JK2e Ch008 SM May 2017

Chapter 08 - Interval Estimation
Chapter 8. Interval Estimation

Solutions
1.
a. For 90%, α =0.10 ; z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645
For 98%, α =0.02 ; z α / 2=z 0.01=2.332
For 88%, α =0.12 ; z α / 2=z 0.06=1.555
2.
a. For 89%, α =0.11 ; z α / 2=z 0.055=1.598
For 92%, α =0.08 ; z α / 2=z 0.04 =1.751
For 96%, α =0.04 ; z α /2=z 0.02=2.054
3.
a. x is normally distributed because the sample is derived from a normally distributed
population.
b. We use α =0.20 to find z α / 2=z 0.10=1.282. The margin of error for the 80%
8.2
confidence interval is: 1.282 =2.10 .
√ 25
c. We use α =0.10 to find z α / 2= z 0.05=1.645 . The margin of error for the 90%
8.2
confidence interval is: 1.645 =2.70 .
√25
d. The higher confidence level will lead to a higher margin of error, which will lead to a
wider interval.
4.
a. x is approximately normally distributed because the sample size n is sufficiently
large (n ≥ 30).
b. We use α =0.05 to find z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.96. The margin of error, with n=64 , for the
26.8
95% confidence interval is 1.96 =6.57.
√64
8-1
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c. The margin of error with n=225, for the 95% confidence interval is
26.8
1.96 =3.50 .
√225
d. The smaller sample size of n=64 will lead to a higher margin of error, which will
lead to a wider interval.
5.
There are three factors that influence the margin of error of the confidence interval:
 a higher population standard deviation σ will lead to a higher margin of error (and
hence a wider confidence interval)
 a smaller sample size n will lead to a higher margin of error
 a greater confidence level will lead to a higher margin of error.
Therefore, to reduce the margin of error, one can collect a larger sample and/or reduce
the confidence level.
6.
a. The sample mean, x=78.1, is the point estimate of the population mean.
4.5
z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645; the margin of error is: 1.645 =1.05 .
√50
The 90% confidence interval is: 78.1 ±1.05∨[77.05 ,79.15]
7.
For the 90% confidence interval,
z α =z 0.05=1.645; the confidence interval is:
2
0.5
5.25 ±1.645 =5.25± 0.16∨[5.09 , 5.41] .
√28
For the 99% confidence interval, z α =z 0.005=2.576 the confidence interval is:
2
0.5
5.25 ±2.576 =5.25 ±0.24∨[5.01 , 5.49].
√ 28
8.
a. For the 95% confidence interval, z α =z 0.025=1.96; the confidence interval is:
2
1.8
6.4 ± 1.96 =6.4 ±0.39∨[6.01 , 6.79]
√80
b. Yes, we can conclude with 95% confidence that the mean sleep in this Midwestern
town is not 7 hours because the value 7 does not fall within the confidence interval.
8-2
9.
a. We need to assume that the population has a normal distribution since n = 26 is not
sufficiently large (not ≥ 30).
b. For the 90% confidence interval, z α =z 0.05=1.645; the confidence interval is

2
72
218 ±1.645 =218 ±23.23∨[194.77 , 241.23]
√ 26
10.
500
a. For the 99% confidence interval, the margin of error is 2.576 =128.80
√100
b. The 99% confidence interval is 7,790 ±128.80∨[ 7,661.20 ,7,918.80 ]

11.
12,000 12,000
a. x−1.96 =36,080 ; x +1.96 =43,920 . Therefore,
√n √n
36,080+43,920
x= =40,000. The point estimate of the mean salary of all college
2
graduates in this town is 40,000.
12,000
b. 40,000−1.96 =36,080. Therefore, n=36. The sample size is 36.
√n
12.
10 10 14.355+17.645
a. x−z α /2 =14.355 ; x+ z α /2 =17.645 . Therefore, x= =16 .
√ 100 √ 100 2
The sample mean time used to compute the confidence interval is 16.
10
b. 16−z α / 2 =14.355 . z α / 2=1.645 . Therefore, α =0.10 . The confidence level
√ 100
used for the analysis is 90%.
13.
a. x=25,470.6
Excel command : ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A41)’
At 95% confidence level, z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96
Excel command: ‘=NORM.S.INV(0.975)’
σ 5,000
x ± z α/ 2 =25,470.6 ±1.96 =25,470.6 ± 1,549.52∨[23,921.08 , 27,020.12]
√n √ 40
8-3
With 95% confidence, the mean debt of all undergraduates from Connecticut falls
between $23,921.08 and $27,020.12.
b. The mean debt of the population of New Hampshire undergraduates is assumed to

be $31,048, which does not fall in the 95% confidence interval of the mean debt of
Connecticut undergraduates. Therefore, the mean debts from these two states are
significantly different.
14.
x=¿ 20.21; Excel command : ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A51)’;
At 90% confidence level, z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 ;Excel command: ‘=NORM.S.INV(0.95)’
σ 6
x ± z α / 2 =20.21 ±1.645 =20.21 ± 1.40∨[18.81 , 21.61]
√n √50
With 90% confidence, the mean hourly wage of all workers falls between $18.81 and
$21.61.
At 99% confidence level, z α / 2=z 0.005 =2.576 ; Excel command: ‘=NORM.S.INV(0.995)’
σ 6
x ± zα/ 2 =20.21 ±2.576 =20.21± 2.19∨[18.03 ,22.40]
√n √50
With 99% confidence, the mean hourly wage of all workers falls between $18.03 and
$22.40.
15. x=¿ 66; Excel command : ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A41)’

