ADVANCE

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

TOPIC - FOUNDATION

ARCHITA – GCAD/18/105 | DHRUV – GCAD/18/108 | INDERVIR – GCAD/18/117

ASHUTOSH – GCAD/18/106 | GAGAN DEEP – GCAD/18/110 | PALAK – GCAD/18/125
 • Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is
in direct contact with the soil.
• It transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely.
WHAT IS A • The foundation for each structure is designed such that:
FOUNDATION The underlying soil below the foundation structure does not undergo shear

? failure
The settlement caused during the first service load or have to be within the limit
Allowable bearing pressure can be defined as the pressure the soil can
withstand without failure.
TYPES OF
FOUNDATION

1. Shallow foundation

○ Individual footing or isolated

footing
○ Wall Footing
○ Combined footing
○ Strip foundation
○ Raft or mat foundation

2. Deep Foundation

○ Pile foundation
○ Pier Foundation
 PILE FOUNDATION
DEFINITION

• Pile foundations are deep foundations.

• They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements

typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or
sometimes timber.

• A foundation is described as 'piled' when its depth is more

than three times its breadth.

USES OF PILE FOUNDATION

• The principal function of the pile foundation is to transmit

the loads coming over it safely to the ground.

• The Pile foundation can be constructed in cohesionless soil

by undergoing techniques of displacement and vibration
methods.

• The Pile foundation helps to increase the factor of safety of

heavy load structures or buildings.
 PILE FOUNDATION

WHEN TO USE PILE FOUNDATION?

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION
When the groundwater table is high.

Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.

Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.

When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.

When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location

near the river bed or seashore, etc.

When there is a canal or deep drainage system near the

structure.

When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth

due to poor soil condition.

When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches

dry by pumping or by any other measure due to heavy inflow
of seepage.
 PILE FOUNDATION
Sheet Piles

• This type of pile is mostly used to provide lateral support.

• Usually, they resist lateral pressure from loose soil, the flow of
water, etc.
• They are usually used for cofferdams, trench sheeting, shore
protection, etc.
• They are not used for providing vertical support to the structure.

They are usually used to serve the following purpose-

• Construction of retaining walls.

• Protection from river bank erosion.
• Retain the loose soil around foundation trenches.

Load Bearing Piles

• This type of pile foundation is mainly used to transfer the

vertical loads from the structure to the soil.

• These foundations transmit loads through the soil with poor

supporting property onto a layer that is capable of bearing the
load.
 PILE FOUNDATION
End Bearing Piles

• The loads pass through the lower tip of the pile.

• The bottom end of the pile rests on a strong layer of soil or rock.

• Usually, the pile rests at a transition layer of a weak and strong

slayer.

• As a result, the pile acts as a column and safely transfers the

load to the strong layer.

• Considering a reasonable factor of safety, the diameter of the

pile is calculated.
Friction Pile

• Friction pile transfers the load from the structure to the soil by
the frictional force between the surface of the pile and the soil
surrounding the pile such as stiff clay, sandy soil, etc.

• Friction can be developed for the entire length of the pile or a

definite length of the pile, depending on the strata of the soil.
 PILE FOUNDATION

Timber Piles

• Timber piles are placed under the water level.

• They last for approximately about 30 years.
• They can be rectangular or circular in shape.
• Their diameter or size can vary from 12 to 16 inches.
• The length of the pile is usually 20 times of the top width.
• They are usually designed for 15 to 20 tons.

Advantages of Timber Piles-

Timber piles of regular size are available.

Economical.
Easy to install.

Disadvantages of Timber Piles-

Piles of longer lengths are not always available.

It is difficult to obtain straight piles if the length is short.
It is difficult to drive the pile if the soil strata are very hard.
 PILE FOUNDATION
Steel Piles

• Steel piles may be of I-section or hollow pipe.

