully interactive

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electronic version of the print Student book in

an easy-to-read format. A host of additional
resources for students – such as videos,
worksheets, interactives objects, online quizzes
and multimedia links – are linked to each unit
in the book making them easier to access than
ever before.
obook assess is compatible with laptops, iPads,

tablets and IWBs, and access to content is
provided online and offline.
Teacher support is offered in digital format

via Teacher obook assess. Teacher notes,
answers, tests, additional worksheets, lesson
ideas, planning tips and assessment advice
are provided for every unit. Teacher obook assess
allows teachers to manage their classes by
assigning work, tracking progress and planning
assessment.
using oxford big ideas geography victorian curriculum vii

Unit 1 Water in the world
Water as a
resource
A resource is anything we use to satisfy a need
or a want. Resources we use from the natural
world are called environmental resources. All
life on Earth depends on these environmental
resources to survive. The water we drink, the
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Sun we depend on for light and warmth, the
soil we use to grow our crops, and the trees
we rely on to produce the oxygen we breathe
are all environmental resources.
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As the world’s population grows, we
continue to place more and more pressure on
these resources. The availability of many of
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these environmental resources (including oil,
forests, and of course, fresh water) is becoming
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increasingly uncertain.
2A
How is water an environmental
2B
How does water connect and
resource? affect places?
1 Which environmental resources do we need to 1 How do you think the Ganges River connects
survive? places in India?
2 How are the people in the photograph using the 2 List three ways that water from the Ganges River
Ganges River as a resource? might be used.
42 oxford big ideas geography 7 victorian curriculum

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2
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chapter
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Source 1 Hindus in India believe that bathing in the holy waters of the Ganges River gives them spiritual blessings.
2C
How much water do we have?
1 Water covers about 70 per cent of the Earth’s
surface, so why do we have a shortage of water to
drink and wash in?
2 Where do you think the wettest and driest places in
Australia might be found?
chapter 2 water as a resource 43

2.1 Environmental resources:
an overview
Over thousands of years, humans have developed ways of life T
that depend on almost all environmental resources found on Plants, animals and human beings a
Earth. Water from rainfall, minerals from rocks, and food from are renewable resources. Humans, s
however, are unique in that our use of r
the forests and oceans have allowed us to build homes, farms, the Earth’s resources is disrupting the a
cities and highways all over the world. We have found and used Earth’s natural systems.
resources in almost every corner of the Earth. Oil is drilled from
beneath polar ice caps and water is drilled from far below barren
Plants are renewable resources
deserts. Deep in the rainforests we have found plants that can because they produce seeds in
cure illnesses and we have even worked out how to generate order to reproduce themselves.
electricity from the waters flowing in our rivers.
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Soil is formed when rocks break
Types of environmental resources down. We use soil to grow the
crops we eat. The animals we
Geographers divide all of the environmental resources on Earth
into three types:
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soil for the grass they eat.
1 Renewable resources
Renewable resources will replenish themselves
naturally over time if we do not use them
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too quickly. The trees in a forest are a good
example of a renewable resource. We
can cut them down for wood,
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but they will grow back Ocean waves are resources

in time. We just need to for surfers and holiday-
manage them carefully. In makers. They can also be
countries such as Australia, used to generate electricity
and may be a valuable natural
fresh water is considered a
resource in the future.
renewable resource but it needs to be
carefully managed to ensure that enough
is available for everybody.
2 Non-renewable resources
Non-renewable resources are only available in limited
(finite) amounts. If we overuse them, they will one day run out.
Minerals such as coal, oil, diamonds and uranium are good
examples of non-renewable resources.
3 Continuous resources
Continuous resources are available in unlimited (infinite) Oil is the world’s most commonly used S
amounts. No matter how much or how often we use them, they source of energy. It is also used to make
will never run out. Energy from the Sun and wind are both many important goods, such as plastics,
petrol and fertiliser for farms.
examples of continuous resources.

Types of environmental
resources: Wind is used to power
ships and windmills and
Renewable resources to produce electricity.
Non-renewable resources Even gravity is a

The Sun provides the energy resource. Without gravity,
Continuous resources seeds from trees and
for plants and animals to
grow and forms the basis plants would never fall to
of everything we eat. It also the ground and grow into
The amount of oxygen in our
evaporates water, setting the plants. There would also
atmosphere stays about the
water cycle in motion. be no rain to help them
same because it is constantly
survive.
recycled through plants,
animals and oceans.
Forests are a renewable
resource that is under serious
In some parts of the world,
threat. Most of the world’s
electricity is generated from
natural forest cover has been
heat within the Earth. This is
cleared or logged.
known as geothermal energy.
Fresh water is vital for
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all life forms on Earth,
including plants,
animals and humans.
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electricity comes from the
burning of coal. Coal is an
important energy resource
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in many countries.
Minerals are used as a resource in many

ways. Uranium is just one of thousands
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of minerals mined around the world. It is

being used at this nuclear power station
to produce electricity.
Check your learning 2.1

Remember and understand Apply and analyse
1 What are the three main types of 5 Collect pictures of continuous resources,
resources? Give two examples of non-renewable resources and renewable
each type. resources from newspapers, magazines
2 Why is it important to look after or the Internet. Sort these pictures into
renewable resources, such as groups and describe how each resource
fresh water? is used by humans.
3 Describe how you may have used a non-
Evaluate and create
renewable resource in the last hour.
4 What problems might societies around
6 What do you think is the most important
the world face if people continue to rely resource shown in Source 1? Give
Source 1 An overview heavily on non-renewable resources? some reasons for your answer and be
of the many types prepared to discuss this with a partner
of environmental and with the class.
resources

2.2 Where water comes from
Water is one of our most precious environmental Orographic rainfall
resources. Without it, nothing can survive. It is an Air is forced to rise due to the height of land masses, such as
essential, renewable resource that occurs naturally mountains. As the air cools, condensation forms, producing
rain. As the air begins to fall from the high land, it warms up,
on Earth. It can exist as a solid (such as ice in a
creating dry regions.
glacier), a liquid (such as water in a river) or a gas
(such as steam). Fresh water is an available resource Air forced to
when in liquid form and a potential resource as rise cools and Dry air falls resulting in
a gas or a solid. Liquid water is constantly being clouds form. a low chance of rain.
recycled through the atmosphere, rivers and oceans
in a natural system known as the water cycle (see
Source 2).
In the water cycle, water from the oceans and
lakes is heated and evaporated by the Sun. The
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evaporated water vapour, which is like steam, Rain falls.
then rises until it reaches the cooler parts of the mountains
atmosphere. Cold air cannot hold as much moisture
as warm air, so the water vapour turns back into
liquid water in a process known as condensation.
PL Frontal rainfall
Two air masses meet and the cooler air mass wedges itself
These drops of water then form into clouds, which under the warmer air mass. This forces the warm air to rise and
cool, causing condensation and rain along a distinct line.
may be carried on to land by winds and forced to
rise. The colder air can no longer hold the condensed Warm air rises
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droplets and they fall as rain. The rainwater finds its Cold air sinks. and cools forming
way back to the world’s lakes and oceans through clouds and
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condensation.
rivers and streams and the process begins again.
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As you can see in Source 2, rain falls when wet

air masses are forced to rise. There are three reasons
that air masses rise. Each of these will produce
different types of rainfall at different places on the Rain falls.
Earth’s surface.
Convectional rainfall
keyconcept: Interconnection Temperatures during the day warm the ground causing warm
air to rise rapidly and condense at high altitude. This produces
The water cycle heavy rain and thunderstorms.
The water cycle links together large areas of the Clouds form
natural environment (see Source 2). The world’s Warm air and heavy rain
oceans, mountains, rivers and atmosphere are expands falls.
and rises.
all important parts of this cycle. The water cycle
links together the natural and human environments
because water is so central to all human activities.
The presence of water is key when settling new
farms and cities. For more information on the key
concept of interconnection, refer to page 9 of
‘The geography toolkit’.
Source 1 Different types of rainfall

