Procedure 02.18.20.

07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until 31/10/2007
Revision 01

Procedure

Storage Tank
Inspection Procedure

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Issued By:
Engineering & Ventures
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until 31/10/2007
Revision 01

REVISION HISTORY
Revision Issue Date Amendment Description Date Effective Revalidated
No. dd/mm/yy
00 24/06/1996 First Issue 07/1996
01 25/10/2004 General Revision 01/11/2004

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page ii Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REVISION HISTORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTERNAL CONTROLS..............................................................................................................................4
1.1. VALIDATION.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES................................................................................................................. 4
1.3. APPROVAL............................................................................................................................................. 4
2. PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................................5
3. SCOPE..............................................................................................................................................................5
4. PROCEDURE..................................................................................................................................................5
4.1. SCHEDULE............................................................................................................................................. 5
4.1.1. Criticality............................................................................................................................................5
4.1.2. Inspection Grades...............................................................................................................................6
4.1.3. Frequency............................................................................................................................................6
4.2. PLANNING............................................................................................................................................. 6
4.2.1. Preparation of the Scope of Work......................................................................................................6
4.2.2. Identification of the potential problems.............................................................................................7
4.2.3. Design and Inspection Specific Considerations.................................................................................8
4.2.4. Selection of Inspection Methods........................................................................................................9
4.3. DOCUMENTATION PACKAGE................................................................................................................. 11
4.4. PREPARATORY WORKS........................................................................................................................ 11
4.4.1. Preparatory Work Planning..............................................................................................................11
4.4.2. Mobilisation of Equipment/Operators..............................................................................................11
4.5. INSPECTION ACTIVITIES........................................................................................................................ 11
4.5.1. Thorough Inspection.........................................................................................................................11
4.5.2. External Inspection...........................................................................................................................13
4.5.3. In-Service Inspection........................................................................................................................15
4.6. SAFETY DEVICES................................................................................................................................. 15
4.7. PRESSURE TESTING.............................................................................................................................. 16
4.8. MODIFICATIONS AND REPAIRS............................................................................................................. 16
4.9. REPORTS AND RECORDS...................................................................................................................... 16
4.9.1. External Inspection...........................................................................................................................16
4.9.2. Thorough Internal Inspection...........................................................................................................16
5. APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................................16
5.1. APPENDIX 1 - REFERENCE DOCUMENTS................................................................................................ 17
5.2. Appendix 2 – Inspection Report Forms.....................................................................................................18

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page iii Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

1. INTERNAL CONTROLS
1.1. VALIDATION
To assure Management's, Shareholders' and External Agencies' confidence in the Company's
policies and practices; Qatargas Internal Audit may verify without notice, compliance with this
Procedure.
Inspection Division shall re-validate this Procedure every 3 years to ensure that it continues to
serve the purpose intended.

1.2. EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES

All employees of the Company are required to observe the Company’s policy and procedures.

1.3. APPROVAL
This Procedure and any amendments made thereto; require the following approvals:

Authority Date (dd/mmm/yyyy)

_____________________________ _______________
Head Of Inspection

_____________________________ _______________
Engineering Manager

_____________________________ _______________
Manager Engineering & Ventures

This document has been reviewed by Documents and Standards. It complies with the
requirements of Procedure 01.00.01.02, and it is considered ready for issue.

Signed: _________________________ Date: ______________

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 4 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

2. PURPOSE
The objectives of this procedure are:
 To ensure that the Company Storage Tanks are periodically inspected in order to assess their
suitability to perform their function and to predict their likely behaviour until the next inspection
based on the history of the equipment and/or similar systems.
 To provide the guidelines on the inspection scope and methods.
 To define the reporting system.
This procedure unifies tank inspection requirements and is intended for use by the Company
Engineering and Inspection personnel technically trained and experienced in tank design,
fabrication, repair, construction and inspection.

3. SCOPE
This procedure applies to all company owned atmospheric Storage Tanks regardless of the type,
service and location such as:
 Metallic fixed roof tanks used to store liquid products with very low/negligible evaporation
rates under storage conditions (such as water, sulphur)
 Floating roof tanks used for condensate storage.
 Double containment LNG storage tanks with external concrete shell and inner 9% Nickel steel
shell.
The procedure is based on the philosophy that regardless of design and construction details to
which the tank was originally constructed, it will provide a level of integrity equal to the level
provided by the current edition of API Standard 650 or 620 as applicable.
This Procedure does not apply to tanks designed and constructed to similar codes and standards
as pressure vessels (ASME VIII) for which the procedure 02.18.20.01 shall apply, nor does it
apply to Jet Fuel tanks which are covered in Company Procedure 02.18.20.14 Portable Tanks
Inspection.

