This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIA.2019.2908950, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications
Multi-Objective Reconfigurable Three Phase
Off-Board Charger for EV
Anjeet Verma, Member, IEEE, and Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—This paper deals with the control and implementation
of solar photovoltaic (PV) array based multi-objective bi-
directional charger beneficial for electric vehicle (EV), household
load and utility. For EV, the charger provides the charging
facility. For household load, the charger acts as a standalone
inverter and for utility the charger acts as an active power filter.
However, for providing the multi-functionality and the
multimode operation capability of the charger, a reconfigurable
control strategy is proposed. Moreover, an adaptive DC link
voltage strategy is proposed for achieving the optimum voltage at
DC link under all voltage conditions for achieving minimum
ripple in grid currents. The charger also uses a voltage
synchronization strategy for achieving the seamless mode
transition between the grid connected and standalone modes. In
grid connected mode, the charger uses a double second order
generalized integrator (SOGI) based positive sequence estimator
along with the improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) based
algorithm for generating the balanced and sinusoidal reference
grid currents, under the unbalanced and distorted grid voltages.
The charger is implemented in the laboratory, and the
performance is presented under various steady-state and
dynamic conditions.
Index Terms— Electric vehicle, solar PV array, multi-objective
charger, standalone, grid connected, uninterrupted supply,
power quality, bi-directional power flow.
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to environmental concerns and limiting petroleum
fuels, the world is undergoing two paradigm shift [1], [2]. The
first one is from the conventional vehicle to electric vehicle
(EV) [3], and the second is from the conventional energy
sources to renewable energy sources (RES). The pillars for the
development of EV segments, are the cheap and reliable
energy storage technology, efficient motor drive, intelligent
controls, charging infrastructure and at last the government
policies [4]. Similarly, the adoption of renewable energy
sources for the generation mainly depends on the cost of the
energy harvesting equipment, lifespan, maintenance
requirement, payback period and government policies [5].
A survey reveals that in 2017, only 20% of the total
generated electricity is coming from the RES and 60% is
generated from the conventional energy sources [6].
Therefore, even if the EVs replace the entire internal
combustion engine based vehicles, the problem of pollution
and energy security is not going to be solved. Therefore, many
efforts are being made to develop renewable energy based
charging infrastructure [7]-[12]. One way is to install the big
solar or wind power plants, in the remote areas and transmit
the generated energy to the charging station. However, the
development of big solar or wind power plant requires huge
space, massive investment and planning.
Moreover, the transmission of power requires the
commissioning of a new transmission line. However, the
transmission line incurs power losses. Another way is to
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install the small renewable energy-based power plants at bus
stops, parking lots, over the building etc. and use the generated
energy for charging [13], [14]. The latter approach is
advantageous, as it requires less capital and it utilizes the
unutilized space. Moreover, the transmission losses are also
reduced as the generated energy is used locally.
Alharbi et al. [15] have discussed the wind-PV integrated
fast charging facility for the EV that optimizes the time of
charging to mitigate the impact of fast charging on the power
grid. Tavakoli et al. [16] have proposed the novel approach for
energy exchange between the EVs and the wind energy
generation unit participating in energy balancing and
regulation market. Mehmood et al. [17] have discussed the
optimum sizing of the battery in the wind and solar power
distributed generation system. Shan et al. [18] have proposed
the model predictive control of bi-directional DC-DC
converter and AC-DC converter for wind PV battery
microgrid. Saxena et al. [19] have discussed the grid
integrated PV battery based system for an EV. However, the
proposed system does not operate without a storage battery,
and the charging of EV cannot be done. Zhang et al. [20] have
proposed to utilize the parking lots for placing the PV panel to
make the charging station. However, they only schedule the
charging of EV to maximize the utilization of the PV array.
Yan et al. [21] have also utilized the PV battery based
charging station. However, the primary aim of the work is to
minimise the charging cost. Mouli et al. [22] have discussed
the solar-powered EV charger. Choudhari et al. [23] have also
optimised the charging cost of EV using the PV battery based
charging station. From the critical review of the available
literature, it is observed that the most of the work available,
are related to the optimization of either the size of the PV unit,
or the battery unit, or the cost of the charging, or charging
scheduling to utilize the renewable energy optimally.
However, available literature lacks in an implementation of
solar PV array integrated charger. Moreover, the chargers
have not been much explored for other services such as a
vehicle to grid active and reactive power, vehicle to home
operation, power factor correction, active power filter
operation etc. Moreover, the performance of the charger under
the abnormality of the grid such as voltage unbalance, voltage
distortion and voltage fluctuation, have not been discussed
much. Therefore, this paper presents a grid-integrated PV
array based EV charger that not only is used for EV charging
but also for the services mentioned above. Abeywardana et al.
[24] have proposed the EV charger that provides vehicle to
grid reactive power. However, for providing reactive power,
the DC link of VSC is regulated by the EV battery. Therefore,
the EV battery is exposed to the undesirable ripple current that
affects the life of the battery. Moreover, it discharges the EV
battery over a long period. Similarly, Mojdehi et al. [25] have
also advocated to utilize the EV as a reactive power provider.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIA.2019.2908950, IEEE
Household load
iha
ihb
PCC
ihc
Lg vga iga isa vsa
Lg vgb igb isb vsb
Lg vgc igc isc vsc
Rf Rf
X Cf
Cf
PES
Fig. 1 Circuit topology
However, here also, the EV battery regulates the DC link
voltage. Whereas, in the proposed paper, the active power
required for DC link voltage regulation is drawn from the grid.
Therefore, the EV battery is not exposed to the ripple current.
Moreover, the reactive power operation is possible even in the
absence of EV, solar PV array and household loads. Restrepo
et al. [26] have presented an EV charger that allows power
exchange with the grid in all four quadrants. However, during
the energy exchange, the power quality of grid currents and
voltage is not considered. In this paper, the active power
exchange with the grid always takes place at unity power
factor (UPF) even with highly nonlinear household load
because the only active current of the load is considered for
reference grid currents generation. Due to this, only active
power is exchanged with the grid. However, the harmonics
and the reactive currents are compensated by the VSC.
Therefore, the charger also works as an active power filter.
Monteiro et al. [27] have proposed the vehicle to home
operation of the EV. However, during vehicle to home
operation, the household linear loads are considered.
However, the charger proposed in this paper operates with
both linear and nonlinear loads. Prasanna et al. [28] have
proposed a bidirectional charger topology for the charging of
EVs with power factor correction. However, the operation of
converter and power factor correction capability of the
charger, are not discussed in under voltage and over voltage
condition. In this paper, for satisfactory operation of the
charger under voltage disturbances, an adaptive DC link
voltage strategy is proposed. The main features of the
proposed charger, are as follows.
 It proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) array, and grid-
integrated electric vehicle (EV) charger, that not only is used
for EV charging but also to supply the household load
simultaneously, both in the presence of grid (grid connected)
and in absence of grid (standalone).
 The proposed system operates as a standalone PV system and
grid connected PV system in absence of the EV.
 In grid connected mode, the charger allows the EV owner to
sell the EV energy to the grid for revenue generation in
vehicle to grid mode.
 In standalone mode, the charger generates an AC voltage at
the point of common coupling (PCC) to feed the household
load.
 The charger is also used as an active filter for compensating
the harmonics and reactive current demand of the household
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Transactions on Industry Applications
Boost Converter
Voltage Source Converter Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter
Lb Ipv
S1 S3 S5 S7
Ls
Ls Le Iev
Cdc Vdc S9
Ls
Vpv
EV
Ce Vev
S2 S4 S6 S8
load so that the grid current remains sinusoidal and power
exchange with the grid always takes place at UPF. For
achieving this, an improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)
based control algorithm is used.
 The charger also provides reactive power support to the grid.
 During the outage of grid and PV array generation, the
charger utilizes the EV to supply the household load in
vehicle to home mode.
 The charger also synchronizes the PCC voltage to the grid
voltage for seamlessly changing the mode from standalone
mode to grid connected mode.
 The charger also operates in distorted and unbalanced grid
voltage conditions using the double second order generalized
integrator (SOGI) based positive sequence estimator.
 For satisfactory operation of charger under voltage
fluctuations, the adaptive DC link voltage strategy is
proposed. The proposed strategy ensures the stable operation
under voltage fluctuation and also reduces the ripple in the
grid currents.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
An EV charger presented in Fig. 1, consists of a voltage
source converter (VSC) to operate the charger in standalone
and grid connected modes. It is also used for synchronizing
the PCC voltages to the grid voltages and for compensating
the harmonics and reactive currents requirement of the load.
To utilize the solar PV array maximally, a boost converter is
used. However, the charging/discharging of EV is controlled
using a bi-directional DC-DC converter (BDC). A nonlinear
household load draws power from PCC. The grid and the
charger are connected through a coupling inductor, which
enables the power exchange between the grid and the charger.
Moreover, the inductor filters out the ripple current. A bi-
directional power electronic switch (PES) is connected
between the grid and PCC. The switch is enabled when the
synchronizing pulse ‘X’ is given to the switch. On both sides
of PES, a RC ripple filter is used for filtering the switching
harmonics. The grid is represented by a power supply in series
with the inductor.
III. CONTROL ALGORITHMS
The controller is designed such that the charger operates in
multiple operating modes achieving many objectives without
changing the hardware. The operating strategy of the charger
is discussed in Fig. 2. The whole control is designed under
standalone mode and grid connected mode.
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Transactions on Industry Applications