At 95% confidence level, z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96 ; Excel command: ‘=NORM.S.INV(0.975)’
σ 5
x ± zα / 2 =66 ± 1.96 =66 ±1.55∨[64.45 , 67.55]
√n √ 40
With 95% confidence, the mean speed of all cars falls between 64.45mph and
67.55mph. The safety officer’s concern is valid, since 55mph is not within the 95%
confidence interval. It suggests that the mean speed of all cars is much higher than the
speed limit.
16.
a. t 0.025 ,12 =2.179
b. t 0.10 ,12=1.356
c. t 0.025 ,25=2.060
d. t 0.10 ,25 =1.316
17.
a. We use α =0.10 , df =28−1=27 to find t α / 2 ,df =t 0.05 , 27=1.703.
b. We use α =0.05 , df =27 to find t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,27 =2.052.
c. We use α =0.10 , df =15−1=14 to find t α / 2 ,df =t 0.05 , 14=1.761.
8-4
d. We use α =0.05 , df =14 to find t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,14 =2.145.
18.
a. We use α =0.10 , df =24−1=23 to find t 0.05 ,23=1.714 . The 90% confidence interval
s 28.8
is x ± t α/ 2 ,df =104.6 ± 1.714 =104.6 ±10.08∨[94.52 , 114.68].
√n √24
b. We use α =0.01 , df =23 to find t 0.005 ,23=2.807 . The 99% confidence interval is
28.8
104.6 ± 2.807 =104.6 ± 16.50∨[88.10 ,121.10] .
√ 24
c. As the confidence level increases, the interval becomes wider.
19.
a. s= √ 33.64=5.8 0.We use α =0.05 and df =16−1=15 to find
t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,15 =2.131. The 95% confidence interval is
5.8
48.68 ± 2.131 =48.68± 3.09∨[45.59 , 51.77].
√ 16
b. With df =25−1=24 ,t 0.025 ,24 =2.064 .The 95% confidence interval is

5.8
48.68 ± 2.064 =48.68 ± 2.39∨[46.29 ,51.07] .
√25
c. The bigger sample size will lead to a smaller interval width and therefore a more
precise interval.
20.
22+18+14+25+ 17+28+15+21
a. x= =20
8
2
s=
∑ 2 2 2
(x¿¿ i−x ) (22−20) +(18−20) + …+(21−20)
=
2
=24 ¿
n−1 7
s= √ s =√24=4.90
2
b. We use α =0.20 , df =8−1=7 , ¿ find t 0.10 , 7=1.415. The 80% confidence interval is
4.90
20 ±1.415 =20 ± 2.45∨[17.55 ,22.45] .
√8
8-5
c. We use α =0.10 , df =7 ¿ find t 0.05 , 7=1.895 .The 90% confidence interval is

4.90
20 ±1.895 =20 ± 3.28∨[16.72, 23.28].
√8
d. As the confidence level increases, the interval becomes wider.
21.
3.50+4.00+ 2.00+3.00+2.50+3.50+2.50+3.00
x= =3.00
8
s=
2 ∑ ( x¿¿ i−x )2 = (3.50−3.00)2 +( 4.00−3.00)2 +…+(3.00−3.00)2 =¿ ¿0.43
n−1 7
s= √ s =√ 0.43=0.66
2
We use α =0.10 , df =7 ¿ find t 0.05 , 7=1.895 .The 90% confidence interval is

0.66
3.00 ±1.895 =3.00 ± 0.44∨[2.5 6 ,3.44 ].
√8
22.
a. Since weight loss is believed to be normally distributed, we can consider x
to be normally distributed. We use the t df distribution. We use α =0.05 ,
df =18−1=17 to find t 0.025,17=2.110 .For the 95% confidence interval, the margin
9.2
of error is 2.11 =4.58.
√ 18
b. 12.5 ± 4.58∨[7.92, 17.08]
23.
120+130+100+205+185+220
x= =160
6
2 2 2
2 (120−160) +(130−160) +…+(220−160) 12350
s= = =2470
5 5
s= √ s =√ 2470=49.70
2
We use α =0.10 , df =6−1=5 ¿ find t 0.05 , 5=2.015. The 90% confidence interval is
49.70
160 ±2.015 =160 ± 40.88∨[119.12 ,200.88] .
√6
24.
a. Since the sample size is sufficiently large (n ≥ 30 ¿, we consider X to be
approximately normally distributed, and apply the t df distribution. We use α =0.01 ,
df =36−1=35 to find t 0.005,35 =2.724 . For the 99% confidence interval, the margin
8-6
10
of error is 2.724 =4.54 .
√ 36
b. 100 ± 4.54∨[95.46 , 104.54]
25.
We use α=0.05 , df =36−1=35 ¿ find t 0.025 , 35 =2.03. The 95% confidence interval is:
36,000
158,000 ±2.03 =158,000 ±12,180∨¿]
√36
26.
14+7+ 17+20+18+15+19+ 28
a. x= =17.25
8
2 2 2
2 (14−17.25) +(7−17.25) + …+(28−17.25)
s= =35.36
8−1
s= √ s =√ 35.36=5.95
2
We use α =0.01 , df =8−1=7 ¿ find t 0.005 ,7 =3.499. The 99% confidence interval is:
5.95
17.25 ±3.499 =17.25± 7.36∨[9.89 , 24.61].
√8
b. For the above confidence interval to be valid, X must be normally distributed.

Therefore, we must assume that the population has a normal distribution since n is
smaller than 30.
27.
8.20+2.76+ …+4.10
a. x= =5.35 (¿ $ millions) .
6
√
2 2
( 8.20−5.35) + …+( 4.10−5.35)
s= =2.07 (¿ $ millions).
5
We use α =0.10 , df =6−1=5 ¿ find t 0.05 , 5=2.015. The 90% confidence interval is:
2.07
5.35 ±2.015 =5.35 ±1.70∨[ 3.65 ,7.05 ] (¿ $ millions).
√6
b. For the above confidence interval to be valid, X must be normally distributed.
Therefore, Sara must assume that CEO compensations have a normal distribution
since n is smaller than 30.
c. To reduce the margin of error of a 90% confidence interval, Sarah has to increase
her sample size, n.
28.
8-7
5.2+4.1+10.0+6.8+ 3.8+ 8.0+8.3

