TOPIC 1 :

INTRODUCTION TO NEXT GENERATION

NETWORK (NGN)
 1.4. Transmission System
1.1 Traditional Telecom World  Multiplexing of Digital Channels
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing
1. History of Telephony
(FDM)
2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
1.2. Public Switched Telephone Network
3. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(PSTN)
(WDM)
1. Pulse Code Modulation
4. Code Division Multiplexing
2.Architecture of The Telephone
 Time Division Multiplexing in PSTN
Network
1. Pulse Code Modulation Time Division
3.Switching Technique in Telephone
Multiplexing (PCM-TDM)
Network
2. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
(PDH)
1.3. Signalling Network
3. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
1. SS7 Architecture
4. Dense Wavelength Division
2. SS7 Protocol Model
Multiplexing (DWDM)

1.5 Next Generation Network

 TOPIC 1 :
INTRODUCTION TO NEXT GENERATION
NETWORK (NGN)
1 2 3
Traditional Telecom Public Switched Signalling Network
World Telephone Network
(PSTN)

4 5
Transmission System Next Generation Network
 1

Traditional Telecom World

 History of Telephony
1.1 History of Telephone Technology

FOUR KEY PHASES TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION

1970-1990s :
• The transition from analog to digital telecommunication systems

1990s and 2000s :

• The integration of the circuit-switched telephone networks, such as Public Switched
Telephone Networks (PSTN) and Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN), with the
packet based Internet

2010s and 2020s :

• The convergence of all telecommunication services, including telecom-native
services (such as telephony and TV/radio) as well as Internet-native services (such
as WWW, email, peer-to-peer services, etc.), over the broadband Internet as a
unified global networking platform (regardless of the access network type, either
wired or wireless), toward the Next Generation Networks (NGN)
1.1 History of Telephone Technology

Can be divided into 4 eras;

Invention Era Analogue Era Digital Era NGN Era

 Introduction to the  Introduction of  Enhancement  Enabling
voice communication analogue of telephony telephony
engineering switching or technology service riding on
 Conceptual of exchange  Opening to the IP environment
switching  Initiation of new service over
methodology automatic switching telephony
activity technology
1.1 History of Telephone Technology

Global Development of ICT

1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Invention Era

“Mr Watson, come here – I want to see you”

o The first voice message by Sir Alexander Graham Bell to his assistant;
Thomas Watson on 1876 by using the telephone
o The telephone technology staring to replace the
telegraph for elite group – very expensive service
o End-to-end connection – No switching operation yet
Sir Alexander Graham Bell

Thomas Augustus
Watson

First telephone technology

1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Invention Era

Issue:
o Not all civilian capable to subscribe the telephone service. It is expensive service due to
end-to-end connection
o The existing subscriber demand for more connection, require more telephone set and
require special space
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Invention Era - Switching Methodology

1st Model Telephone Issue: Solution:

o Not all civilian capable o Then, the telephone exchange was introduce to enable the switching
to subscribe the
telephone service. It is o The switching manually execute by the operator
expensive service due
to end-to-end o The operator will connect the wire between the caller and the
connection
receiver
o The existing subscriber
demand for more o By switching, the telephone service become a mass product
connection, require
more telephone set o It is enabling the customer to has more connection
and require special
space

The operator execute switching activity

1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Invention Era - SwitchingMethodology

Issue:
o Switching exercise require manpower (operator), more space (exchange and workstation
operator) and much jumper cord cable
o During peak hour, there are more longer holding time to make a call
o Sometimes, the wrong connection happened due to manual switching by the operator
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Analog Era
Manual Switching Issue: Solution:
o Switching exercise o The 1st automated exchange introduce at the end of 19th century
require manpower
(operator), more space o The Strowger switch was introduced
(exchange and
workstation operator) o Then, the Crossbar switch was introduced to replace the limitation of
and much jumper cord Strowger switch
cable

o During peak hour, there

are more longer holding
time to make a call

o Sometimes, the wrong

connection happened
due to manual switching
by the operator Strowger Switch Circuit Design