Precipitation Condensation
When wet air is forced to rise into the cooler As water vapour rises into the air, it cools
parts of the atmosphere, the tiny water drops down and changes to tiny drops of water.
in clouds join together and become heavier. When these drops gather together, we see
They fall onto the ground or into oceans, them as clouds. The drops are so small and
rivers and lakes as rain, snow or hail. This light that they can float in the air. This process RES
process is known as precipitation. is known as condensation.
WAT
Box
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Infiltration and run-off The
When water lands on the ground as calle
precipitation, some of it soaks into the evap
soil. This process is known as infiltration.
Some precipitation that falls to the ground
Box
also flows into rivers, lakes and oceans.
This process is known as run-off. Transpiration Ocean Tran
Plants and animals (including humans) are Plan
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Lakes also part of the water cycle. Plants take in take
Rivers
water from the ground and it passes through evap
their leaves where it evaporates into the air.
Forest
This process is known as transpiration.
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Con
As w
Underground water Evaporation
wate
The Sun heats the water in oceans, lakes
are
and rivers and turns it into a gas called
con
s
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water vapour. Water vapour rises into the
ming air. This process is known as evaporation.
Box
Source 2 The stages of the water cycle
.
Pre
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Whe
Check your learning 2.2 wate
grou
Remember and understand 6 The water cycle helps us to understand how kno
s. water moves in our world but it can also help us
1 What is the water cycle?
understand how rivers change the landscape. How Box
2 What causes water to fall as rain?
do you think the rivers shown in Source 2 have
3 List these words in the correct order within the water Infil
changed this landscape?
cycle: precipitation, condensation and evaporation. Whe
7 What type of rainfall do you receive most often in the This
Now write a definition for each in your own words. place where you live? Why will the answer differ for also
Apply and analyse students who live in other parts of Australia?
8 Salt water in oceans cannot be used to drink or water
n 4 What is the difference between frontal rainfall and
crops. Is salt water an available or potential resource?
orographic rainfall? How are they similar?
5 Why do you think the wettest place in Australia is Evaluate and create
near Tully on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing 9 Imagine that you are a water droplet in a cloud.
Range in Queensland? You might like to find Tully in Describe your journey through the water cycle in
an atlas to help with your answer. language that a young child would find interesting.
Here is a start: ‘Floating along with billions of
my closest friends, I thought nothing would
ever change …’

2.3 Accessing water resources
Although the surface of the Earth is covered with water, only a tiny
Total water 100%
percentage of that water is fresh and available for consumption.
Typically this is found in surface water, such as lakes and rivers. oceans 97.5%
Source 1 shows the breakdown and availability of this water. As
populations grow and more water is used, people are also using
groundwater locked away in underground aquifers. This water Fresh water 2.5%
supports every man, woman, child, animal and plant on Earth. This permafrost 0.8%
makes water our most precious resource.
To further complicate matters, the available fresh water is not glaciers 68.7%
evenly distributed across the planet. Some areas of the world have groundwater
much more than they need, while other areas do not have enough. 30.1%
Countries with large rivers, such as the Amazon River in Brazil, Surface
water 0.4%
and those with high rainfall, such as Indonesia and Papua New
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wetlands 8.5%
Guinea, can be thought of as being ‘water rich’. Other countries,
including Australia, can be considered to be ‘water poor’.
PL freshwater lakes 67.4%
soil
Groundwater moisture
12.2%
When it rains, water seeps into the soil to provide moisture for
plants to survive. As water passes through the spaces between soil
rivers 1.6%
and rock it becomes groundwater. In the saturated zone, all the plants and
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animals 0.8% atmosphere 9.5%
spaces between soil and rock particles are filled with water. The top
of this zone is referred to as the water table (see Source 2).
Source 1 Distribution of the world’s water
Groundwater is fed by surface water from rainfall
and rivers and naturally comes to the surface at
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springs or at oases in dry areas. Groundwater is also

drawn to the surface by bores drilled into the ground.
rainfall
Most of Perth’s water is drawn from an underground
aquifer, a layer of permeable rock that stores water. windmill
The world’s freshwater

resources
Source 3 is a map of the world as you have never
seen it before. While each country is shown in its
correct location, its size shows the proportion of the
world’s freshwater resources found there. Countries
that appear fat are water rich; those that appear thin
are water poor. Comparing the size and shape of
countries in Source 3 with the same countries on
a standard world map (like the one provided at the water table saturated zone unsaturated zone
back of this book) will clearly show which are water
rich (larger than normal) and which are water poor
Source 2 Groundwater from aquifers is pumped to the surface
(smaller than normal). via bores for use by humans.

WORLD: FRESHWATER RESOURCES
ATLANTIC
O CE AN
PACI F I C
O CE A N
INDIAN
8% OCEAN
ATLANTIC LEGEND
OCEAN Available freshwater resources
(cubic kilometres per year)
1000 100
Africa Oceania
Asia North America
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%
Europe South America
Source 3 PL Source: Oxford University Press
skilldrill: Data and information Check your learning 2.3
Using the PQE method to Remember and understand

%
How much of the world’s water is
describe maps
1
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fresh water, available for our use?
The PQE method is used by geographers to identify trends and 2 Is Australia water rich or water poor?
patterns in data and draw conclusions. For more information What does this mean?
3 Study Source 3.
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on the PQE method refer to page 30 of ‘The geography toolkit’.

There are three steps to follow when using the PQE (pattern, a Which countries would you
quantify, exceptions) method to describe maps: consider to be the most water
Step 1 Pattern: Give a general overview of the pattern, referring rich? Which are the most water
to particular places. Which areas seem to have common poor?
features? (For example, ‘The map of the world’s freshwater b Compare the freshwater resources
resources shows that countries throughout South America of Australia, New Zealand and
have lots of fresh water.’) Papua New Guinea.
Step 2 Quantify: Quantify your general overview using data for Apply and analyse
specific regions or countries. (For example, ‘Brazil has more
4 What can countries that are water
than 5000 km3 of fresh water a year.’)
poor do to access more fresh water?
Step 3 Exceptions: Point out any exceptions to the pattern you Brainstorm this as a class. Think first
have described. (For example, ‘Madagascar, the island off of those methods that you already
Africa, appears to have abundant water supplies, whereas the know about, perhaps those used
rest of the African continent does not.’) in your local area, and then expand
Apply the skill these into other possibilities.
1 Use the PQE method to describe the world’s freshwater

resources. Be sure to describe areas that are water rich and
those that are water poor. The world map on the inside back
cover will be useful.

2.4 Stored water
The water cycle is the movement of water through
the Earth, but most of the fresh water on Earth is in Check your learning 2.4
storage. Fresh water can be stored for days or weeks
in a lake or for thousands of years underground or
Remember and understand
in an ice cap, such as the one that covers much of 1 List three places where ice is stored.
Greenland. About 97.5 per cent of the Earth’s water is 2 Where is most of the world’s fresh water stored?
found in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Much 3 Why doesn’t the ice in Antarctica melt?
of the remaining 2.5 per cent, which is safe for us to
drink, is locked in the polar ice caps and in flowing
Apply and analyse
rivers of ice, known as glaciers. 4 Look carefully at the map in Source 2.
Antarctica contains nearly 70 per cent of the a What happens to the sea surrounding
world’s fresh water as ice in an ice sheet that covers Antarctica in winter?
large sections of bedrock (solid ground) in Antarctica. b What is the difference between an ice sheet
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The ice sheet has an average thickness of 2500 metres and an ice shelf?
and scientists have found places where the ice is 5 Look carefully at the cross-section of Antarctica in
thought to be twice this thickness. If this ice were to
PL Source 2. This shows a view of Antarctica from the
melt, sea levels around the world would rise by up to side as if it had been cut along the A–B–C line on
60 metres. Because the temperature in the interior of the map.
Antarctica remains below freezing, any snow that has a Over which part of Antarctica is the ice sheet
fallen there in the last few million years has never the thickest?
melted and has gradually formed into a great dome b Describe what Antarctica would look like
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of ice. The ice is gradually moving towards the sea without its ice sheet.
c Why is this cross-section a better way of
away from the centre of the continent. As it reaches
showing the thickness of ice in Antarctica than
the sea, the ice breaks off into gigantic icebergs.
the map?
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6 What would happen if all the ice in Antarctica

were to melt? What conditions might cause this
Source 1 The ice of Antarctica stores most of the to happen?
world’s fresh water.
H
(m

ANTARCTICA: LANDFORMS
LEGEND
140°E 160°E 180° S O 160°W Ice sheet
UT
HE
R Mountains
120°E N
South Magnetic Pole O Ice shelf
Permanent sea ice
C
TR
E
Cape Mose R O S S S E A
A N S A N TA
A
Cape Goodenough Winter sea ice
N
Mt Erebus 3795 m
Scott Base
B(New Zealand)
Casey (Australia) Ross Ice
Lesser
A
RC
100°E Shelf AMUNDSEN SEA 100°W
(Western)
TI
Vostok (Russia) Cape Flying Fish PACIFIC
C
Antarctica
M
D AV I S Greater OCEAN
O
South Pole Vinson Massif
U
N
(Eastern) 5140 m
TA
S E A Polar
BELLINGSHAUSEN SEA
INS
Antarctica
Plateau Ronne
E
80°E Lambert Glacier Ice Shelf Antarctic
80 80°W
°S Peninsula
Mawson (Australia) Larsen
CHILE
INDIAN
Cape Boothby
Cape Ann
PL WEDDELL SEA
Ice Shelf
C Cape Horn
ARGENTINA
OCEAN Cape Norvegia