Start

Y Vehicle N
connected
EV charging ?
charging Y Grid Grid Y
or available available
discharging ? ?
 VSC regulates the DC link
? N N  VSC regulates the DC link
 Synchronize the PCC voltage discharging  Charger operates in  Synchronize the PCC voltages
with grid voltage
standalone mode with grid voltages
 Charger operates in grid EV charging
discharging  Boost converter of PV  Charger operates in grid
connected mode or
regulates the DC link connected mode
discharging
 Charger operates in  Charger operates in ?
N grid connected mode standalone mode charging Y Ph Ppv Y
Ph+Pev = Ppv
 VSC regulates the DC  BDC of EV regulates N Ph = Ppv
?  Boost converter of PV ?
link the DC link ?
Y regulates the DC link  Reduce the home load N
 Ppv MPPT = Ph + Pev  PV operates at MPPT  PV operates at MPPT  Ppv MP PT = Ph
 Charger operates in  PV operates at MPPT
 Pg=0  EV discharges to feed  EV discharges to  Pg=0
standalone mode  Ppv MPPT = Ph
power into grid supply home load
 EV charges in CC/CV
 Ppv MPPT=Ph+Pev± Pg  Ph=Ppv +Pev  Exchange power with the
 PV is not operating
 Exchange power with the grid at UPF
N at MPPT
grid at UPF Ph+Pev Ppv  PV operates at MPPT
 Ppv = Ph
 PV operates at MPPT ?  Ppv MP PT = Ph ± Pg
 Ppv MPPT = Ph + Pev ± Pg Y
 Reduce the home load  PV Array is not
 PV operates at MPPT operatimg at MPPT
 Ppv MPPT = Ph+Pev  Ppv = Ph+Pev
Fig. 2 Operating strategy of the charger