Strowger Switch

Crossbar Switch Circuit Design

Crossbar Switch
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: AnalogEra

Issue:
o The number of user increase tremendously
o The high demand for more connection and more service over the telephony service/network
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Digital Era
Analog Switching Issue: Solution:

o The number of user o The digital exchange was

increase deployed by Alcatel on 1972 in
tremendously France
o The high demand for o The digital exchange resolve the
more connection and all issue on the analogue
more service over the
telephony
exchange
service/network
o It also improve the voice quality
for long distance call

o The switching operator no more

longer since the digital exchange Alcatel Digital Switch
was deployed
o In 1979, the dial-up (up to 56kbps) service was rolled-out. It is
enable the data transmission can be operated over the telephony
network
o In 1990s; the ISDN service was deployed. It is enhancement of
telephony technology to improve the telephony capability (multi-
channels) and data transmission (up to 128kbps with 2 channels)
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: DigitalEra

Issue:
o The significantly drop of traditional voice traffic and user; subscriber migrate to IP based
network
o The telephony network is the end-to-end network; complicated to merge with IP based
network
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: NGN Era
Issue On Traditional Voice: Solution:
o The significantly drop of o Next Generation Network is design to enable the services
traditional voice traffic
and user; subscriber
riding on the IP Based Network
migrate to IP based
network o NGN merge all the telecommunication networks into single
network
o The telephony network
is the end-to-end
o Beside, the Public Switched Telephone Network protocol (SS-
network; complicated to
merge with IP based 7) still support by NGN
network
o The migration to NGN mainly execute by Service Provider with
minimal or less effected to the subscriber

NGN Network
Diagram
1.1 History of Telephone Technology: Summary
Earlier Era Analog Switch Digital Switch NGN
• 1st Telephone by • Strowger Switch: • Motivated towards
Sir Alexander End of 19th All-IP technology
Graham Bell Century
(1876)

• End-to-End (E2E) or direct

connection
Issue:
o Expensive (E2E); not all can
enjoy the service • 1972; 1st Digital Switch
deployed in France by
o Require more telephones • Crossbar Switch: Alcatel
set/device for more 1st half of 20 Century
connections • 1979; Dial-up service roll-
out
Solution: • 1990s; Deployment of
• Introduction to the switching ISDN exchange/switch
methodology
• First, manual switching that
executed by the operator to
establish the call session

Issue: Issue:
o Require more resources to o Limitation for long distance call
serve the high demand o Rapidly increase of demands
 2

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

 Pulse Code Modulation
 Architecture of The Telephone Network

 Switching Technique in Telephone

Network
1.2. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Model of Communication Channel

In practice, the communication channel model is not simple as shown in Figure

above. Namely, the path from source to destination in most cases is divided into
several sections, interconnected via exchanges (i.e., switches) in traditional
telephony or routers in Internet.
1.2. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

What is Public Switched Telephone Network?

o Public Switched Telephone Network or PSTN is the traditional circuit-switched telephone
network
o This is the system that has been in general use since the late 1800s
o PSTN also known as Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)
o It is combination of the telephone networks used worldwide, including telephone lines, fiber
optic cables, switching centers, cellular networks, as well as satellites and cable systems
o These network enable telephone service communicate with each other at anytime and
anywhere

Basic PSTN Network Diagram

1.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
What is Pulse Code Modulation?
o Pulse Code Modulation or PCM is a method that is used to convert an analog signal into
a digital signal
o Then, the modified analog signal can be transmitted through the digital communication
network
o PCM is in binary form, so there will be only two possible states high (bit 1) or low (bit 0)
o At the receiver, the demodulation process will revert the digital signal into analog signal
o The Pulse Code Modulation
process is done in three
steps;
 Sampling
 Quantization
 Encoding

PCM Process
1.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Sampling

Sampling:
o Sampling is a process of taking the analog voice signal sampler at regular time intervals (TS)
o Sampling frequency, fs is the number of average samples per second also known as Sampling
Rate

o According to the Nyquist Theorem; sampling rate

should be at least 2 times the upper cutoff
frequency;