HAAKON VII SEA
60°E Antarcti Circle
M
SO c 60°W
60 UT AN SCOTIA SEA
OCE
°S HERN
SA
ATLANTIC
0 500 1000
kilometres 20°E 0° 20°W OCEAN 40°W
40°E
Height 5000 Vinson Massif

Casey TRANSANTARCTIC 5140 m
(metres) 4000 (Australia) Greater Antarctica MOUNTAINS
3000 Lesser Antarctica
2000 Antarctic Peninsula
ice sheet Scott Base (New Zealand) ice sheet
1000
Ross Ice Shelf
Sea level 0
–1000
–2000 bedrock
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500
kilometres
A B C
Source 2 Source: Oxford University Press

2A rich task PERTH: WATER RESOURCES
LEGEND
Groundwater
Perth’s water supply

treatment plant
Water reservoir
or dam
Desalination plant Area of map
Town
River
Like many Australian cities and towns, Perth faces Water pipeline
many challenges in supplying its population with Perth metropolitan
area
enough fresh water. A decline in its rainfall over
the last 100 years has meant that the people of Northam
Neerabup Wanneroo
this rapidly growing city can no longer rely on Lexia
rivers, lakes and dams to supply all their water Gwelup

Mirrabooka
needs. About half of Perth’s water now comes out CBD Mundaring
of the ground. North of the city are large aquifers Victoria
Churchman Brook
Jandakot
which have collected rainwater for thousands Canning
E
Perth
Seawater Wungong
of years and stored it within sand or limestone
Serpentine
layers. Wells are dug to access the water, which PL North
Mandurah
is treated, mixed with rainwater and used by Perth Dandalup
residents in their homes, farms and gardens. Up to South Dandalup
20 per cent of Perth’s water comes from two large

Sampson Brook
desalination plants. The city was one of the first in U
M
Australia to use desalination plants to provide fresh Southern
Stirling
Seawater N I
water. The Western Australian state government s
hopes that expansion of these plants will help to Bunbury i
SA
Collie 0 20 40 km
‘drought-proof’ Perth. i
Source 2 Source: Oxford University Press m
•
A
1
Source 1 One of Perth’s desalination plants. The Perth Seawater Plant removes the salt from sea water to produce fresh water.

1000
900
Total annual inflows into Perth dams (gigalitres*)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
E
0
1941
1943
1945
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Source 3 Water
*1 gigalitre = 1 000 000 000 litres Year
PL flowing in to Perth’s
dams, 1941–2011
skilldrill: Data and information Extend your understanding
Using a map legend 1 Look carefully at Source 3.

M
a Compare the annual flow of water into Perth’s
In order to show the features on maps clearly, various dams before and after 1975. What difference can
symbols and colours are used. To help us unlock the you see?
information on the map these symbols are explained b List the four years with the smallest annual inflows
SA
in a legend (or key). There are three main types of of water. What do you notice from this pattern?
map symbols:
c Why do you think the annual inflow of water
• point symbols – show features in one particular place changes so greatly between years?
(such as a railway station or desalination plant)
2 What two other sources of water does Perth use to
• line symbols – show features that connect places access water other than dams fed by rain?
on the map (such as roads and rivers)
3 Do you think it is possible to drought-proof a city? Give
• area symbols – use colours or patterns to represent some reasons for your answer.
large areas (such as lakes and cities).
4 What do you think will happen to the water in an
Apply the skill aquifer if water continues to be pumped out of it for
1 Study Source 2. use in a city such as Perth?
a What symbol has been used for desalination plants 5 Why does Perth need more water now than it did 100
on this map? years ago?
b Give an example of an area symbol used. 6 What are some of the strategies being tried to address
c How many groundwater treatment plants supply water problems in other parts of Australia?
water to Perth?
d What do you notice about the location of the dams?

2.5 Water connects places H
Because people rely on water to survive, easy access to Trade and transport
water influences where people choose to live. Cities,
towns and villages are often located near fresh water Rivers move water across the Earth’s surface, carrying
sources such as rivers, lakes and underground water water great distances to the sea. Rivers, lakes and
reserves. Water sources also directly influence the oceans also act as transport networks, allowing
way people live; for example, the crops they grow or products and people to move easily from one place to
the transport they use. As human settlements tend to another, connecting the communities established on
cluster around the same types of water sources, these their banks.
water sources need to be shared by the communities.
Because of this, many places around the world are
connected with each other through these water
sources. Generally, three main factors relating to
water influence where people settle. These factors are
E
discussed below and shown in Source 1.
Historical and environmental

factors
PL
Historically, towns and cities have developed along
rivers and near lakes and other fresh water sources.
People will settle anywhere there is water, adapting
M
their way of life to the local environmental features.
Communities in the Hindu Kush region of the
Himalayas in Pakistan and Afghanistan depend on
SA
the seasonal melting of the snow and glaciers to

provide them with fresh water. This melt also feeds Check your learning 2.5
the great rivers in the region, the Indus River and the
Ganges River, that supply water to the many cities and
communities that have been established along their 1 Why does water play such an important part in
banks – around 1.5 billion people. where people decide to live?
2 How does the availability of water determine how
Agriculture people in different places live?

3 Name three factors relating to water that influence
Communities also rely on fresh water to grow crops where people choose to settle. In your own words,
and farm animals. The availability of fresh water will describe each of these factors briefly.
determine the sorts of crops grown. In places where
water is limited, crops that need little irrigation,
Apply and analyse
such as corn, will be grown. Crops that rely heavily 4 Describe how water flowing along a river can
on water, such as rice, are grown on floodplains connect people living at different points along it.
where water is plentiful. These floodplains and 5 How has the choice of crops being grown in
deltas, located on flat land where rivers meet the Source 4 been determined by the environment?
sea, have particularly rich soil due to the deposits By contrast, what types of crops do you think
of silt that has travelled down the river from would be grown in the location shown in
the mountains. Source 2?

2B How does water connect and affect places?
How rivers connect people and places
Source 2 Communities in the

Himalayas (a mountain range in
Asia) depend on annual glacial
melts to replenish their water
supplies. Once replenished,
excess water flows into rivers,
connecting these communities
with others downstream.
E
PL
Source 3 Large cities
and towns around the
world are connected by
rivers. River waters allow
people to travel and
M
goods to be transported
and traded. This barge
on the Rhine river is
carrying coal from the
city of Cologne south to Source 4 Farming
SA
Switzerland. communities along the

Mekong Delta in Vietnam
plant their rice crops
in the rich soil of the
floodplains.
Source 1 The water that flows through the river systems around
the world connects people and places in many ways.

2.6 Water affects places
As well as connecting different people and places, Case study: Thailand floods,
water can also affect them – in both positive and
negative ways. On the positive side, water from the 2011
rain and rivers is used to irrigate the crops and farm In 2011, the people of Thailand experienced some of
the livestock that we eat. This water has a positive the worst flooding they had seen for decades. Areas
effect on the places in which we live. Without it, no of Thailand are prone to flooding as the annual
life could exist. On the negative side, water in all its monsoon brings heavy rain, particularly in the
states – whether as a liquid (water), a solid (snow and north of Thailand. In early 2011, a tropical cyclone
ice) or a gas (fog) – can cause serious problems and combined with the monsoon to more than triple
damage in different places. Snow storms can shut the amount of rain falling on northern Thailand.
down cities for days, heavy fog can disrupt air travel As heavy rains continued for several months, S
and cripple airports, and heavy rainfalls can cause rivers burst their banks in the mountainous north, A
widespread flooding. s
resulting in flash flooding and at least 13 deaths.
E
A good way of understanding how water affects Flooding continued downstream in many large
places is to look at some case studies relating to towns built beside rivers. Soon the country’s capital,
rivers. Rivers are interesting to study because if there
is a problem upstream (such as a flood or pollution)
this problem will quickly travel downstream,
PL Bangkok, became the area of greatest concern.
Located on a low floodplain at the mouth of the
Chao Phraya and Tha Chin Rivers, Bangkok is very
affecting the people who live there. Flooded rivers prone to flooding and, despite an intricate system of
can affect many settlements along their banks, flood walls and canals, much of the city flooded. By
collecting and carrying rubbish or even trees and the time the floodwaters receded, they left more than
M
cars, as they go. If pollution or toxic chemicals enter 500 people dead and a damage bill of more than
the water at one location on the river, they quickly US$45 billion.
affect other parts of the river downstream, as well as
the people who use it.
SA
Case study: Tisza River pollution,

2000
In 2000, a storage pond used by a gold mine in
Romania burst its banks. Around 100 000 cubic
metres of water containing poisonous cyanide spilt
into a local river that flowed into the Tisza River in
nearby Hungary.
The cyanide spill killed much of the fish and plant
life for several 100 kilometres downstream. Drinking
water was polluted in four different countries:
Romania, Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria.
Source 1 A Hungarian fisherman pulls out toxic fish from Lake

Tisza on the Tisza River 12 days after a serious chemical spill
upstream in Romania on 30 January 2000.