boost converter. In standalone mode, the solar PV array may

A. Standalone Mode Control
In standalone mode control, the charger is operated such
that the charging is done in constant current/constant voltage
(CC/CV) mode. The household AC loads are fed using the PV
array power. Therefore, the VSC of the charger is operated as
an inverter to feed the AC loads. The detail discussion of the
control is given in following subsections.
I. Case I when Ppv > Pev + Ph
1) EV Charging Control in CC/CV Mode
In case, the solar PV array power is enough for EV charging
and to feed the household loads. The EV charging is
controlled using cascaded proportional-integral (PI) control
loop in the CC/CV mode as presented in Fig. 3. The outer
voltage loop regulates the battery voltage and prevents the
battery to get overcharged. Consequently, it generates the
reference current for the inner current control loop. Therefore,
when the battery is not fully charged, and actual battery
voltage is less than the battery voltage in fully charged
condition (which is usually 10% more than the nominal
voltage), the charging takes place in CC mode. However, as
the battery charge level increases, and the actual voltage
comes closer to the reference voltage, the charging moves in
the CV mode and the charging current decreases.
The inner current control loop compares the reference and
the actual EV current for generating the duty cycle of the BDC
using a proportional integral (PI) controller. The switching
pulses for BDC, are generated using the pulse width
modulated (PWM) generator.
2) DC Link Voltage Control and Boost Converter Control
This charger does not have a storage battery. Therefore, in
standalone mode, the boost converter regulates the DC link
voltage using a PI controller and generates the duty cycle of a
or may not operate at a maximum power point (MPP). The
MPP operation depends on the combined demand of the EV
and home loads. Therefore, the PV array generates only that
much power, which is required by EV and home loads.
However, in case the combined load demand exceeds the
maximum solar PV array generation, the home load is reduced
for satisfactory operation as discussed in Fig. 3.
II. Case II When Ppv=0 or Ppv <Ph (Vehicle-to-Home Mode)
1) EV Battery Discharging Control
When the solar PV generation either becomes less than the
home load demand or becomes zero, the EV discharges to
fulfil the load demand. In this case, the BDC of the charger
regulates the DC link voltage, and the boost converter extracts
the solar PV array maximum power (whatever amount is
available). Here also, the DC link voltage is regulated using
the cascaded PI controller as discussed in Fig. 3. The outer
voltage loop compares the reference and the actual DC link
voltages and generates the reference current for the inner
current loop. However, the inner current control loop
generates the duty cycle of the BDC using the reference and
the actual EV current and PI controller.
2) MPPT and Boost Converter Control of Solar PV Array
The duty cycle of the boost converter is derived from the
MPP control of the PV array. The control diagram of MPPT is
shown in Fig. 3. An incremental conductance (INC) [29]
MPPT algorithm is utilized for extracting the PV array
maximum power.
3) VSC and Synchronization Control in Standalone Mode
In standalone mode, the control objective is to utilize the PV
array power to generate the AC voltage at PCC for feeding the
household load. For generating the sinusoidal AC voltages, the

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIA.2019.2908950, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications

VSC control in grid connected mode EV battery charging control X=1

Veve I*ev Ieve de PWM
S7
Vev PI PI
generator S8
ua ub uc qa qb qcVtm Vev* Iev
vgab DC bus Voltage Control MPPT of PV array
Unit template vga S9
vgbc Vdcg*=γ* 6Vg VPV PWM
and V tm vgb MPPT
vgca Vdeg IPV generator
estimation vgc
Il Vdc 1
Vdc PI S7
ipa
ILST algorithm ua iga *
iha 1 1 ihf SH abs
Ip ipb S1
1+sT1 s Iepa S8
ub S2
1 ZCD Iepb + Iep ipc Hysteresis S3
-β + 1/3 uc igb*
s Iepc Current S4 S9
uqa + iqa
q Controller S5
Active load current extraction of phase 2 Iq a
ihb Qref iqb S6
b using ILST 3*Vtm qb igc* S1
Active EV current extraction of phase Reference reactive qc iqc
ihc
c using ILST power command S2
iga igb igc
synchronization control S3
Standalone mode control isa isb isc
vam
Phase error minimization Sin(θm) S4
θg Δθ Δω ωm θm vbm 230V X=0
θs PI
ʃ Sin(θm-2*π /3) vsa* isa * S1
Vae
2*π *50 ωo vcm PI S5
Sin(θm-4*π /3) 1 vsa S2
vsb* Vbe isb* Hysteresis S3
control for reference va PI S6
voltage generation Sin(θs) Current S4
θs
vsb
1 vb 0 S Controller
2*π *50 s Sin(θs-2*π /3) vsc* Vce isc* S5
PI
vc S6
Sin(θs-4*π /3) vsc
Grid recovered 0/1
(or) 0/1 0/1 EV battery charging control 0
Grid outage AND AND X
Veve I*ev Ieve de
PWM 7 S
0/1 Vev PI
E PI S
Vtm Vtmmax>Vtm>Vtmmin Vev* generator 8
I*ev Iev 1 S9
DC bus voltage control
0 path-charging
Δθ Sin Δθmax >Δθ>0 0/1 Vdes 1 path-discharging, Ppv < Ph or Ppv=0
Vdc PI
* ds
Vdc =γ* 6Vg
Switching control from grid 0
PWM S9
connected to standalone mode VPV ds
MPPT generator
IPV
1 Vdc1
MPPT and boost converter control
MPPT, DC bus Voltage Control, and Bi-directional
DC Converter Control
Fig. 3 Control algorithm

controller requires a sinusoidal reference voltage signals,

which are obtained from the multiplication of reference va  Sin( s ), vb  Sin( s - 2 / 3)
(1)
voltage amplitude at PCC and sinusoidal signals of unit vc  Sin( s - 4 / 3)
amplitude as shown in Fig. 3. The reference sinusoidal signals Where θs is the reference phase, which is obtained from the
of unit amplitude are obtained from the given expression. integration of reference angular frequency. The actual voltage
is compared with the reference voltage, and a PI controller