Sampling frequency; fs >= 2 * fmax

o Then frequency band for telephone is
from 0Hz upto 4000Hz (4kHz)
o Hence, the fs = 2 X 4000Hz = 8000Hz

o Then, Ts = 1 ;
T
1
= = 125 µs
8000
o So, the sampling process will occur in every 125 µs Sampling Process in
PAM Waveform
o The output of Sampling called Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM) and it is still in an analog form
1.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Quantization

Quantization:
o The output from sampling still in the waveform (PAM) with the respective amplitude
o Quantization is the next process by identify the binary code to represent the amplitude
(voltage) of the original analog (PAM) signal as per TS
o The range of the amplitude of the analog signal is further divided into limited number of
level, call quantization level, 2x
o For voice (telephone) the standard bits
per sample (resolution) is 8 bits
o Hence, 2x = 28 = 256 levels
1.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Quantization - Resolution

Example Quantization:
o To understand the concept of resolution in quantization, let’s analyze the 2 bits resolution
(4 level) vs 3 bits resolution (8 level)

2 bits resolution (4 level)

3 bits resolution (8 level)

o More higher quantization level will more accurate, preventing noise and maintain the quality
of original signal
1.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Encoding

Encoding:
o The encoding is the process to
code the quantized sampler into
8 bits (telephone) binary code
per TS
o Then, the original analog signal
input fully converted into the
digital signal and ready to
transmit

The 8 bits binary

code that be
transmitted to the
network at every
Ts
1.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Data Rate for Voice

Voice Frequency Band, f fmin = 0Hz fmax = 4000Hz

Human voice frequency fmax = 4000Hz = 4kHz
Telephone band frequency

Sampling Frequency, fs fs = 2 fmax fs = 2 x 4000Hz

Nyquist Theorem = 8000Hz = 8kHz

Quantization Level Telephone/Voice = 8 bits 8 bits

Resolution

Data Rate = fs x Quantization Level = 8000Hz x 8

= 64000bHz = 64kbHz
f= 1 where T in second, s
T
= 64000bHz = 64kbHz
then; unit f can be wrote per second;
Hz = per second (ps) = 64000bps = 64kbps
1.2.2 Architecture of The Telephone Network
1.2.2 PSTN Network Architecture

o All telephone device will connected to

the nearest local switch
o The device may use;
 Standalone telephone
 Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
 Dial-up Modem
 Fax machine
o PBX nowadays become a Private
Automated Branch Exchange
(PABX) is widely use for business
customer

Standalone Dial-up Fax Machine

Telephone Modem

PBX/PABX System
1.2.2 PSTN Network Architecture: Nodes and Element

o Basically, there 2 types of switching

equipment; Local Switch and Trunk Switch

o Both switches function to route the voice

messages

o All Local Switch will be connected to the

Trunk Switch and other local switch with
associated with the same trunk switch

o For connection with other local switch

with associated with other trunk switch
will conducted by both trunk switches

o Another element inside the PSTN

architecture is logical network or signaling

o Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) is the standard signaling protocol inside the PSTN network architecture

o The SS7 will be covered on the next sub-topic (1.3)

o SS7 define the PSTN architecture with 3 types of nodes;

 Service Switching Point

 Signal Transfer Point

 Signal Control Point

1.2.2 PSTN Network Architecture: Signaling Nodes

Service Switching Point Signal Transfer Point Signal Control Point

(SSP) (STP) (SCP)

o SSP is a part of o Signaling message o SCP can be viewed

element inside the between SSP will be as database
local switch route by STP
o SCP will keep the data
o SSP will convert the o STP is a router; and it record of subscriber,
dialed number into function is to route the destination and network
signaling message to signaling message in to be referred by SSP in
establish the the network order to establish the
connection connection and session
o For connectivity
o Then, SSP will manages between the other
the session during voice network will manage
conversation by STP that function
as gateway node
o After conversion is end,
the SSP will terminate
the session
1.2.2 PSTN Network Architecture: Subscriber Line