THAILAND: TIME-LAPSE MAP SHOWING THE SPREAD OF

FLOODWATERS, MID-AUGUST 2011 TO 15 NOVEMBER 2011
Uttaradit LAOS
Ban Nong Ban Kaeng
Thailand
Sawankhalok Dan Sai Wang
Saphung
Area
Nakhon Thai of map
Sukhothai
Kong Krailat
Lom Kao
Phitsanulok
Bang Rakam
Lom Sak
Phran Kratai
Bang Krathum
Kamphaeng Phet Sam Ngam

Phichit
Phetchabun
Pi
Nan River
Source 2 Floodwaters in the main street of
ng
Taphan Hin LEGEND
Ayutthaya during the floods in Thailand in 2011 Khlong Khlung
Flooded area
shut down the city and resulted in many deaths.
Ri mid-August 2011
ve
E
r Bang Mun Nak mid-September 2011
mid-October 2011
Check your learning 2.6 PL Chum Saeng 14–15 November 2011
Urban area
Remember and understand Nakhon Sawan Major river
Wichian Buri
Watercourse/canal
1 Give examples to show how water
affects places in its gas, liquid and THAILAND
Uthai Thani
solid states.
Ta Khli
2 What problems did the gold mine in
M
Wat Sing Ban Lam Narai
Romania cause downstream? Chainat
Khok Samrong
Apply and analyse In Buri
Ban Mi
Pa Sak Jolasid
Dam
SA
Lop Buri
3 Look carefully at Source 3. Doem Bang Sing Buri
Nang Buat
Cha o Ph ray a
a When did floodwaters reach

Sam Chuk
Bangkok? Phra Phutthabet
Si Prachan
Ban Mo
b How far had some of the Ang Thong Kaeng Khoi
Sara Buri
floodwater travelled? (Use the scale Suphan Buri Pa Mok Phachi
provided to calculate the distance.) Phra Nakhon
Ayutthaya
Tha Chin
4 Decide whether each of the following Sena Ban Na

facts makes flooding in Bangkok more Nakhon Nayok
R iv
likely or more dangerous. Justify your Ma

er
Prachin Buri
eK
River
answer for each one. lon

g
Ri
a Between June and October ve Pak Kret
r Nakhon Pathom Nonthaburi
Thailand experiences its wet Ban Pong Bang Khla
BANGKOK
season with heavy monsoon rains. Chachoengsao
Krathum
Thon Buri
b Bangkok has been built on the Baen
Samut
Chao Phraya River delta. Photharam
Samut Sakhon Prakan Bang Pakong
c Between 1985 and 2010 0 25 50 km
Gulf of Thailand Phanat Nikhom
Thailand’s population increased by
more than 10 million people. Source 3 Source: Oxford University Press
d The land on which Bangkok is built
is sinking by 30 millimetres a year.

2.7 Water for 12
10
Water (megalitres*)
food 8
2
Farmers are by far the biggest users of water in
0
Australia. About 70 per cent of the fresh water used Cotton Sugar Vegetables Grains/ Fruit Grapes Rice
each year in Australia is used in agriculture. This pasture/
livestock
water is used to produce an enormous range of *A megalitre is 1 million litres Crop
products, many of which you consume every day
Source 2 Water used per hectare (10 000 square metres) to
(see Source 1). grow selected crops
You may not realise it, but a lot of water was
needed to produce your breakfast. Many everyday during wet times and release it gradually during dry
products use even more water. For example, it takes times, thereby controlling the flow of the river.
up to 50 000 litres of water to produce 1 kilogram Farmers are allowed to use a certain amount of
E
of beef, and 685 000 litres to produce enough wool water each year and are charged for the amount of
to make one suit. The amount of water needed to water they use. Because they have to pay for their
produce an item of food, such as a steak, or a piece of PL water, farmers in this region use it very carefully.
clothing, such as a suit, is known as virtual water. Another reason for farmers to use water as efficiently
In Australia, many crops are grown in the as possible is the scarcity of water in many parts of
Murray–Darling Basin in south-eastern Australia (see Australia. In the early years of the twenty-first century,
Source 4). While a lot of the water used in this region a widespread and severe drought turned the Darling
falls on the farms as rain, much of it is taken from River and many others into a series of pools separated
M
the rivers. Movement and control of water has a large by kilometres of dry river bed. Because of these
economic impact in this region. factors, many farmers and farming industries have
developed more water-efficient methods of farming.
In the past, the rivers in this region had a normal
cycle of flood and drought. Farmers needed a more
SA
reliable flow of water and so a system of dams and

weirs was built along the river. These collect water
Raspberry jam
The main ingredient
in raspberry jam is Rice Bubbles
sugar. Virtually all of Rice Bubbles are
Milk and butter Australia’s sugar is made from 89 per
Apricots grown in Queensland.
More than 60 per cent cent whole white
Apricots are grown Bread Raspberries grown in
of Australia’s milk and rice, which is grown
and processed in The main ingredient the Goulburn Valley
milk products comes in the Murrumbidgee
northern Victoria and in bread is wheat. make up 40 per cent
from Victoria. Leongatha Irrigation Area (part
southern New South New South Wales of the jam.
in Victoria is home to a of the Murray–Darling
Wales. They are produces the most huge dairy factory. Estimated water Basin). Much of
processed in various wheat in Australia, needed to produce
Estimated water the rice industry
plants centred most of this in the 1 kilogram of sugar:
needed to produce is centred around
around Shepparton, east of the Murray– 173 litres Estimated
1 glass of milk: Deniliquin in southern
Victoria. Darling Basin. amount of water
200 litres New South Wales.
Estimated water Estimated water needed to produce
Estimated water Estimated water
needed to produce needed to produce 1 kilogram of
needed to produce needed to produce
1 kilogram of 1 kilogram of wheat: raspberries:
1 kilogram of butter: 1 kilogram of rice:
apricots: 1391 litres 750 litres 713 litres
18 070 litres 1550 litres
Source 1 The amount of water needed to produce typical breakfast foods

MURRAY–DARLING BASIN: LAND USE
LEGEND
High rainfall grazing
Summer rainfall grazing
Irrigation areas
Wheat/sheep belt
Rangelands
r
ve
Murray–Darling Ri
g
Basin rlin
Da
Source 3 An irrigation channel in the Murray–Darling Basin

Murray Riv
er
Murray River irrigation
Lake Hume
Lake Hume is an artificial lake formed by the Hume
Weir near Albury–Wodonga on the Murray River. 0 200 400 km
Completed in 1936, it is one of a series of dams and
E
weirs built to control the flow of water in the Murray Source 4 Source: Oxford University Press
River. Its main purpose is to trap water during
periods when there is a large amount of water in the Check your learning 2.7
Murray River and release it gradually to keep the flow
of the river relatively constant.
PL
A network of irrigation pipes and open channels 1 How much of Australia’s fresh water is used on
carries the water from the Murray River hundreds of farms?
kilometres to individual farms. Open channels are 2 How does water for irrigation of crops and
M
generally less efficient than pipes as water is lost to pastures reach the farms?
evaporation and water seeping into the soil. However, 3 Rank the breakfast foods shown in Source 1
they are much cheaper to build than pipes. in order from greatest water need to least
SA
When the water reaches the farms it flows by water need.

