MODULE 8

Pre-competency Checklist: (Formative/Diagnostic Assessment)

Answer the following question for at least 3 – 5 sentences as you respond in every query.

1. What is your background in Physics subject in terms of series, parallel, and series-parallel
connection?

2. What circuit components are in series, parallel, and series-parallel with each other?

Post-competency Checklist (Formative Assessment):

1. What is the importance of connecting electrical circuit in series, parallel and series-parallel
connection?

2. Explain the electrical circuit and kinds of circuit.

3. Why we need trouble shooting of a circuit?

4. Differentiate series, parallel, and series-parallel.

5. State three characteristics of a series circuit.

6. How will you connect load in a circuit? Switch in a circuit?

components or electrical devices for the purpose of communication or transferring energy from
one point to another. The components of electric circuits are always referred to as circuit
elements.
Circuit - it is a path for the current to flow. is said to be closed when it provides a complete path
for the flow of current. It is open when it does not provide a complete path.

Component of the complete circuit:

1. There must be a source.

2. There must be a load.

3. There must be a control.

4. There must be a connecting wire.

Kinds of Circuit:

1. Series circuit - a circuit whose load are connected in tandem, or there is only one path for the
current to flow. It is also a circuit in which lamps are arranged in a chain, so that the current has
only one path to take. The current is the same through each load. Example of this is the
Christmas lights. It consists of a number of bulbs that are connected side by side to meet the
voltage requirement which is 220 volts for alternating current.

2. Parallel circuit – is a circuit in which lamps are connected across the wires. The voltage across
each load on parallel circuit is the same. The advantages of using parallel circuit are that even if
one of the lamps fails, still the remaining lamps will function. it is also a multiple circuit, there
are two or more paths for the current to flow.

3. Series Parallel circuit - they are combination of simple series and parallel circuit, it is easy to
recognize the series with in the combination by a few simple rules.

Characteristic of series circuit:

1. The current is constant or equal. IT = I1 = I2 = I3

2. The power will be divided among the load.

3. ET = E1 + E2 + E3

4. RT = R1 + R2 + R3

Characteristic of parallel circuit:

1. Current is divided among the load.

2. Power is constant.

3. Source is ET = E1 = E2

4. Resistance RT = ET/IT

Kinds of Trouble in Circuit:

1. Open circuit - is a circuit that small amount of current may pass. It occurs when some part of
a circuit is either open, such as a switch, or malfunctioning, such as a burned-out fuse or a
broken wire. There is no current anywhere in the circuit.

2. Short circuit - is a circuit that is practically no resistance between two terminals. Two lines
may be connected.

3. Close circuit - it provides a complete path for the flow of the current.

Properties of circuit:

1. Current

2. Resistance

3. Voltage

Effects of short circuit:

1. Damage to part's

2. Fires

Cause of short circuit:

1. Resistance term directly connected.

2. Battery contacts each other.

3. In correct wiring.

Testing for open circuit:

1. use the ohm meter

2. use the test lamp

CIRCUIT FAULT AND CAUSES

CAUSES/FAULT

Dirty
Poor connection or Open connection

Loose nut & bolt connection

Poor connection or Open connection

Deteriorated insolation

Short, Open, Ground connection

Friction, vibration Knick’s and Nicks

Short, Open, Ground connection

Acid and Paint

Ruined insulation short, 0pen, Ground

Over loads, Heat Open

TROUBLE SHOOTING OF A CIRCUIT:

As an electrician you normally will have an opportunity to trouble shoot a circuit. Use every
opportunity to become familiar with test instrument method use in trouble shoo ting.

Trouble shooting consist of the following:

1. Locating the fault
2. correcting it

Repairing the trouble usually involves the replacement t of defective parts, but locating trouble
is often a more tedious job which requires knowledge of the equipment and mechanical know
how efficient trouble shooting requires an orderly systematic procedure.

THE SEQUENCE OR STEP'S IN TROUBLESHOOTING:

1. Inspect the faulty circuit of all five senses, to discover any obvious trouble, LOOK for loose or
blown fuse, dirt and moisture, SMELL to discover odor or burned insulation that caused by
overheated parts. LISTEN for abnormal noise of lack of normal sound of operation. Cautiously
FEEL of other parts for any abnormal heat or any lack of normal heat. These checks are
obviously abnormal condition that will lead you directly to defective parts.
2. From the evidence at hand, try to locate the part of the system that is fault. This requires
knowledge of the circuit and its operation. An Experienced technician or electrician can quickly
check to see whether the supply is functioning.
3. If you fail to locate trouble after following first two steps then make the systematic test with
meter measure the DC or AC voltage to localize the faulty section stage or component.
Abnormal voltage at any points may give a clue to the trouble.
4. Localize the trouble at early stage.
5. Locate the faulty part with in the stage by point-to-point voltage test or by continuity test or
an ohmmeter.
6. Replace or repair the defective part, all replacement should be duplicate of the defective
parts replaced or repaired.
7. Test the circuit for normal operation and make adjustment of the circuit, if necessary,

MODULE 9

Pre-competency Checklist: (Formative/Diagnostic Assessment)

1. Differentiate the kinds of switches.

2. Enumerate the kinds of trouble in a fluorescent lamp

Switches

Switches are devices which serves to open or close the electric circuits. Switches are classified
as either:

1. GENERAL - Use Switch

2.. GENERAL - Use Snap Switch

3. AC GENERAL - Use Snap Switch

4. AC/DC GENERAL - Use Switch

5. ISOLATING Switch

6. MOTOR - CIRCUIT Switch

GENERAL - USE SWITCH - a switch intended for use in general distribution and branch circuit
which is rated in ampere. It is capable of interrupting the rated current at a rated voltage.