Subscriber Line:
o Subscriber Line (SL) or Local Loop (LL) is physical connection from local switch/exchange
up to the telephone device
o This connection traditionally using single copper twisted pair

o Since the medium is copper, commonly the signal is in analog signal

o The analog-to-digital conversion (PCM) is execute at local switch; where the user was
connected
o The local switch will supplied DC voltage; -48V from the local switch
o Once user pick-up the phone (off-hook), the circuit between the telephone device and local
switch will change to the closed circuit.
o Then, the voltage and current from local switch will flown
1.2.2 PSTN Network Architecture: Local Access
o Local Access Network is the
physical pre-connected twisted
pair copper; facing to the customer
premises

o It is starting from Main Distribution

Frame (MDF) room, inside the
service provider building; pre-
connected wire up to the Cabinet

o There are a lot of manholes

between MDF and Cabinet; this
manhole is for underground cable
route
o Next, the pre-connected twisted pair between cabinet up to Distribution Point (DP) box

o Most of the cable is lay as overhead cable

o During provisioning of telephone service, the technician will do the jumpering inside the MDF and
at cabinet

o Then, the technician will pull the drop wire from the DP box to the telephone socket inside the
customer premise
o Some premises, the technician will advice customer to prepare the internal wiring

o The twisted between 2 wires will eliminate the noise such as a crosstalk
1.2.2 PSTN Network Architecture: Inside the Customer Premises

• Standard RJ11 telephone

socket/port

• Standard RJ11 cable and

jack

• Standard RJ11 pin and color

code
 3

Signalling Network
 SS7 Architeture
 SS7 Protocol Model
1.3 Signaling System No. 7: Signaling

What is Signaling?

o Signaling is the exchange of information between involved points in the network; start
from call sets up, controls, manage and terminates each telephone call/session
o Signaling can be done using analog signal (electrical pulse) or digital signal (bits, bytes or
packets)
o Generally, signaling in PSTN can be classified into 2 groups;
 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS), where certain signaling information is
associated with the voice channels over the same transmission medium

 Common Channel Signaling (CCS), where signaling information from many users is
multiplexed over a common channel and can be carried separately from the voice
traffic.
1.3 Signaling System No. 7: CAS vs CCS

Link 1 ___ Link 1

Link 2 ___ Link 2

Link 3 ___ Link 3

Link 4 ___ Link 4

Switch A Switch B

Transmission Medium CAS signaling flown the same transmission

medium with data/voice signal
Data/Voice Signal
CCS signaling flown separately transmission
Signaling medium from data/voice signal
1.3 Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) Architecture

SSP is a network element in SS7, which

is integrated with local telephone
exchanges (with attached subscriber
lines to them)

STP is a router and/or signaling gateway in

the SS7 network. This node (STP) has main
task to route signaling messages between
socalled
signaling points in the network

SCP provides access to certain application

in SS7. SCP can be viewed as a database
with an appropriate interface for database
access by other signaling points in SS7
1.3 Signaling System No. 7

o Signaling System No. 7 or SS7 was developed by ITU in

1975
o SS7 is the CCS signaling standard to be followed by
PSTN and Private Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
network provider
o Starting 1980, SS7 is widely used; and by 1985 the ITU
enforce all PSTN and PLM to follow SS7
o Divide into 4 layers;
 Layer-1 is MTP-1
 Layer-2 is MTP-2
 Layer-3 isMPT-3
 MTP – Message Transfer Part