gravity or is pumped onto the crops or pastures.
Apply and analyse
A common method of irrigation is the use of a pivot
spray. A giant arm with sprayers attached moves 4 Can farmers use as much water as they want?
around a central pivot point, creating distinctive 5 Look at Source 2.
circles of green. a Which crop uses the most water?
b Which crop uses the least water?
Source 5 Pivot spray irrigation 6 Why do you think it takes so much water to
produce 1 kilogram of rice?
7 In what ways is the Murray–Darling Basin one of
Australia’s most important resources?
8 Look closely at the map (Source 4).
a What relationship do you notice between
irrigation areas and rivers?
b Explain the nature of this relationship.
Evaluate and create

9 Draw a labelled diagram to clearly show how
pivot spray irrigation works. Use Source 5 to
help you.

2.8 Water for energy
Moving water has been used as a source of energy Hydroelectricity is the largest source of renewable,
since ancient Greek and Roman times, with the non-polluting energy in the world. The main negative
invention of the water-driven wheel. Watermills built impact of building a hydroelectric plant is that the
by the Romans used the force of the flowing water natural flow of the river is stopped and the land behind
to drive the blades of a large wooden wheel. This, in the dam is flooded. The flooding of valleys behind the
turn, rotated an axle to drive the machinery inside dam can destroy natural habitats and human features,
the mill to grind grains such as wheat and corn. such as houses, fences and roads.
Hydroelectricity Case study: Three Gorges Dam,

Today, electricity is generated following the same China
basic concept used in Roman watermills. A dam
China’s Three Gorges Dam is not only the world’s
is built across a river, creating a large reservoir of
largest dam, it is also the largest power station ever
water. This water is then released through turbines,
E
built. More than 2 kilometres long and 180 metres
causing them to turn. The spinning turbines rotate
high, the dam has turned the Yangtze River into
giant magnets around a huge coil of copper wire to
a lake 660 kilometres long. As well as producing
create electricity. The faster the water flows, the more
as hydroelectricity.
PL
electricity is created. This type of electricity is known
electricity, the dam has increased the Yangtze River’s
shipping capacity, and has reduced the flooding
hazard downstream. The building of the Three
Australia’s largest plant is the Snowy Mountains
Gorges Dam stirred protests around the world,
Hydroelectric Scheme. More than 100 000 people
as it involved displacing 1.25 million people and
from over thirty countries constructed the huge
M
flooding more than 600 square kilometres of land;
tunnels, dams and power stations. Electricity generated
that is about 30 000 times the size of the Melbourne
by the scheme is used in the Australian Capital
Cricket Ground.
Territory, New South Wales and Victoria.
SA
long-distance power lines
geothermal 3%
reservoir other 1%
wind 5%
solar 7%
generator powerhouse
bioenergy hydro
21% 63%
intake
turbine river
Source 1 How a hydroelectric power station works Source 2 Energy from renewable and continuous sources.
Hydroelectric power accounts for most of the total energy
produced from these sources around the world.

0
40
18

Sha Ping
0
17
40
Long Tan Ping
Hei Yan Zi 18 0
400
20
CHINA: THREE GORGES DAM Tai Ping Xi Zhen
0
40
16
0
Sha Ping
200
40
18
0
17
40
18 Long Tan Ping 412
40
18 18 Hei Yan Zi 0
400
20
15 Tai Ping Xi Zhen Sha Ping
17 Sha PingWu Xiang Miao
17 16 Long Tan Ping Sha Ping
17
Hei Yan Zi Long Tan Ping 200 Ping Shuang Shi
Sha 0 Da Yan Tou
400
17 0 20 Ling
Hei Yan Zi Long Tan Ping Long Tan Ping 412
400
20 0
Hei Yan Zi
400
Hei Yan Zi Tai Ping Xi Zhen 0 0
400
14 20 2
16 Pan Jia WanTai Ping Xi Zhen
16 Tai15Ping Xi ZhenTai Ping Xi Zhen
200 Wu Xiang Miao
16 16 200 Yan Zhu Yuan 412
0 0 0 2 00 412 Da Yan Tou
40 2
412 Ying Zi Zui Shi Ling
Shuang
13 412
15 14 Wu Xiang Miao Li Jia Wan
15 Pan Jia Wan Wu Xiang Miao Bai Shi Xi
15 15
Wu Xiang Miao Wu Xiang Miao Shuang
Da Yan Tou Shi Ling
Da Yan Tou R
Shuang Shi Ling 206 Yan Zhu YuanE
12 Jin Gang Cheng 0 Da Yan Tou Da Yan Tou IV
14 40 Shuang Shi LingShuang Shi Ling R Ying Zi Zu
14 Pan Jia Wan 13 Loc San Duo Ping
Pan Jia Wan 14 20
0 ks Li Jia Wan
14 Pan 618
Pan Jia Wan 30° 50’Jia
N Wan Yan Zhu YuanBai Shi Xi
E
0 11 40
0
438
Yan Zhu Yuan T ZYing Zi Zui
4 0 13 00 Yan Zhu Yuan Yan Zhu Yuan
Ying Zi Zui 206G E
13 0 12 Jin Gang Cheng N Zi Zui
Ying
A Wan IV
40 13 4 Ying Zi Zui Li Jia
L Y 0 R
13 Li Jia Wan oc 4 0 San Duo Ping
Sandouping 618 Bai Shi Xi
20
0
Bai Shi Xi
Li Jia Wan Li Jia Wan ks
10 30° 50’ N Bai Shi Xi R R E
Bai Shi Xi 206 E
12 Jin Gang Cheng 12 Jin Gang Cheng 11 206
438
Three Gorges Dam V
E R R IV TZ
206 206 I E E R G
12 Jin Gang Cheng 12 Jin Gang Cheng Loc Loc R i IV IV N
20
20
0 kLs Loc
ks San Duo iao ZPingR RSan Duo Ping YA 0
618
618
30° 50’ N 09 0 20 o c k Bai MSan Duo Ping San Duo Ping E 40
2 Sandouping ks s
30° 50’ N
618 30° 50’
618
N 11
00 0
10 T ZE E Yang Jia WanZ
E T
1150’ N
30° 438 G
11 438 G T Z Three TZ N
0 Gorges
11 438 438
A
N G 60 G YADam 0
Y N 0 N i 40
08 Sandouping YA 40 731YA0 0 iao Z
Sandouping Ba4i0M
200
E
10 563 09 4 0
10 Sandouping Sandouping Yang Jia Wan
10 10 Three Gorges Dam Three
363 Gorges Dam
Three GorgesThree
Dam Gorges Dam
80
i 0
07 i iao Z 60
0
Yang Gui Dian iao Z Biai M
09 09 08 Bai M o Zi YangaJia M iao Z Yang Jia Wan 731
M ia i Wan
200
09 40 563 Bai B
09 0
06
PL 60
0
Yang Jia Wan Yang 363 0
60
Jia Wan
890
Long Hu Shan
80
08 111° E 0 00
07 0 6
60
96 97 98 99 00731 01 02 00 03 04 05 06
0
08 6 4
0
731
20
Yang Gui Dian
200
0
08 563
08 563 200 731 731
200
563 40 363
200
563 363 0
222 770
363 LEGEND
80
363 890
80
07 06 road
Main 800 Contour with value (interval 200 metres)
0
07
80
Yang Gui Dian
80
07 111° E 00
80
Yang Gui Dian
60
96 97 98 99 01 02 40 03 04 Zhang05 06
0
07 0
Jia Po
0
Other
Guiroad Spot height (metres)
0
657
40Yang Gui Dian Yang Dian
20
0
0
40 0 Long Hu Shan
0 Long Hu Shan
40 40
0 Track Mostly forested 890D Long Hu Shan Long Hu Shan
L EJiaGAo EN
M
0 06 222 890 770 Zhou
06 Dam98wall 890
06 111°
948 E 00 Main road 890 800
04 Contour 05 with value (interval 200 metres)
60
721E
60
06 98400 9699 111°97 01 111° 99 0104 Large

0205 4river/reservoir
00 0306 06
060
96 97 00 E 02 40 03
0
0
20
0
20
80
0 01
60
0
97 96 98 97 99 111° 98 EWatercourse
00 99 01 00 02 Other 02 0440 03 05 04 06657 05 Spot 728 06
60
0
96 40 03road height (metres)

0
0
20
0
0
Built-up area
20
0
0
222Qiao Jia Ping Village

L E G E N D 770 LEGEND
Source 3 An oblique aerial view of the222 222
770
770 L E G
Track
E N D 806Contour
Mostly forested
hui Pin
g
222 Main road Main
770 L
road
800E
Buildings G E N D
Contour with value 80 0
(interval 200 Open with
area value (interval 200 metres)
metres)
Zhou JiaSAo
Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in
800
Main road Dam wall