• They are filled with concrete.
• The size may vary from 10 inches to 24 inches in diameter and
thickness is usually ¾ inches.
• Because of the small sectional area, the piles are easy to drive.
• They are mostly used as end-bearing piles.

Advantages of Steel Piles

• They are easy to install.

• They can reach a greater depth compared to any other type of
pile.
• Can penetrate through the hard layer of soil due to the less
cross-sectional area.
• It is easy to splice steel piles
• Can carry heavy loads.

The disadvantage of Steel Piles

• Prone to corrosion.
• Has a possibility of deviating while driving.
• Comparatively expensive.
 PILE FOUNDATION
Concrete piles
Pre-cast Piles
• Factory manufactured or at a place away from the site
and then taken to site.
• Can have different shapes of cross-section
• Size of the pile can be 20 meters or more

Cast in-situ
• A bore is dug in the ground by inserting a casing
• After digging then the pouring of concrete is made.
• Piles with case-Cased in-situ Concrete Pile
• Piles without a case- Uncased in-situ Concrete Pile

Construction Methods

Cast-in-Situ Pile Construction

Cast-in-place piles are made in the following steps:
● hammer a thin-walled steel tube into the ground
● remove all earth left inside the tube
● lower a steel reinforcement cage into the tube
● cast the pile by pouring wet concrete into the tube
 PILE FOUNDATION

Bored Pile
● The construction starts by drilling a vertical hole into the
soil using the bored piling machine.

● The machine is outfitted with accessories like drilling tools,

buckets, and grabs that help remove soil and rocks during
the drilling process.

● The piles drilled can go up to a depth of 60 m and a

diameter of 2.4 m.

● A temporary steel cylinder or sleeve is inserted into the

drilled hole until the pile is poured.

● After this, a rebar cage for the pile is inserted into the hole
and, subsequently, filled with concrete.

● The top of the pile is capped either with a footing or a pile

cap near the ground level so that the structure above can
be constructed.
 PILE FOUNDATION

Precast Driven Piles

● They are the first cast at ground level and then hammered
or driven into the ground using a pile driver. This is a
machine that holds the pile perfectly vertical, and then
hammers it into the ground blow by blow.

● Each blow is struck by lifting a heavy weight and dropping it

on the top of the pile - the pile is temporarily covered with a
steel cap to prevent it from disintegrating.

● The pile driver performs two functions –

○ Acts as a crane, and lifts the pile from a horizontal

position on the ground and rotates it into the correct
vertical position.
○ Hammers the pile down into the ground.

● Piles should be hammered into the ground till refusal, at

which point they cannot be driven any further into the soil.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
DEFINITION

• Humans have explored underwater construction for many years,

and construction techniques already exist for creating
underwater structures and underwater buildings.

• During the construction of bridges, dams, or any structure where

the foundation is most likely to lie underwater, the underwater
construction opts

• The main objective is to create a dry and water-free environment

for working so that the stability of the structure is balanced.

CHALLENGES

• Finding suitable materials: Many of the materials we use

frequently on land—like wood—simply are not suitable for long-
term underwater use.

• Dealing with water pressure: Both during construction and

over the life of a structure, the effects of water pressure play a
pivotal role.

• Managing corrosion: Undersea projects in coastal

environments must take into account the corrosive effects of
saltwater.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
MATERIALS

• Wood

Nowadays wood is not used as it is relatively expensive and prone

to fire.

• R.C.C.

R.C.C caisson is heavy in weight, making it difficult to handle and

float.

• Cast Iron

The cast iron caisson is suitable for open good caisson but the price
of cast iron caisson is higher compared to R.C.C.

• Steel

The steel caisson is considered to be the most suitable caisson.

Steel caisson is usually made in double skin and the cavity between
the skin is filled with plain concrete.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION

TECHNIQUES

1. Cofferdams

● Earthen cofferdam
● Rock-fill cofferdam
● Cellular cofferdam
● Single walled cofferdam
● Doubled cofferdam

2. CAISSION

● Box caisson
● Open caisson
● Pneumatic caisson
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
COFFERDAMS

• Cofferdams are temporary enclosures that allow water to be

pumped out, creating a dry environment for construction.

