4.

Bending Moments & Shearing Force Diagrams

4.1. Shearing Force Diagram: y W
sign convention for shear force:
z
A
Q Q z
( + ve sign) ( - ve sign) L
Q Q W W
Mx
W.L=MA
W
Mx = W . (L-z)
W
Mx z
L-z
Q(z)
Shearing force diagram (SFD): Q(z)= W
“SFD” L z
4.2. Bending Moment Diagram:
W W
sign convention for bending moment: Mx
MA
M M M M W
z
W
( + ve sign) ( - ve sign)
Mx = W . (L-z) Mx
L-z
Q(z)
Q(z)=W
“SFD” z

Mx(z)

MA=Mx max = W.L

Bending Moment Diagram (BMD): z

“BMD”
4.3. Concentrated and Distributed Force:

distributed force concentrated force

q (N/m) W

or

z
L
(L-z)/2

Q Q=q(L-z)
M
L-z
Q(z)

z
“SFD”
 z
L
Q Q=q(L-z) Mx = Q . (L-z)/2
Then
M
L-z Mx = q . (L-z)2/2

Q(z)

“SFD” z

M(z)

Mmax = - q L2/2
“BMD”
 4.4. Principle of Superposition :

Example 4.1:
R1 = 12 R2 = 6 R3 = 3 R4 = 3

18 kN 18 kN

18 kN.m. 18 kN.m.

2m 4m

12 kN
9 kN

-6 kN -3 kN
-9 kN “SFD”
“SFD”
“SFD”
36 kN.m.
24 kN.m.
18 kN.m. 12 kN.m.

-6 kN.m.
“BMD” “BMD” “BMD”
4.5. Stresses due to Bending Moment:
Main assumptions:
1. Original plane sections remain plane during bending
2. Material of the beam is elastic
x
y b b

Mx b b
Mx z
a a

a a
dz
 y
b b Mx
dy Mx
c c
y y z
h
x n n

a a
dA = b dy b dz

The strain “e” at certain distance “y” b` b`

can be calculated as:
cc − cc c` c`
e= n` n`
cc Mx a` a` Mx
( R + y) dq − R dq
e= dq
R dq R
radius of curvature
y
e=
R
 y
b b Mx
dy Mx
c c
y y z
h
x n n

a a
dA = b dy b dz

Ey E 
But  = Ee =  = b` b`
R R y
c` c`
 h/2
Ey  n`
M = 2 *   b  dy   y n`
  Mx Mx
x
0 R a` a`

 
dq
E h/2
R
=   b  y  dy 2

radius of curvature
R −h / 2
 y
Mx

+
dy b b
Mx
c c
y y z
h
x n n
-
a a
dA = b dy b dz

E
R
x
 h/2

M =   b  y  dy =
−h / 2
E
R
I 2
 xx
b` b`

M E  c` c`
=x
= n` n`
I xx
R y Mx a` a` Mx

M y dq

 =
R
x
radius of curvature
I xx
In the case we have both Mx & My :

The stress in any cross section will

consist of two components :

1. Stress due to Mx alone

M y
 = x

I xx

2. Stress due to My alone

M x
 = y

I yy
 Mx  y My  x
 total = +
I xx I yy

To get the neutral axis :

( stress-free locus)

M I
y=- xy xx

I M yy x

neutral axis equation

In case a central force “N” exsists: (like the case of eccentric loadings)

N M y M x
 total
= + + =0
x y

A I I xx yy
 Example 4.2:
The rectangular beam shown in figure is subjected to loads that create a bending
moment of 3 kN.m. acting in a plane oriented at 30° to the y-axis. Determine the
peak tensile and compressive stresses in the beam.
Solution:

My = 3 sin 30° = 1.5 kN.m.

Mz = 3 cos 30° = 2.6 kN.m.

Iyy = 1/12 (150) (100)3 = 12.5 × 106 mm4

Izz = 1/12 (100) (150)3 = 28.1 × 106 mm4

M z M y
 max
= y max
+ z

I yy
I zz

1.5 10  0.050 2.6 10  0.075

3 3

 = + = 12.9 10 N / m
6 2

12.5 10 28.110

max 6 6

 max
= 12.9 MPa
Solution:

To get neutral axis equation:

-
M I
y=- x y xx

I M yy x

And for the y-z plane: +

M I
z=- y z yy

I M zz y +
2.6 12.5 10 6
-
z =- y
28.110 1.5 6

z = - 0.7711 y
4.6. Strain Energy and Stiffness under Bending:

L=q*R M

L
R=
q L
1 q EI/L
=
R L
q
M
M

M q EI ML
=  M = q or q = R
EI L L EI
2 q
1 1M L
U = Mq =
2 2 EI