a. x= =6.6
7
s2=
∑ (x¿¿ i−x )2 = (5.2−6.6)2 +( 4.1−6.6)2 +…+(8.3−6.6)2 =5.42 ¿
n−1 6
s= √ s2 =√ 5.42=2.33
We use α =0.05 , df =6to find t 0.025,6=2.447 . The margin of error, with n = 7, for the
2.33
95% confidence interval is: 2.447 =2.15.
√7
b. We can reduce the margin of error by decreasing the confidence level.
29.
26+13+21+16+ 21
x= =19.4
5
2 2 2
2 (26−19.4) +(13−19.4) +…+(21−19.4)
s= =25.3
5−1
s= √ s =√ 25.3=5.03
2
We use α =0.10 , df =5−1=4 ¿ find t 0.05 ,4 =2.132. The 90% confidence interval is:
5.03
19.4 ± 2.132 =19.4 ± 4.80∨[14.6 , 24.2].
√5
30.
71+73+76+78+81+75
a. x= =75.67
6
(71−75.67)2+(73−75.67)2 +…+(75−75.67)2
s2= =12.67
6−1
s= √ s2 =√ 12.67=3.56
b. We use α =0.10 , df =6−1=5 , ¿ find t 0.05 ,5 =2.015. The 90% confidence interval is:
3.56
75.67 ± 2.015 =75.67 ± 2.93∨[72.74 ,78.60] .
√6
c. The margin of error increases as the confidence level increases, and therefore the
confidence interval becomes wider.
31.
a. We use α =0.01 , df =5−1=4 ¿ find t 0.005, 4 =4.604 .
Electronic: x=18 % , s=20.70 %
8-8
20.70
The 99% confidence interval is: 18 ± 4.604 =[−24.62 % , 60.62 %].
√5
Utilities: x=14.8 % , s=6.496 %
6.496
The 99% confidence interval is: 14.8 ± 4.604 =[ 1.42% , 28.18 % ] .
√5
b. We must assume that the annual return of each fund has a normal distribution, since
the sample size is less than 30.
32.
We use α =0.10 , df =n−1=25−1=24 ¿ find t 0.05,24=1.711.
s
The 90% confidence interval is x ± 1.711 =[ 1,690 ,1,810 ] .
√ 25
1,690+1,810 s
Therefore, x= =1,750 ,∧we can find s ¿ 1750+1.711 =1810.
2 √ 25
1810−1750
Thus , s= √ 25=175.34 .
1.711
33.
s
a. The 100 ( 1−α ) %confidence interval is: x ± t α / 2 ,35 =[ 8.20 , 9.80 ] . Therefore
√ 36
8.20+9.80
, x= =9.
2
9.80−9
b. s=2.365 ,t α / 2 ,35= √ 36=2.030 .Using the t table with df = 35, we find that
2.365
2.030 corresponds to α /2=0.025 . Therefore, the confidence level is 95%.
34.
n=5 ( 7 )=35.We use α =0.05 , df =35−1=34 ¿ find t 0.025,34 =2.032. The 95% confidence
260
interval is: 1,080 ±2.032 =1,080 ± 89.30∨[990.70 , 1169 . 30].
√35
The manager is wrong with the new strategy, since 1200 is not within the 95%
confidence interval. It suggests the new estimated average is too high.
35.
a. We use α =0.05 , df =n−1=143−1=142¿ find t 0.025,142=1.977 .
Excel command: ‘=T.INV(0.975,142) ‘
Research expenditure: x=302.47 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(C2:C144)’

s=429.64 ; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(C2:C144)’
8-9
The 95% confidence interval is:

429.64
302.47 ± 1.977 =302.47 ±71.03∨[231.44 , 373.50].
√ 143
b. Duration: x=20.50 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(E2:E144)’
s=12.71;Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(E2:E144)’
12.71
2 0.50 ±1.977 =20.50± 2.10∨[18.40 ,22.60 ].
√143
36.
a. We use α =0.05 , df =n−1=40−1=39 ¿ find t 0.025,39 =2.023.
Excel command: ‘=T.INV(0.975,39) ‘
Microeconomics: x=71.83 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B41)’

s=9.65; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(B2:B41)’
9.65
71.83 ±2.023 =71.83 ±3.09∨[68.74 , 74.92].
√ 40
Macroeconomics: x=70.40 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(C2:C41)’

s=13.26; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(C2:C41)’
13.26
70.40 ±2.023 =70.40 ± 4.24∨[66.16 , 74.64]
√ 40
b. The sample standard deviations for microeconomics and macroeconomics are
different. Therefore, the widths of the two confidence intervals are different.
37.
a. We use α =0.05 , df =n−1=22−1=21¿ find t 0.025,21 =2.080.
Boys: x=81.50 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B23)’

s=14.66; Excel command: ‘= STDEV.S(B2:B23)’
14.66
81.50 ± 2.080 =81.50 ± 6.50∨[ 75 ,88 ].
√ 22
Girls: x=81.68 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(C2:C23)’

s=10.49; Excel command: ‘= STDEV.S(C2:C23)’
10.49
The 95% confidence interval is: 81.68 ± 2.080 =81.68 ± 4.65∨[ 77.03 , 86.33 ] .
√ 22
We must assume that scores have a normal distribution, since the sample size is less
8-10
than 30.
b. The sample standard deviations of the scores of boys and girls are different.
Therefore, the widths of the two confidence intervals are different.
38.
We useα =0.10 , df =26−1=25 ¿ find t 0.05,25=1.708.
Debt payments: x=983.46 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(D2:D27)’
s=124.61;Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(D2:D27)’
The 90% confidence interval is: 983.46
124.61
± 1.708 =983.46 ± 41.74∨[941.70 , 1025.20]. Similarly, we use
√ 26
t α/ 2,25=t 0.025,25 =2.060 to compute a 95% confidence interval as: 983
124.61
.46 ± 2.060 =983.46 ± 50.34∨[933.12 ,1033.80]. The 95% confidence
√ 26
interval is wider because its confidence level is higher.
39.
50
a. p= =0.625 is the point estimate of the population proportion.
80
We use α =0.05 ¿ find z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.960. Therefore, the 95% confidence interval
for the proportion of successes is:
0.625 ± 1.960
√ 0.625(1−0.625)
80
=0.625 ± 0.106∨[0.519 , 0.731].
b. Since the proportion of successes is 0.625, the proportion of failures is 1 – 0.625 =