4. PROCEDURE
4.1. SCHEDULE
An Inspection schedule shall be created for all Thorough Inspection, External Inspection and On-
Line Inspection for each piece of equipment as applicable. The schedule shall be derived from
the Inspection frequency and shall be maintained whenever possible in WinCairs.
4.1.1. Criticality
A criticality rating assessment shall be made for each Storage Tank in order to establish
comprehensive inspection programmes. The results of this assessment are included in the
Company Inspection Policy manual 01.18.10.00 - Appendix 1

4.1.1.1. Criticality Considerations

Several factors must be considered to determine the criticality of Storage Tanks. These include (but
are not limited to) the following:
 The nature of the product stored.
 Corrosion prevention systems.

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 5 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

 The methods and materials of construction and repair.

 The location of tanks, such as those in isolated or high risk areas.
 The potential risk of air or water pollution.
 Leak detection systems.
 Changes in operating mode (for example: frequency of fill cycling, frequent grounding of
floating roof support legs).
4.1.2. Inspection Grades
An Inspection Grade shall be allocated to each Storage Tank. New tanks will be initially allocated
to Grade 0 until the first thorough inspection is conducted. After completion of the first and each
subsequent inspection, the grade allocation will be amended, if necessary, in accordance with the
inspection grade rules as specified in the Company Inspection Policy (01.18.10.00)
Factors to be considered in amending the inspection grade shall include (but are not limited to) the
following:
 Conditions at previous inspections.
 The results of visual maintenance checks.
 Corrosion rates and allowances
4.1.3. Frequency
A maximum 5-year interval is allocated for External Inspection of all Storage Tanks. In addition,
an External Inspection should take place approximately 6 months prior any Thorough Inspection
in order to amend the inspection Scope of Work as applicable.
The inspection frequencies of Company Storage tanks have been based on recognised industry
standard practices on similar installations. These frequencies may be adjusted after results of the
first inspection, based on the relationship between the Criticality and the Inspection Grade
allocation, as defined in the Company Inspection Policy and should not exceed the recommended
maximum periods.
Given the specific nature of cryogenic service, special considerations shall be taken into account
with regards to the inspection of LNG Storage Tanks. It is known that greater harm may result
from temperature cycling in removing the equipment from service than from constant operation.
The decommissioning for internal access and the further re-commissioning of one LNG tank
requires an estimated 8 months minimum. On this basis LNG Storage Tanks are not subject to
regularly scheduled thorough inspection.
Small capacity tanks in various packages and utilities will be subject only to routine inspection by
operation personnel. Users can specifically request an inspection of these tanks by Inspection
Division due to deteriorating condition or whenever it is required to ascertain continuation of the
operation of an installation.
4.2. PLANNING
4.2.1. Preparation of the Scope of Work
All tanks shall be given a formal inspection by a qualified Inspector according to Company
established Intervals. Where exterior tank bottom corrosion is controlled by a cathodic protection

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 6 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

system, periodic surveys of the system shall be conducted in accordance with Company Procedure
02.18.30.11 - Cathodic Protection Procedure.
External inspection typically does not require extensive planning or preparation. In some cases
scaffolding may be required to access particular areas which may be suspect or which call for
specific NDT. Thorough Inspection, either internal or external however, requires additional effort.
Most thorough inspections will take place outside of regularly scheduled shutdowns. Prior to the
budget review cycle for any given year Inspection shall conduct a careful review of the inspection
schedule and a preliminary list shall be prepared and submitted to Planning indicating the number
and type of tanks to be inspected.
After review of the schedule and establishing the equipment to be inspected, a detailed Scope of
Work shall be prepared for each tank. The detailed scope of work highlights the preparatory work
necessary, any special cleaning requirements, the type and extent of inspection activity and any
testing requirements. The detailed Scope of Work should be submitted to the Planning
Department at least 3 months prior to the anticipated inspection date.
4.2.2. Identification of the potential problems
The potential problems associated with a particular Storage tank must be identified in order to
select adequate methods of inspection. The major problems which can occur in any storage tank
may originate as mentioned here under from various conditions.