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Transactions on Industry Applications

minimizes the error, which gives the reference currents. Using The parameter α, T1 and β are positive constants. α governs
the reference currents and the actual currents, the hysteresis the speed of convergence, and β matches the filter frequency
current controller generates the gating signals for VSC. to the fundamental signal frequency. The ILST filter has
While operating in standalone mode, the load demand may excellent filtering capability, offering a high impedance to
exceed the total solar PV generation or vice versa. Moreover, harmonic frequencies without the change in magnitude and
the EV owner can also sell the battery energy to the grid for phase around the fundamental frequency as shown in Fig. 4
earning revenue. In both conditions, the PCC voltage needs to (a). Therefore, the fundamental frequency current extracted
go in synchronism with the grid voltage for transient free using the ILST filter has a magnitude equal to ih and zero
power exchange. For synchronization, at first, the controller phase shift. Fig. 4(b) is showing the load current, filtered
estimates the phase angles of PCC voltages and grid voltages. fundamental frequency current using ILST algorithm, total
A PI controller minimizes the phase error and generates a active current and grid current. Using the active components
frequency correction factor (∆ꞷ) for the standalone frequency. of the load current of three phases, the active current per phase
Using the correction factor, the modified frequency is is obtained as,
estimated as, I epa  I epb  I epc
m  o   (2) I ep  (4)
3
Now, using the modified frequency, a voltage is generated In grid connected mode, VSC regulates the DC link voltage,
that minimizes the phase error. Once the phase error complies and the grid compensates the losses during the charging and
with the minimum phase error requirement stated by the IEEE discharging of the capacitor. The current corresponding to the
1547 standard, a synchronizing pulse ‘X’=1 is generated for loss (Il) is obtained using a PI controller as shown in Fig. 3.
bi-directional PES. Now, the total active current per phase is given as,
B. Grid Connected Control I p  I ep  I l (5)
The aim of the grid connected control is to ensure the UPF The charger provides the demand based reactive power
operation of the charger. Another aim of the control, is to support. The current corresponding to the reference reactive
make the grid currents sinusoidal, even with highly distorted power is obtained as,
non-sinusoidal load currents, which are usually drawn by the 2Qref
highly non-linear household loads. This is achieved by Iq  (6)
3Vtm
compensating the harmonics and reactive currents requirement
of load using the VSC. To extract the fundamental frequency Where Qref is reference reactive power. Qref can be both
current from the distorted load current, the improved linear positive and negative. Vtm is the amplitude of the PCC voltage,
sinusoidal tracer (ILST) [30] based filter is used. Further, the and it is obtained from the phase voltages as,
sampling and holding of fundamental frequency current at the
zero crossing of the quadrature unit template give the active Vtm 
2 2
3
 2
vga  vgb 2
 vgc  (7)
power current of the load current. The ILST algorithm closed Where, vga, vgb, vgc are the phase voltages. The phase voltages,
loop transfer function, derived from the schematic shown in are obtained from the line voltages using the following
Fig. 3, is given as expressions.
ih s
 3
ihf s T1  s   T1    s  
2
(3) 1
 1

vga  2vgabp  vgbcp , vgb  vgabp  vgbcp
3 3
 
(8)

Unit amplitude at
1

vgc  vgabp  2vgbcp
3

fundamental frequency
Where, vgabp, vgbcp, and vgcap are the positive sequence voltages
of the grid voltages (vgab, vgbc, vgca). Since the grid votlages are
distorted and unbalanced, the positive sequence voltages are
Zero phase delay needed to generate the balanced and sinusoidal unit templates
fundamental frequency
which are used for reference currents generation. These
positive sequence voltages from the unbalanced and distorted
grid voltages are estimated using the double second order
generalized integrator (SOGI) [31] as shown in Fig. 5.
(a)
vαp vα+
vgab vα 1 vgabp
iga=10A/div iha=5A/div vαq
2

ihf=5A/div vgbc abc αβ vgbcp

SOGI
vgca abc vgcap
αβ vβ vβp vβ+
1
IP=5A/div load disconnected load connected vβq 2
(b)
Fig. 4 (a) frequency response plot of ILST algorithm, (b) performance of ILST SOGI
algorithm Fig. 5 Positive sequence estimation using double SOGI

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Transactions on Industry Applications

