1. Define Condenser.

Describe briefly about charging and discharging of condenser and its

role in P.T equipments APR’18 10M
2. What is condenser. Add note on charging and discharging of condenser DEC’20 10M
3. Define condenser and explain in detail its construction, working principle, types, capacity
and uses. OCT’14 10M
4. Define condenser. Explain the principles, types, construction and working of condensers.
Add a note on uses of condenser. SEP’19 10M
5. Condensers OCT’18 5M
6. Explain the construction and uses of condenser APR’12 2M
7. Condenser APR’13 2M, APR’14 2M, OCT’17 2M

CONDENSER:

 The capacitor (also known as a condenser) is a device for storing an electric charge.
 In its simplest form it consists of two metal plates separated by an insulator called the
dielectric.
 If the plates are given opposite static electric charges, the electric lines of force concentrate
between the plates
 The electric field between the plates has an effect on the atoms of the dielectric, causing
their electron orbits to distort as they are attracted towards the positive plate.
 The atoms remain in this state of tension until the potential difference across the capacitor
is removed, when the energy is released.

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING:

 A capacitor can be charged using electrostatic induction, where a static electric charge is
allowed to build up on the plates of the capacitor, or by applying a potential difference
across the plates from either the mains or a battery.
 A capacitor discharges when the accumulated charge is allowed to flow off the plates. If the
two plates with opposite charges are connected, electrons flow from the negative to the
positive plate until their charges are equal. The time taken for this discharge depends on the
capacitance of the condenser, the resistance (or inductance) of the pathway and the
quantity of electricity involved.
 Capacitor discharge through an inductance or oscillator circuit If the charged capacitor is
discharged through a circuit of low ohmic resistance which includes an inductance (a coil of
wire), electrons flow forward then back between the plates in an oscillating manner.
 The reason for this sequence of events is that as current flows through the inductance, self-
induced EMFs are produced.
 These back EMFS impede electron flow, but when both plates reach the same potential the
forward EMF causes an electron flow onto one plate with the result that it becomes
negatively charged.
  This sequence continues as a series of damped oscillations until all the energy in the system
is exhausted
 The frequency of oscillation is often many millions per second and the oscillator circuit forms
the basis of machines such as the short-wave diathermy and ultrasonic apparatus which
require a high-frequency current to operate.

ROLE IN P.T EQUIPMENTS:

CONSTRUCTION:

 The construction of capacitor is very simple.

 A capacitor is made of two electrically conductive plates placed close to each other, but they
do not touch each other.
 These conductive plates are normally made of materials such as aluminum, brass, or copper.
 The conductive plates of a capacitor is separated by a small distance.
 The empty space between these plates is filled with a non-conductive material or electric
insulator or dielectric region.
 The non-conductive material or region between the two plates may be an air, vacuum, glass,
liquid, or solid. This non-conductive material is called dielectric.
 The two conductive plates of the capacitor are good conductors of electricity.
 Therefore, they can easily pass the electric current through them.
 The conductive plates of the capacitor also hold the electric charge.
 In capacitors, these plates are mainly used to hold or store the electric charge.
 A dielectric material or medium is the poor conductor of electricity. They cannot pass
electric current through them.
 In capacitors, the dielectric medium or material block the flow of charge carriers (especially
electrons) between the conductive plates.
 As a result, the electric charges that try to move from one plate to another plate will be
trapped within the plate because of the strong resistance from the dielectric.
 If we place the conductive medium between these plates, the electric charges flow easily
from one plate to another plate. However, electric current flow between the plates is not
desirable.
 It indicates the failure of capacitor.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The condenser works based on Heat Transfer.

Heat Transfer is the main principle behind the condenser working, Where Transferring of heat is
done through cooling agent supplies in the chamber.

TYPES:

 Fixed Capacitors:

1) the capacitance cannot be changed.

2) Electrolytic
3) Electrostatic

Mica

Ceramic

Paper

INS

 Variable Capacitors

the capacitance can be changed.

air capacitors

trimmers
CAPACITY

USES:

 Capacitors are used to dissipate electric energy to run a camera flash

 A capacitor can provide energy to back-up computer power supplies
 A capacitor can store electric energy when it is connected to its charging circuit.
 When it is disconnected from its charging circuit, it can dissipate that stored energy, so it
can be used like a temporary battery.
 Capacitors can block low frequency AC signals, and act as power supply filters

WORKING:

the main components of the condenser. Given below-

 Shell
 Tubes
 Cooling Agent
 Coolant inlet
 coolant outlet
 Vapour Inlet
 Condensate Outlet
 Non-condensing vapour outlet
Shell- Shell is the outer surface and base of the condenser.

Tubes– Tubes are the main component of the condenser, Through that vapour or gas is passed.

Cooling agent– To Create Temperature difference and to absorb vapour temperature, a Cooling
agent is needed.

Coolant inlet– A Place, from where the coolant is entered in to shell.

Coolant Outlet– A Place, Where Used coolant is passed out from the shell.

Vapour Inlet– A place, where High-temperature vapour is entered into the tubes.

Condensate Outlet– A place, Where condensed liquid is passed out from the tube.

Non-condensing vapour outlet– A Place, Where Non-condensing vapour is passed by.

Firstly, High temperature vaporised gas is entered through vapour inlet. Now, the Coolant is
throwdown in the condenser shell through the coolant inlet(Shown in fig.).

When High-temperature vapour passes through tubes inside the shell, Vapour releases its heat to
the coolant present in the shell through the heat transfer process.
As vapour passes through tubes inside, It losses its temperature rapidly along the path. Due to a fall
in temperature, Vapour starts to change its state from vapour to liquid.

As falling of vapour temperature comes equivalent to the coolant temperature, Condensation is

completed.

Now, the vapour is fully condensed and changed to the liquid state and ready to use as feed water
from the condensate outlet.