0.375. The margin of error remains the same, so the interval for the proportion of
failures is 0.375 ± 0.106∨[0.269 ,0.481].
40.
a. We use α =0.05 ¿ find z α / 2=z 0.025=1.960 . With n = 50, the 95% confidence interval
for the population proportion is:
0.6 ± 1.960
√ 0.6(1−0.6)
50
=0.6 ± 0.136=[0.464 , 0.736] .
b. With n = 200, the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion is:
0.6 ± 1.960
√ 0.6(1−0.6)
200
=0.6 ± 0.068∨[0.532, 0.668] . Here, since n is larger, the
interval is narrower and therefore more precise.
41.
8-11
30
80
b. For the 90% confidence interval: α =0.10 , thus z α /2 =z 0.05=1.645
The interval is: 0.375 ± 1.645

80 √
0.375(1−0.375)
=0.375 ± 0.089=[0.286 , 0.464]
For the 99% confidence interval: α =0.01 , thus z α /2=z 0.005=2.576
The interval is: 0.375 ± 2.576

√ 0.375(1−0.375)
80
=0.375± 0.139∨[0.236 , 0.514]
c. Yes, with 90% confidence, we can conclude that the population proportion differs
from 0.5 because the value 0.5 does not fall within the interval.
d. No, since the value 0.5 falls within the interval, we cannot conclude with 99%
confidence that the population proportion differs from 0.5.
42.
40
100
b. We use α =0.10 ¿ find z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 . Therefore, the 90% confidence interval
estimate is 0.40 ± 1.645

√
0.40(1−0.40)
100
=0.40 ± 0.081∨[0.319 ,0.481].
We use α =0.01 ¿ find z α/ 2=z 0.005=2.576. Therefore, the 99% confidence interval
estimate is
0.40 ± 2.576
√ 0.40(1−0.40)
100
=0.40 ±0.126∨[0.274 ,0.526 ].
c. Yes, with 90% confidence, we can conclude that the population proportion differs
from 0.5 because the value 0.5 does not fall within the interval.
d. No, since the value 0.5 falls within the interval, we cannot conclude with 99%
confidence that the population proportion differs from 0.5.
43.
18
a. p= =0.6 . We use α =0.12 ¿ find z 0.06=1.555. The 88% confidence interval is
30
0.6 ± 1.555
√ 0.6(1−0.6)
30
=0.6 ± 0.139∨[0.461 , 0.739]
b. We use α =0.02 ¿ find z 0.01=2.326. The 98% confidence interval is
8-12
0.6 ± 2.326
√ 0.6 (1−0.6)
30
=0.6 ± 0.208∨[0.392, 0.808] .
c. The interval becomes wider and therefore less precise as the confidence level
increases.
44.
The population parameter of interest is the proportion of Americans who support
Arizona’s new immigration enforcement law. We assume n=1,079 , p=0.51, and use
α =0.05 ¿ find z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.960. The 95% confidence interval is:
0.51 ±1.960
√ 0.51(1−0.51)
1,079
=0.51± 0.030∨[ 0.480 ,0.540 ] .
45.
a. p=0.47 .We use α =0.05 ¿ find z α / 2=z 0.025=1.960. The margin of error is
1.960
√ 0.47 (1−0.47)
1,026
=0.031
b. The 95% confidence interval is: 0.47 ± 0.031∨[0.439, 0.501]
46.
a. p=0.37 , α =0.10 ,thus z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645
The 90 % confidence interval is:0.37 ± 1.645

√ 0.37 (1−0.37)
5,324
=0.37 ± 0.011∨[0.359, 0.381]
b. p=0.37 , α =0.01 ,thus z α / 2=z 0.005 =2.576
The 99 % confidence interval is:0.37 ± 2.576

√ 0.37 (1−0.37)
5,324
=0.37 ± 0.017∨[ 0.353 , 0.387]
c. The margin of error in part b is greater because it uses a higher confidence level.
47.
560
a. p= =0.467 . The population parameter of interest is the proportion of middle-
1,200
income Americans who actively participate in the stock market. We use
α =0.10 ¿ find z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 . The 90% confidence interval is:
0.467 ± 1.645
√ 0.467(1−0.467)
1,200
=0.467 ± 0.024∨[0.443 ,0.491] .
8-13
b. With 90% confidence, we can conclude that the population proportion is not 50%
because the value 0.50 does not fall within the interval.
48.
a. p=0.44 .We use α =0.10 ¿ find z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 . The 90% confidence interval for
the population proportion is
0.44 ± 1.645
√ 0.44 (1−0.44)
1000
=0.44 ±0.026∨[0.414 , 0.466].
b. The margin of error is 0.026.
c. Using α =0.01∧z α /2 =z 0.005=2.576, the margin of error increases to
2.576
√ 0.44 (1−0.44)
1000
=0.040.
1
49. p= =0.20 , α =0.10 , thus z 0.05=1.645. The 90% confidence interval for the population
5
proportion is:0.20 ± 1.645

√ 0.20(1−0.20)
760
=0.20 ± 0.024∨[0.176 , 0.224 ] .
50.
a. p=0.275. We use α =0.10 ¿ find z α/ 2=z 0.05=1.645 . The 90% confidence interval for
the population proportion is:
0.275 ± 1.645
√ 0.275(1−0.275)
400
=0.275 ± 0.037∨[0.238 , 0.312].
b. No, we cannot conclude that the adult obesity rate in the US is not 30% because the
value 0.30 falls in the interval.
51.
The proportion of students who got at least a B is p=¿0.05 + 0.23 = 0.28. For
α =0.05 , z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.960, and therefore, the 95% confidence interval is:
0.28 ± 1.960
√ 0.28(1−0.28)
140
=0.28± 0.074∨[ 0.206 , 0.354 ] .
52.
308
a. p= =0.300 , α =0.10 , thus z α /2 =z 0.05=1.645. The 90% confidence interval for
1,026
the population proportion is:
8-14
0.300 ± 1.645
√ 0.30(1−0.30)
1,026
=0.300 ± 0.024∨[0.276 , 0.324 ].
103
b. p= =0.100 . The 90% confidence interval for the population proportion is:
1,026
0.100 ± 1.645
√ 0.10(1−0.10)
1,026
=0.100 ± 0.015∨[0.085 , 0.115].
53.
1,225
a. p= =0.23 , α=0.05 ,thus z α / 2=z 0.025=1.960. The margin of error used in the
5,324
95% confidence interval for the population proportion of those who believe that
low crime is most important is:1.960