Now, the total active current is multiplied with the in-phase bidirectional DC-DC converter and solar PV array boost
unit templates, and reactive current is multiplied with the converter are realized using the insulated gate bipolar junction
quadrature phase unit template to obtain the sinusoidal transistor (IGBT) (SEMIKRON make). The solar PV array is
currents corresponding to active power and reactive power, realized using PV simulator (AMETEK TerraSAS). The rating
respectively. It is given as, of the PV array is 385V, 12A and 3.7kW. The household load
i pa  I p * ua, i pb  I p * ub, i pc  I p * uc used in the laboratory prototype is considered as nonlinear,
(9)
and it is realized using the three phase diode bridge rectifier
iqa  I q * qa , iqb  I q * qb, iqc  I q * qc (10) and resistive-inductive load. An EV is realized using a lead
acid battery of 240V, 35Ah. A three phase supply of 230 V, 50
The in-phase unit templates and quadrature phase unit Hz is used in the experimentation. Various voltages and
templates are obtained as, currents of the charger, are sensed using the Hall Effect
vga vgb vgc voltage transducer (LEM LV-25P) and current transducer
ua  , ub  , uc  (11) (LEM LA-55P). However, an analog to digital converter is
Vtm Vtm Vtm
used to convert them into digital signals. A digital controller
ua uc 3ua (ub  uc ) modular-dSPACE 1006, realizes the control algorithms using
qa    , qb  
3 3 2 2 3 digital signals and generates the gating pulses. The
(12) experimental waveforms of the charger, are recorded using the
3ua (ub  uc ) three phase power quality analyzer (HIOKI PQ 3100), single
qc   
2 2 3 phase power quality analyzer (Fluke 43B), and four channel
Now using (ipa, ipb, ipc) and (iqa, iqb, iqc), the reference grid digital storage oscilloscope (KEYSIGHT InfiniiVision
currents are obtained as, MSOX302T, 200MHz).
*
iga  ipa  iqa , igb
*
 ipb  iqb , igc
*
 ipc  iqc (13)
dSPACE 1006
Sensors and
These reference grid currents are compared with the sensed firing circuits
grid currents, and the hysteresis current controller generates
the switching pulses for VSC.
In grid connected mode also, the EV is charged in CC/CV dSPACE PC
mode using the cascade PI controller. The details of the BDC
control, are already discussed in standalone mode control.
Similarly, the boost converter control and MPPT control, are Solar simulator VSC
also discussed in standalone mode. and PC DSO
C. Adaptive DC Link Voltage Control 1Φ- power
Boost
In the weak distribution system, the under voltage/over converter analyser 3Φ- supply
voltage is very common. For a 230 V, three phase distribution
supply, the line voltage may vary from 190V to 260V. 3Φ- power
Resistor analyser
Therefore, for continuous power exchange with the grid in all
Coupling
conditions, the amplitude of DC link voltage must be at least
10% higher than the peak grid voltage. In case of under
Inductor rectifier inductor
voltage, the charger can operate satisfactorily with fixed DC Synchronizing
link voltage. However, in the case of an overvoltage, the DC switch
link voltage may not be satisfying the criteria as mentioned
EV battery
earlier. Therefore, the adaptive DC link voltage strategy keeps Household
the DC link voltage higher than the peak voltage of the grid by load
adapting the change in the PCC voltage, so that the power
Fig. 6 Experimental prototype
exchange does not hamper under voltage fluctuation, and the
DC link voltage always remains optimum. Therefore, Vdcg* is A. Steady State Results
estimated as [32],
Fig. 7 shows the performance under standalone operating
*
Vdcg   * 6Vg (14)
condition when the PV array is charging the EV, and feeding
Here, the value of the constant, γ is selected as 1.1. The DC the household load. Fig. 7 (a) shows that the PV array is not
link voltage is kept 10% higher than the peak amplitude of the operating at MPP and it is generating only 2.8 kW because the
PCC voltage, for accommodating the voltage drop in switches, total demand (EV and household load) is 2.6 kW.
coupling inductor and internal resistance of the coupling Fig. 7(d) shows the EV battery voltage, charging current
inductor. and power. Moreover, the voltage generated at PCC, current
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION drawn by the household load and its powers, are shown in
Figs. 7(b)-(c). Fig. 7 (c) shows that the total harmonic
The performance of the proposed multi-objective three- distortion (THD) the PCC voltage is less than 5%. The THDs
phase charger is validated on the laboratory prototype as of load currents are 23%. This verifies that the charger
shown in Fig. 6. The three-phase voltage source converter,

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generates the voltage of good quality even with the highly

nonlinear loads.

(a) (b)

(b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 7 Steady state results in standalone mode, (a) Vpv, Ipv, and Ppv, (b) vsab, vsbc,
vsca, and iha, ihb, ihc, (c) Ph, Qh, Sh, pf, THD of vsab, vsbc, vsca, and THD of iha, ihb,
ihc , (d) Vev, and Iev , and Pev

(c)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig.9 charger performance under distorted and unbalanced voltage, (a)-(b)
without compensation, (c)-(d) with compensation

In grid connected mode, the PV array always operates at

MPP. Therefore, it is generating 3.7 kW as exhibited in Fig. 8
(a). However, the total demand of the EV and household load
is 2.1 kW. Therefore, the remaining 1.6 kW is supplied to the
(d) (e)
Fig. 8 Steady state results in grid connected mode, (a) Vpv, Ipv, and Ppv, (b) vsab,
grid at UPF as shown in Figs. 8 (d)-(e). The THDs of the grid
vsbc, vsca, and iha, ihb, ihc, (c) Ph, Qh, Sh, pf, THD of vsab, vsbc, vsca, and THD of voltage and grid current, are also less than 5% (Fig. 8(e)). This
iha, ihb, ihc, (d) vgab, vgbc, vgca, and iga, igb, igc, (e) Pg, Qg, Sg, pf, THD of vgab, vgbc, is because the VSC compensates harmonics and reactive
vgca, and THD of iga, igb, igc currents demand of the load currents. Figs 8 (b)-(c) show the
performance of the load.
Figs. 9(a)-(d) are showing the charger capability to operate
in unbalanced and distorted grid voltages conditions. Figs. 9
(c)-(d) show that, after compensation, the grid voltages and
currents, both become sinusoidal with the THD less than 5%.
Moreover, the grid currents also become balanced with 6.1A,
6.2A and 6A respectively. However, without compensation,
the grid currents are 6.6A, 6.1A and 5.2A respectively.
B. Dynamic Performance
The dynamic performance of the charger is analyzed under
the change in the EV charging current, change in the solar
irradiance level, household load disturbance and mode change
(a) from standalone to grid connected mode and vice versa.