Contour with value (interval 200 metres) a ng
80
80
60
Main road 721 0
Contour with value 948 Large h river/reservoir
657 (interval 200 metres) Z Po
80
400 80 0 Shi Jia Po Zhang Jia Po

Other road Spot height (metres) Zhang Jia
SA
0
0
Other road Spot heightWatercourse
(metres)
0
China. Water flows through the open sluice 657

80
80
Other road Other road Spot1:100

height 000(metres) Zhang Jia Po Zhang Jia Po 728
0
657
Spot height (metres) Xi Zhou
0
Track Track 657

Mostly forested Scale Mostly forested Built-up area
gates. The hydroelectric power station is to Track
Qiao Jia Ping Village
0 1
Zhou 2
Mostly
Jia Ao 3
forested Zhou4 Jia Ao 5 60
0
Track Mostly forested ing
the left of the sluice gates. Dam wall Dam wall Zhou river/reservoir
Jia Ao 400 Open area
806 Shui P
60
721 Zhou Jia Ao Large
948 river/reservoir
60
721 400 948 Large

kilometres Buildings 701
kilometres
800
400 Dam wall ng
0
Wai He Wan
0
Dam wall 523 a
60
721 948 Watercourse 948 Large river/reservoir Z h
60
400 72140
Watercourse
0 Large river/reservoir Shi Jia Po
0
728
0
728
Built-up area
Qiao Jia Ping VillageWatercourse Watercourse
Qiao Jia Ping Village Built-up area 728 000
Built-up area 728 Scale 1:100 Xi Zhou
Qiao Jia Ping Village Built-up area ing ing
Qiao Jia Ping Village 806 Open area 806 0 Open area 1 Shu2i P 3 4 Shui 5P
g
Buildings in
800
Buildings 806 Open area ng ing ng ui P 400

800
Buildings 806
Shi Jia Po Open area Wai He Shi ha
JiaZPo
kilometres Shui gP Zha Sh 701
kilometres
800
Buildings Wan n
800
ng Zha 523
Shi Jia Po Shi Jia Po Zha Xi Zhou
Scale 1:100 000 Scale 1:100 000 Xi Zhou
Xi Zhou 6
Source 0 4 1 3 0001Scale
2 Scale01:100 4 1:1002000 5 3 4 Source: Xi Oxford
5 Zhou 60
0 University 6Press 00
0 1 0 2 1 3 2 4 3 400 5 4 5 400 60 00
Wai He kilometres 701
Wai He kilometres
Wan Wan 701
kilometres 400 523 4kilometres
00 0
523
Wai He kilometres
Wan 701 701
kilometres
Wai He kilometres
Wan kilometres 523 523

Remember and understand 5 Draw a sketch of the oblique aerial image (Source 3) 7
and label the following:
1 How is water used to create electricity?
• Three Gorges Dam • hydroelectricity plant
2 What advantages and disadvantages does the building
• Yangtze River • flooded valley.
of dams bring?
Mark in where you think the original course of the river
3 How can you stop a river flowing to build a dam wall?
flowed.
Apply and analyse 6 What happened to the towns, villages and farms
upstream of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze
4 Look carefully at Source 3. Oblique aerial images are taken
River?
from an angle and show a foreground and a background.
Is the dam wall in the foreground or the background?

2B rich task
The Ok Tedi mine

The Ok Tedi copper and gold mine is
located on the Ok Tedi River in Papua New
Guinea. During mining operations large
amounts of chemicals are used to separate
the precious gold and copper minerals
from other rocks. These chemicals, along
with ground up rocks and ore (known as
tailings), need to be disposed of. In order to
do this, the mine owners (BHP Billiton) built a
E
dam known as the tailings dam. The tailings
dam allowed heavy metals and solid waste PL
from the mine to settle. Cleaner water would
then be released into the river system.
Unfortunately, an earthquake in 1984
collapsed the tailings dam. BHP Billiton Source 1 Ok Tedi mine in Papua New Guinea
M
argued it was too expensive to rebuild it.
SA
Ok Tedi mine
Sulphide Creek
Since 1984, the mine has discharged 70 million tonnes
of tailings into the river system each year. Chemicals
from these tailings destroyed wildlife in the river,
particularly fish. The materials dumped into the river also Ok Tedi River
changed a deep and slow river into a shallow river with
rapids. Transport up and down the river became more
difficult. The change in the river bed led to frequent
floods that spread contaminated mud onto 1300 square
kilometres of farms along the Ok Tedi River. The
discharge from the Ok Tedi mine caused great harm Tabubil
to the 50 000 Indigenous people who live in the 120
villages downstream of the mine. Millions of dollars in
compensation was paid to those affected by the misuse
Ok Mani River
of the river system.
0 1 2 km
Source 2 Satellite image of Ok Tedi mine, 5 June 1990

skilldrill: Data and information
Identifying change over time

By carefully examining photographs, satellite images or
maps from different times we can see the changes that
occur at a location. When studying the same area at two
different times, undertake the following steps.
Step 1 Find a key feature, such as a river or main road, as a
reference point on both sources.
Step 2 Note the areas of the image where there has been
little or no change.
Step 3 List the differences in the later image where there
has been change.
Step 4 Look for other information on the image that shows
E
what might have contributed to the change.
Step 5 Describe the type of change – permanent change
PL or seasonal change (such as different stages of crop
production or plant growth).
Apply the skill

1 Study Sources 2 and 3.
a In what two years were the satellite images taken?
b Were the images taken at different times of the year?
M
c What changes to the rivers occurred between the
years when these images were taken?
d Why did these changes occur?
SA
Ok Tedi mine
e Are these changes permanent or seasonal?
Sulphide Creek
f Draw a sketch map of the area in 2004, using a key
and labels to outline the changes that have occurred
since 1990.
r Ok Tedi River
Extend your understanding

1 What competing uses were there for the Ok Tedi and
Ok Mani Rivers?
bil Tabubil
2 What problem did BHP Billiton have managing the
polluted water in their tailings dam?
3 What environmental impact did the tailings have on the
Ok Mani River
rest of the river?
4 What social impact did the actions of BHP Billiton at the
Ok Tedi mine have on the Indigenous users of the river?
0 1 2 km
5 Give another example where change in water use in one
Source 3 Satellite image of Ok Tedi mine, 26 May 2004
part of a river has impacted on water users downstream.

2.9 Water in Australia
Australia has the lowest volume of water in rivers and Rainfall distribution in Australia
the smallest number of permanent wetlands of any
continent except Antarctica. Australia’s water supplies Much of the Australian continent is dry. It is only the
are not evenly distributed. The northern third of northern, eastern and south-western coastal regions
the continent lies in the tropics and receives heavy that receive good annual rainfall. The climate of the
rainfall with monsoons in the summer. It is a water- eastern half of Australia is influenced by the Great
rich area. By comparison, vast areas of the interior Dividing Range. It extends 3500 kilometres from
receive very little rain. the northern tip of Cape York to southern Victoria.
Virtually all of Australia’s large cities and towns Moisture-rich winds from the south-east push warm,
are positioned on the coast, especially in the east and moist air over the land. Forced to rise and cool, the
south-east. While most of these areas receive good, water droplets fall onto the east coast as rain, but
reliable rainfall, pressure from a large number of as the air descends to the west, it becomes warmer
water users has put great strain on water resources in and drier.
E
these areas. S
w
AUSTRALIA: AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL (CLIMATE GRAPHS FOR SELECTED LOCATIONS)

Average temperature
45
Rainfall
450
PL Average temperature
45
40
Rainfall
450
400
40 400
35 350 35 350
30 300 Darwin 30 300

M
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
25 250
Rainfall (mm)
25 250
Rainfall (mm)
20 200 20 200
15 150 Tully 15 150

Nor thern
SA
10 100 10 100
Territor y
5 50 5 50
Queensland
0 0 fC apricorn Alice Springs 0 0
JFMAMJJASOND Tropic o JFMAMJJASOND
Month Month
Western
Darwin Alice Springs
Australia Brisbane f
Lake Eyre
Average temperature Rainfall Average temperature Rainfall t
45 450 45 450
South New South
40 400 40 400
Perth
Australia Wales
35 350 Sydney 35 350
Adelaide
ACT Canberra
30 300 LEGEND Victoria 30 300
Average annual rainfall
Temperature (°C)
Melbourne
Temperature (°C)
25 250
Rainfall (mm)
25 250 (millimetres)
Rainfall (mm)
20 200
Over 2400 20 200 t
1600 to 2400
15 150 1200 to 1600 Tasmania 15 150 i
600 to 1200 Hobart
10 100
t
10 100
200 to 600 1
0 400 800 km
5 50 Under 200 5 50
Great Artesian a
0 0 0 0
Basin
JFMAMJJASOND
Month
JFMAMJJASOND
Month
t
Adelaide Sydney b
Source 1 Source: Oxford University Press c
p

2C How much water do we have?
Australia’s river resources

Rivers are a vital source of fresh water for many
people. Australia, though, has the lowest volume of
water in rivers of any inhabited continent on Earth.
On average, just 12 per cent of Australia’s rainfall
is collected in rivers; this is referred to as the river
discharge. The remaining 88 per cent of rainfall is
used by plants, held in natural water storages (such
as lakes, wetlands and aquifers) or returned to the
atmosphere through evaporation. The Darling River,
part of Australia’s largest river basin (the Murray–
Darling Basin), loses enough water every year through
evaporation to fill Sydney Harbour four times.