√ 0.23(1−0.23)
5,324
=0.011.
1,969+799
b. p= =0.52 .The margin of error used in the 95% confidence interval for
5,324
the population proportion of those who believe that good jobs or affordable homes
are important is: 1.960

√ 0.52(1−0.52)
5,324
=0.013 .
c. The margin of error in part a and b are different because the population proportions
in parts a and b are different.
54.
20
a. p= =0.25.
80
b. We use α =0.05 ¿ find z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.960. The 95% confidence interval for the
population
proportion is: 0.25 ± 1.960

√ 0.25(1−0.25)
80
=0.25 ± 0.095∨[0.155 ,0.345 ].
c. No, the mayor’s claim cannot be justified with 95% confidence since the national
average value 0.20 (=1/5) falls within the interval.
55.
With 80% confidence, z α/ 2=z 0.10=1.282 . Since σ^ is not given, calculate it as
8-15
range 80−20
σ^ = = =15.
4 4
Given E= 2.6, n=
1.282× 15 2
2.6 ( )
=54.70 , which is rounded up to 55.
With 95% confidence, z α / 2=z 0.025=1.96 . Thus,
n= (
1.96 ×15 2
2.6 )
56.
Given E=10 , σ=40 , z α /2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,
n= (
1.96 × 40 2
10 )
57.
Given E=1.2, σ^ =6.0 , z α / 2=z 0.005 =2.576 ,
n= ( 2.576 ×6 2
1.2 )
58.
For a 90% confidence interval, z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 .Given E = 1.2, σ^ =3.5 ,
( ) (
2
z α/ 2 σ^
n=
E
=
1.645 ×3.5 2
1.2 )
If the margin of error decreases to E = 0.7, then,
n= ( 1.645 ×3.5 2
0.7 )
59.
Given E=0.08 , ^p =0.36 , z α / 2=z 0.025=1.96 ,
( )
2 2
n=
z α/ 2
E
^p ( 1− ^p ) = ( )
1.96
0.08
0.36(1−0.36)=138.3 , which is rounded up to 139.
( )
zα/ 2 2 2
If E=0.12 , n=
E
× ^p ( 1−^p )=
1.96
0.12( )× 0.36(1−0.36)=61.47 , which is rounded
up to 62.
60.
Given E=0.12 , ^p =0.80 , with 99 % confidence , z α / 2=z 0.005=2.576 . Thus,
( )
z α/ 2 2 2
n=
E
^p ( 1− ^p ) =
2.576
0.12( )
With 90 % confidence , z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 . Thus,
8-16
n¿ ( 1.645 2
0.12 )
61. E=0.06 , z α/2 =z 0.025 =1.96 .Since no prior population proportion estimate is available,
we use a conservative estimate ^p=0.50:
n= ( ) 1.96 2
0.06
range 850−300
62. E=20 , z α /2=z 0.025=1.96 , σ^ = = =137.50. Thus,
4 4
n= ( 1.96 ×137.50 2
20 )
63.
Given E=0.06 , σ^ =0.32, z α / 2=z 0.005 =2.576 ,
n= ( 2.576 ×0.32 2
0.06 )
64.
a. E=0.04 , σ A =0.206 , z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,thus n= ( 1.96 ×0.206 2

0.04 )
=101.89 , which is
rounded up to 102.
( )
2
1.96 ×0.128
b. E=0.04 , σ B=0.128 , z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,thus n= =39.34 , which is
0.04
rounded up to 40.
c. Since the population standard deviation for Fund A is higher than for Fund B, it
leads to a higher margin of error. Therefore, to achieve the same margin of error for
both funds, Fund A requires a larger sample size.
65.
Given E=0.5 , σ^ =1.8 , z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,
n= ( 1.96 ×1.8 2
0.5 )
66.
a. Given E=5 , σ^ =18 , z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96 ,
n= ( 1.96 ×18 2
5 )
8-17
b. Given E=3 , σ^ =18 , z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96 ,
n= (
1.96 ×18 2
3 )
67. E=0.05 , z α /2=z 0.05 =1.645. Since no prior population proportion estimate is available,
we use the conservative estimate ^p=0.50:
n= ( 1.645 2
0.0 5 )
0.50(1−0.50)=27 0.6 0 , which is rounded up to 271.
68.
110
Given E=0.02 , ^p = =0.46 , α=0.10 , z α /2=z 0.05 =1.645. Thus,
240
( )
2 2
z
n= α/ 2 ^p ( 1− ^p ) =
E
1.645
0.02 ( )
×0.46(1−0.46)=1,680.44 , which is rounded up to
1,681.
69.
a. The population parameter of interest is the proportion of all people between the
ages of 50-64 who have tried alternative therapies. The point estimate is ^p=0.70.
For 90% confidence, z α/ 2=z 0.05=1.645 , so the margin of error is:
1.645
√ 0.70(1−0.70)
400
=0.038 .
b. With E = 0.02, assuming ^p=0.70 is a reasonable estimate of p,
n¿ ( 1.645 2
0.02 )
0.70(1−0.70)=1,420.66 , which is rounded up to 1,421.
70.
Given E=0.06 , ^p =2/5=0.40 , z α /2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,
n¿ ( )
1.96 2
0.06
0.40 (1−0.40)=256.11 , which is rounded up to 257.
71. E=0.05 , z α /2=z 0.005 =2.576 .Since no prior population proportion estimate is available,
use ^p=0.50: n= ( 2.576 2