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Connectionof home load (c)-(d) exhibit the performance under the disconnection of EV.
vsa=500V/div Disconnection of EV reduces the solar PV generation as the
Ipv=5A/div demand reduces. However, the supply to the household load is
Increase in PV generation undisturbed, and the DC link voltage remains regulated. Fig.
iha=10A/div
10 (e) is exhibiting the response under solar irradiance change.
The reduction in solar irradiance is causing reduced PV array
Iev=5A/div Undisturbed EV charging generation. However, to keep the load supply uninterrupted,
(a)
the EV is discharging to meet the household load demand.
From Fig. 10 (e), it is also observed that the solar irradiance
Vdc=500V/div disturbance is not affecting the PCC voltage and load current.
Increased PV generation The charger also supports the household load in the absence of
Ppv=2kW/div solar PV power. Fig. 10 (f) shows the performance when the
Ph=2kW/div solar PV generation becomes zero, and the charger is
Connectionof home load supporting the load using the EV battery energy,
Pev=1kW/div Undisturbed EV charging 2) Grid Connected Mode
(b) The performance under solar irradiance change in grid
vsa=500V/div undisturbed standalone operation connected mode is shown in Fig. 11. In grid connected mode,
the solar PV array always operates at MPP irrespective of the
reduction in PV generation irradiance level. Fig. 11 shows the performance when the solar
Ipv=5A/div Disconnection of EV irradiance is changed from 1000 W/m2-500 W/m2 and vice
versa. The change in solar irradiance is only affecting the grid
iha=10A/div
power. However, the EV charging and the household supply
Iev=5A/div undisturbed load current are not affected. At 1000 W/m2, the surplus power is supplied
(c) to the grid, whereas at 500W/m2, the power is taken from the
grid to meet the demand.
Vdc=500V/div undisturbed DC bus voltage In grid connected mode, the vehicle to grid capability of the
Ppv=2kW/div reduction in PV generation charger is shown in Fig. 12. Initially, the solar PV array is
Ph=2kW/div charging the EV, and supplying the load. However, the
remaining power of the solar PV array is supplied to the grid
undisturbed home supply
Pev=1kW/div as shown in Fig. 12. After some time, the EV starts feeding
Disconnection of EV power into the grid. Because of this, the power fed into the
(d) grid increases as shown by the increased grid current and
power. However, the load and the solar PV generation are not
affected. The performance under the load disturbance is
vsa=500V/div undisturbed PCC voltage and load current exhibited in Fig. 13. The load disturbance is only affecting the
iha=10A/div Iev=5A/div grid current and power. However, the EV charging and solar
PV array generation are getting affected by the load
Ipv=5A/div disturbances.
Change in solar irradiance EV charging to discharging In grid connected mode, the charger capability to
(e) compensate the harmonics and reactive power requirement of
the load current is shown in Fig. 14. Moreover, the capability
to improve the power quality of the distorted PCC voltage is
vsa=500V/div Undisturbed standalone operation also shown. From Fig. 14, it is observed that without VSC
compensation, the grid current and voltage are distorted.
iha=10A/div However, after VSC compensation, the grid current becomes
Ipv=5A/div Iev=5A/div
More discharging sinusoidal, and the quality of the grid voltage also improves.
PV disconnected The compensation current of the VSC is shown in Fig. 14.
Vehicle to home
The charger capability to provide reactive power support to
(f)
Fig. 10 Dynamic performance in standalone mode
the grid is shown in Fig. 15. Initially, the charger is supplying
1kVAR inductive reactive power to the grid, and later it is
1) Standalone Mode supplying 1kVAR of capacitive reactive power. Due to this,
Fig. 10 shows the dynamic performance in standalone the grid voltage grid is leading the grid current initially.
operating condition. In Figs. 10 (a)-(b), initially the PV array However, later the grid current is leading the voltage.
is charging the EV only. However, after some time the home The performance of synchronization and mode change from
load is connected. Due to which, the PV array generation standalone to grid connected mode is shown in Fig. 16. In the
increases to supply increased demand. The PCC voltage and absence of the grid, the charger is operating in standalone
the load current also appearing after this instant. However, the mode, feeding the load and charging the EV. The PV array is
EV charging and DC link voltage, are undisturbed. Figs. 10 not operating at MPP, and generating power less than 3.7kW
(Fig. 16 (a)). After the occurrence of the grid, the PCC voltage

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synchronizes to the grid, and the signal ‘X’ becomes ‘1’ as Pev=1kW/div Undisturbed EV power during mode change
shown in Fig. 16 (b). As soon as the signal ‘X’ goes high, the
Pg=2kW/div zero grid power surplus power fed into grid
operating mode changes from standalone to grid connected
mode and the grid current appears. Moreover, the solar PV Ph=2kW/div Undisturbed load power
array starts operating at MPP, and starts generating 3.7kW. No MPP operation solar PV at MPP
Due to which, the power is fed into the grid. Moreover, the Ppv=2kW/div grid synchronized
Standalone mode Grid connected mode
mode change does not affect the EV charging and load power.
(a)
Undisturbed vsab=500V/div vgab=500V/div
Pev=1kW/div 2
1000 W/m 500 W/m 2
EV charging

Ppv=2kW/div Power fed Power drawn grid occurrence

Pg=2kW/div into grid from grid iga=10A/div grid current after synchronization
X=1V/div grid synchronized
X=1
Ph=2kW/div Undisturbed load power
(b)
Fig. 11 Performance in grid connected mode under solar irradiance change
Fig. 16 Synchronization performance
EV discharging
Pev=1kW/div
charging power to grid
vgab=350V/div
Ppv=5kW/div More power Undisturbed PV generation
Pg=2kW/div fed into grid
Vehicle to grid
Ph=2kW/div iha=ihb=ihc=10A/div
Change in EV current Undisturbed load power
Fig. 12 Vehicle to grid operation in grid connected mode

Pev=1kW/div Undisturbed EV charging

unbalanced grid current balanced grid current
Ppv=5kW/div Corresponding change in Undisturbed PV
grid power generation
Pg=2kW/div without compensation with compensation
Change in load demand (a)
Ph=2kW/div
(a)
Iev=5A/div Undisturbed EV charging vgab=vgbc=vgca=200V/div

iha=10A/div
Ipv=5A/div Change in load demand
iga=10A/div Undisturbed PV generation

