section with the concatenation of several if and -The continue statement causes the program to chars.
to chars. So, this declaration would consume more
-Selection structures are used to perform
‘decision making‘and then branch the program
flow based on the outcome of decision making.
-Selection structures are implemented in C with it,
if else and switch statements.
-if and if else statements are 2 way branching
statements whereas switch is a multi-branching
statement.
-An if statement can be followed by an optional
else statement, which executes when the Boolean
expression is false.
-If the Boolean expression evaluates to true, then
the if block will be executed, otherwise, the else
block will be executed.
-C programming language assumes any non-zero
and non- null values as true, and if it is either zero
or null, then it is assumed as false value.
-An if statement can be followed by an optional
else if...else statement, which is very useful to test
various conditions using single if...else if
statement.
-When using if...else if..else statements, there are
few points to keep in mind :
* An if can have zero or one else's and it must
come after any else if' s.
* An if can have zero to many else if's and they
must come before the else.
* Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining
else if's or else's will be tested.
- The structure is similar to
single selection (flowchart)
- The structure is
similar to double selection (flowchart)
- multiple
selection on C
- if statement
that contains other if / if - else statements
-The syntax of the switch statement is a bit
peculiar; Its objective is to check several possible
constant values for an expression; Something
similar to what we did at the beginning of this
else if instructions.
-It works in the following way: switch evaluates
expression and checks if it is equivalent to
constant1, if it is, it executes group of statements
1 until it finds the break statement. When it finds
this break statement the program jumps to the
end of the switch selective structure.
-If expression was not equal to constant1 it will be
checked against constant2. If it is equal to this, it
will execute group of statements 2 until a break
keyword is found, and then will jump to the end
of the switch selective structure.
-Finally, if the value of expression did not match
any of the previously specified constants (you can
include as many case labels as values you want to
check), the program will execute the statements
included after the default: label if it exists (since it
is optional).
-A loop structure is used to execute a certain set
of actions for a predefined number of times or
until a particular condition is satisfied.
-There are 3 control statements available in C/C++
to implement loop structures:
*While statement*do while statement*for
statement
- Statements in the
loop are executed first (at
least once, and condition is
tested last
-Loop is controlled by a condition, sentinel, or
counter
Syntax:
skip the rest of the loop in the current iteration as than 3 gigabytes of memory!
if the end of the statement block had been Syntax:
reached, causing it to jump to the start of the data_type array_name[array_size1][array_size2];
following iteration. Example: int grades [2][4];
Note: The size 2 indicates the number of rows.
-Using break, we can leave a loop even if the The size 4 indicated the number of columns.
condition for its end is not fulfilled. It can be used
to end an infinite loop, or to force it to end before
its natural end.
Note: The number of pairs of curly braces with
-An array is a series of elements of the same type the main curly brace indicates the number of rows
placed in contiguous memory locations that can of an array.
be individually referenced by adding an index to a These inner curly braces must be separated by
unique identifier. comma.
-An array is variable that can store multiple
values.
-Assume that you were asked to write a program
that accept 10 student marks, calculating average
mark, and then print a number of students that
get more than average mark.
-Instead of using 10 variables to represent 10
student marks, another technique is using one-
dimensional array for storing a list of marks.
-Array is a collection of memory location that is
used for storing data from same type. Each
memory location in array is referred by array’s
name and location memory index.
Value assignment to array’s element is same as
value assign to variable.
- Assignment to array can be done element by
element. This can be done by indicating the array
index to assign each array element value.
Syntax: array_name[index] = element_value;
Note: Remember that array always starts with the
index of 0, so the array element 2 is stored in
array grades index 1. You have to use assignment
operator (=) to assign a new value.
-In C programming, you can create an array of
arrays; These arrays are known as
multidimensional arrays; Multidimensional arrays
are not limited to two indices (i.e., two
dimensions).
-They can contain as many indices as needed. But
be careful! The amount of memory needed for an
array rapidly increases with each dimension.
For example:
char dictionary [100][365][24][60][60];
-Declares an array with a char element for each
second in a dictionary, that is more than 3 billion