 TUP – Telephone User Part  Layer-4 consists of TUP, SCCP, TCAP

and ISUP
 TCAP - Transaction Capabilities

 SCCP – Signaling Connection Control Part

 ISUP – ISDN User Part

1.3 Signaling System No. 7
 MTP – Message
Transfer Part
 TUP – Telephone
User Part
 SCCP – Signaling
Connection Control Part
 TCAP - Transaction
Capabilities
 ISUP – ISDN User Part
Layer Function
MTP-1 Defines the physical and electrical characteristics of the
signaling link
MTP-2 Provide reliability transfer of signaling messages (CCS)
between source and the destination signaling node via a
signaling link
MTP-3 Provide functionalities for routing of signaling messages
between
signaling nodes.
The routing was performed by the STP signal nodes.
TUP Performs basic telephone call connect and
disconnect. TUP is an analog protocol
ISUP Derived from TUP to support ISDN and intelligent
networking functions.
Widely replace the TUP in the most of PSTN network.
Link between mobile network and PSTN network.
1.3 Signaling System No. 7

Layer Function
TCAP This protocol is used for communication between SCP
nodes through STP nodes.
Since SCP represents databases, the TCAP is mainly used
to access databases.
The end-to-end of transmission of TCAP messages is
performed by using the SCCP
SCCP SCCP provides end-to-end routing; by enabling TCAP
messages to the proper database.
MTP layers enables the transfer of signaling messages
 MTP – Message between signaling points while SCCP enables end-to-end
Transfer Part transmission of signaling messages
 TUP – Telephone
User Part

 SCCP – Signaling
Connection Control Part

 TCAP - Transaction
Capabilities

 ISUP – ISDN User Part

 4

Transmission System
1.4 Transmission System

o In the telecommunication network, all signals are carried transmission system

o The signal can be in;
 electrical signals that carried over copper cables
 optical or light signals that carried over optical fiber cable
 radio signals that carried over wireless links
1.4.1 Transmission System: Multiplexing

o The transmission system was designed to carry multiple signals from multiple users
by using multiplexing technique
o Multiplexing (MUX) increase the efficiency on transmitting the signals
o Multiplexing will combine the input signals before transmit
o Commonly, there are 4 types of multiplexing;
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
o De-multiplexing (DEMUX) at the destination will retrieve the output signal
1.4.1 Transmission System: Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

o Frequency Division Multiplexing; FDM is inherently an analog technology

o The input signals will be modulated with the different carrier frequency at the
same time

o The modulated signal is call Channel

o Each channel was separated with the guard-band to eliminate the signal
overlap
o FDM widely used in broadcasting technology such as television and radio
1.4.1 Transmission System: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

o Time Division Multiplexing; TDM combines the signals by assigning each signal with a
different time- slot
o The set of time-slot is call frame

o TDM over the copper cable, will transmit the signal at different time interval (time-slot)
with the same frequency
o TDM over the optical cable, will transmit the signal at different time interval (time-slot)
with the same wavelength
o During internet and data explosion era, the TDM is widely used for signal (data)
transmission
1.4.1 Transmission System: Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

o Wavelength Division Multiplexing; WDM enable different wavelength in optical cable

can be transmitted together in the same transmission medium
o WDM is the latest technology in optical transmission medium that allow bidirectional
signal over one strand of optical cable

o In WDM, the signal will be assigned with lambda; λ that represent the wavelength
o WDM increasing the efficiency of bandwidth utilization and capable to carry highspeed
connectivity
o Thus, nowadays WDM is widely used in transmission system
1.4.1 Transmission System: Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

o Code Division Multiplexing; CDM based on using the different code sequences for different
signal
o CDM signal was transmitted over the same frequency band and using the same time interval
o The unique code for different signal is also call channel

o CDM mainly used in wireless and mobile network

1.4.1 Transmission System: Summary of Multiplexing of Digital Channels

Multiplexing Medium Unit Transmission Of Signal Signal/Service

Time Division Copper, Time-Slot, Same frequency (copper), Signalling, Data,

Multiplexing (TDM) Optical Frame Same wavelength (optical), Voice
Different time (Ts)

Frequency Division Copper, Channel Same time (Ts), Broadcasting

Multiplexing (FDM) Wireless/ Different Frequency (television, radio),
Radiolink Data, Voice