4.2.2.1. Effluent Chemistry

The corrosion rate as well as type of corrosion correlates with the type of product stored,
frequency of product exchange and type of construction of the tank. For each tank an
assessment should be made prior to the inspection.

4.2.2.2. Working Conditions

Abnormal working conditions are an important cause of failure. Abnormal conditions could be for
example, the failure of a steam heating coil leading to ingress of moisture. Stagnant fluid can
cause concentration of corrosive species, and especially supports the development of bacterial
corrosion. Close liaison between the Operations and Inspection departments is necessary so
that Inspection can organise its investigations on specific potential anomalies at the next
inspection when abnormal conditions have been reported.

4.2.2.3. Design and Material Selection

Problems may occur due to an inferior design or inadequate material selection. The most
frequent problems resulting from this is corrosion rates higher than expected, galvanic corrosion
or mechanical failure due to insufficient sizing (over stressing and fatigue). The quality of
cladding or lining can also be the source of problems because in case of failure the underlying
material is likely not able to resist the corrosive effluent when directly exposed. Therefore special
attention shall be given to the checking of any internal lining failure.

4.2.2.4. Environmental Conditions

Atmospheric conditions can have a significant effect on external corrosion.
The atmospheric condition in Ras Laffan and offshore can result in severe atmospheric corrosion
due to the presence of chlorides in the air, high temperature, high level of humidity, and acidic
emissions.

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 7 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

4.2.2.5. Tank Foundation Deterioration

The principal causes of foundation deterioration are settlement, erosion, cracking and
deterioration of concrete initiated by calcining, attack by underground water, and attack by
alkalies and acids. Some mechanisms of concrete deterioration are briefly described below:
 Calcining (loss of water of hydration) can occur when concrete has been exposed to
sufficiently high temperature for a period of time. During intermediate cooling periods, the
concrete can absorb moisture, swell, loses its strength, and crack.
 Deterioration of concrete exposed to underground water can be caused by chemical attack
and cyclic changes in temperature can result in spalling and/or the development of structural
cracks.
 Sulphate-type alkalies, and to a lesser extent chlorides, can act as a corrodent to destroy the
bond of the concrete.
 Temperature cracks (hairline cracks of uniform width) do not seriously affect the strength of
the concrete foundation structure; however, these cracks can be potential access points for
moisture or water seepage that could eventually result in corrosion of the reinforcing steel.

4.2.2.6. Corrosion Under Insulation

The potential risk of corrosion under insulation is dependent on the type and condition of
insulation and the operating conditions of the tank.
The risk of external corrosion under insulation (CUI) is most prominent when the operating
temperature is between -4°C to 120 °C. Tanks in continuous operation outside of this range are
not considered to be at risk from CUI. The highest corrosion risk is within 70° C to 120 °C range.

4.2.2.7. Weak point identification

Weak point identification shall be based on the review of the fabrication drawings and of the
process conditions. Stagnant tanks can favour deposit and/or concentration of corrosive species
and also favour development of bacterial corrosion. Openings, nozzles and elbows are
considered as weak points. The splash zone on the shell is also considered as weak area.
Internal organic coatings shall also be considered as a weak point
4.2.3. Design and Inspection Specific Considerations

4.2.3.1. Cryogenic Storage tanks

Internal inspection of cryogenic tanks requires the decommissioning and warming up followed by a
cooling down at the time of re-commissioning. This thermal cycle is considered as very detrimental
to the integrity of the tank jeopardising all the potential benefit which can be gained from the
inspection. Additionally, for equipment of huge capacity such as LNG storage tanks, the emptying,
degassing, vaporizing, inerting and perlite removal will take a considerable amount of time.
The decommissioning for internal thorough inspection and the further re-commissioning lead time of
one LNG tank once in operation is estimated at 8 months minimum. Taking the above into
consideration, internal thorough inspection of LNG tanks shall be carried out when necessary, i.e.
further to anomalies noticed in the operating parameters for instance or from the outside and
according to licenser recommendations.
It should also be noted that LNG storage tanks are equipped with thermocouples in the insulation for
temperature monitoring.
Should an internal inspection be necessary, assistance from Technigas should be required for
preparing relevant inspection procedures.
Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 8 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

4.2.4. Selection of Inspection Methods

The potential causes of deterioration or failure may be subdivided into the following categories:
 Corrosion (internal or external)
 Mechanical damages
 Metallurgical alterations
 Fabrication features
 Design features
The Inspection methods for any equipment scheduled for inspection is established taking into
account the potential problems identified and the time allocated for inspection activities. An
inspection task checklist is established for each Storage Tank type in order to itemise the
standard inspection tasks. Reference shall be made to the Criticality Assessment sheets
prepared for each tank.

