July 1, 2011

[SCIENCE FORM 2: UNIT 7 FORCE]

Unit 7: Force
7.1- Force
1. We cannot see forces, but we can see their effects on objects. 2. We use force to switch on a light and open a drink can.

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There are different kinds of forces around us. A force is a push or pull acting upon an object. Whenever we push or pull an object, we exert a force. Figure 1 summarizes what a force can do.

Move it

Change its speed Changes its position or direction Changes its shape

Stop it Increase or decrease its speed

What a force can do on an object

Figure 1: Effects of a force

7.2- Measurement of force

Unit of force and the principle of spring balance 1) The SI unit for force is Newton. 1 7.1- Force | Stanley Yeo Kai Sen

II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

Picture 1 Activities that require friction Advantages and disadvantages of friction Advantages of friction 2 7 3 7

lic ion of F ic ional Force | S anley Yeo Kai Sen



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The activities that we do today show the e istence of an invisible force that helps us walk, run move or stop. This force is known as frictional force. Example, when pull a block via a spring balance, the reading of the spring balance shows the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the moving block. The direction of the frictional force is parallel to the surface and in the opposite direction of motion. Surfaces in contact have friction. The rougher the two surfaces are, the greater the frictional force between them. That is why a greater force to pull an object across a rough surface than across a smooth surface.

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A spring balance is use in the laboratory to measure force. A s ring balance has a s ring attache at one end. The pointer moves over a scale marked in newtons (N). When an object hangs on it, the weight of the object e erts a force on the spring, lengthening it. 8) The reading of the spring balance is the measurement of magnitude of the force exerted.



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The sy ol is N. The unit is name after Sir Isaac Ne ton.

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A. If there is no friction between two surfaces, everything will slip. B. We cannot walk on the ground to hold anything with the hands. C. Vehicles will not be able to move on the road. Disadvantages of friction a) Slows down all moving objects b) Car engines have to produce an extra force to keep the cars moving forward against the frictional force. c) Shoes and tires wear out because of friction when they rub against the road. d) Worn-out tires are dangerous because they slip and skid easily, causing accidents. e) In a factory, friction not only wears out machine parts but also produces heat that can damage sensitive equipment in the machines. Ways to increase or reduce friction Sometimes we need more friction to get a better grip on surfaces. Other times, we need less friction to prevent wear and tear, stop heat from being produced and keep objects moving. Applications of increasing friction a. We need more friction to slow down moving objects quicker, to hold thing firmer and to grip surfaces better. b. Rough surfaces produce more friction than smooth ones. c. Rubber pads or knobs are fixed to the base of many household appliances such as telephones, televisions, electric kettles and rice cookers to prevent them from slipping when in use. d. Tires with deep threads or grooves can produce a lot of friction and give the tires a good grip on slippery surfaces. Applications of reducing friction i. ii. Sometimes we need less friction. For example, slides those children play on need a smooth surface with little friction.

7.3- Application of Frictional Force | Stanley Yeo Kai Sen

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July 1, 2011

[SCIENCE FORM 2: UNIT 7 FORCE]

Rollers or bal bearings are placed aroung axles in many machines to allow the axles to turn easily

Aircrafts have streamlined shapes for smooth moving through air

A convenyor belt moves on wheels or rollers to reduce friction

Figure 2: Applications of reducing friction in daily life

7.4- Application of Work

Work is done on an object when you exert a force to move the object in the same direction as the application of the force. The unit of work is joule (J) 1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 Newton moves a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force.
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Work Done= Force (N) * Dist nce moved in the direction of force (m)
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7.4- Application of Work | Stanley Yeo Kai Sen

A hovercraft moves on a layer of air between its hull and the water. The layer of air reduces friction, allowing the hovercraft to move easily.

Lubricants such as oil or grease are added to moving parts of machine or e uipment

July 1, 2011

[SCIENCE FORM 2: UNIT 7 FORCE]

7.5- Application of Power

 Power is the rate of doing work.

Power (W) =Work done (J) Time taken (s)

 Power is measured in joule per second (J s-1) or w tt (W).  1 watt is e ual to 1 J-s1.
7.6- Importance of Force in Life  We need forces to survive on planet Earth.  Although these forces can sometimes cause problems, they are important to us because we make use of them in our everyday life.  We need gravitational force to hold all the objects on earth.  We need frictional force to carry out daily activities  We make use of mechanical forces, magnetic forces and electrical forces to run various types of machines in industry, transportation and communications.
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Assembly line in a car factory

Cargo ship

7.4- Application of Work | Stanley Yeo Kai Sen