Objectives :

1. Describe the cell by identify the

different parts of the cell and
their function
2. Differentiate the two types of
cell
3. Identify the steps of the cell
cycle
Objectives :
1. Describe the cell by identify the
different parts of the cell and
their function
2. Differentiate the two types of
cell
3. Identify the steps of the cell
cycle
 BRIEF HISTROY OF THE CELLS DISCOVERY

Initially discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, the cell has a rich and
interesting history that has ultimately given way too many of today’s scientific
advancements.
o He first saw cells.
o He was the first person to use the word “cell” to identify microscopic
structures when he was describing cork.
The cell theory states that:
• All biological organisms are
composed of cells
• Cells are the unit of life
• All life comes from pre-
existing life
Developers of Cell Theory:
• Matthias Schleiden (1838) - Stated that all plants
are composed of cells

• Theodor Schwann (1839) - Stated that all

animals are also composed of cells - Thus claimed,
all living things are composed of cells

• Rudolf Virchow (1858) - All cells come from pre-

existing cells
 PLANT CELL
Cytology is the study of the structure and the function of
cells. Cells are the simplest unit of matter that is living
CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
SIZE OF CELL 0.2-2 micrometer 10-100 micrometer

EXAMPLE Bacteria, archaea Animasl and plants

NUCLEUS Absent Present
-Matured RBC has no nuclues
MEMBRANE BOUND Absent Present
ORGANELLE
FLAGELLA Consist of protein building blocks Complex; consist of multiple microtubules

CELL WALL Usually present Only in plants and fungi

PLASMA MEMBRANE WITH Usually no Yes
STEROID
CYTOPLASM No cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming Present

RIBOSOMES 70 S RIBOSOME 80 S ROBOSOME

CELL DIVISION Binary fission Mitosis

NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES One, but not true chromosome More than one

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Conjugation Meiosis

Naked Bound to protein

Circular Linear
Plant cell is the basic building block of plant life, and
they carry out all of the functions necessary for
survival.
- They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus
along with specialized structures called organelles
that carry out different functions.
RIDDLE :

1. I serve as a protection of the cell to the external

environment. I am also called a fluid mosaic model.
I am a phospholipid bilayer which is consist of a
polar head and a non polar tail.

a. Cell wall b. cell membrane c. cytoplasm

CELL MEMBRANE –
barrier and protection
“fluid mosaic model”:
lipid bilayer
RIDDLE :

I am the jelly like fluid inside the cell. I provide an area

of movement for all the dissolved molecules that keep
the cell working. I am the?

a. Cell wall b. cell membrane c. cytoplasm

CYTOPLASM ( cytosol + organelle)
- Contains organelles (organ like
structure)
NUCLUES – “control center/ brain of
the cell”.
- Contains DNA and RNA
CYTOPLASM ( cytosol + organelle)
- Contains organelles (organ like
structure)
NUCLUES – “control center/ brain of
the cell”.
- Contains DNA and RNA
RIDDLE :

When a cell needs energy, I take in nutrients break

them down, and supply energy to the cell. I can also
convert stored energy in the cell to food. I am a?

a. vacuoles b. golgi apparatus c. mitochondria

MITOCHONDRIA – “ power house of
the cell”
ATP synthesis (Oxidative
Phosphorylation)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC), Kreb
cycle, Redox Reactions
RIDDLE :

I am the cells transport system. Their are two types of me, rough
and smooth. The rough type has ribosomes attached. I am the?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. golgi apparatus c. mitochondria

1.ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
✓Smooth ER: no ribosomes
Fx: Fatty Acid synthesis
✓Rough ER: with ribosomes
Fx: Protein snyhtesis
1.GOLGI APPARATUS/ BODIES – storage sites of
proteins
- Processing and modification of proteins
- Ex: glycosylation ( attachment of carbohydrates to
proteins ( glycoprotein)
RIDDLE :

We build proteins in the cell. We can be found in

several places in the cell, including in the cytosol and
on the endoplasmic reticulum. We are ?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. ribosomes c. golgi body

RIBOSOMES- complexes of ribosomal
RNA and other proteins
Prokaryotes – 70s ( 30S and 50 S )
Eukaryotes – 80 S ( 40 S and 60 S )
Note: Svedberg (S) – unit of
sedimentation
RIDDLE :

I act like a digestive system of the animal cell. I

contains enzymes that breaks down waste and othe
materials.

a. Lysosomes b. ribosomes c. NK cells

LYSOSOMES - “ suicide sacs”
✓ Hydrolytic enzymes : macrophage/
phagocyte
Note: IgG antibodies promote the
ingestion and killing of microbes by
phagocytes
✓Peroxisome – specialized lysosome - contains H2O2
(dihydrogen dioxide/ perhydroxic acid )
-contains reducing enzymes like : catalase (make
H2O2) and oxidases ( break down H2O2 )
-help in lipid catabolism
- help form phospholipid in the cell membrane
Ex: plasmalogen- myelin sheath that covers the nerve
-Reduction of reactive oxygen species ( R.O.S) aka:
free radicals
RIDDLE :

I am a food producer for plant cells, I absorb light

energy from the sun and use it to convert carbon
dioxide. I am a?

a. Chloroplast b. ribosomes c. nucleus

9. CHLOROPLAST : plants only
-chlorophyll: green pigment:
photosynthesis
• Cytoskeleton. The “framework”,
Helps maintain the cell shape, motility
and internal movement.

• Microtubules. Large tubular

structures composed of the protein
tubulin.
-cell division
o Microfilaments – play a role in
cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis)
• Plastids. Primarily involved in the manufacture and
storage of food. - They are therefore involved in such
processes as photosynthesis, synthesis of amino acids and
lipids as well as storage of various materials among a few
other functions.

- Parts involved in photosynthesis

- o Grana – stack of coins
- o Thylakoids – contain chlorophyll
- o Stroma – liquid portion, contains enzymes for
photosynthesis, DNA that encodes production of protein
for photosynthesis, RNA and ribosomes that facilitate
protein synthesis
Other PLASTIDS o Chromoplasts - yellow, orange or
red in color due to the presence of carotenoid
pigments.
o Leucoplast – colorless plastids
o Amyloplasts –synthesize starch
o Elaioplast – synthesize oil
o Etioplasts are photosynthetically inactive plastids
that accumulate when light levels are too low for
chloroplast maturation.
Proplastids- where plastids are derived

• Plasmodesma, plasmodesmata (pl.) Holes all over

the cell wall which allows the nutrients to enter the
cell and also allows the waste to exit the cell.
Today I have
learned
about………
I realized that
………