4.2.4.1. Visual inspection

Visual examination is an inspection technique that provides a means of examining the surface
condition of a material or object using the naked eye. Visual examination can be supported and
enhanced by the use of following devices/techniques:
 Magnifying Glasses / Microscopes
 Cameras / Video Cameras
 Borescopes / Endoscopes
 Surface replica techniques
Whenever and wherever feasible, a visual internal inspection shall be carried out in order to find
all the indications of deterioration (corrosion, wear, erosion, cracks, deformation, mechanical
failure, etc). LNG Tank internal inspection may be conducted using a suitable video system rated
for cryogenic service on an ad hoc basis if any abnormalities or defects are suspected.
Acoustic Emission testing may be utilized as a substitute for visual internal inspection. Acoustic
Emission is a type of non-intrusive inspection technique that can be employed to inspect the
condition of non-cryogenic product tanks e.g. condensate storage tank. The most critical
component of the tank is the bottom floor, which may be subjected to internal corrosion from the
service fluid or bottom plate undersurface corrosion as a result of contact with soil. The acoustic
emission technique is based on the detection of electrochemical noise emanating from active
defects. Acoustic activity is generated by the fracture of corrosion products or from transient
high-energy signals from a potential leak source.
The driving force to select the AE testing technique is to evaluate the internal condition of above
ground storage tanks without the need to empty the tank, cleaning or man entry. The advantages
of this method are non-interruption in Tank ullage, no environmental releases, zero maintenance
cost for preparation and cleaning, highly cost-effective and minimal hazards associated during the
inspection process. It requires the tank to be temporarily isolated from service. The test result
evaluates the overall condition of the tank and further techniques are required to analyze specific
defects.

4.2.4.2. NDT Inspection

NDT methods are complementary to visual inspection but are generally not considered as a
substitute to it. NDT methods have particular applications and are better suited than other

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 9 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

techniques for identifying specific defects. The NDT method selected shall be based on the type
of defect anticipated. Whenever possible, defects should be confirmed by a second technique.
The selection of NDT methods, to complement the external and internal visual inspections, will be
based on the following criterias :
 Nature and form of the potential defects
 Accessibility
 Limitation of the NDT method.
The selection of the NDT methods can be made by using Table 1 as a guide.

4.2.4.3. Selection of Areas for NDT Inspection

Inspection by NDT methods is time consuming. In order to limit the inspection time, NDT is
applied to selected areas which are more exposed to corrosion or mechanical damages.
The location of the selected areas and the extent of the surface to be inspected are based on the
level of failure risks.
For on-line wall thickness checks the area inspected should include the roof, each shell course
and all nozzles (including small-bore nozzles for instrumentation). The areas of fluids interface
shall be part of the selection. A map of the selected areas has to be established and
incorporated in the inspection documentation package. In the case of Storage Tanks the use of
automated or manual scanning systems may be employed.
Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) may be used to detect general localized and pitting corrosion on
both the top and bottom surfaces of the tank bottom floor plates.
TABLE 1
Potential problems NDT Methods
Origin Form Mat. affected UT MT PT RT VT AE MFL
SSCC (H2S) Crack CS X O X X X X NR
HIC (H2S) Lamination CS O NR X NR NA NR NR
HIC (H2S) Blistering CS X NA NA NR O NR X
CO2, O2, Cl Pitting CS/SS X NR NR X O NR X
"" Even corrosion CS O NA NA NA O X O
"" Uneven Corrosion CS X NA NA X O X O
"" Groove CS, SS X NA NA X O NR X
"" Crevice SS X NA X X O NR X
Galvanic Cell Uneven CS, Al. X NA NA X O X O
Fatigue Crack CS, SS X X O X X NR NR
Flow pattern Corrosion/ erosion CS, SS X NA NA X O NR X
Fabrication /Service Coating defect Coated mat. NA NA NA NA O NR NR
O: Recommended NR: Not recommended X: Suitable
NA: Not applicable CS: Carbon Steel SS: Stainless Steel
Note : PT, MT, UT require direct access the metal surface inspected. They are subject to temperature limitations. UT = 60°C (Special
high temperature UT probes for higher temperatures), PT and MT up to 180°C with specific products.