E
Source 2 Australia’s heaviest rainfall makes Tully the white-
water rafting capital of Australia. 1 Why do many Australians live on the southern and
PL eastern coast?
Being such a large country, Australia has a great
ll 2 Where are the wettest regions of Australia?
deal of variation in rainfall. It is common for one Where are the driest regions of Australia?
part of the country to have floods while another has
3 How do many farmers and communities in inland
a long drought. The wettest place in Australia is Tully,
Australia access more water?
near Innisfail in north Queensland, which averages
4 Use the map in Source 1 to estimate how much
4204 millimetres of rainfall a year. Tully receives so
M
rainfall is received every year on average where
Rainfall (mm)
much rain because of its location within the tropics

you live.
on the north-eastern facing slopes of the Great
Dividing Range. Apply and analyse
SA
The driest place in Australia is on the shores of 5 Use the PQE method explained in the Skill drill
Kati Thanda (Lake Eyre) in South Australia, which on page 49 to describe the distribution
receives little more than 100 millimetres per year. of Australia’s rainfall.
Kati Thanda receives so little rain because it lies far 6 Four climate graphs are shown in Source 1.
from any supply of moisture. Air masses reaching Each of these gives us two important pieces of
the interior of the country have generally dropped information about the climate at a particular place.
their rain on to the south-eastern corner of Western Rainfall is shown as a series of blue bars while
Australia, and so they are dry by the time they arrive average temperatures are shown with a red line.
at Kati Thanda. The trickiest part of reading a climate graph is
Many communities in the interior of Australia reading the correct scales. Temperature is shown
rely on underground water as well as the little rain on the left-hand side, rainfall is shown on the
Rainfall (mm)
that falls. Lying beneath much of eastern Australia right-hand side, and months along the bottom.
is the world’s largest underground water supply, For more information on reading a climate graph
the Great Artesian Basin (see Source 1). It is over refer to page 29 of ‘The geography toolkit’.
a Which is the most water poor of the four
1.7 million square kilometres in size and covers
places shown? Why is this?
approximately 22 per cent of Australia. The water is
b Which has the most even or reliable rainfall
trapped underground in a sandstone layer covered
throughout the year? Why is this?
by sedimentary rock, creating a aquifer. Farmers and
c Which has the most seasonal rainfall?
ss communities access this water by drilling a well and
pumping water to the surface with a windmill.

2.10 Water in the world
In an average year, 577 000 km3 (cubic kilometres) 12 per cent ends up in our rivers. Only Africa has a
of rain falls on Earth. One cubic kilometre (1 km3) higher evaporation rate than Australia.
is equal to one trillion litres of water. That means The amount of water in Australian rivers is the
around 577 trillion litres of water falls to Earth as smallest of all inhabited continents, with South
rain each year. Of this, 458 000 km3 falls on the America experiencing the highest volumes of water
oceans and 119 000 km3 on land. in its rivers. For example, the Amazon River (the
When water falls to Earth as rain, most of it second-longest river in the world) carries more water
evaporates back into the atmosphere. Of the annual than any other river on Earth, with an average
rainfall that falls on land, 74 000 km3 (or 62 per cent) discharge (volume of water flowing through it)
evaporates. In Australia, around 65 per cent of our greater than the next seven largest rivers combined.
total rainfall each year evaporates. The remaining Nearly 20 per cent of all the fresh water entering the
35 per cent runs off the land, and of this, only about oceans comes from the Amazon River.
E
LEGEND
Asia
55% 32 200 km3 Rainfall (km3)
North America
PL Evaporation (%)
55% 18 300 km3
Africa
Runoff (%)
South America 80% 22 300 km3
57% 28 400km3
M
45% 45%
Europe
65% 8 290 km
3
SA
35%
43% 20%
Australia and
Oceania
65% 7 080 km3
35%
Source 1 Average volume of yearly rainfall (km3), evaporation and run-off by world region Source: FAO Aquastat
Source 2 Some of Australia’s driest regions are in the desert.

ARCT IC OCEAN
Arctic Circle
EUROPE 2C How much water do we have?
WORLD: ANNUAL RAINFALL NORTH

ASIA AMERICA
Shenyang
Tianjin
Zhengzhou AT L A NT I C
Cairo New Delhi Chongqing PACI FI C OCEAN OCEAN
Tropic of Cancer Kanpur Lucknow
Kolkata
AFRICA
Equator
ATLANT I C IND IAN Jakarta SOUTH

O C E AN O CE AN AMERICA
Tropic of Capricorn
AUSTRALIA
LEGEND
Severely polluted air
Severely polluted city
0 1500 3000 km
E
Source 3 PL Source: Oxford University Press

M
1 Use Source 1 to rank the six inhabited
continents in order from the continent
that has the most run-off to the
continent with the least.
SA
2 Which river carries the most water and

how does it compare to other rivers?
Apply and analyse

3 Look carefully at Source 3.
a Which region of the world is the
wettest? Why do you think this is
the case?
b Which part of Africa experiences
the lowest rainfall? What type of
landscape would you expect to find
here?
c Which part of Asia is the wettest?
What are some of the advantages
and disadvantages of high rainfall?
d Does the region north of the Arctic
Circle have low or high rainfall?
How might much of the water in
this region be stored?
Source 4 South America’s high rainfall has contributed to the creation of the
Iguazu Falls, which are 80 metres high and 3 kilometres wide.

2.11 The world’s drinking water
Drinking water, sometimes called potable water, is water that is safe
to drink and use for cooking and washing. In Australia, most water
undergoes some form of treatment to make it safe to drink. Water
treatment removes sediments, pollutants and microorganisms that
Mozambique China United
can make us sick. Australians are among the world’s biggest water
4 litres 86 litres Kingdom
users, using almost 500 litres of water per person per day. This 149 litres
figure is for all water use, including water used in agriculture and
industry. While this amount has declined in recent years, it still
ranks among the highest in the world. Experts estimate that each
Australian will need to use 12 per cent less water by 2030 in order
to stay within the limits imposed by our rainfall. Some households Peru Australia USA
have started to use a number of strategies to save water, while many 173 litres 493 litres 575 litres
others continue to waste large amounts.
E
Source: United Nations 2006
Access to safe drinking water Source 1 Water use per person per day.
Mozambique has the lowest daily water use
per capita while the United States has the
PL
In Australia, we take for granted that we have flush toilets, running
water from taps and clean, safe drinking water. However, millions
of people around the world get sick or die each year from drinking
highest.
contaminated water. The United Nations estimates that half the Source 2 In Chad, as in many African
world’s population has problems caused by lack of access to clean countries, each day begins with a walk to
the village well.
M
water. More than 1 billion people do not have access to a reliable
freshwater supply, and 2.6 billion do not have basic sanitation, such
as running water to clean their hands or flush their toilets.
It is estimated that, at any one time, almost half the people in
SA
poorer countries are suffering from health problems due to a lack

of safe water. Each year, millions of people die from diseases carried
in their water. Millions of women and children around the world,
particularly in Africa, spend several hours a day collecting and
carrying enough water to keep their families alive for another day.
68
68 oxford
oxfordbig
bigideas
ideasgeography 7 victorian
geographyhistory 7: australian
curriculumcurriculum

WORLD: ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER
ARCTIC OCEAN
Arctic Circle
NORTH
EUROPE ASIA AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Tropic of Cancer
AFRICA PACIFIC OCEAN
Equator LEGEND
ATLANTIC Percentage of population SOUTH
with access to safe
OCEAN drinking water AMERICA
INDIAN OCEAN
100
Tropic of Capricorn
90 to 99
AUSTRALIA
70 to 89
50 to 69
E
Under 50
No data available
0 1500 3000 km
Source 3
PL Source: Oxford University Press
keyconcept: Environment Check your learning 2.11
Serah’s story Remember and understand