• As the name suggests, cofferdams work similarly to dams,

preventing the flow of water from a particular area.

• Cofferdams are temporary watertight enclosures pumped dry

below the water line to execute the building operation to be
performed on a dry surface.

• COMPONENTS

Sheet Piling
Bracing Frame
Concrete Seal

The typical cofferdam consists of sheet piles set around a

bracing frame and are driven in the soil sufficiently to cut off the
flow of soil and develop lateral and vertical support and in some
cases cut the flow of water.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
Caisson Foundation
Caisson is defined as Structures that are poured into water or soil
to remove
water or semi-liquid material during foundation excavation and
eventually
becomes a permanent part of the underlying structure.

Caisson is used for excavation of river bridge foundations, pillars,

abutments, or for protection of shore, for construction of push-
ups,
construction of lighthouses, etc.

USES

• To transfer the load coming on the pillars of bridges and building

columns to the hardest level below the ground.

• If the caisson is placed close to each other, it acts as an

impenetrable core wall for the earthen dam.

• To make way for deep shafts or tunnels.

• To erect enclosures for placing machines, pumps, etc.

underwater.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
TYPES
The main types of caisson foundations are as follows.

• Box caisson (floating caisson)

• Open caissons
• Pneumatic caissons

Box caissons (Floating caisson)

This type of caisson is open at the head and closed at the

bottom. It is made of wood, reinforcement, or steel.

Favourable conditions for the construction of Box caisson.

❖ When the base surface is already level.

❖ The velocity of water flow is slow.
❖ The depth of water is 6 to 8 m.
❖ The base material is loose so that it can be dug to create a flat
holding surface.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION

Box caissons (Floating caisson):

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

• The ground surface is leveled where the caisson is to be

supported. The caisson is usually supported on a sand carpet.

• The caisson is poured on the ground at the shore and cured on

the ground itself.

• Then, the caisson is tied with a rope and pulled to sink in the
right place.

• The inner space is filled with sand, gravel, or concrete to

immerse the caisson.

• The head of the caisson is sealed with concrete.

 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION
Open caisson or well foundation

• Open caisson or well foundation is also called well. This type of

caisson is exposed at the head and bottom.

• They are made of wood, steel, reinforced concrete, or masonry.

• Open caissons come in different shapes. It has a cutting edge at

the bottom. So that it is easy to sink the well.

The shape of the well is determined on the basis of the following.

• Type of Structure

• The vertical and horizontal forces acting on the well

• The lower part of the pier or abutment

• Cost of sinking

• The probability of tiling or shifting while descending the well.

 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION

Pneumatic caissons foundation

• This type of caisson is closed at the head and open at the

bottom. Some part of its bottom is free from the external
environment. This part is called the working chamber.

• The working chamber is pressurized so that water or mud from

the bottom cannot enter the caisson. That is, the air pressure in
the working chamber is slightly higher than the water pressure at
that surface.

• Pneumatic caissons are useful when wells cannot be used as a

foundation.

• Pneumatic caissons are especially useful where there are

bowlders, pressed wood, masonry, etc. in the ground.
 UNDERWATER FOUNDATION

Difference between a caisson and a pile foundation

Pile is a type of deep foundation which is used to transfer the load

of the superstructure to the ground soil. NOS of piles are used to
construct a single foundation.

While

Caisson foundation is used to construct foundations Underwater.

Steel or other material Box inserted in underwater soil to act as a
water barrier. And then the Box is filled with concrete when the
foundation gets its required depth.

Difference between a cofferdam and a caisson

The basic difference is, that Cofferdam is a Temporary Foundation

whereas the Caisson is a Permanent Foundation.
Thank
you