4.3. DOCUMENTATION PACKAGE

For each storage tank to be inspected an inspection documentation package shall be prepared.
The following documents shall be incorporated whenever available:

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 10 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

 Equipment Data Sheet

 Assembly/General arrangement drawings.
 Inspection sketch or drawing with indication of the areas selected for NDT examination.
 Detailed Scope of Work.
 Copy of the previous inspection reports.
 Report forms (refer to Appendix 2).
4.4. PREPARATORY WORKS
4.4.1. Preparatory Work Planning
The preparatory work programme is set up with the involved departments. Operation Department
takes the equipment out of service and makes sure that the inspection work can safely be
performed. The Maintenance Department, either directly of via a contract, provides all the
necessary support services and equipment to prepare the tank and performs the required
remedial work. Activities normally associated with this are access, scaffolding, ladders, portable
fans, lighting fixtures, lifting equipment, lagging removal, opening/closure, cleaning as per agreed
procedure or manufacturer recommendation, internal dismantling/removal and refitting, spare
parts, etc.
Inspection Work permits will be prepared by Inspection and submitted to Operations prior to the
start of any Inspection work as per approved Permit to Work procedures.
4.4.2. Mobilisation of Equipment/Operators
A list of the inspection equipment and specialised services required for the inspection shall be
established and their availability confirmed for the period planned together with:
 the availability of the necessary consumables,
 the availability of the qualified operators.
The level of qualification of inspection and NDT operators shall be specified and shall comply with
Company Inspection Policy.
Subject to the inspection scope, the inspection shall be performed either by Company personnel
and equipment, or through contracted services under Company’s supervision.
4.5. INSPECTION ACTIVITIES
4.5.1. Thorough Inspection
A thorough inspection means a careful and critical examination of the equipment. The examination
is generally conducted through an internal inspection while the equipment is off-line, but may be
conducted non-intrusively utilizing extensive and or specialized NDE techniques appropriate to the
type of deterioration anticipated.
A Thorough Inspection shall be conducted in accordance with the Inspection Schedule or may be
unscheduled based on an Operational Alert or if a potential floor leak is reported as a result of a
routine observations or an External Inspection. This visual examination of the tank interior should
include checks for leaks, shell distortion, cracks, condition of any coating, evidence of the nature and
severity of internal corrosion, evidence of damage to the structural supports and rafters and
condition of cathodic protection system. Results from this examination may determine the need for
an additional inspection or it may result in a conclusion to either repair or to replace the tank
Three phases shall be considered in a thorough inspection

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 11 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

 Initial Inspection
 Detailed Inspection
 Final Inspection

4.5.1.1. Initial Inspection

Subject to safety restrictions, an overall internal visual examination shall be carried out and
presence of deposits noted with indication of their aspect, colour, quantity and location. Samples
of such deposits and corrosion products shall be taken for further analysis. Samples shall be
carefully identified by an appropriate label with indication of the sampling location. Still
photographs shall be taken of typical and abnormal conditions and all apparent damages, shall
be noted. The Manhole plate inner surface (flange facing) and gasket shall be visually examined.
Upon completion of the intial inspection an intermediate report may be issued if further cleaning
or corrective action required prior to detailed inspection.

4.5.1.2. Detailed Inspection

All the items of the Inspection tasks check list shall be are thoroughly examined for detection of
pitting, cracks, blisters, grooves, crevices and other forms of corrosion, wear, distortion, bending, or
other mechanical failures which have not been noted at the opening time inspection. Particular
attention shall be given to weld seams, heat affected zones and stressed parts such as supports of
heating coil, roof rafters , etc. It must be ensured that roof support legs are all adjusted to the same
height when undertaking internal inspection in order to prevent deformation and damage while the
roof rests on the bottom.
Shell corrosion occurs in many forms and varying degrees of severity and may result in a
generally uniform loss of metal over a large surface area or in a localized area. Pitting may also
occur.
Each case must be treated as a unique situation and a thorough inspection conducted to
determine the nature and extent of corrosion prior to developing a repair procedure. Pitting does
not normally represent a significant threat to the overall structural integrity of a shell unless
present in a severe form with pits in close proximity to one another. However, pitting corrosion is
a primary reason for tank leaks and may result in subsequent underside corrosion. Criteria for
evaluating both general corrosion and pitting are defined below.
Widely scattered pits that do not effect the structural integrity of the tank may be ignored provided
that no pit depth results in the remaining shell thickness being less than one-half the minimum
acceptable tank shell thickness, exclusive of the corrosion allowance, and their dimension along
any line does not exceed 50 mm width and 200 mm length.
The visual examination shall be completed with a still photograph report of the abnormal findings.
NDT methods are complementary to visual inspection but not a substitute to it. They have to be
extensively used during out of service inspection also for a purpose to compare data obtain
during in service inspection to monitor any anomaly on tanks walls (shell, bottom, roof, or top). In
case of large tank this the only possibility to have access to the bottom of the tank which is
essential to determine life expectancy of the tank.
 Ultrasonic Inspection (UT) is recommended for detection of lamination, blister, non-even
internal corrosion, cladding disbondment and for remaining wall thickness measurement.
Automated ultrasonic scanning equipment can be also used.
 Dye Penetrant Examination (PT) and Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT) are recommended to
detect surface flaws (cracking) and surface defects and defects in welds.