Corresponding change in grid power

iha=10A/div
(b)
Fig. 13 Performance under load disturbance in grid connected mode

without
with compensation
vgab=500V/div iva=5A/div Correction of PCC voltage compensation
(b)
before compensation after compensation Fig. 17 Charger performance under distorted and unbalanced voltage, (a)-(b)
grid voltage and current under transition from without compensation to with
iha=10A/div Correction of grid current compensation
iga=10A/div
Fig. 17 shows the results under transition from without
Fig. 14 Active power filter operation and voltage correction
compensation to with compensation. Figs. 17 (a) shows the
one line voltage and three phase grid currents under transition.
vgab=500V/div These results clearly show the effectiveness of the controller
in making the grid currents balanced and sinusoidal after
iga=10A/div lagging current leading current compensation. Similarly, Fig. 17 (b) shows the three line
Vdc =500V voltages and one phase current under transition. From Fig.
Qref =1kVAR Pg =0W,Ph =0W,Pev =0W Qref =-1kVAR 17(b), it is observed that after compensation, the PCC voltages
also become sinusoidal. However, these remain unbalanced.
Fig. 15 Reactive power support capability

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3) Performance of Adaptive DC link Voltage Estimation,

and Duty Cycle of Boost Converter
Vdc=100V/div Change in DC link voltage adaptively
The duty cycle of the boost converter and the AC line
voltages can change in both standalone and grid connected
modes. Therefore, the behaviour of the DC link voltage with
the duty cycle change and AC voltage change is shown in both iha=10A/div Duty cycle of boost converter=0.2/div
grid connected and standalone mode. In standalone mode, the
AC voltage is changed intentionally. Due to which the DC link
voltage changes adaptively with the AC voltage and the power
demand of the household load also increases. Therefore, the Change in generated voltage in standalone mode
duty cycle of the boost converter also increases to meet the vsab=200V/div
increased power demand as shown in Fig. 18(a). Moreover,
the change in DC link voltage and the duty cycle of the boost
converter does not affect the charging of EV. (a)
Fig. 18(b) shows the behaviour of the DC link voltage with
change in the AC voltage in grid connected mode. In this case, Vdc=100V/div
also, the DC link voltage changes adaptively. Since in grid
connected mode, the solar PV array is operating at the Change in DC link voltage adaptively
maximum power point, the duty cycle of the boost converter
Ipv=10A/div Duty cycle of boost converter=0.2/div
increases to maintain the maximum power point operation of
solar PV array at increased DC link voltage.
Fig. 18(c) shows the effect of solar irradiance change on the change in grid voltage
duty cycle and the DC link voltage. Fig. 18(c) also shows that
the reduction in solar irradiance level causes the reduction the
solar PV array power generation, due to which, the solar PV vgab=220V/div
array current reduces. Consequently, the duty cycle of the
boost converter also reduces slightly. However, the DC link
voltage and the AC line voltage are unaffected.
Fig. 18 (d) is showing the behaviour of DC link voltage and (b)
the duty cycle of the boost converter when the AC line voltage
and the solar irradiance are changed together. In this case, the Vdc=100V/div change in solar irradiance
AC line voltage is reduced from the rated value. Due to which,
the DC link voltage reduces. When the AC voltage is Ipv=10A/div
changing, the solar irradiance level is also increased at the
same time. The resultant change in the duty cycle of the boost
converter due to the both DC link voltage and solar irradiance Duty cycle of boost converter=0.1/ div
change is shown in Fig. 18(d). From these results, it can be
concluded that the action of one control is not affecting the
action of another control and the system maintain the stability
under the multiple changes in operating conditions, vgab=220V/div
simultaneously.
4) Comparison of Adaptive DC link Voltage Control with
Fixed DC link Voltage Control (c)
The performance of adaptive DC link voltage, under
fluctuated AC voltage condition, is shown in Fig. 19. Due to change in DC link voltage adaptively
the change in AC voltage from rated to under voltage, the DC Vdc=100V/div
link voltage reduces. However, change from under voltage to change in solar irradiance
overvoltage, increases the DC link voltage. In a weak
distribution grid of 230V three phase distribution supply, the Duty cycle of boost converter=0.2/ div
line voltages may vary from 190V to 260V. Therefore, in the
case of fixed DC link voltage, the amplitude of the DC link change in grid voltage
voltage must be selected for the worst condition, and it is
calculated as,
vgab=220V/div
*
vdcg  1.414*1.1*Vg max  1.414*1.1*260  404V
The VSC operates with this DC link voltage even in
nominal voltage condition. The adaptive DC link voltage
control strategy minimizes the high-frequency ripple in (d)
coupling inductor current. Fig. 18 Performance of adaptive DC link voltage estimation and duty cycle of
the boost converter