0.05 )
72.
df =9 , t α =t 0.025,9=2.262; T
, df
2
15
he 95 % confidence interval is :10± 2.262 =10 ±10.73∨[−0.73 , 20.73]
√ 10
8-18
73.
40+30+ 28+22+36+16+50 222
a. x= = =31.71 ,
7 7
√
2 2 2
( 40−31.71) +(30−31.71) +…+(50−31.71)
s= =√ 129.90=11.4 , df =6.
7−1
t α / 2 ,df =t 0.05 , 6=1.943;
11.4
The 90 % confidence interval is:31.71 ±1.943 =31.71 ± 8.37∨[23.34 , 40.08]
√7
b. t α / 2=t 0.005,6=3.707 ;
11.4
The 99 % confidence interval is31.71 ±3.707 =31.71 ± 15.97∨[15.74 , 47.68]
√7
c. As the confidence level increases, the interval becomes wider, that is, less precise.
74.
a. df =224 t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,224 =1.971
12
The 95 % confidence interval is:16 ± 1.971 =16 ±1.58∨[14.42 ,17.58 ]
√ 225
b. Yes, we can conclude with 95% confidence that the average worker does not take 14
days of vacation because the interval does not include the value 14.
75.
549+449+ …+609
a. x= =580,
6
√
2 2 2
( 549−580 ) + ( 449−580 ) +…+ ( 609−580 )
s= =√ 8,134=90.19 , df =5
6−1
90.19
t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,5 =2.571;The 95 % confidence interval is:580 ± 2.571 =¿
√6
580 ± 94.66∨[485.34 , 674.66]
b. We assume that the prices of single family homes in San Luis Obispo follow a normal
distribution.
76. df =39 ; t α /2 , df =t 0.05 ,39=1.685

9,120
The 90% confidence interval is: 27,500± 1.685 =27,500 ± 2,429.77 or
√ 40
[25,070.23, 29,929.77]. With 90% confidence, we can conclude that the average debt
has not changed because the interval contains the target average debt of $25,250.
8-19
77.
a. The parameter of interest is the average filing weight of all cereal packages. The
point estimate is x=1.22. For a 95% confidence level, z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,thus the
0.06
margin of error is: 1.96 =0.02.
√36
b. The confidence interval is 1.22 ±0.02∨[1.20 ,1.24 ] which means that with 95%
confidence we can conclude that machine is operating properly because the interval
contains the target filling weight of 1.20 pounds.
c. E=0.01 , z α /2=z 0.025=1.96 , thus
n= ( 1.96 ×0.06 2
0.01 )
=138.3 , which is rounded up to 139. Thus the sample size should
be at least 139 in order to get a margin of error below 0.01.
78.
With 90% confidence, z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 . Since σ^ is not given, calculate it as
σ^ =
range 800−200
4
=
4
=150. Given E = 15, n=
1.645 ×150 2
15 (
=270.60 , which is )
rounded up to 271.
79.
a.
z 0.005=2.576 ; The 99 % confidence interval is:0.82 ± 2.576

.
√ 0.82(1−0.82)
50
=0.82 ± 0.14∨[0.68 , 0.96]
b. The 99% margin of error is 0.14, as calculated above.
80.
13±2+ …±14
a. x= =3.6,
5
s=
√
(13−3.6)2+(−2−3.6)2+ …+(−14−3.6)2
5−1
=√ 159.3=12.62 , df =4 ;
b. t α =t 0.025 , 4=2.776 ;
,df
2
12.62
The 95 % confidence interval is:3.6 ± 2.776 =3.6 ± 15.67∨ [−12.07 , 19.27 ] .
√5
8-20
c. You must assume that the annual returns at Vanguard Energy Fund follow a normal
distribution.
81. We useα =0.05 , ¿ find z 0.025 =1.96. We are given n=36∧¿ σ =100 ;
x=516.03 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A37)’
100
The 95% confidence interval is: 516.03 ±1.96 =516.03 ±32.67∨[483.36 ,548.70].
√ 36
Similarly, we use z α / 2=z 0.01=2.33 to compute a 98% confidence interval as
100
516.03 ±2.33 =516.03 ±38.83∨[477.20 , 554.86].
√36
82.
a. x=¿ 78.4; Excel command : ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A51)’
At 95% confidence level, z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96; Excel command: ‘=NORM.S.INV(0.975)’
The confidence interval is:
σ 5
x ± z α/ 2 =78.4 ± 1.96 =78.4 ± 1.39∨[77.01 , 79.79]
√n √ 50
b. Since 81.84 does not belong to the interval [77.01, 79.79], with 95% confidence, we
can conclude that the mean life expectancy of Hawaii residents differs from that for
Michigan residents.
83.
a. We use α =0.05 , df =n−1=50−1=49 ¿ find t 0.025,49=2.010.
Pitcher 1: x=85.16 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A51)’

s=3.30; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(A2:A51)’
3.30
The 95% confidence interval is: 85.16 ± 2.010 =85.16 ± 0.94∨[84.22 , 86.10].
√ 50
Pitcher 2: x=84.68 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B51)’

5.94
The 95% confidence interval is: 84.68 ± 2.010 =84.68± 1.69∨[82.99 , 86.37].
√ 50
b. The standard deviations of these two samples are different. Thus the widths of the
two intervals are different.
84.
8-21
a. Monday: s=21.12. ; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(A2:A31)’

Tuesday: s=11.82; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(B2:B31)’
We use α =0.05 , df =30−1=29to find t 0.025,29 =2.045 . For the 95% confidence
level, the margin of
errors of the mean number of tickets sold for Monday and Tuesday are
21.12 11.82
2.045 =7.89 and 2.045 =4.41, respectively. The margin for Monday is
√30 √30
greater because 21.12 > 11.82.
b. Monday: x=222.37 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A31)’

Tuesday: x=190.07 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B31)’
The 95% confidence intervals for the mean number of tickets sold for Monday and
Tuesday are: 222.37 ± 7.89∨[214.48 , 230.26] and 190.07 ± 4.41∨[185.66 ,194.48]
, respectively.
c. For both Monday and Tuesday, the population mean differs from 200 because 200
does not belong to any of the two confidence intervals.
85.
a. At 90% confidence level, we use α =0.10 , df =40−1=39 ¿ find t 0.05,39 =1.685.
Monthly rent: x=1,222.93 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A41)’
s=424.80; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(A2:A41)’

424.80
1,222.93 ±1.685 =1,222.93 ±113.18∨[1,109.75 , 1,336.11] .
√ 40
At 95% confidence level, we use α =0.05 , df =40−1=39 ¿ find t 0.025,39 =2.023. The
95% confidence interval is:
424.80
1,222.93 ±2.023 =1,222.93 ± 135.88∨[1,087.05 , 1,358.81].
√ 40
b. Square footage: x=1,286.03 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B41)’