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 12 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

 Radiography (RT) is not normally used during out of service inspection of the tanks but can be
used as a complementary inspection method to UT.
 Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is used to detect general localized and pitting corrosion on both
the top and bottom surfaces of the tank bottom floor plates. The technique may be used on
coated or uncoated tank floors. The scanning data is given via computer in graphic form. It is
always recommendable to check the results with spot UT measurements.
 Vacuum box leak detection is an inspection method when there is a suspicion of a leak(s).
There are different shapes of the boxes which can be utilise to detect leak also between shell
and annular ring.

4.5.1.3. Final Inspection

This inspection shall be carried out jointly with Operations and Maintenance department to ensure
that all recommended repair have been carried out satisfactorily, tank is free of any foreign
material prior to signing-off the box-up certificate.
4.5.2. External Inspection
Much useful information can be obtained from an external inspection which can be carried out whilst
the tank is in service. External inspection constitutes a survey of the shell, the nozzles, the
foundation, the associated platforms and access ladders, the associated piping and instruments and
the external insulation where applicable.
The following area must be inspected during this inspection:
 Check tank verticality and settlement with appropriate instruments such as theodolite. Uneven
settlement may cause high stresses at the bottom-to-shell connection or in the connected
piping. On floating roof tank, uneven settlement may cause deformation of the shell which
may result in jamming of the floating roof
 The part of the foundation which projects beyond the base of the tank shall be inspected for
cavitations and proper drainage of rain water.
 Check for signs of stored product leakage all around the bottom periphery of the tank.
 Check the condition of shell and fixed roof for any signs of corrosion, buckling, leakage,
bulges, deformation, damage, coating status etc.
 Check the condition of stairways and ladders for corrosion, cracks, deformation, damage,
coating status on steel and concrete tanks... This shall include the concrete pedestals,
supports as well as any welding of support to the tank shell and the intermediate platforms
and handrails.
 Check condition of external girder where applicable for welds condition, corrosion, cracks,
damage.
 Check external condition of bottom part of the tank shell for corrosion of the annular ring to
shell connection.
 Check condition of associated safety equipment such as pressure safety valves, vacuum,
breathing.
 Check condition of the associated nozzles for corrosion, cracks etc.
 On floating roof tanks check for the presence of condensate on roof surface. The roof seal
shall be checked for damage, wear. The hinge bolt at the top and the rollers at the foot of the
roof ladder and the roof ladder shall be checked for corrosion, cracks, damage, proper
functioning along with the proper functioning of the rain water drain. The anti-static shunts or
earthing connections between floating roof and tank shell shall also be examined. Check for
the pontoons after cover opening for presence of water or condensate inside the pontoon.
Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 13 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

 Check cathodic protection potentials with permanently fitted reference electrodes and portable
reference electrodes. Cathodic protection potentials shall be measured with reference
electrodes to check the protection level of the bottom plates.
 Tank grounding system components such as shunts or mechanical connections of cables
shall be visually checked. Recommended practices dealing with the prevention of
hydrocarbon ignition are covered by API RP 2003
 The concrete foundation slab shall be examined for cracks and evidence of settlement. Refer
to API 653 Appendix B for assessment of the condition of foundation.
 Anchor bolts shall be examined for corrosion, crack, and tightness.