Code Division Wireless/ Channel Same time (Ts), Mobile

Multiplexing (CDM) Radiolink Same frequency, (Data, voice)
Different/unique code

Wavelength Division Optical Lambda (λ) Same time (Ts), Signalling, Data,
Multiplexing (WDM) Different wavelenght Voice
1.4.2 Time Division Multiplexing in PSTN

o In SDH there is centrally positioned primary reference clock with highest accuracy,
and its reference clock is distributed to all nodes in the SDH network.

o The American version of SDH is called SONET. The main difference between SDH
and SONET is in the basic transport levels.

o In SDH the basic transport module is STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module – level 1), with
data rate of 155.52 Mbit/s, while in SONET the first level is STS-1
(Synchronous Transport Signal – level 1) with data rate of 51.85 Mbit/s.

o However, STM-1 of SDH equals STS-3 of SONET, so they are in fact the same
transmission technology and therefore often denoted as SDH/SONET. Due to the
time of their standardization and implementation (end of the twentieth century),
they were designed to serve mainly digital telephony based on 64 kbit/s channels
 5

Next Generation Networks

(NGN)
1.5 Convergence of the Two Worlds : Next Generation Networks

Traditional Internet World

• the initial concept of telecommunications, which was based on telephony as

well as diffusion of video and audio (i.e., television and radio), is being
replaced by a completely new approach :
o where different types of information becomes readily available on Internet
o users access them according to their own need at any time and anywhere
they are
• The heterogeneity of networks for different services (telephony, data, video,
audio, multimedia, messaging, etc.) has vanished by convergence to a
single network (the Internet) that unites all the possible heterogeneity of
services, terminal devices (phones, computers, mobile devices, TVs, etc.)
1.5 Convergence of the Two Worlds : Next Generation Networks

Growth of The Internet

1.5 Convergence of the Two Worlds : Next Generation Networks
Internet Components

• Host: A computer-based device which contains application-layer communication protocols.

• Repeater: A network device used to regenerate the digital signals. Its functionalities are
located only at the physical layer (OSI-1)

• Hub: A network device for connecting multiple devices to act as a single network segment
(e.g., Ethernet segment). This device also works at the physical layer (OSI-1).

• Bridge: A network device used to aggregate networks or network segments in Internet to

create an aggregate network. It works at OSI-2 layer, and does forwarding of data frames by
using the Medium Access Control (MAC) addresses

• Switch: A network device used for bridging multiple autonomous network segments (usually
Ethernet network segments) and hosts, by using data forwarding based on MAC addresses.
There are also network switches in Internet which process data at the network layer (i.e., the
IP layer), hence such devices are called layer-3 switches.

• Router: A network node (i.e., a computer with multiple network interfaces) containing active
applications for routing packets in the network depending on their source and destination IP
addresses. Unlike traditional telephone networks, which use telephone numbers associated to
the end users, the routers in Internet use IP addresses which are associated with network
interfaces ofrouters and hosts. A router works on network layer (OSI-3).
1.5 Convergence of the Two Worlds : Next Generation Networks

Internet Architecture
1.5 Convergence of the Two Worlds : Next Generation Networks

• Because of the Internet is open to new services and technologies:

o below the IP (the access networks) and
o above the IP (up to different applications, i.e., services), has
provided possibility for convergence, which leads to transition of
all services to the Internet

• Challenges:
o QoS
o Signaling conversion
o Broadband access
1.5 Convergence of the Two Worlds : Next Generation Networks

• The NGN, specified by ITU-T , provides the way how it can be established
for main services, VoIP and IPTV, in releases 1 and 2 of NGN, respectively

• However, in the following years the voice will make a significant step toward
the VoIP transition by using the standardized IMS (IP Multimedia
Subsystem), the process which has recently started in many telecom
operators.

• This is also happening for mobile networks, for example, 4G mobile

networks are all-IP because that is mandatory requirements for 4G in the
IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced)
umbrella from ITU

• However, this process will be further extended from VoIP to IPTV and then to
nonreal- time services, such as Web-based services and Internet of things,
with aim to provide possibility of more complex services based on different
contexts and policies.
 The End
Chapter 1