645.81
1,286.03 ±1.685 =1,286.03 ± 172.06∨[1,113.97 , 1,458.09].
√40
8-22

645.81
1,286.03 ±2.023 =1,286.03± 206.57∨[1,079.46 ,1,492.60 ].
√ 40
86.
a.
√
z 0.025 =1.96; 1.96 0.121(1−0.121) =0.018
1235
b. The 9 5 % confidence intervalis :0.121 ± 0.018∨[ 0.103 , 0.139 ] .
87.
a. z 0.025 =1.96 , p=0.36
The 9 5 % confidence intervalis :0.36 ± 1.96

√ 0.36(1−0.36)
3057
=0.36 ± 0.017∨ [ 0.343 , 0.377 ] .
b. z 0.005 =2.575 , p=0.36
The 9 9 % confidence interval is:0.36 ± 2.575

√ 0.36 (1−0.36)
3057
=0.36 ± 0.022∨[ 0.338 , 0.382 ] .
c. The confidence interval in part b is wider because of a higher confidence level.
88.
Given E=0.05 , ^p =1/5=0.20 , z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 ,
n¿ (
1.645 2
0.05 )
This is assuming that ^p=0.20, based on prior studies, is a reasonable estimate of p in

the planning stage.
89.
12
a. Science: p= =0.4 .
30
We use α =0.05 ¿ find z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96 . The 95% confidence interval for the
proportion of students who would like to pursue Science is:
0.4 ± 1.96
√ 0.4 (1−0.4)
30
=0.4 ± 0.175∨[ 0.225 , 0.575 ] .
10
Business: p= =0.333 .
30
8-23
The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of students who would like to
pursue Business is:
0.333 ± 1.96
√ 0.333(1−0.333)
30
=0.333 ± 0.169∨ [ 0.164 , 0.502 ] .
The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of students who would like to
pursue Science is wider because the corresponding sample proportion is closer to
0.5.
14
b. Female: p= =0.467 .
30
We use α =0.10 ¿ find z 0.05=1.645 . The 90% confidence interval for the proportion
of female students who are college bound is:
0.467 ± 1.645
√ 0.467(1−0.467)
30
=0.467 ± 0.150∨[ 0.320 , 0.620 ] .
90.
10
a. Smoking: p= =0.2 .We use α =0.05 ¿ find z α/ 2=z 0.025 =1.96 .
50
The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of pedestrians in Lower Manhattan
who smoke while walking is: 0.2 ±1.96

√ 0.2(1−0.2)
50
=0.2 ±0.111∨[ 0.089 ,0.311 ] .
With 95% confidence, we can conclude that the percentage of pedestrians in Lower
Manhattan who smoke while walking is somewhere between 8.9% and 31.1%.
20
b. Tourist: p= =0.4 .The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of pedestrians
50
in Lower Manhattan who are tourists is:
0.4 ± 1.96
√ 0.4 (1−0.4)
50
=0.4 ± 0.136∨ [ 0.264 ,0.536 ] .
With 95% confidence, we can conclude that the percentage of pedestrians in Lower
Manhattan who are tourists is somewhere between 26.4% and 53.6%.
91.
Given E=500 , σ^ =1,580 , z α / 2=z 0.025=1.96 ,
( )
2
1.96 ×1,580
n= =38.36 , which is rounded up to 39.
500
92.
Given E=0.05 , ^p =0.785 , z α /2 =z 0.025=1.96 ,
8-24
n¿ ( )
1.96 2
0.05
93. E=0.05 , z α /2=z 0.025 =1.96
a. ^p=0.85, thus n ¿ ( )
1.96 2
0.05
^p=0.45, thus n ¿ (
0.05 )
2
1.96
b. 0.45(1−0.45)=380.32 , which is rounded up to 381.
Case Study 8.1
Using Excel, we obtain the following relevant results:

Bachelor's Degree High School Diploma No High School Diploma
Mean 22.9596 Mean 12.2610 Mean 10.4607
Standard Standard Standard
Deviation 3.56262 Deviation 3.55175 Deviation 2.36902
Confidence
Level(95.0% 1.33030 Confidence 1.32624 Confidence
) 2 Level(95.0%) 7 Level(95.0%) 0.88461
1. The average hourly wage for a Texas worker with a bachelor’s degree or higher is
$22.96. The average hourly wage for a Texas worker with and without a high school
diploma is $12.26 and $10.46, respectively. Texas workers with a bachelor’s degree or
higher earn approximately twice as much per hour than those workers with at most a
high school education. The variability in the hourly wage for Texas workers with a
bachelor’s degree or higher and those with a high school diploma seems comparable (in
absolute terms) with standard deviations of $3.56 and $3.55, respectively. The
variability in the hourly wage is less for those workers without a high school diploma
with a standard deviation of $2.37.
2. The 95% confidence interval for the mean hourly wage of Texas workers with a
bachelor’s degree or more is: 22.96 ± 1.33∨[$ 21.63 , $ 24.29 ] .
The 95% confidence interval for the mean hourly wage of Texas workers with a high
school diploma is:12.26 ± 1.33∨[$ 10.93 , $ 13.59].
The 95% confidence interval for the mean hourly wage of Texas workers without a high
school diploma is:9.58 ± 0.88∨[$ 9.58 , $ 11.34] .
Case Study 8.2
8-25
1. Fidelity Select Automotive Fund has an average annual return of 15.52% with a high of
122.28% in 2009, and a low of -61.20% in 2008. The standard deviation (used as a
measure of risk) is 49.02%.
Fidelity Select Gold Fund has an average annual return of 24.46% with a high of 64.28%
in 2002 and a low of ‒20.49% in 2008. The standard deviation is 25.70%, which
suggests that the Gold fund is less risky than the Automotive Fund.
2. The 95% confidence intervals can be found using t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,8 =2.306.
The Automotive Fund has a 95% confidence interval of:
49.02
15.52 ±2.306 =15.52 ±37.68∨[−22.16 , 53.20]
√9
The Gold fund has a 95% confidence interval of:
25.70
24.46 ± 2.306 =24.46 ± 19.75∨[4.71 , 44.21]
√9
The two confidence intervals show that the Automotive Fund has an average annual
return between -22.16% and 53.20% with 95% confidence, whereas the Gold Fund has
an average annual return between 4.71% and 44.21% with 95% confidence. The
margin of error is much higher for the Automotive Fund (37.68% compared to
19.75%), which is in part because the volatility (standard deviation) is much higher for
that fund. This leads to a less precise interval than the Gold fund.
The above confidence intervals were constructed under the assumption that the
annual returns for both funds follow a normal distribution.
Case Study 8.3
Using n = 1000, we can find 95% confidence intervals of the population proportions using
z 0.025 =1.96
1. With p̄=0 .36 , the 95% confidence interval of the proportion of people who approved
of the way that President
Bush handled Hurricane Katrina is:
0.36 ± 1.96
√ 0.36(1−0.36)
1000
∨0.36 ± 0.03=[0.33, 0.39]
8-26
With , the 95% confidence interval of the proportion of people who approved
of the way that President Obama handled the Gulf Coast Spill is:
0.50 ± 1.96
√ 0.50(1−0.50)
1000
∨0.50± 0.03=[0.47 , 0.53]
Since the confidence interval for the approval of President Obama is entirely above the
confidence interval for President Bush, we can infer that people believed that President
Obama handled the Gulf Coast spill better than President Bush handled Hurricane
Katrina.
2. With , the 95% confidence interval of the proportion of people who believed
domestic issues were more important in 2006 is:
0.43 ± 1.96
√ 0.43(1−0.43)
1000
=0.43± 0.03∨[0.40 , 0.46]
With , the 95% confidence interval of the proportion of people who believed
domestic issues were more important in 2010 is:
0.73 ± 1.96
√ 0.73(1−0.73)
1000
=0.73± 0.03∨[0.70 , 0.76]
Since the confidence interval for 2010 is entirely above the confidence interval for 2006,
we can infer that domestic issues were of more importance to Americans in 2010 than
they were in 2006.
8-27