4.5.2.1. Settlement
Settlement of a tank is considered to be the result of either one or a combination of the following
three settlement components.
 Uniform settlement. This component often can be predicted in advance, with sufficient
accuracy from soil tests. It may vary in magnitude, depending on the soil characteristics.
Uniform settlement of a tank does not induce stresses in the tank structure. However, piping
and attachments must be given adequate consideration to prevent problems caused by such
settlement.
 Rigid body tilting of a tank (planar tilt). This component rotates the tank in a tilted plane. The
tilt will cause an increase in the liquid level and, therefore, an increase in the hoop stress in
the tank shell. Also, excessive tilting can cause binding of peripheral seals in a floating roof
and inhibit roof travel. This type of settlement could affect tank nozzles that have piping
attached to them.
 Out-of-plane settlement (differential settlement). Due to the fact that a tank is a rather flexible
structure, chances are great that the tank shell will settle in a non-planar configuration,
inducing additional stresses in the tank shell.
The out-of-plane settlements at the bottom edge lead to a lack of circularity at the top of the
tank, and in the case of a floating roof tank, the extent of the induced ovality may impede the
proper functioning of the floating roof in such a way that re-levelling is required. Also, such
settlements may cause flat spots to develop in the tank shell. This type of settlement could
affect tank nozzles that have piping attached to them.
While uniform settlement and rigid body tilt of a tank may cause problems as described above, the
out-of-plane settlement is the important component to determine and evaluate in order to ensure the
structural integrity of the shell and bottom. Based on this principle, a common approach is to
determine the magnitudes of the uniform and rigid body tilt component (if any) for each data point on
the tank periphery. Once this is carried out, the plane of rigid tilt is then important as a datum from
which to measure the magnitudes of the out-of plane settlements.
In addition to the above the following cases might occur:
 Tank Edge settlement occurs when the tank shell settles sharply around the periphery,
resulting in deformation of the bottom plate near the shell-to-bottom comer junction.
 Bottom settlement near tank shell occurs when the bottom tank plates are bulged or
depressed.
 Localized Bottom settlement remote from tank shell. These are depressions (or bulges) that
occur in a random manner, remote from the shell
Refer to API 653 Appendix B for assessment of the condition of foundation and publication "Criteria
for Settlement of Tank” W. Allen Marr, M. ASCE, Jose A. Ramos, and T. William Lambe, F. ASCE,
Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 14 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil

Engineers, Vol. 108, August 1982.

4.5.2.2. External Insulation Survey

Cold service: External visual is the primary inspection stage for detecting insulation damage but it is
not always reliable to detect areas where moisture has penetrated the vapour barrier.
Complementary methods are available. Thermographic survey allows a rough estimate of the
insulation status. It shall be focused on parts where moisture or water ingress is suspected. In case
of indication of insulation defects which can indicate the presence of moisture, the insulation has to
be removed at the next opportunity for visual examination of the metal surface. Neutron backscatter
method may be used as a complement of the Thermography method to identify the presence of
moisture where insulation defects are detected.
Hot service: Complementary methods to the external visual are required on lagged hot service
tanks. Thermographic survey can identify areas of insulation deficiencies, which should be
investigated by local insulation removal for a visual examination of the external tank surface.
On insulated tank shells the waterproof sealing/cladding of the insulation shall be inspected for
tightness, corrosion, deformation, damage and icing for low temperature or cryogenic services.
4.5.3. In-Service Inspection
The application of one or more of the non-destructive testing methods can be used to inspect and
assess the inside condition of a tank. This can provide valuable information on the internal status of
a tank and corrosion rate. For instance, ultrasonic thickness measurements shall extensively be
carried out at adequate locations to identify any signs of internal corrosion or detection of internal
defects.
Selected area co-ordinates have to be reported to fixed marks (reference datum) such as edge of
weld seam so that the subsequent inspection can take place exactly at the same place which is
necessary to assess the corrosion rate.
If laminations are found, the extent of the defects shall be accurately evaluated and a mapping of
the defects shall be drafted out, as reference, in order to assess possible extension and to monitor
the evolution. A permanent grid, painted on the surface of the faulty area can help in the monitoring
of the defect. The use of corrosion condition computerized system for data recording and trend
analysis is to be implemented.
4.6. SAFETY DEVICES
When carrying out any types of Scheduled inspection on storage tanks, the associated pressure
relief devices shall be externally inspected in accordance with the Company procedure 18.10.08 -
Inspection and Testing of Pressure Relief Devices. Test and inspection records shall be reviewed to
ensure the date of last test/overhaul is within the specified period. If not, the pressure relief devices
shall be inspected and/or tested.
4.7. PRESSURE TESTING
Tanks are not normally subject to any form of testing following their introduction into service except
under exceptional circumstances, such as following the fitting of a new bottom or the major repairs of
the bottom or the shell.
4.8. MODIFICATIONS AND REPAIRS
Modifications or repairs must be subject to a formal procedure in which the design, fabrication,
inspection and test requirements are prepared and approved by relevant specialists. The welding
Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 15 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
 Procedure 02.18.20.07
Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Effective 01/11/2004
Issue Date 25/10/2004
Limited Valid Until See Front Sheet
Revision 01