M
1 What is potable water?
Serah and her six children live in Ethiopia in Africa.
2 How many people in the world do not have access
The scarcest resource in her region is water. Before
dawn, she makes her first journey to the village pump. to a reliable supply of fresh water?
SA
Once there were three wells, but the 8-metre well has 3 Describe the differences in the drinking water
dried up. The 9-metre well has a little salty water at available in most Australian homes and in Serah’s
the bottom. The flow from the pump of the 25-metre village.
well has slowed to a painful trickle. There is just barely Apply and analyse
enough for everyone to drink.
While it takes her 25 minutes to walk down the 4 Using Source 3 and the world map on the inside
hill to the pump, it will take her 40 minutes to make front cover of this book, identify two countries with
the return journey with the 10-litre jar balanced on excellent access to safe water and two countries
her head. She makes this trip at least twice a day. with poor access to safe water. Which continent
She tends not to drink as much as the others as she has the worst access to safe water?
believes she should look after her children before 5 Read Serah’s story.
herself. This means that she cannot produce enough a How much water will Serah collect in two trips
milk for her baby, so he is often ill. The water contains to the pump?
parasites that make her other children sick, but Serah b How many people depend on her trips to the
has little choice. pump?
For more information on the key concept of c How much will each person receive?
environment, refer to page 8 of ‘The geography d The average toilet in Australia uses 8 litres per
toolkit’. flush. Write a statement about the way water is
used in Australia compared to Ethiopia.

2C rich task
skilldrill: Data and information
The driest city Drawing climate graphs

in Africa? Climate graphs combine column graphs and
line graphs to help us interpret the climate in a
specific location. In order to draw a climate graph,
Namibia is the driest country in Africa south geographers gather climate data – the monthly
average rainfall and temperature – for the location they
of the Sahara Desert. Its capital, Windhoek, are investigating.
receives about 360 millimetres of rainfall a Step 1 Look carefully at the climate data to find the
year and its 250 000 people rely on three lowest and highest temperature figures that you
dams for most of their water. These dams, will need to show on your graph. In this example,
Windhoek’s temperature varies from 20 to 30
however, are built on rivers that do not degrees Celsius. Decide on a scale that shows this
always flow and are therefore unreliable for range of data, then place it on the left-hand axis of
E
city water use. your climate graph.
PL Step 2 Using graph paper, plot the temperature data
on your graph by placing a small, neat dot in the
centre of each month at the correct height. Join
In 1969 the government decided to mix water from traditional
the dots with a smooth red line and continue the
sources, such as dams and wells, with recycled water from
line to the edges of the graph.
the city’s sewage-treatment plant in order to supplement
Windhoek’s fresh water. As the city’s population continued Step 3 Look carefully at the climate data to find the
lowest and highest rainfall figures that you will
M
to grow rapidly, in the 1990s it was decided to build another
treatment plant to convert sewage into drinking water. need to show on your graph. In this example,
This was completed in 2002. Now more than one-third of Windhoek’s rainfall varies from 0 to 79 millimetres
Windhoek’s drinking water comes from this unlikely source, a month. Decide on a scale that shows this range
SA
making the city the world leader in turning waste-water into of data, then place it on the right-hand axis of your
drinking water. climate graph.
Step 4 Plot the rainfall on your graph by drawing a
blue column to the correct height for each month.
You may like to very lightly shade the bars with a
blue pencil.
Step 5 Complete your graph with a suitable title and
a label for each of the three axes.
Apply the skill

1 Using the steps shown above and the data in
Source 2, and referring to the Alice Springs climate
Source 1 Water is a scarce and precious resource in Namibia.
graph (Source 1 on page 64), construct a climate
These women walk for hours a day to collect water. graph for Windhoek.
Source 2 Climate data: Windhoek, monthly averages
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall (mm) 76 74 79 41 8 0 0 0 3 10 23 48
Temperature (°C) 29 28 27 25 22 20 20 23 25 29 29 30

NAMIBIA: AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL

Extend your understanding
1 Describe the annual pattern of rainfall

ANGOLA
in Windhoek.
ZAMBIA
Cu
2 Explain how this annual pattern makes
a
nd
Za m
o
dams and reservoirs an unreliable
be
Ri
C
Cu
ui
ve
water resource.
zi
ene Rive to
r
Cun
ba
Ri
r Ri
ng
ver
ve
3 Describe the annual pattern of R iver
o
r
Rundu
temperature and explain the impact Etosha
Pan
of these temperatures on the
Grootfontein Okavango
evaporation of water held in dams. Delta
4 Compare the climates of Windhoek and BOTSWANA
Alice Springs (Source 1 on page 62). Makgadikgadi
Pan
5 Examine the map of Namibia. Identify LEGEND
Windhoek Average annual rainfall
three water resources on this map. (millimetres)
E
6 a What have the people of Windhoek 0 150 300 km
NAMIBIA Over 500
400 to 500
done to make their water supply 300 to 400
more sustainable and safe? 200 to 300
PL 100 to 200
Fish Ri v er
b What problems does lack of access
Under 100
to safe water cause? Existing canal
7 Use the information on the map SOUTH
Proposed pipeline
Namibia Permanent river
(Source 3) to explain why a pipeline AFRICA Temporary river
is proposed to be built from the Country border
M
r
Oran
ge R i v
Cubango River to Grootfontein. e
8 Why would the people of Botswana Source 3 Source: Oxford University Press
be concerned about this proposed
SA
pipeline? Source 4 Many Namibian rivers (like the one shown below) are only temporary,
meaning they are dry for most of the year.

7
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Concepts and skills 2C How much water do we have?

Chapter 1 2.9 Water in Australia...........................................................................64

The geography toolkit ..................................................................4 2.10 Water in the world .........................................................................66

1.1 Geographical concepts ................................................................ 6

1.2 Geographical skills .......................................................................14

1.8 Fieldwork in geography ..............................................................36

3.6 Managing water scarcity ............................................................86

Chapter 2 3.8 Managing water in Australia’s biggest cities .....................90

Water as a resource.................................................................... 42 3.9 New ways of thinking about water ........................................94

2.5 Water connects places ..............................................................54

2.6 Water affects places ...................................................................56

2.7 Water for food .................................................................................58

2B Rich task: The Ok Tedi mine ....................................................62

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5C Rich task: Hamburg – a green city ..................................... 184

Glossary ....................................................................................................... 186

Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 192

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Developing geographical questions 1 16

Using line scale to measure distances 1 24

Creating an annotated visual display (AVD) 1 32

Using the PQE method to describe maps 2 49

Identifying change over time PL 2 63

Drawing climate graphs 2 70

Interpreting satellite images 3 84

Understanding flow maps 3 96

Locating places on topographic maps 3 109

Understanding population pyramids 4 129

Preparing fieldwork sketches 4 130

Drawing a concept map 4 133

Reading compound column graphs 4 135

Drawing overlay maps from street maps 4 142

Comparing climate graphs 5 148

Analysing a map 5 158

Explaining patterns on maps 5 172

Completing a map survey 5 174

Completing a street survey 5 175

Interpreting oblique aerial images 5 184

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Oxford Big Ideas Geography is a brand-new series developed

The learning sequence in each chapter is clearly

supporting questions consolidate and extend

Source materials – such as

vi oxford big ideas geography 7 victorian curriculum

00_OBI_GEO_VIC_7_08001_TXT_SI.indd 6 31/08/2016 11:07 am

Student obook assess provides a fully interactive

electronic version of the print Student book in

obook assess is compatible with laptops, iPads,

Teacher support is offered in digital format

using oxford big ideas geography victorian curriculum vii

00_OBI_GEO_VIC_7_08001_TXT_SI.indd 7 31/08/2016 11:07 am

42 oxford big ideas geography 7 victorian curriculum

02_OBI_GEO_VIC_7_08001_TXT_SI.indd 42 31/08/2016 12:04 pm

chapter 2 water as a resource 43

02_OBI_GEO_VIC_7_08001_TXT_SI.indd 43 31/08/2016 12:04 pm

but they will grow back Ocean waves are resources

44 oxford big ideas geography 7 victorian curriculum

02_OBI_GEO_VIC_7_08001_TXT_SI.indd 44 31/08/2016 12:04 pm

Non-renewable resources Even gravity is a