ISOLATING SWITCH - a switch intended for isolating an electric circuit from the source of power.

GENERAL USE SNAP SWITCH - a form of general use switch usually installed in flush device
boxes or on an outlet box cover.

Switch - a device that connects and disconnects the flow of electric current in a circuit. There
are many shapes, designs, and types and they are classified as hanging, flush, and surface types.

Wall switches should be installed about 48" above the floor level on the tach side of the
doorway within the same room at the light it controls.

TYPES 0F SWITCHES:

One Gang or Single Pole Switch - has two terminals used to turn on and off the circuit
operations in lighting circuit in most residential circuits.

Two Gang Switch - is composed of two consecutive single pole switches place in one housing. It
is used to control

two groups of lamps. It has on the individual control.

Three Gang Switch - is composed of three consecutive single pole switches place in one
housing. it is used to control three groups of lamps; it has an individual control.
Three - Way Switch - is composed of three terminals and two traveler terminals and the one
common terminal, it has two positions. It is used to turn a light or device on or off from two
different locations. Three-way switches are necessary in order to have four ways operate.

Four - Way switch - has four terminals and the two common terminals and the two traveler
terminals, it is just the

same with the three - way switch with two positions. It takes two three-way switches with one
four- way to be able to operate a device from three locations.
Post-competency Checklist (Formative Assessment):

1. Why we need to know trouble shooting of a fluorescent lamp?

A dead fluorescent can be caused by lack of electrical power (tripped breaker or blown fuse), a
dead or dying ballast, a dead starter or a dead bulb(s). ... defective starters, defective bulbs or a
defective ballast. IMPORTANT: Flickering fluorescent tubes can cause the ballast to overheat
and fail prematurely

2. How will you connect load in a circuit? Switch in a circuit?

BULB – this is the most commonly used type of lamps. It comes in a variety of sizes, shapes and

colors. It is also the cheaper type of lamp, fast starting and provides a soft warm light.
BULB – this is the most commonly used type of lamps. It comes in a variety of sizes, shapes and
colors. It is also the cheaper type of lamp, fast starting and provides a soft warm light.
Switch - a device that connects and disconnects the flow of electric current in a circuit.There are
many shapes, designs, and types and they are classified as hanging, flush, and surface types.

3. Compare the fluorescent lamp to other kind of bulbs used in electrical circuit.

Fluorescent light
Incandescent light

MODULE 10

Pre-competency Checklist: (Formative/Diagnostic Assessment)

1. Discuss the provisions of service entrance (see Philippine Electrical Code).

SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS:

This includes the cable from the service head or the conductors in the conduit to the meter and
the conductor in cable or conduit from the meter to inside to building and to the main switch.
They should be a large enough size safety can the current that the house system will demand
future expansion of the house loads should be considered. Where the sizing those conductors
so that the service conductors will still adequate after expansion.

SERVICE ENTRANCE:

Service Entrance is defined as that portion of the supply conductors which extends from the
street main, duct or transformer to the service switch or switchboard of the building supply. As
defined by the PEC, it is the conductor and equipment for delivering energy from the electricity
supply system to the wiring system of the premises served. The term service describes sever a
piece’s equipment and their connections. There are two types of service entrance, namely:

1. OVERHEAD/AERIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE - the most common type of service entrance

employed by the power companies supplying electricity. Generally, the overhead service cable
between the building property line and the supply point is supplied by the electric company to
a limit of 30 meters. The consumer is then required to pay in excess of this length. The service
conductors between the terminals of the service equipment and a point usually outside the
building, clear of building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service drop.

2. UNDERGROUND/BURIED SERVICE ENTRANCE

the underground service entrance consists of a raceway conduit extending from the building to
the property line where it is tapped to the main. The type of cable recommended is the
underground service entrance cable commonly referred to as use.

The service conductors between the terminals of the service equipment and a point of
connection to the service lateral. Where service equipment is located outside the building
walls, there may be no service entrance conductors, or they may be entirely outside the
building.

2. State the provision of the PEC regarding the clearance of the service drop.
SERVICE DROP:

The service drop is the connection of the house system to the distribution system. This is done
after the house insulation is completed and tested and performed with the main switch open
the connection is made to the distribution system by removing the insulation on the system
secondary line wires connections. The service drop conductors are secured to an insulator and
then connected to the conductors entering the service head. The service head should let be
higher than the service drop or their show be drip loop to prevent water from entering service
head.
The overhead service conductors from the last pole or other aerial support to and including the
splices, if any, connecting to the service entrance conductors at the building or other structure.

SERVICE INSULATOR/TION:
These insulations are for securing the service drop to the residence they be should be mounted
high enough on the building to allow (10) of clearance between the service drop and the
grounded, they should be mounted on a secured structure of the building or on a poll installed
for the purpose.

SERVICE HEAD:
This is mounted on the top of the conduit or cable leading to the meter. Its purpose is to
prevent rain from entering the conduit or cable. It should be mounted above the service
insulation so that the rain will drop down the conductor and away from the service head.

Post-competency Checklist (Formative Assessment):

1. Explain the provisions regarding branch circuits.

2. Differentiate overhead to underground service entrance.
SERVICE INSULATOR/TION:
These insulations are for securing the service drop to the residence they be should be mounted
high enough on the building to allow (10) of clearance between the service drop and the
grounded, they should be mounted on a secured structure of the building or on a poll installed
for the purpose.
SERVICE HEAD:
This is mounted on the top of the conduit or cable leading to the meter. Its purpose is to
prevent rain from entering the conduit or cable. It should be mounted above the service
insulation so that the rain will drop down the conductor and away from the service head.

3. In your opinion, what do you suggest to the owner of the house overhead or underground
service entrance?