procedure shall be prepared and/or reviewed by the relevant specialist and issued to
Maintenance by the QA/QC section.
Stage wise inspection shall be conducted for any repairs or modifications carried out. Inspection
will ensure that modifications and repairs are carried out in accordance with relevant codes and
procedures and that full documentation of technical data is retained in the record system.
Proof testing or load testing will be required following significant repair or modification and shall
be witnessed by Inspection. The necessary procedure shall be specified by Inspection.
4.9. REPORTS AND RECORDS
4.9.1. External Inspection
External Inspection reports are essentially an inspection checklist that is filled out as appropriate.
The format can be modified for specific applications if necessary if a particular aspect is not dealt
with in sufficient detail. The report should be prepared within 5 working days of completion of the
inspection and should have a copy of any SAP notifications raised for corrective action.
Photographs and NDT Reports may also supplement the External Inspection Report.
Please refer to the External Inspection Report Format in Appendix 2
4.9.2. Thorough Internal Inspection

4.9.2.1. Intermediate reports

In the case of findings that require immediate action such as repair works, alterations,
replacement, etc. or that require an extension of the inspection time, the Inspector shall issue an
intermediate report, using the relevant form. In certain cases several Intermediate Reports can
be issued.

4.9.2.2. Final Reports

A final Inspection Report shall be prepared within 14 days of completion of the Inspection
activities. The final Report includes should include (as applicable), the as found condition of the
equipment, details of repairs carried out, recommendations, NDT Reports, Photographs, other
specific investigation report (replicas, chemical analysis, etc.), and any Vendor reports.
Please refer to the Storage Tank Summary Report format in Appendix 2.

5. APPENDICES
Appendix 1 – Reference Documents
Appendix 2 – Inspection Report Forms

Prepared By:
Storage Tank Inspection Procedure Inspection Division
Page 16 Issued By:
Engineering &
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54 Ventures
5.1. APPENDIX 1 - REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
Following part introduces the codes and standards used in the operation, inspection, maintenance,
design and fabrication of storage tanks. This procedure was prepared mainly based on these
standards. These codes and standards are also to be considered in the case of any modification or
repair to be done.

ASME Section VIII - Pressure Vessels - Division 1 and 2

Section V - Non-Destructive Testing
Section IX - Welding Qualification
API - RP 12R 1 Recommended Practice for Setting, Maintenance,
Inspection, Operation and Repair of Tanks in production
Service
API - Std 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded Low-Pressure
Storage Tanks
API - Std 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API - RP 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage
Tanks
API - RP 652 Lining of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms
API - RP 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, alternation, and Reconstruction
API - Std 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
(Non-refrigerated and Refrigerated)
API - RP 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning,
and Stray Currents
API - Publ 2015 Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks
API - Publ 2015A Guide for Controlling the Lead Hazard Associated with
Tank Entry and Cleaning
API - Publ 2015B Cleaning Open- Top and Covered Floating Roof Tanks
API - Publ 2201 Procedure for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment
Containing Flammable
API - Publ 2207 Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work
API - Publ 2217 Guidelines for Confined Space Work in the Petroleum
Industry
BS 7361 Cathodic protection. Part 1, Code of Practice for Land and
Marine Appliances.

If any condition of this procedure based on above presented standards is in a direct or implied
conflict with any statutory regulation (if any), the regulation shall govern. However, if the
requirements of this procedure are more stringent than the requirements of the regulation, then the
requirements of the procedure shall govern.

Procedure 02.18.20.07
Appendix 1 – Reference Documents Effective 01/11/2004
Page 17 Issue Date 25/10/2004
Valid Until See Front Sheet.
Revision 01
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54
5.2. APPENDIX 2 – INSPECTION REPORT FORMS
 Inspection Summary Report
 External Inspection Report

Procedure 02.18.20.07
Appendix 1 – Reference Documents Effective 01/11/2004
Page 18 Issue Date 25/10/2004
Valid Until See Front Sheet.
Revision 01
489153654.doc 04/01/09/20 09:54