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Chapter 08 - Interval Estimation

Chapter 8. Interval Estimation

b. For the 90% confidence interval, z α =z 0.05=1.645; the confidence interval is

b. The 99% confidence interval is 7,790 ±128.80∨[ 7,661.20 ,7,918.80 ]

b. The mean debt of the population of New Hampshire undergraduates is assumed to

15. x=¿ 66; Excel command : ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A41)’

d. We use α =0.05 , df =14 to find t α / 2 ,df =t 0.025 ,14 =2.145.

b. With df =25−1=24 ,t 0.025 ,24 =2.064 .The 95% confidence interval is

c. We use α =0.10 , df =7 ¿ find t 0.05 , 7=1.895 .The 90% confidence interval is

d. As the confidence level increases, the interval becomes wider.

We use α =0.10 , df =7 ¿ find t 0.05 , 7=1.895 .The 90% confidence interval is

b. 12.5 ± 4.58∨[7.92, 17.08]

b. 100 ± 4.54∨[95.46 , 104.54]

b. For the above confidence interval to be valid, X must be normally distributed.

5.2+4.1+10.0+6.8+ 3.8+ 8.0+8.3

b. We can reduce the margin of error by decreasing the confidence level.

Electronic: x=18 % , s=20.70 %

Research expenditure: x=302.47 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(C2:C144)’

The 95% confidence interval is:

Microeconomics: x=71.83 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B41)’

Macroeconomics: x=70.40 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(C2:C41)’

Boys: x=81.50 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B23)’

Girls: x=81.68 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(C2:C23)’

b. Since the proportion of successes is 0.625, the proportion of failures is 1 – 0.625 =

b. For the 90% confidence interval: α =0.10 , thus z α /2 =z 0.05=1.645

The interval is: 0.375 ± 1.645

For the 99% confidence interval: α =0.01 , thus z α /2=z 0.005=2.576

The interval is: 0.375 ± 2.576

estimate is 0.40 ± 1.645

b. We use α =0.02 ¿ find z 0.01=2.326. The 98% confidence interval is

b. The 95% confidence interval is: 0.47 ± 0.031∨[0.439, 0.501]

The 90 % confidence interval is:0.37 ± 1.645

b. p=0.37 , α =0.01 ,thus z α / 2=z 0.005 =2.576

The 99 % confidence interval is:0.37 ± 2.576

b. The margin of error is 0.026.

c. Using α =0.01∧z α /2 =z 0.005=2.576, the margin of error increases to

proportion is:0.20 ± 1.645

low crime is most important is:1.960

are important is: 1.960

proportion is: 0.25 ± 1.960

With 95% confidence, z α / 2=z 0.025=1.96 . Thus,

If the margin of error decreases to E = 0.7, then,

With 90 % confidence , z α / 2=z 0.05=1.645 . Thus,

a. E=0.04 , σ A =0.206 , z α / 2=z 0.025 =1.96 ,thus n= ( 1.96 ×0.206 2

b. Given E=3 , σ^ =18 , z α/ 2=z 0.025=1.96 ,

b. With E = 0.02, assuming ^p=0.70 is a reasonable estimate of p,

use ^p=0.50: n= ( 2.576 2

76. df =39 ; t α /2 , df =t 0.05 ,39=1.685

c. E=0.01 , z α /2=z 0.025=1.96 , thus

be at least 139 in order to get a margin of error below 0.01.

z 0.005=2.576 ; The 99 % confidence interval is:0.82 ± 2.576

b. The 99% margin of error is 0.14, as calculated above.

Pitcher 1: x=85.16 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A51)’

Pitcher 2: x=84.68 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B51)’

a. Monday: s=21.12. ; Excel command: ‘=STDEV.S(A2:A31)’

b. Monday: x=222.37 ; Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(A2:A31)’

The 90% confidence interval is:

b. Square footage: x=1,286.03 ;Excel command: ‘=AVERAGE(B2:B41)’

The 90% confidence interval is:

The 95% confidence interval is:

b. The 9 5 % confidence intervalis :0.121 ± 0.018∨[ 0.103 , 0.139 ] .

The 9 5 % confidence intervalis :0.36 ± 1.96

b. z 0.005 =2.575 , p=0.36