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The principle for minimizing the high-frequency ripple in the
grid current is shown in Fig. 20. The high-frequency ripple in
the coupling inductor current depends on the instantaneous
voltage difference between the grid and the DC link voltage.
This difference is high in case of fixed DC link voltage as
shown in Fig. 20. However, in the case of adaptive DC link
voltage, the difference is minimal in all operating conditions.
The effectiveness of the adaptive DC link voltage in
minimizing the high-frequency ripple in the coupling inductor
current is shown in Fig. 21.
V. CONCLUSION
A three-phase, multi-objective solar PV array based grid
integrated charger is presented. The dual mode operations
(standalone and grid connected modes), for EV charging and
supplying the household loads, are demonstrated through test
results. Moreover, these presented results have verified the
charger capability to provide the reactive power support,
compensate the load current harmonics and improve the
quality of the PCC voltages. The capability to operate in
under/over voltage conditions with adaptive DC link voltage
control has also been verified. Moreover, the adaptive DC link
has reduced the ripple in the grid current. In grid connected
mode, the capability of the ILST algorithm to estimate the
active current of load current has been verified. These
presented results have demonstrated that the charger always
maintains the power quality of the grid current and voltage as
per IEEE 519 standard. Moreover, these presented results have
validated the charger stable operation in all steady-state and
dynamic conditions. Even during mode change from
standalone to grid connected mode, the grid current remains
stable with smooth mode transition. Therefore, the presented
charger can be considered as a single solution for charging of
EV, uninterruptible supply to the household load, grid power
quality and stability.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very grateful to the J C Bose Fellowship under
Grant RPO03128 and Renew Power Ventures Pvt. Ltd. under
Grant Number: RP03461 (Charging Station for Electric
Vehicles), for funding this project.
iha=10A/div
Vdc=500V/div
vgab=500V/div adaptive DC link
iga=10A/div
rated voltage under voltage
Fig. 19 Performance under adaptive DC link voltage
Fixed DC link Voltage Adaptive DC link Voltage
vg2 vg2
vg
vg
Vdc
vg1 vg1
Vdc1
Grid voltage Grid voltage
variation variation
Fig. 20 The principle of ripple reduction
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without adaptive DC link with adaptive DC link
iga iga
Fig. 21 Ripple reduction in grid current
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Anjeet Verma (M’16) was born in Varanasi (UP),
India, in 1991. He received B. Tech. degree in
electrical and electronics engineering from G.L. Bajaj
Institute of Technology and Management, Gr. Noida
(UP), India, in 2012 and the M. Tech. degree in
Electrical Machines and Drive from Indian Institute of
Technology (BHU), Varanasi (UP) India, in 2015. He
is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in
Department of Electrical Engineering from Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. His areas of
research interests include electric vehicle, renewable energy based charging
infrastructure, power electronics, renewable energy, micro-grid, and power
quality.
Bhim Singh (SM’99, F’10) was born in Rahamapur,
Bijnor (UP), India, 1956. He received his B.E.
(Electrical) from University of Roorkee, India, in
1977 and his M.Tech. (Power Apparatus & Systems)
and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively. In 1983, he
joined the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Roorkee (Now IIT Roorkee), as a
Lecturer. He became a Reader there in 1988. In
December 1990, he joined Department of Electrical
Engineering, IIT Delhi, India, as an Assistant
0093-9994 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Professor, where he has become an Associate Professor in 1994 and a
Professor in 1997. He has been ABB Chair Professor from September 2007 to
September 2012. He has been Chair Professor from October 2012 to
September 2017. He has been Head of the Department of Electrical
Engineering at IIT Delhi from July 2014 to August 2016. Since, August 2016,
he is the Dean, Academics at IIT Delhi. He is JC Bose Fellow of DST,
Government of India since December 2015. He is the Chairman of BOG of
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, from 3rd July 2018.
He is Non-Official Independent Director, NTPC Limited, from 17th July 2018.
He is also Governing Council Member of Central Power Research Institute,
Banglore. He has guided 74 Ph.D. Dissertations and 166 M.E./M.Tech.
/M.S.(R) theses. He has published 725 Journal papers and 1065 Conference
papers. He has been filed 36 patents. He has executed more than eighty
sponsored and consultancy projects. He has co-authored a text book on power
quality: Power Quality Problems and Mitigation Techniques published by
John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2015. His areas of interest include solar PV grid
interfaced systems, microgrids, power quality monitoring and mitigation, solar
PV water pumping systems, improved power quality AC-DC converters,
power electronics, electrical machines, drives, renewable energy systems,
FACTS, and high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. He is a Fellow of
the Indian National Academy of Engineering (FNAE), The Indian National
Science Academy (FNA), The National Academy of Science, India (FNASc),
The Indian Academy of Sciences, India (FASc), The World Academy of
Sciences (FTWAS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (FIEEE),
the Institute of Engineering and Technology (FIET), Institution of Engineers
(India) (FIE), and Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers
(FIETE) and a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education
(ISTE), System Society of India (SSI), and National Institution of Quality and
Reliability (NIQR). He has received Khosla Research Prize of University of
Roorkee in the year 1991. He is recipient of JC Bose and Bimal K Bose
awards of The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers
(IETE) for his contribution in the field of Power Electronics. He is also a
recipient of Maharashtra State National Award of Indian Society for Technical
Education (ISTE) in recognition of his outstanding research work in the area
of Power Quality. He has received PES Delhi Chapter Outstanding Engineer
Award for the year 2006. He has received Khosla National Research Award of
IIT Roorkee in the year 2013. He also received Shri Om Prakash Bhasin
Award-2014 in the field of Engineering including Energy & Aerospace. He
has received 2017 IEEE PES Nari Hingorani Custom Power Award. He is
also a recipient of “Faculty Research Award as a Most Outstanding
Researcher” in the field of Engineering-2018 of Careers-360, India. He has
also received Academic Excellence Award-NPSC-2018. He has been the
General Chair of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Power
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES’2006), General Co-Chair of
the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and
Energy Systems (PEDES’2010), General Co-Chair of the 2015 IEEE
International Conference (INDICON’2015), General Co-Chair of 2016 IEEE
International Conference (ICPS’2016) held in New Delhi, General Co-Chair
of 2017 National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC) held in Pune.
He has been Chair, PES-IAS Delhi Chapter for 2005-2010, (PES-IAS Delhi
Chapter won Outstanding Chapter Award-2005 Large and High Performance
Chapter Award Every Year). Prof. Singh has been Chair, PELS-IES Delhi
Chapter 2007-2010 and Founder Chair, PELS-IES Delhi Chapter. He has been
Chair of IEEE Delhi Section for 2012-2014. He has highest number of
publications on the power quality and solar PV power generation in the IEEE
explorer to his credit and considered as a top power quality and solar PV
power generation researcher in the World and can be justifiably ranked near
top of those in his discipline.